1
|
Ha KS. Transglutaminase 2 in diabetes mellitus: Unraveling its multifaceted role and therapeutic implications for vascular complications. Theranostics 2024; 14:2329-2344. [PMID: 38646650 PMCID: PMC11024853 DOI: 10.7150/thno.95742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, a severe metabolic disease characterized by chronic hypoglycemia, poses debilitating and life-threatening risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications, including blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, and limb amputation. Addressing these complications is paramount, urging the development of interventions targeting diabetes-associated vascular dysfunctions. To effectively combat diabetes, a comprehensive understanding of the pathological mechanisms underlying complications and identification of precise therapeutic targets are imperative. Transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) is a multifunctional enzyme implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders, fibrosis, and inflammatory conditions. TGase2 has recently emerged as a key player in both the pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of diabetic complications. This review highlights TGase2 as a therapeutic target for diabetic complications and explores TGase2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach in their treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bu H, Li Z, Lu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhen Y, Zhang L. Deciphering the multifunctional role of dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) and its therapeutic potential in disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115404. [PMID: 37098296 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK, MAP3K12), a serine/threonine protein kinase, plays a key role in neuronal development, as it regulates axon regeneration and degeneration through its downstream kinase. Importantly, DLK is closely related to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases and the induction of β-cell apoptosis that leads to diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of DLK function, and then discuss the role of DLK signaling in human diseases. Furthermore, various types of small molecule inhibitors of DLK that have been published so far are described in detail in this paper, providing some strategies for the design of DLK small molecule inhibitors in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Bu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhijia Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yingying Lu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zhiyao Zhuang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Yongqi Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rossin F, Ciccosanti F, D'Eletto M, Occhigrossi L, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Type 2 transglutaminase in the nucleus: the new epigenetic face of a cytoplasmic enzyme. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:52. [PMID: 36695883 PMCID: PMC9874183 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the major mysteries in science is how it is possible to pack the cellular chromatin with a total length of over 1 m, into a small sphere with a diameter of 5 mm "the nucleus", and even more difficult to envisage how to make it functional. Although we know that compaction is achieved through the histones, however, the DNA needs to be accessible to the transcription machinery and this is allowed thanks to a variety of very complex epigenetic mechanisms. Either DNA (methylation) or post-translational modifications of histone proteins (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation) play a crucial role in chromatin remodelling and consequently on gene expression. Recently the serotonylation and dopaminylation of the histone 3, catalyzed by the Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2), has been reported. These novel post-translational modifications catalyzed by a predominantly cytoplasmic enzyme opens a new avenue for future investigations on the enzyme function itself and for the possibility that other biological amines, substrate of TG2, can influence the genome regulation under peculiar cellular conditions. In this review we analyzed the nuclear TG2's biology by discussing both its post-translational modification of various transcription factors and the implications of its epigenetic new face. Finally, we will focus on the potential impact of these events in human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moon JJ, Choi Y, Kim KH, Seo A, Kwon S, Kim YC, Kim DK, Kim YS, Yang SH. Inhibiting Transglutaminase 2 Mediates Kidney Fibrosis via Anti-Apoptosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061345. [PMID: 35740367 PMCID: PMC9220123 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a calcium-dependent transamidating acyltransferase enzyme of the protein-glutamine γ-glutamyltransferase family implicated in kidney injury. In this study, we identified associations between TG2 and chronic kidney disease (CKD) identified by visualizing TG2 in kidney biopsy samples derived from CKD patients using immunohistochemistry and measuring the plasma TG2 concentrations. Our study revealed a connection between TG2 and the pathological markers of kidney disease. We showed high plasma TG2 levels in samples from patients with advanced CKD. In addition, we observed an increase in TG2 expression in tissues concomitant with advanced CKD in human samples. Moreover, we investigated the effect of TG2 inhibition on kidney injury using cystamine, a well-known competitive inhibitor of TG2. TG2 inhibition reduced apoptosis and accumulation of extracellular molecules (ECM) such as fibronectin and pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8. Collectively, the increased expression of TG2 that was observed in advanced CKD, hence inhibiting TG2 activity, could protect kidney cells from ECM molecule accumulation, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses, thereby preventing kidney fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Joo Moon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Yejin Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Kyu-Hyeon Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Areum Seo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Soie Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
| | - Dong-Ki Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yon-Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; (S.K.); (Y.-C.K.); (D.-K.K.); (Y.-S.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Yang
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; (J.-J.M.); (Y.C.); (K.-H.K.); (A.S.)
- Kidney Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-1724
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rorke EA, Adhikary G, Szmacinski H, Lakowicz JR, Weber DJ, Godoy-Ruiz R, Puranik P, Keillor JW, Gates EW, Eckert RL. Sulforaphane covalently interacts with the transglutaminase 2 cancer maintenance protein to alter its structure and suppress its activity. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:19-32. [PMID: 34610184 PMCID: PMC8665039 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) functions as an important cancer cell survival protein in a range of cancers including epidermal squamous cell carcinoma. TG2 exists in open and closed conformations each of which has a distinct and mutually exclusive activity. The closed conformation has GTP-binding/GTPase activity while the open conformation functions as a transamidase to catalyze protein-protein crosslinking. GTP-binding/GTPase activity is required for TG2 maintenance of the aggressive cancer phenotype. Thus, identifying agents that convert TG2 from the closed to the open GTP-binding/GTPase inactive conformation is an important cancer prevention/treatment strategy. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an important diet-derived cancer prevention agent that is known to possess a reactive isothiocyanate group and has potent anticancer activity. Using a biotin-tagged SFN analog (Biotin-ITC) and kinetic analysis we show that SFN covalently and irreversibly binds to recombinant TG2 to inhibit transamidase activity and shift TG2 to an open/extended conformation, leading to a partial inhibition of GTP binding. We also show that incubation of cancer cells or cancer cell extract with Biotin-ITC results in formation of a TG2/Biotin-ITC complex and that SFN treatment of cancer cells inhibits TG2 transamidase activity and shifts TG2 to an open/extended conformation. These findings identify TG2 as a direct SFN anticancer target in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A. Rorke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - David J. Weber
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201,Center for Biomolecular Therapueutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Raquel Godoy-Ruiz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201,Center for Biomolecular Therapueutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Purushottamachar Puranik
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201,Center for Biomolecular Therapueutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | | | - Eric W.J Gates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201,Center for Biomolecular Therapueutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tatsukawa H, Hitomi K. Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cell Death, Survival, and Fibrosis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071842. [PMID: 34360011 PMCID: PMC8307792 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme catalyzing the crosslinking between Gln and Lys residues and involved in various pathophysiological events. Besides this crosslinking activity, TG2 functions as a deamidase, GTPase, isopeptidase, adapter/scaffold, protein disulfide isomerase, and kinase. It also plays a role in the regulation of hypusination and serotonylation. Through these activities, TG2 is involved in cell growth, differentiation, cell death, inflammation, tissue repair, and fibrosis. Depending on the cell type and stimulus, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activity, leading to cell death or survival. In normal unstressed cells, intracellular TG2 exhibits a GTP-bound closed conformation, exerting prosurvival functions. However, upon cell stimulation with Ca2+ or other factors, TG2 adopts a Ca2+-bound open conformation, demonstrating a transamidase activity involved in cell death or survival. These functional discrepancies of TG2 open form might be caused by its multifunctional nature, the existence of splicing variants, the cell type and stimulus, and the genetic backgrounds and variations of the mouse models used. TG2 is also involved in the phagocytosis of dead cells by macrophages and in fibrosis during tissue repair. Here, we summarize and discuss the multifunctional and controversial roles of TG2, focusing on cell death/survival and fibrosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Occhigrossi L, D’Eletto M, Barlev N, Rossin F. The Multifaceted Role of HSF1 in Pathophysiology: Focus on Its Interplay with TG2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126366. [PMID: 34198675 PMCID: PMC8232231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular environment needs to be strongly regulated and the maintenance of protein homeostasis is crucial for cell function and survival. HSF1 is the main regulator of the heat shock response (HSR), the master pathway required to maintain proteostasis, as involved in the expression of the heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSF1 plays numerous physiological functions; however, the main role concerns the modulation of HSPs synthesis in response to stress. Alterations in HSF1 function impact protein homeostasis and are strongly linked to diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, and different types of cancers. In this context, type 2 Transglutaminase (TG2), a ubiquitous enzyme activated during stress condition has been shown to promote HSF1 activation. HSF1-TG2 axis regulates the HSR and its function is evolutionary conserved and implicated in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss the role of HSF1 in the maintenance of proteostasis with regard to the HSF1-TG2 axis and we dissect the stress response pathways implicated in physiological and pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Manuela D’Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Nickolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Federica Rossin
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tempest R, Guarnerio S, Maani R, Cooper J, Peake N. The Biological and Biomechanical Role of Transglutaminase-2 in the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112788. [PMID: 34205140 PMCID: PMC8199963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase-2 (TG2) is the most highly and ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase enzyme family and is primarily involved in protein cross-linking. TG2 has been implicated in the development and progression of numerous cancers, with a direct role in multiple cellular processes and pathways linked to apoptosis, chemoresistance, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and stem cell phenotype. The tumour microenvironment (TME) is critical in the formation, progression, and eventual metastasis of cancer, and increasing evidence points to a role for TG2 in matrix remodelling, modulation of biomechanical properties, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. There is growing interest in targeting the TME therapeutically in response to advances in the understanding of its critical role in disease progression, and a number of approaches targeting biophysical properties and biomechanical signalling are beginning to show clinical promise. In this review we aim to highlight the wide array of processes in which TG2 influences the TME, focussing on its potential role in the dynamic tissue remodelling and biomechanical events increasingly linked to invasive and aggressive behaviour. Drug development efforts have yielded a range of TG2 inhibitors, and ongoing clinical trials may inform strategies for targeting the biomolecular and biomechanical function of TG2 in the TME.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sestito C, Leurs CE, Steenwijk MD, Brevé JJP, Twisk JWR, Wilhelmus MMM, Drukarch B, Teunissen CE, van Dam AM, Killestein J. Tissue Transglutaminase Expression Associates With Progression of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2021; 8:8/4/e998. [PMID: 33906937 PMCID: PMC8105890 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective The clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is variable and largely unpredictable pointing to an urgent need for markers to monitor disease activity and progression. Recent evidence revealed that tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is altered in patient-derived monocytes. We hypothesize that blood cell–derived TG2 messenger RNA (mRNA) can potentially be used as biomarker in patients with MS. Methods In peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 151 healthy controls and 161 patients with MS, TG2 mRNA was measured and correlated with clinical and MRI parameters of disease activity (annualized relapse rate, gadolinium-enhanced lesions, and T2 lesion volume) and disease progression (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS], normalized brain volume, and hypointense T1 lesion volume). Results PBMC-derived TG2 mRNA levels were significantly associated with disease progression, i.e., worsening of the EDSS over 2 years of follow-up, normalized brain volume, and normalized gray and white matter volume in the total MS patient group at baseline. Of these, in patients with relapsing-remitting MS, TG2 expression was significantly associated with worsening of the EDSS scores over 2 years of follow-up. In the patients with primary progressive (PP) MS, TG2 mRNA levels were significantly associated with EDSS, normalized brain volume, and normalized gray and white matter volume at baseline. In addition, TG2 mRNA associated with T1 hypointense lesion volume in the patients with PP MS at baseline. Conclusion PBMC-derived TG2 mRNA levels hold promise as biomarker for disease progression in patients with MS. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class II evidence that in patients with MS, PBMC-derived TG2 mRNA levels are associated with disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sestito
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cyra E Leurs
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn D Steenwijk
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John J P Brevé
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jos W R Twisk
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Micha M M Wilhelmus
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Drukarch
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte E Teunissen
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie van Dam
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Joep Killestein
- From Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Neuroscience, MS Center Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences (C.S., M.D.S., J.J.P.B., M.M.M.W., B.D., A.-M.v.D.), Department of Neurology (C.E.L., J.K.), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (J.W.R.T.), and Department of Clinical Chemistry (C.E.T.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rossin F, Costa R, Bordi M, D'Eletto M, Occhigrossi L, Farrace MG, Barlev N, Ciccosanti F, Muccioli S, Chieregato L, Szabo I, Fimia GM, Piacentini M, Leanza L. Transglutaminase Type 2 regulates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vertebrates. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:249. [PMID: 33674551 PMCID: PMC7935911 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TG2 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in several cellular processes and has emerging as a potential regulator of gene expression. In this regard, we have recently shown that TG2 is able to activate HSF1, the master transcriptional regulator of the stress-responsive genes; however, its effect on the overall gene expression remains unclear. To address this point, we analyzed, by RNA-seq, the effect of TG2 on the overall transcriptome as well as we characterized the TG2 interactome in the nucleus. The data obtained from these omics approaches reveal that TG2 markedly influences the overall cellular transcriptome profile and specifically the Wnt and HSF1 pathways. In particular, its ablation leads to a drastic downregulation of many key members of these pathways. Interestingly, we found that key components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway are also downregulated in cells lacking HSF1, thus confirming that TG2 regulates the HSF1 and this axis controls the Wnt signaling. Mechanistic studies revealed that TG2 can regulate the Wnt pathway by physically interacts with β-catenin and its nuclear interactome includes several proteins known to be involved in the regulation of the Wnt signaling. In order to verify whether this effect is playing a role in vivo, we ablated TG2 in Danio rerio. Our data show that the zebrafish lacking TG2 cannot complete the development and their death is associated with an evident downregulation of the Wnt pathway and a defective heat-shock response. Our findings show for the first time that TG2 is essential for the correct embryonal development of lower vertebrates, and its action is mediated by the Wnt/HSF1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Bordi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncohaematology and Cellular and Gene Therapy, IRCSS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nickolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- MIPT, Dolgoprudny, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
- Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim GE, Park HH. Structures of Human Transglutaminase 2: Finding Clues for Interference in Cross-linking Mediated Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062225. [PMID: 32210142 PMCID: PMC7139744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human transglutaminase 2 (TGase2) has various functions, including roles in various cellular processes such as apoptosis, development, differentiation, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and is linked to many diseases such as cancer. Although TGase2 has been considered an optimized drug target for the treatment of cancer, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative disorders, it has been difficult to generate TGase2-targeted drugs for clinical use because of the relatively flat and broad active site on TGase2. To design more specific and powerful inhibitors, detailed structural information about TGase2 complexed with various effector and inhibitor molecules is required. In this review, we summarized the current structural studies on TGase2, which will aid in designing drugs that can overcome the aforementioned limitations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG), also referred to as type 2 transglutaminase or Gαh, can bind and hydrolyze GTP, as well as function as a protein crosslinking enzyme. tTG is widely expressed and can be detected both inside cells and in the extracellular space. In contrast to many enzymes, the active and inactive conformations of tTG are markedly different. The catalytically inactive form of tTG adopts a compact “closed-state” conformation, while the catalytically active form of the protein adopts an elongated “open-state” conformation. tTG has long been appreciated as an important player in numerous diseases, including celiac disease, neuronal degenerative diseases, and cancer, and its roles in these diseases often depend as much upon its conformation as its catalytic activity. While its ability to promote these diseases has been traditionally thought to be dependent on its protein crosslinking activity, more recent findings suggest that the conformational state tTG adopts is also important for mediating its effects. In particular, we and others have shown that the closed-state of tTG is important for promoting cell growth and survival, while maintaining tTG in the open-state is cytotoxic. In this review, we examine the two unique conformations of tTG and how they contribute to distinct biological processes. We will also describe how this information can be used to generate novel therapies to treat diseases, with a special focus on cancer.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multi-functional protein that has both protein cross-linking and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis activities. The activities of this protein are controlled by many cellular factors, including calcium (Ca2+) and GTP, and have been implicated in several physiological activities, including apoptosis, angiogenesis, wound healing, cellular differentiation, neuronal regeneration, and bone development. TG2 is linked to many human diseases such as inflammatory disease, celiac disease, neurodegenerative disease, diabetes, tissue fibrosis, and various cancers and is one of the most dynamic enzymes in terms of its functions, structures, and regulatory mechanisms. The aim of this review was to summarize the functional, structural, and regulatory diversity of TG2, with a particular focus on the structure of TG2.
Collapse
|
14
|
Jung SH, Jeon HY, Lee SH, Han ET, Park WS, Hong SH, Kim YM, Ha KS. On-chip dual enzyme activity assay to investigate regulation of the transamidase and kinase activities of transglutaminase 2. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
15
|
Katt WP, Antonyak MA, Cerione RA. The diamond anniversary of tissue transglutaminase: a protein of many talents. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:575-591. [PMID: 29362136 PMCID: PMC5864117 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is capable of binding and hydrolyzing GTP, as well as catalyzing an enzymatic transamidation reaction that crosslinks primary amines to glutamine residues. tTG adopts two vastly different conformations, depending on whether it is functioning as a GTP-binding protein or a crosslinking enzyme. It has been shown to have important roles in several different aspects of cancer progression, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Here, we highlight many of the major findings involving tTG since its discovery 60 years ago, and describe recent drug discovery efforts that target specific activities or conformations of this unique protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William P Katt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Marc A Antonyak
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kerr C, Szmacinski H, Fisher ML, Nance B, Lakowicz JR, Akbar A, Keillor JW, Wong TL, Godoy-Ruiz R, Toth EA, Weber DJ, Eckert RL. Transamidase site-targeted agents alter the conformation of the transglutaminase cancer stem cell survival protein to reduce GTP binding activity and cancer stem cell survival. Oncogene 2017; 36:2981-2990. [PMID: 27941875 PMCID: PMC5444990 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) is an important cancer stem cell survival protein that exists in open and closed conformations. The major intracellular form is the closed conformation that functions as a GTP-binding GTPase and is required for cancer stem cell survival. However, at a finite rate, TG2 transitions to an open conformation that exposes the transamidase catalytic site involved in protein-protein crosslinking. The activities are mutually exclusive, as the closed conformation has GTP binding/GTPase activity, and the open conformation transamidase activity. We recently showed that GTP binding, but not transamidase activity, is required for TG2-dependent cancer stem cell invasion, migration and tumour formation. However, we were surprised that transamidase site-specific inhibitors reduce cancer stem cell survival. We now show that compounds NC9, VA4 and VA5, which react exclusively at the TG2 transamidase site, inhibit both transamidase and GTP-binding activities. Transamidase activity is inhibited by direct inhibitor binding at the transamidase site, and GTP binding is blocked because inhibitor interaction at the transamidase site locks the protein in the extended/open conformation to disorganize/inactivate the GTP binding/GTPase site. These findings suggest that transamidase site-specific inhibitors can inhibit GTP binding/signalling by driving a conformation change that disorganizes the TG2 GTP binding to reduce TG2-dependent signalling, and that drugs designed to target this site may be potent anti-cancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candace Kerr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Henryk Szmacinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Matthew L. Fisher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Bailey Nance
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Joseph R. Lakowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| | - Abdullah Akbar
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
| | - Tin Lok Wong
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Raquel Godoy-Ruiz
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Eric A. Toth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, and Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Richard L. Eckert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Department of Reproductive Biology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21201
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Parks A, Marceau F. Lysosomotropic cationic drugs induce cytostatic and cytotoxic effects: Role of liposolubility and autophagic flux and antagonism by cholesterol ablation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 305:55-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
18
|
Tatsukawa H, Furutani Y, Hitomi K, Kojima S. Transglutaminase 2 has opposing roles in the regulation of cellular functions as well as cell growth and death. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2244. [PMID: 27253408 PMCID: PMC5143380 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is primarily known as the most ubiquitously expressed member of the transglutaminase family with Ca2+-dependent protein crosslinking activity; however, this enzyme exhibits multiple additional functions through GTPase, cell adhesion, protein disulfide isomerase, kinase, and scaffold activities and is associated with cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. TG2 is found in the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, cytosol, mitochondria, recycling endosomes, and nucleus, and its subcellular localization is an important determinant of its function. Depending upon the cell type and stimuli, TG2 changes its subcellular localization and biological activities, playing both anti- and pro-apoptotic roles. Increasing evidence indicates that the GTP-bound form of the enzyme (in its closed form) protects cells from apoptosis but that the transamidation activity of TG2 (in its open form) participates in both facilitating and inhibiting apoptosis. A difficulty in the study and understanding of this enigmatic protein is that opposing effects have been reported regarding its roles in the same physiological and/or pathological systems. These include neuroprotective or neurodegenerative effects, hepatic cell growth-promoting or hepatic cell death-inducing effects, exacerbating or having no effect on liver fibrosis, and anti- and pro-apoptotic effects on cancer cells. The reasons for these discrepancies have been ascribed to TG2's multifunctional activities, genetic variants, conformational changes induced by the immediate environment, and differences in the genetic background of the mice used in each of the experiments. In this article, we first report that TG2 has opposing roles like the protagonist in the novel Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, followed by a summary of the controversies reported, and finally discuss the possible reasons for these discrepancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tatsukawa
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Furutani
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - K Hitomi
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - S Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 2-1 Hirosawa, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Identification of transglutaminase 2 kinase substrates using a novel on-chip activity assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 82:40-8. [PMID: 27040940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an enzyme that plays a critical role in a wide variety of cellular processes through its multifunctional activities. TG2 kinase has emerged as an important regulator of apoptosis, as well as of chromatin structure and function. However, systematic investigation of TG2 kinase substrates is limited due to a lack of a suitable TG2 kinase activity assays. Thus, we developed a novel on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay for quantitative determination of TG2 kinase activity and for screening TG2 kinase substrate proteins in a high-throughput manner. Quantitative TG2 kinase activity was determined by selective detection of substrate protein phosphorylation on the surface of well-type amine arrays. The limit of detection (LOD) of this assay was 4.34μg/ml. We successfully applied this new activity assay to the kinetic analysis of 27 TG2-related proteins for TG2 kinase activity in a high-throughput manner and determined Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) of these proteins. We used the Km values and cellular locations of the TG2-related proteins to construct a substrate affinity map for TG2 kinase. Therefore, this on-chip TG2 kinase activity assay has a strong potential for the systematic investigation of substrate proteins and will be helpful for studying new physiological functions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yeo SY, Itahana Y, Guo AK, Han R, Iwamoto K, Nguyen HT, Bao Y, Kleiber K, Wu YJ, Bay BH, Voorhoeve M, Itahana K. Transglutaminase 2 contributes to a TP53-induced autophagy program to prevent oncogenic transformation. eLife 2016; 5:e07101. [PMID: 26956429 PMCID: PMC4798945 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic alterations which impair the function of the TP53 signaling pathway in TP53 wild-type human tumors remain elusive. To identify new components of this pathway, we performed a screen for genes whose loss-of-function debilitated TP53 signaling and enabled oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. We identified transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) as a putative tumor suppressor in the TP53 pathway. TGM2 suppressed colony formation in soft agar and tumor formation in a xenograft mouse model. The depletion of growth supplements induced both TGM2 expression and autophagy in a TP53-dependent manner, and TGM2 promoted autophagic flux by enhancing autophagic protein degradation and autolysosome clearance. Reduced expression of both CDKN1A, which regulates the cell cycle downstream of TP53, and TGM2 synergized to promote oncogenic transformation. Our findings suggest that TGM2-mediated autophagy and CDKN1A-mediated cell cycle arrest are two important barriers in the TP53 pathway that prevent oncogenic transformation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.001 Cancers grow from rogue cells that manage to defy the strict rules that normally stop a cell from dividing when it should not. Each cell contains many proteins that are responsible for implementing these rules, and thus help to prevent tumors from forming. One of these proteins – p53 (which is also called TP53) – plays a central role in this process. Information about many processes within and around a cell filters through the p53 protein, before being passed on to a range of different proteins. The proteins that are alerted by p53 are commonly referred to as its 'downstream effectors', and it is these proteins that stop cells from dividing too much. For example, the protein p21 (also called CDKN1A) – which is the best understood of p53’s downstream effectors – hinders the machinery that causes cells to divide. Other p53 effectors can cause cells to kill themselves to prevent cancer growth. However, recent experiments with mice predicted that there may be other p53’s effectors that are important too. Yeo, Itahana et al. have now depleted the proteins that potentially work in p53’s network, one by one, in human cells called mammary epithelial cells, to test if these cells can become cancerous in the laboratory. The experiments showed that another downstream effector protein of p53 – an enzyme called transglutaminase 2 – contributes to prevent these mammary epithelial cells from becoming cancerous. Transglutaminase 2 promotes a process known as autophagy, which recycles damaged and old components of the cell, and therefore normally helps to keep cells healthy. Yeo, Itahana et al. also demonstrated that the effects of both p21 and transglutaminase 2 are critical to stop human mammary epithelial cells grown in the laboratory from dividing too much and from forming tumors when injected into mice. These experiments provide a deeper understanding of how most cells manage to remain healthy rather than becoming cancerous and reveal a potential new target for the early detection of cancer. Further investigations could now explore whether therapies could re-activate this enzyme to prevent or treat cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07101.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yun Yeo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yoko Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Alvin Kunyao Guo
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Rachel Han
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kozue Iwamoto
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Hung Thanh Nguyen
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Yi Bao
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Kai Kleiber
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Ya Jun Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, , Singapore
| | - Mathijs Voorhoeve
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| | - Koji Itahana
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Min KW, Lee SH, Baek SJ. Moonlighting proteins in cancer. Cancer Lett 2015; 370:108-16. [PMID: 26499805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1980s, growing evidence suggested that the cellular localization of proteins determined their activity and biological functions. In a classical view, a protein is characterized by the single cellular compartment where it primarily resides and functions. It is now believed that when proteins appear in different subcellular locations, the cells surpass the expected activity of proteins given the same genomic information to fulfill complex biological behavior. Many proteins are recognized for having the potential to exist in multiple locations in cells. Dysregulation of translocation may cause cancer or contribute to poorer cancer prognosis. Thus, quantitative and comprehensive assessment of dynamic proteins and associated protein movements could be a promising indicator in determining cancer prognosis and efficiency of cancer treatment and therapy. This review will summarize these so-called moonlighting proteins, in terms of a coupled intracellular cancer signaling pathway. Determination of the detailed biological intracellular and extracellular transit and regulatory activity of moonlighting proteins permits a better understanding of cancer and identification of potential means of molecular intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Min
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Seong-Ho Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kanchan K, Fuxreiter M, Fésüs L. Physiological, pathological, and structural implications of non-enzymatic protein-protein interactions of the multifunctional human transglutaminase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3009-35. [PMID: 25943306 PMCID: PMC11113818 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed member of an enzyme family catalyzing Ca(2+)-dependent transamidation of proteins. It is a multifunctional protein having several well-defined enzymatic (GTP binding and hydrolysis, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase activities) and non-enzymatic (multiple interactions in protein scaffolds) functions. Unlike its enzymatic interactions, the significance of TG2's non-enzymatic regulation of its activities has recently gained importance. In this review, we summarize all the partners that directly interact with TG2 in a non-enzymatic manner and analyze how these interactions could modulate the crosslinking activity and cellular functions of TG2 in different cell compartments. We have found that TG2 mostly acts as a scaffold to bridge various proteins, leading to different functional outcomes. We have also studied how specific structural features, such as intrinsically disordered regions and embedded short linear motifs contribute to multifunctionality of TG2. Conformational diversity of intrinsically disordered regions enables them to interact with multiple partners, which can result in different biological outcomes. Indeed, ID regions in TG2 were identified in functionally relevant locations, indicating that they could facilitate conformational transitions towards the catalytically competent form. We reason that these structural features contribute to modulating the physiological and pathological functions of TG2 and could provide a new direction for detecting unique regulatory partners. Additionally, we have assembled all known anti-TG2 antibodies and have discussed their significance as a toolbox for identifying and confirming novel TG2 regulatory functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mónika Fuxreiter
- MTA-DE Momentum Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Fésüs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4010 Hungary
- MTA-DE Apoptosis, Genomics and Stem Cell Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ashour AA, Gurbuz N, Alpay SN, Abdel-Aziz AAH, Mansour AM, Huo L, Ozpolat B. Elongation factor-2 kinase regulates TG2/β1 integrin/Src/uPAR pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediating pancreatic cancer cells invasion. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2235-51. [PMID: 25215932 PMCID: PMC4224557 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the lethal cancers with extensive local tumour invasion, metastasis, early systemic dissemination and poorest prognosis. Thus, understanding the mechanisms regulating invasion/metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is the key for developing effective therapeutic strategies for pancreatic cancer (PaCa). Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF-2K) is an atypical kinase that we found to be highly up-regulated in PaCa cells. However, its role in PaCa invasion/progression remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of eEF-2K in cellular invasion, and we found that down-regulation of eEF-2K, by siRNA or rottlerin, displays impairment of PaCa cells invasion/migration, with significant decreases in the expression of tissue transglutaminase (TG2), the multifunctional enzyme implicated in regulation of cell attachment, motility and survival. These events were associated with reductions in β1 integrin/uPAR/MMP-2 expressions as well as decrease in Src activity. Furthermore, inhibition of eEF-2K/TG2 axis suppresses the EMT, as demonstrated by the modulation of the zinc finger transcription factors, ZEB1/Snail, and the tight junction proteins, claudins. Importantly, while eEF-2K silencing recapitulates the rottlerin-induced inhibition of invasion and correlated events, eEF-2K overexpression, by lentivirus-based expression system, suppresses such rottlerin effects and potentiates PaCa cells invasion/migration capability. Collectively, our results show, for the first time, that eEF-2K is involved in regulation of the invasive phenotype of PaCa cells through promoting a new signalling pathway, which is mediated by TG2/β1 integrin/Src/uPAR/MMP-2, and the induction of EMT biomarkers which enhance cancer cell motility and metastatic potential. Thus, eEF-2K could represent a novel potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Ashour
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Nilgun Gurbuz
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Sultan Neslihan Alpay
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Abdel-Aziz H Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Longfei Huo
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Crystal structure of transglutaminase 2 with GTP complex and amino acid sequence evidence of evolution of GTP binding site. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107005. [PMID: 25192068 PMCID: PMC4156391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase2 (TG2) is a multi-functional protein involved in various cellular processes, including apoptosis, differentiation, wound healing, and angiogenesis. The malfunction of TG2 causes many human disease including inflammatory disease, celiac disease, neurodegenerative diseases, tissue fibrosis, and cancers. Protein cross-linking activity, which is representative of TG2, is activated by calcium ions and suppressed by GTP. Here, we elucidated the structure of TG2 in complex with its endogenous inhibitor, GTP. Our structure showed why GTP is the optimal nucleotide for interacting with and inhibiting TG2. In addition, sequence comparison provided information describing the evolutionary scenario of GTP usage for controlling the activity of TG2.
Collapse
|
25
|
Beninati S, Oliverio S, Cordella M, Rossi S, Senatore C, Liguori I, Lentini A, Piredda L, Tabolacci C. Inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion of B16-F10 melanoma cells by α-mangostin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1512-7. [PMID: 25019992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated the potential antineoplastic effects of α-mangostin (α-M), the most representative xanthone in Garcinia mangostana pericarp, on melanoma cell lines. This xanthone markedly inhibits the proliferation of high-metastatic B16-F10 melanoma cells. Furthermore, by deeply analyzing which steps in the metastatic process are influenced by xanthone it was observed that α-M strongly interferes with homotypic aggregation, adhesion, plasticity and invasion ability of B16-F10 cells, probably by the observed reduction of metalloproteinase-9 activity. The antiproliferative and antimetastatic properties of α-M have been established in human SK-MEL-28 and A375 melanoma cells. In order to identify pathways potentially involved in the antineoplastic properties of α-M, a comparative mass spectrometry proteomic approach was employed. These findings may improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of α-M on melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Beninati
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Martina Cordella
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Piredda
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Tabolacci
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Del Duca S, Serafini-Fracassini D, Cai G. Senescence and programmed cell death in plants: polyamine action mediated by transglutaminase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:120. [PMID: 24778637 PMCID: PMC3985020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Research on polyamines (PAs) in plants laps a long way of about 50 years and many roles have been discovered for these aliphatic cations. PAs regulate cell division, differentiation, organogenesis, reproduction, dormancy-break and senescence, homeostatic adjustments in response to external stimuli and stresses. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of their multiple activities are still matter of research. PAs are present in free and bound forms and interact with several important cell molecules; some of these interactions may occur by covalent linkages catalyzed by transglutaminase (TGase), giving rise to "cationization" or cross-links among specific proteins. Senescence and programmed cell death (PCD) can be delayed by PAs; in order to re-interpret some of these effects and to obtain new insights into their molecular mechanisms, their conjugation has been revised here. The TGase-mediated interactions between proteins and PAs are the main target of this review. After an introduction on the characteristics of this enzyme, on its catalysis and role in PCD in animals, the plant senescence and PCD models in which TGase has been studied, are presented: the corolla of naturally senescing or excised flowers, the leaves senescing, either excised or not, the pollen during self-incompatible pollination, the hypersensitive response and the tuber storage parenchyma during dormancy release. In all the models examined, TGase appears to be involved by a similar molecular mechanism as described during apoptosis in animal cells, even though several substrates are different. Its effect is probably related to the type of PCD, but mostly to the substrate to be modified in order to achieve the specific PCD program. As a cross-linker of PAs and proteins, TGase is an important factor involved in multiple, sometimes controversial, roles of PAs during senescence and PCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (Botany), University of BolognaBologna, Italy
| | | | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of SienaSiena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jang TH, Park HH. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of transglutaminase 2 in complex with Ca2+. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2014; 70:513-6. [PMID: 24699752 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1400510x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multi-functional protein that has been implicated in a variety of physiological cellular activities, including apoptosis, angiogenesis and cellular differentiation. Two functions of TG2 are protein cross-linking and GTP hydrolysis activities. The protein cross-linking activity of TG2 is positively controlled by calcium; however, the molecular mechanism of its Ca(2+)-dependent activity is completely unknown. In the present study, full-length human TG2 in complex with Ca(2+) was overexpressed, purified and crystallized at 20°C as a first step towards elucidating this mechanism. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 3.4 Å from a crystal belonging to space group C2221, with unit-cell parameters a = 133.08, b = 216.30, c = 166.26 Å. Based on these data, the asymmetric unit was estimated to contain three molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Ho Jang
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- School of Biotechnology and Graduate School of Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Identification of a specific one amino acid change in recombinant human transglutaminase 2 that regulates its activity and calcium sensitivity. Biochem J 2014; 455:261-72. [PMID: 23941696 DOI: 10.1042/bj20130696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
TG2 (transglutaminase 2) is a calcium-dependent protein cross-linking enzyme which is involved in a variety of cellular processes. The threshold level of calcium needed for endogenous and recombinant TG2 activity has been controversial, the former being more sensitive to calcium than the latter. In the present study we address this question by identifying a single amino acid change from conserved valine to glycine at position 224 in recombinant TG2 compared with the endogenous sequence present in the available genomic databases. Substituting a valine residue for Gly224 in the recombinant TG2 increased its calcium-binding affinity and transamidation activity 10-fold and isopeptidase activity severalfold, explaining the inactivity of widely used recombinant TG2 at physiological calcium concentrations. ITC (isothermal titration calorimetry) measurements showed 7-fold higher calcium-binding affinities for TG2 valine residues which could be activated inside cells. The two forms had comparable substrate- and GTP-binding affinities and also bound fibronectin similarly, but coeliac antibodies had a higher affinity for TG2 valine residues. Structural analysis indicated a higher stability for TG2 valine residues and a decrease in flexibility of the calcium-binding loop resulting in improved metal-binding affinity. The results of the present study suggest that Val224 increases TG2 activity by modulating its calcium-binding affinity enabling transamidation reactions inside cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hsieh YF, Liu GY, Lee YJ, Yang JJ, Sándor K, Sarang Z, Bononi A, Pinton P, Tretter L, Szondy Z, Tsay GJ. Transglutaminase 2 contributes to apoptosis induction in Jurkat T cells by modulating Ca2+ homeostasis via cross-linking RAP1GDS1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81516. [PMID: 24349085 PMCID: PMC3859493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a protein cross-linking enzyme known to be associated with the in vivo apoptosis program of T cells. However, its role in the T cell apoptosis program was not investigated yet. Results Here we report that timed overexpression of both the wild type (wt) and the cross-linking mutant of TG2 induced apoptosis in Jurkat T cells, the wt being more effective. Part of TG2 colocalised with mitochondria. WtTG2-induced apoptosis was characterized by enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. Ca2+-activated wtTG2 cross-linked RAP1, GTP-GDP dissociation stimulator 1, an unusual guanine exchange factor acting on various small GTPases, to induce a yet uncharacterized signaling pathway that was able to promote the Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via both Ins3P and ryanodine sensitive receptors leading to a consequently enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+uptake. Conclusions Our data indicate that TG2 might act as a Ca2+ sensor to amplify endoplasmic reticulum-derived Ca2+ signals to enhance mitochondria Ca2+ uptake. Since enhanced mitochondrial Ca2+ levels were previously shown to sensitize mitochondria for various apoptotic signals, our data demonstrate a novel mechanism through which TG2 can contribute to the induction of apoptosis in certain cell types. Since, as compared to knock out cells, physiological levels of TG2 affected Ca2+ signals in mouse embryonic fibroblasts similar to Jurkat cells, our data might indicate a more general role of TG2 in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fan Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Lee
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Jou Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Katalin Sándor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angela Bononi
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of General Pathology, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Inflammation (ICSI), Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - László Tretter
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Neurobiochemical Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsa Szondy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail: (ZS); (GJT)
| | - Gregory J. Tsay
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (ZS); (GJT)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sileno S, D'Oria V, Stucchi R, Alessio M, Petrini S, Bonetto V, Maechler P, Bertuzzi F, Grasso V, Paolella K, Barbetti F, Massa O. A possible role of transglutaminase 2 in the nucleus of INS-1E and of cells of human pancreatic islets. J Proteomics 2013; 96:314-27. [PMID: 24291354 PMCID: PMC3919173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein with Ca2 +-dependent transamidating and G protein activity. Previously we reported that the role of TG2 in insulin secretion may involve cytoplasmic actin remodeling and a regulative action on other proteins during granule movement. The aim of this study was to gain a better insight into the role of TG2 transamidating activity in mitochondria and in the nucleus of INS-1E rat insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) during insulin secretion. To this end we labeled INS-1E with an artificial donor (biotinylated peptide), in basal condition and after stimulus with glucose for 2, 5, and 8 min. Biotinylated proteins of the nuclear/mitochondrial-enriched fraction were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Many mitochondrial proteins involved in Ca2 + homeostasis (e.g. voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein, prohibitin and different ATP synthase subunits) and many nuclear proteins involved in gene regulation (e.g. histone H3, barrier to autointegration factor and various heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein) were identified among a number of transamidating substrates of TG2 in INS-1E. The combined results provide evidence that a temporal link exists between glucose-stimulation, first phase insulin secretion and the action of TG on histone H3 both in INS-1E and human pancreatic islets. Biological significance Research into the role of transglutaminase 2 during insulin secretion in INS-1E rat insulinoma cellular model is depicting a complex role for this enzyme. Transglutaminase 2 acts in the different INS-1E compartments in the same way: catalyzing a post-translational modification event of its substrates. In this work we identify some mitochondrial and nuclear substrates of INS-1E during first phase insulin secretion. The finding that TG2 interacts with nuclear proteins that include BAF and histone H3 immediately after (2–5 min) glucose stimulus of INS-1E suggests that TG2 may be involved not only in insulin secretion, as suggested by our previous studies in cytoplasmic INS-1E fraction, but also in the regulation of glucose-induced gene transcription. Transglutaminase 2 localizes in the nucleus and in the mitochondrion of INS-1E. TG2 acts as a modifying enzyme in both compartments during FPIS. TG2 may contribute to Ca2 + sensing in mitochondrion through its substrates. TG2 may contribute to chromatin condensation in nucleus through its substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sileno
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratory, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Geneva University Medical Centre, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Valeria Grasso
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Paolella
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute at IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Barbetti
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Massa
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jung SH, Lee K, Kong DH, Kim WJ, Kim YM, Ha KS. Integrative proteomic profiling of protein activity and interactions using protein arrays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1167-76. [PMID: 22843993 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.016964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomic studies based on abundance, activity, or interactions have been used to investigate protein functions in normal and pathological processes, but their combinatory approach has not been attempted. We present an integrative proteomic profiling method to measure protein activity and interaction using fluorescence-based protein arrays. We used an on-chip assay to simultaneously monitor the transamidating activity and binding affinity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) for 16 TG2-related proteins. The results of this assay were compared with confidential scores provided by the STRING database to analyze the functional interactions of TG2 with these proteins. We further created a quantitative activity-interaction map of TG2 with these 16 proteins, categorizing them into seven groups based upon TG2 activity and interaction. This integrative proteomic profiling method can be applied to quantitative validation of previously known protein interactions, and in understanding the functions and regulation of target proteins in biological processes of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hui Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Kangwon-Do, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nurminskaya MV, Belkin AM. Cellular functions of tissue transglutaminase. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 294:1-97. [PMID: 22364871 PMCID: PMC3746560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394305-7.00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2 or tissue transglutaminase) is a highly complex multifunctional protein that acts as transglutaminase, GTPase/ATPase, protein disulfide isomerase, and protein kinase. Moreover, TG2 has many well-documented nonenzymatic functions that are based on its noncovalent interactions with multiple cellular proteins. A vast array of biochemical activities of TG2 accounts for its involvement in a variety of cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, growth, survival, apoptosis, differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. In turn, the impact of TG2 on these processes implicates this protein in various physiological responses and pathological states, contributing to wound healing, inflammation, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, vascular remodeling, tumor growth and metastasis, and tissue fibrosis. TG2 is ubiquitously expressed and is particularly abundant in endothelial cells, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. The protein is localized in multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytosol, mitochondria, endolysosomes, plasma membrane, and cell surface and extracellular matrix, where Ca(2+), nucleotides, nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, membrane lipids, and distinct protein-protein interactions in the local microenvironment jointly regulate its activities. In this review, we discuss the complex biochemical activities and molecular interactions of TG2 in the context of diverse subcellular compartments and evaluate its wide ranging and cell type-specific biological functions and their regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Nurminskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Transglutaminase 2: biology, relevance to neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic implications. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 133:392-410. [PMID: 22212614 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and the aggregation of disease-specific pathogenic proteins in hallmark neuropathologic lesions. Many of these proteins, including amyloid Αβ, tau, α-synuclein and huntingtin, are cross-linked by the enzymatic activity of transglutaminase 2 (TG2). Additionally, the expression and activity of TG2 is increased in affected brain regions in these disorders. These observations along with experimental evidence in cellular and mouse models suggest that TG2 can contribute to the abnormal aggregation of disease causing proteins and consequently to neuronal damage. This accumulating evidence has provided the impetus to develop inhibitors of TG2 as possible neuroprotective agents. However, TG2 has other enzymatic activities in addition to its cross-linking function and can modulate multiple cellular processes including apoptosis, autophagy, energy production, synaptic function, signal transduction and transcription regulation. These diverse properties must be taken into consideration in designing TG2 inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the biochemistry of TG2, its various physiologic functions and our current understanding about its role in degenerative diseases of the brain. We also describe the different approaches to designing TG2 inhibitors that could be developed as potential disease-modifying therapies.
Collapse
|
34
|
Kuo TF, Tatsukawa H, Kojima S. New insights into the functions and localization of nuclear transglutaminase 2. FEBS J 2011; 278:4756-67. [PMID: 22051117 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2; EC 2.3.2.13) is the most abundantly expressed member of the transglutaminase family and exerts opposing effects on cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis via multiple activities, including transamidase, GTPase, cell adhesion, protein disulfide isomerase, kinase and scaffold activities. It is distributed in and around various parts of a cell, including the extracellular matrix, plasma membrane, cytosol, mitochondria and nucleus. Generally, nuclear TG2 represents only 5-7% of the total TG2 in a cell, and various stimuli will increase nuclear TG2 via cellular stress and/or an increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration. There is increasing evidence indicating the importance of nuclear TG2 in regulating gene expression via post-translational modification of (or interaction with) transcriptional factors and related proteins. These include E2F1, hypoxia inducible factor 1, Sp1 and histones. Through this mechanism, TG2 controls cell growth or survival, differentiation and apoptosis, and is involved in the pathogenesis and/or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, liver diseases and cancers. The balance between import from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, determines the level of TG2 in the nucleus. Selective regulation of the expression, activity or localization of nuclear TG2 will be important for basic research, as well as clinical applications, suggesting a new era for this long-studied enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Fang Kuo
- Chemical Biology Department, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Szondy Z, Korponay-Szabó I, Király R, Fésüs L. Transglutaminase 2 Dysfunctions in the Development of Autoimmune Disorders: Celiac Disease and TG2 −/−Mouse. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY - AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:295-345. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
36
|
Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Falasca L, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C. Transglutaminase 2 at the crossroads between cell death and survival. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 78:197-246. [PMID: 22220475 DOI: 10.1002/9781118105771.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Schmid AW, Condemi E, Tuchscherer G, Chiappe D, Mutter M, Vogel H, Moniatte M, Tsybin YO. Tissue transglutaminase-mediated glutamine deamidation of beta-amyloid peptide increases peptide solubility, whereas enzymatic cross-linking and peptide fragmentation may serve as molecular triggers for rapid peptide aggregation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12172-88. [PMID: 21300794 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) has been implicated in a number of cellular processes and disease states, where the enzymatic actions of TGase may serve in both, cell survival and apoptosis. To date, the precise functional properties of TGase in cell survival or cell death mechanisms still remain elusive. TGase-mediated cross-linking has been reported to account for the formation of insoluble lesions in conformational diseases. We report here that TGase induces intramolecular cross-linking of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), resulting in structural changes of monomeric Aβ. Using high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) of cross-linked Aβ peptides, we observed a shift in mass, which is, presumably associated with the loss of NH3 due to enzymatic transamidation activity and hence intramolecular peptide cross-linking. We have observed that a large population of Aβ monomers contained an 0.984 Da increase in mass at a glutamine residue, indicating that glutamine 15 serves as an indispensable substrate in TGase-mediated deamidation to glutamate 15. We provide strong analytical evidence on TGase-mediated Aβ peptide dimerization, through covalent intermolecular cross-linking and hence the formation of Aβ1-40 dimers. Our in depth analyses indicate that TGase-induced post-translational modifications of Aβ peptide may serve as an important seed for aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien W Schmid
- Proteomics Core Facility, AI 0151, Station 15, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tissue transglutaminase contributes to the all-trans-retinoic acid–induced differentiation syndrome phenotype in the NB4 model of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 2010; 116:3933-43. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-01-266064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) results in terminal differentiation of leukemic cells toward neutrophil granulocytes. Administration of ATRA leads to massive changes in gene expression, including down-regulation of cell proliferation–related genes and induction of genes involved in immune function. One of the most induced genes in APL NB4 cells is transglutaminase 2 (TG2). RNA interference–mediated stable silencing of TG2 in NB4 cells (TG2-KD NB4) coupled with whole genome microarray analysis revealed that TG2 is involved in the expression of a large number of ATRA-regulated genes. The affected genes participate in granulocyte functions, and their silencing lead to reduced adhesive, migratory, and phagocytic capacity of neutrophils and less superoxide production. The expression of genes related to cell-cycle control also changed, suggesting that TG2 regulates myeloid cell differentiation. CC chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL22, CCL24, and cytokines IL1B and IL8 involved in the development of differentiation syndrome are expressed at significantly lower level in TG2-KD NB4 than in wild-type NB4 cells upon ATRA treatment. Based on our results, we propose that reduced expression of TG2 in differentiating APL cells may suppress effector functions of neutrophil granulocytes and attenuate the ATRA-induced inflammatory phenotype of differentiation syndrome.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mastroberardino PG, Piacentini M. Type 2 transglutaminase in Huntington's disease: a double-edged sword with clinical potential. J Intern Med 2010; 268:419-31. [PMID: 20964734 PMCID: PMC3073231 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a dominant genetic neurodegenerative disorder. The pathology affects principally neurons in the basal ganglia circuits and terminates invariably in death. There is compelling necessity for safe and effective therapeutic strategies to arrest, or even retard the progression of the pathogenesis. Recent findings indicate the autophagy-lysosome systems as appealing targets for pharmacological intervention. Autophagy exerts a critical role in controlling neuronal protein homeostasis, which is perturbed in HD, and is compromised in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) plays an important role both in apoptosis and autophagy regulation, and accumulates at high levels in cells under stressful conditions. TG2 inhibition, achieved either via drug treatments or genetic approaches, has been shown to be beneficial for the treatment of HD in animal models. In this review we will discuss the relevance of TG2 to the pathogenesis of HD, in an effort to define novel therapeutic avenues.
Collapse
|
40
|
Endocellular polyamine availability modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and unfolded protein response in MDCK cells. J Transl Med 2010; 90:929-39. [PMID: 20212449 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in embryonic development as well as in several pathological conditions. Literature indicates that polyamine availability may affect transcription of c-myc, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1, MMP2, TGFbeta(1), and collagen type I mRNA. The aim of this study was to elucidate polyamines role in EMT in vitro. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were subjected to experimental manipulation of intracellular levels of polyamines. Acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype was evaluated by means of immunofluorescence, western blots, and zymograms. MDCK cells were then subjected to 2D gel proteomic study and incorporation of a biotinilated polyamine (BPA). Polyamine endocellular availability modulated EMT process. Polyamine-depleted cells treated with TGFbeta(1) showed enhanced EMT with a marked decrease of E-cadherin expression at plasma membrane level and an increased expression of mesenchymal markers such as fibronectin and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Polyamine-depleted cells showed a twofold increased expression of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress proteins GRP78, GRP94, and HSP90 alpha/beta in 2D gels. The latter data were confirmed by western blot analysis. Administration of BPA showed that polyamines are covalently linked, within the cell, to ER-stress proteins. Intracellular polyamine availability affects EMT in MDCK cells possibly through the modulation of ER-stress protein homeostasis.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Dalby KN, Tekedereli I, Lopez-Berestein G, Ozpolat B. Targeting the prodeath and prosurvival functions of autophagy as novel therapeutic strategies in cancer. Autophagy 2010; 6:322-9. [PMID: 20224296 PMCID: PMC2914492 DOI: 10.4161/auto.6.3.11625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal pathway for degrading cytoplasmic proteins, macromolecules, and organelles. While autophagy has become one of the most attractive topics in cancer research, the current autophagy literature is often viewed as confusing, because of its association with apparently contradictory roles, such as survival and cell death. Autophagy can serve as a tumor suppressor, as a partial reduction in autophagic capacity or defective autophagy (e.g., heterozygous knockdown BECN1 (+/-) in mice) provides an oncogenic stimulus, causing malignant transformation and spontaneous tumors. In addition, autophagy seems to function as a protective cell survival mechanism against environmental and cellular stress (e.g., nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and therapeutic stress) and causes resistance to antineoplastic therapies. Recent studies have demonstrated that the inhibition of autophagy in cancer cells may be therapeutically beneficial in some circumstances, as it can sensitize cancer cells to different therapies, including DNA-damaging agents, antihormone therapies (e.g., tamoxifen), and radiation therapy. This supports the hypothesis that inhibiting autophagy can negatively influence cancer cell survival and increase cell death when combined with anticancer agents, providing a therapeutic advantage against cancer. On the other hand, the induction of autophagy by the inhibition of anti-autophagic proteins, such as Bcl-2, PKCdelta, and tissue transglutaminase 2 (TG2), may lead to autophagic cell death in some apoptosis-resistant cancers (i.e., breast and pancreatic cancers), indicating that the induction of autophagy alone may also be used as a potential therapy. Overall, the data suggest that, depending on the cellular features, either the induction or the inhibition of autophagy can provide therapeutic benefits to patients and that the design and synthesis of the first-generation modulators of autophagy may provide the tools for proof of concept experiments and the impetus for translational studies that may ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N. Dalby
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry; College of Pharmacy; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin, TX USA
| | - Ibrahim Tekedereli
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Gabriel Lopez-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics; The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Park D, Choi SS, Ha KS. Transglutaminase 2: a multi-functional protein in multiple subcellular compartments. Amino Acids 2010; 39:619-31. [PMID: 20148342 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that can function as a transglutaminase, G protein, kinase, protein disulfide isomerase, and as an adaptor protein. These multiple biochemical activities of TG2 account for, at least in part, its involvement in a wide variety of cellular processes encompassing differentiation, cell death, inflammation, cell migration, and wound healing. The individual biochemical activities of TG2 are regulated by several cellular factors, including calcium, nucleotides, and redox potential, which vary depending on its subcellular location. Thus, the microenvironments of the subcellular compartments to which TG2 localizes, such as the cytosol, plasma membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, or extracellular space, are important determinants to switch on or off various TG2 biochemical activities. Furthermore, TG2 interacts with a distinct subset of proteins and/or substrates depending on its subcellular location. In this review, the biological functions and molecular interactions of TG2 will be discussed in the context of the unique environments of the subcellular compartments to which TG2 localizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Vascular System Research Center, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Kangwon-do, 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Park JY, Jung SH, Jung JW, Kwon MH, Yoo JO, Kim YM, Ha KS. A novel array-based assay of in situ tissue transglutaminase activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Anal Biochem 2009; 394:217-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
45
|
Elli L, Bergamini CM, Bardella MT, Schuppan D. Transglutaminases in inflammation and fibrosis of the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:541-50. [PMID: 19195940 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases are a family of eight currently known calcium-dependent enzymes that catalyze the cross-linking or deamidation of proteins. They are involved in important biological processes such as wound healing, tissue repair, fibrogenesis, apoptosis, inflammation and cell-cycle control. Therefore, they play important roles in the pathomechanisms of autoimmune, inflammatory and degenerative diseases, many of which affect the gastrointestinal system. Transglutaminase 2 is prominent, since it is central to the pathogenesis of celiac disease, and modulates inflammation and fibrosis in inflammatory bowel and chronic liver diseases. This review highlights our present understanding of transglutaminase function in gastrointestinal and liver diseases and therapeutic strategies that target transglutaminase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Elli
- Center for Prevention and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, via F. Sforza, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Malorni W, Farrace MG, Matarrese P, Tinari A, Ciarlo L, Mousavi-Shafaei P, D'Eletto M, Di Giacomo G, Melino G, Palmieri L, Rodolfo C, Piacentini M. The adenine nucleotide translocator 1 acts as a type 2 transglutaminase substrate: implications for mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:1480-92. [PMID: 19644512 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2009.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence showing that the protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) activity of type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) regulates the correct assembly and function of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP transporter adenine nucleotide translocator 1 (ANT1). We demonstrate, by means of biochemical and morphological analyses, that ANT1 and TG2 physically interact in the mitochondria. Under physiological conditions, TG2's PDI activity regulates the ADP/ATP transporter function by controlling the oligomerization of ANT1. In fact, mitochondria isolated from hearts of TG2(-/-) mice exhibit increased polymerization of ANT1, paralleled by an enhanced ADP/ATP carrier activity, as compared to mitochondria belonging to TG2(+/+) mice. Interestingly, upon cell-death induction, ANT1 becomes a substrate for TG2's cross-linking activity and the lack of TG2 results in a reduction of apoptosis as well as in a marked sensitivity to the ADP/ATP exchange inhibition by atractyloside. These findings suggest a complex TG2-dependent regulation of the ADP/ATP transporter and reveal new important avenues for its potential applications in the treatment of some mitochondrial-dependent diseases, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Malorni
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Transglutaminase 2 cross-linking of matrix proteins: biological significance and medical applications. Amino Acids 2008; 36:659-70. [PMID: 18982407 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the functions of the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) both as a matrix stabiliser through its protein cross-linking activity and as an important cell adhesion protein involved in cell survival. The contribution of extracellular TG2 to the pathology of important diseases such as cancer and fibrosis are discussed with a view to the potential importance of TG2 as a therapeutic target. The medical applications of TG2 are further expanded by detailing the use of transglutaminase cross-linking in the development of novel biocompatible biomaterials for use in soft and hard tissue repair.
Collapse
|
48
|
Csosz E, Bagossi P, Nagy Z, Dosztanyi Z, Simon I, Fesus L. Substrate preference of transglutaminase 2 revealed by logistic regression analysis and intrinsic disorder examination. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:390-402. [PMID: 18761350 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) catalyzes the Ca(2+)-dependent posttranslational modification of proteins via formation of isopeptide bonds between their glutamine and lysine residues. Although substrate specificity of TG2 has been studied repeatedly at the sequence level, no clear consensus sequences have been determined so far. With the use of the extensive structural information on TG2 substrate proteins listed in TRANSDAB Wiki database, a slight preference of TG2 for glutamine and lysine residues situated in turns could be observed. When the spatial environment of the favored glutamine and lysine residues was analyzed with logistic regression, the presence of specific amino acid patterns was identified. By using the occurrence of the predictor amino acids as selection criteria, several polypeptides were predicted and later identified as novel in vitro substrates for TG2. By studying the sequence of TG2 substrate proteins lacking available crystal structure, the strong favorable influence on substrate selection of the presence of substrate glutamine and lysine residues in intrinsically disordered regions could also be revealed. The collected structural data have provided novel understanding of how this versatile enzyme selects its substrates in various cell compartments and tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Csosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Life Science Building, 4010 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Transglutaminases and their substrates in biology and human diseases: 50 years of growing. Amino Acids 2008; 36:599-614. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-008-0124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
50
|
Calphostin C-induced apoptosis is mediated by a tissue transglutaminase-dependent mechanism involving the DLK/JNK signaling pathway. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1522-31. [PMID: 18497756 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for tissue transglutaminase (TG2) and its substrate dual leucine zipper-bearing kinase (DLK), an upstream component of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, has been previously suggested in the apoptotic response induced by calphostin C. In the current study, we directly tested this hypothesis by examining via pharmacological and RNA-interference approaches whether inhibition of expression or activity of TG2, DLK and JNK in mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer epithelial cells affects calphostin C-induced apoptosis. Our experiments with the selective JNK inhibitor SP600125 reveal that calphostin C is capable of causing JNK activation and JNK-dependent apoptosis in both cell lines. Small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of TG2 alone strongly reduces calphostin C action on JNK activity and apoptosis. Consistent with an active role for DLK in this cascade of event, cells deficient in DLK demonstrate a substantial delay of JNK activation and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage in response to calphostin C, whereas overexpression of a recombinant DLK resistant to silencing, but sensitive to TG2-mediated oligomerization, reverses this effect. Importantly, combined depletion of TG2 and DLK further alters calphostin C effects on JNK activity, Bax translocation, caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage and cell viability, demonstrating an obligatory role for TG2 and DLK in calphostin C-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|