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Werry F, Mazur E, Theyse LFH, Edlich F. Apoptosis Regulation in Osteoarthritis and the Influence of Lipid Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13028. [PMID: 37685835 PMCID: PMC10488181 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic diseases in human and animal joints. The joints undergo several morphological and histological changes during the development of radiographically visible osteoarthritis. The most discussed changes include synovial inflammation, the massive destruction of articular cartilage and ongoing joint destruction accompanied by massive joint pain in the later stadium. Either the increased apoptosis of chondrocytes or the insufficient apoptosis of inflammatory macrophages and synovial fibroblasts are likely to underly this process. In this review, we discuss the current state of research on the pathogenesis of OA with special regard to the involvement of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederike Werry
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Emilia Mazur
- Soft Tissue & Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Lars F. H. Theyse
- Soft Tissue & Orthopaedic Surgery Service, Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
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2
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Mussbacher M, Derler M, Basílio J, Schmid JA. NF-κB in monocytes and macrophages - an inflammatory master regulator in multitalented immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1134661. [PMID: 36911661 PMCID: PMC9995663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1134661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is a dimeric transcription factor constituted by two of five protein family members. It plays an essential role in inflammation and immunity by regulating the expression of numerous chemokines, cytokines, transcription factors, and regulatory proteins. Since NF-κB is expressed in almost all human cells, it is important to understand its cell type-, tissue-, and stimulus-specific roles as well as its temporal dynamics and disease-specific context. Although NF-κB was discovered more than 35 years ago, many questions are still unanswered, and with the availability of novel technologies such as single-cell sequencing and cell fate-mapping, new fascinating questions arose. In this review, we will summarize current findings on the role of NF-κB in monocytes and macrophages. These innate immune cells show high plasticity and dynamically adjust their effector functions against invading pathogens and environmental cues. Their versatile functions can range from antimicrobial defense and antitumor immune responses to foam cell formation and wound healing. NF-κB is crucial for their activation and balances their phenotypes by finely coordinating transcriptional and epigenomic programs. Thereby, NF-κB is critically involved in inflammasome activation, cytokine release, and cell survival. Macrophage-specific NF-κB activation has far-reaching implications in the development and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Moreover, recent findings highlighted the temporal dynamics of myeloid NF-κB activation and underlined the complexity of this inflammatory master regulator. This review will provide an overview of the complex roles of NF-κB in macrophage signal transduction, polarization, inflammasome activation, and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mussbacher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Derler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - José Basílio
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- INESC ID–Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores, Investigação e Desenvolvimento em Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Johannes A. Schmid
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Centre of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Han H, Xing J, Chen W, Jia J, Li Q. Fluorinated polyamidoamine dendrimer-mediated miR-23b delivery for the treatment of experimental rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Nat Commun 2023; 14:944. [PMID: 36805456 PMCID: PMC9941585 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36625-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), insufficient apoptosis of macrophages and excessive generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines are intimately connected, accelerating the development of disease. Here, a fluorinated polyamidoamine dendrimer (FP) is used to deliver miR-23b to reduce inflammation by triggering the apoptosis of as well as inhibiting the inflammatory response in macrophages. Following the intravenous injection of FP/miR-23b nanoparticles in experimental RA models, the nanoparticles show therapeutic efficacy with inhibition of inflammatory response, reduced bone and cartilage erosion, suppression of synoviocyte infiltration and the recovery of mobility. Moreover, the nanoparticles accumulate in the inflamed joint and are non-specifically captured by synoviocytes, leading to the restoration of miR-23b expression in the synovium. The miR-23b nanoparticles target Tab2, Tab3 and Ikka to regulate the activation of NF-κB pathway in the hyperplastic synovium, thereby promoting anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative responses. Additionally, the intravenous administration of FP/miR-23b nanoparticles do not induce obvious systemic toxicity. Overall, our work demonstrates that the combination of apoptosis induction and inflammatory inhibition could be a promising approach in the treatment of RA and possibly other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jiakai Xing
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Wenqi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Jia
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China.
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4
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Inflammatory-associated apoptotic markers: are they the culprit to rheumatoid arthritis pain? Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10077-10090. [PMID: 35699858 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prolonged inflammatory disease resulting from autoimmune reactions that leads to local and systemic bone erosion, joint defects and functional impairment. Although the inflammation is subsided through the prescription of anti-inflammatory therapeutics, the patients persistently complained of sleepless nights due to flare pain. This indicates the possible contribution of other pathways besides inflammation in leading to RA pain. This review aims to uncover the roles and involvement of several inflammatory-associated apoptotic markers in facilitating pain transmission and processing during the pathogenesis of RA. MATERIALS AND METHODS This narrative review focused on the reports from the previous literature based on the search string of "apoptotic marker AND inflammation AND 'chronic pain' OR 'neuropathic pain' and apoptosis AND 'rheumatoid arthritis' OR arthritis from the databases including Science Direct and Scopus, considering the exclusion criteria of the published abstracts, proceedings or articles on other neuropathic pain types such as painful bowel syndrom, insterstitial cystitis, fibrosis and so on. RESULTS Several studies in the literature demonstrate a close association between imbalanced apoptotic regulations and an increased number of synovial fibroblasts and inflammatory cells in RA. Cell death or specific cell survival has been linked with increased central hypersensitivity in various types of chronic and neuropathic pain. CONCLUSION The RA-related flare pain is possibly contributed by the abnormal regulation of apoptosis through several inflammatory-related pathways, and further studies need to modulate these pathways for the putative anti-nociceptive benefits.
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5
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Cytokine/Chemokine Release Patterns and Transcriptomic Profiles of LPS/IFNγ-Activated Human Macrophages Differentiated with Heat-Killed Mycobacterium obuense, M-CSF, or GM-CSF. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137214. [PMID: 34281268 PMCID: PMC8268300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mφs) are instrumental regulators of the immune response whereby they acquire diverse functional phenotypes following their exposure to microenvironmental cues that govern their differentiation from monocytes and their activation. The complexity and diversity of the mycobacterial cell wall have empowered mycobacteria with potent immunomodulatory capacities. A heat-killed (HK) whole-cell preparation of Mycobacterium obuense (M. obuense) has shown promise as an adjunctive immunotherapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer. Moreover, HK M. obuense has been shown to trigger the differentiation of human monocytes into a monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) type named Mob-MDM. However, the transcriptomic profile and functional properties of Mob-MDMs remain undefined during an activation state. Here, we characterized cytokine/chemokine release patterns and transcriptomic profiles of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon γ (IFNγ)-activated human MDMs that were differentiated with HK M. obuense (Mob-MDM(LPS/IFNγ)), macrophage colony-stimulating factor M-MDM(LPS/IFNγ)), or granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-MDM(LPS/IFNγ)). Mob-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) demonstrated a unique cytokine/chemokine release pattern (interleukin (IL)-10low, IL-12/23p40low, IL-23p19/p40low, chemokine (C-x-C) motif ligand (CXCL)9low) that was distinct from those of M-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) and GM-MDM(LPS/IFNγ). Furthermore, M-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) maintained IL-10 production at significantly higher levels compared to GM-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) and Mob-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) despite being activated with M1-Mφ-activating stimuli. Comparative RNA sequencing analysis pointed to a distinct transcriptome profile for Mob-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) relative to both M-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) and GM-MDM(LPS/IFNγ) that comprised 417 transcripts. Functional gene-set enrichment analysis revealed significant overrepresentation of signaling pathways and biological processes that were uniquely related to Mob-MDM(LPS/IFNγ). Our findings lay a foundation for the potential integration of HK M. obuense in specific cell-based immunotherapeutic modalities such as adoptive transfer of Mφs (Mob-MDM(LPS/IFNγ)) for cancer treatment.
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Pang J, Maienschein-Cline M, Koh TJ. Reduced apoptosis of monocytes and macrophages is associated with their persistence in wounds of diabetic mice. Cytokine 2021; 142:155516. [PMID: 33810946 PMCID: PMC8043999 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages (Mo/MΦ) rapidly accumulate in skin wounds after injury, then disappear as healing progresses. However, the mechanisms underlying their ultimate fate in wounds remain to be elucidated. Here, we show that apoptosis of Mo/MΦ parallels their reduction as wound healing progresses in non-diabetic mice. scRNAseq analysis confirmed enriched apoptosis GO pathways on day 6 post-injury in wound Mo/MΦ from non-diabetic mice. In contrast, there was significantly less Mo/MΦ apoptosis in wounds from diabetic mice, particularly in the pro-inflammatory Ly6C+ population, which may contribute to persistent Mo/MΦ accumulation and chronic inflammation. scRNAseq analysis implicated TNF, MAPK, Jak-STAT, and FoxO signaling pathways in promoting wound Mo/MΦ apoptosis in non-diabetic mice while cell proliferation related pathways appeared to be activated in diabetic mice. These novel findings indicate that reduced apoptosis is a contributor to persistent Mo/MΦ accumulation in diabetic wounds. These findings also highlight pathways that may regulate Mo/MΦ apoptosis during wound healing, which could be targeted to help resolve inflammation and improve healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Pang
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Mark Maienschein-Cline
- Research Informatics Core, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Timothy J Koh
- Center for Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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Husain K, Williamson TT, Nelson N, Ghansah T. Protein kinase 2 (CK2): a potential regulator of immune cell development and function in cancer. Immunol Med 2020; 44:159-174. [PMID: 33164702 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2020.1843267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2, formally known as casein kinase II, is ubiquitously expressed and highly conserved serine/threonine or tyrosine kinase enzyme that regulates diverse signaling pathways responsible for cellular processes (i.e., cell proliferation and apoptosis) via interactions with over 500 known substrates. The enzyme's physiological interactions and cellular functions have been widely studied, most notably in the blood and solid malignancies. CK2 has intrinsic role in carcinogenesis as overexpression of CK2 subunits (α, α`, and β) and deregulation of its activity have been linked to various forms of cancers. CK2 also has extrinsic role in cancer stroma or in the tumor microenvironment (TME) including the immune cells. However, very few research studies have focused on extrinsic role of CK2 in regulating immune responses as a therapeutic alternative for cancer. The following review discusses CK2's regulation of key signaling events [Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT), Hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), Cyclooygenase-2 (COX-2), Extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MAPK), Notch, Protein kinase B/AKT, Ikaros and Wnt] that can influence the development and function of immune cells in cancer. Potential clinical trials using potent CK2 inhibitors will facilitate and improve the treatment of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Husain
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tanika T Williamson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Nadine Nelson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Tomar Ghansah
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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The Role of Notch3 Signaling in Kidney Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1809408. [PMID: 33149805 PMCID: PMC7603621 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1809408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Notch receptors are transmembrane proteins that are members of the epidermal growth factor-like family. These receptors are widely expressed on the cell surface and are highly conserved. Binding to ligands on adjacent cells results in cleavage of these receptors, and their intracellular domains translocate into the nucleus, where target gene transcription is initiated. In the mammalian kidney, Notch receptors are activated during nephrogenesis and become silenced in the normal kidney after birth. Reactivation of Notch signaling in the adult kidney could be due to the genetic activation of Notch signaling or kidney injury. Notch3 is a mammalian heterodimeric transmembrane receptor in the Notch gene family. Notch3 activation is significantly increased in various glomerular diseases, renal tubulointerstitial diseases, glomerular sclerosis, and renal fibrosis and mediates disease occurrence and development. Here, we discuss numerous recently published papers describing the role of Notch3 signaling in kidney disease.
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9
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Yao Y, Liu Q, Adrianto I, Wu X, Glassbrook J, Khalasawi N, Yin C, Yi Q, Dong Z, Geissmann F, Zhou L, Mi QS. Histone deacetylase 3 controls lung alveolar macrophage development and homeostasis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3822. [PMID: 32732898 PMCID: PMC7393351 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17630-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) derived from embryonic precursors seed the lung before birth and self-maintain locally throughout adulthood, but are regenerated by bone marrow (BM) under stress conditions. However, the regulation of AM development and maintenance remains poorly understood. Here, we show that histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is a key epigenetic factor required for AM embryonic development, postnatal homeostasis, maturation, and regeneration from BM. Loss of HDAC3 in early embryonic development affects AM development starting at E14.5, while loss of HDAC3 after birth affects AM homeostasis and maturation. Single-cell RNA sequencing analyses reveal four distinct AM sub-clusters and a dysregulated cluster-specific pathway in the HDAC3-deficient AMs. Moreover, HDAC3-deficient AMs exhibit severe mitochondrial oxidative dysfunction and deteriorative cell death. Mechanistically, HDAC3 directly binds to Pparg enhancers, and HDAC3 deficiency impairs Pparg expression and its signaling pathway. Our findings identify HDAC3 as a key epigenetic regulator of lung AM development and homeostasis. Alveolar macrophages are known to derive from embryonic precursors although the regulation of this process is poorly understood. Here the authors propose a key role for histone deacetylase 3 as an epigenetic regulator of lung alveolar macrophage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Queping Liu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Indra Adrianto
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - James Glassbrook
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Namir Khalasawi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Congcong Yin
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Qijun Yi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Frederic Geissmann
- Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology Research, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Immunology Research Program, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
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Yang S, Fan M, Li D, Zhou J, Fan G, Peng L, Zhang S. Physiological and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses reveal the mechanism of pinocembrin against Penicillium italicum through targeting mitochondria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 167:104534. [PMID: 32527431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses were used to reveal the inhibitory roles of pinocembrin on mitochondria of P. italicum and its cell death mechanism. The results show that pinocembrin damages both mitochondrial structure and function. 167 and 807 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in P. italicum mycelia after treatment with pinocembrin for 8 h and 24 h respectively, and the DEPs were significantly enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, especially for mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes I and V. Furthermore, the expression levels of proteins related to programmed cell death (PCD) were significantly up-regulated in mycelia with Pinocembrin incubation for 24 h. Combined with the results of physio-chemical analysis, the data revealed that pinocembrin targeted MRC complexes I and V, to induce ATP depletion, enhance ROS accumulation, stimulate mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, accelerate the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and promote cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, which, as a result, effectively triggered three classical types of PCD pathways in mycelia of P. italicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Ming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Litao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Shixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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11
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Yang Y, Jia Y, Ning Y, Wen W, Qin Y, Zhang H, Du Y, Li L, Jiao X, Yang Y, Liu G, Huang M, Zhang M. TAK1-AMPK Pathway in Macrophages Regulates Hypothyroid Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2020; 35:599-612. [PMID: 32495070 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-020-06996-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypothyroidism (HT) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis (AS). The efficacy of traditional strategies of hypothyroid AS remains controversial. Here, we aimed to deepen the understanding of the HT-induced acceleration of AS, to decrease the residual risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and to find a new therapeutic target. METHODS We collected peripheral venous blood samples from 20 patients and divided them into 4 groups, namely, the normal group, the HT group, the CAD group and the HT + CAD group. Then we performed mRNA microarray analysis and bioinformatics analysis to screen the differentially expressed genes and pathways, and we also conducted validations on ApoE knockout mice models and Raw264.7 cell models. RESULTS In short, (1) in the analysis between the CAD group and the HT + CAD group, we found a total of 1218 differentially expressed genes, 11 upregulated pathways and 40 downregulated pathways. (2) We validated that patients with HT and CAD had a significantly decreased expression of MAP3K7 (encoding transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1, TAK1) gene than normal subjects. (3) In animal and cell experiments, we found the decreased expression of TAK1 and the reduced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) under the hypothyroid and atherosclerotic condition. (4) Changes in the expressions of TAK1 may affect the progression of AS. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data suggest that the accelerated AS in hypothyroid patients may be due to the suppression of TAK1-AMPK pathway in macrophages. This new finding may become a novel therapeutic target in hypothyroid AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yifan Jia
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yu Ning
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wanwan Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanwen Qin
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yunhui Du
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Linyi Li
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiao
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guanghui Liu
- Endocrinology Department, Tongji Hospital affiliated to School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengling Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.2, Anzhen Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Kobyakova MI, Evstratova YV, Senotov AS, Lomovsky AI, Novikova VV, Krasnov KS, Fadeeva IS, Akatov VS, Fadeev RS. A Study of the Macrophage Differentiation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells in Multicellular Aggregates. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350920020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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13
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The Nuclear Matrix Protein SAFA Surveils Viral RNA and Facilitates Immunity by Activating Antiviral Enhancers and Super-enhancers. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 26:369-384.e8. [PMID: 31513772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pathogen pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger innate immune responses to invading pathogens. All known PRRs for viral RNA have extranuclear localization. However, for many viruses, replication generates dsRNA in the nucleus. Here, we show that the nuclear matrix protein SAFA (also known as HnRNPU) functions as a nuclear viral dsRNA sensor for both DNA and RNA viruses. Upon recognition of viral dsRNA, SAFA oligomerizes and activates the enhancers of antiviral genes, including IFNB1. Moreover, SAFA is required for the activation of super-enhancers, which direct vigorous immune gene transcription to establish the antiviral state. Myeloid-specific SAFA-deficient mice were more susceptible to lethal HSV-1 and VSV infection, with decreased type I IFNs. Thus, SAFA functions as a nuclear viral RNA sensor and trans-activator to bridge innate sensing with chromatin remodeling and potentiate robust antiviral responses.
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14
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da Cunha LR, Muniz-Junqueira MI, Dos Santos Borges TK. Impact of polyphenols in phagocyte functions. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:205-217. [PMID: 31686890 PMCID: PMC6708886 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s193749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are a broad group of substances with potential health benefits found in plant species. Several of these compounds are capable of influencing the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as NF-kB, MAPK and JAK-STAT, responsible for the production of various inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and 12 (IL-12), enzymes involved in the production of reactive species such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and superoxide dehydrogenase (SOD), as well as enzymes involved in the production of eicosanoids, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO). There is increased interest in the use of polyphenol-rich foods because of their immunomodulatory effect; however, the mechanisms used during macrophage responses are extremely complex and little is known about the effects of polyphenols on these cells. As such, this review summarizes the current view of polyphenol influences on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Rodrigues da Cunha
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
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15
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Inhibition of MALT1 paracaspase activity improves lesion recovery following spinal cord injury. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1179-1194. [PMID: 36659689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating traumatic injury that causes persistent, severe motor and sensory dysfunction. Immune responses are involved in functional recovery after SCI. Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation 1 (MALT1) has been shown to regulate the survival and differentiation of immune cells and to play a critical role in many diseases, but its function in lesion recovery after SCI remains unclear. In this paper, we generated KI (knock in) mice with a point mutation (C472G) in the active center of MALT1 and found that the KI mice exhibited improved functional recovery after SCI. Fewer macrophages were recruited to the injury site in KI mice and these macrophages differentiated into anti-inflammatory macrophages. Moreover, macrophages from KI mice exhibited reduced phosphorylation of p65, which in turn resulted in decreased SOCS3 expression and increased pSTAT6 levels. Similar results were obtained upon inhibition of MALT1 paracaspase with the small molecule inhibitor "MI-2" or the more specific inhibitor "MLT-827". In patients with SCI, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) displayed increased MALT1 paracaspase. Human macrophages showed reduced pro-inflammatory and increased anti-inflammatory characteristics following the inhibition of MALT1 paracaspase. These findings suggest that inhibition of MALT1 paracaspase activity in the clinic may improve lesion recovery in subjects with SCI.
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16
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Tacconi C, Ungaro F, Correale C, Arena V, Massimino L, Detmar M, Spinelli A, Carvello M, Mazzone M, Oliveira AI, Rubbino F, Garlatti V, Spanò S, Lugli E, Colombo FS, Malesci A, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Vetrano S, Danese S, D'Alessio S. Activation of the VEGFC/VEGFR3 Pathway Induces Tumor Immune Escape in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4196-4210. [PMID: 31239267 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death in Western countries and is associated with increased numbers of lymphatic vessels (LV) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The VEGFC/VEGFR3 pathway is regarded as the principal inducer of lymphangiogenesis and it contributes to metastases; however, no data are available regarding its role during primary colorectal cancer development. We found that both VEGFC and VEGFR3 were upregulated in human nonmetastatic colorectal cancer, with VEGFR3 expressed on both LVs and TAMs. With the use of three different preclinical models of colorectal cancer, we also discovered that the VEGFC/VEGFR3 axis can shape both lymphatic endothelial cells and TAMs to synergistically inhibit antitumor immunity and promote primary colorectal cancer growth. Therefore, VEGFR3-directed therapy could be envisioned for the treatment of nonmetastatic colorectal cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: The prolymphangiogenic factor VEGFC is abundant in colorectal cancer and activates VEGFR3 present on cancer-associated macrophages and lymphatic vessels; activation of VEGFR3 signaling fosters cancer immune escape, resulting in enhanced tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Tacconi
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Carmen Correale
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Arena
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Detmar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Colon and Rectal Surgery Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Michele Carvello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy.,Colon and Rectal Surgery Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana I Oliveira
- Laboratory of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium.,Lab of Tumor Inflammation and Angiogenesis, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federica Rubbino
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Valentina Garlatti
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Salvatore Spanò
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Federico S Colombo
- Humanitas Flow Cytometry Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Department of Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Rozzano (Milan), Italy.,Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U954 and Department of Gastroenterology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Nancy, France
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Silvia D'Alessio
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Immunopathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
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17
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Elevated pre-activation basal level of nuclear NF-κB in native macrophages accelerates LPS-induced translocation of cytosolic NF-κB into the cell nucleus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4563. [PMID: 30872589 PMCID: PMC6418260 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in macrophages constitutes an essential part of the innate immune response to bacterial infections. Detailed and quantified descriptions of TLR4 signal transduction would help to understand and exploit the first-line response of innate immune defense. To date, most mathematical modelling studies were performed on transformed cell lines. However, properties of primary macrophages differ significantly. We therefore studied TLR4-dependent activation of NF-κB transcription factor in bone marrow-derived and peritoneal primary macrophages. We demonstrate that the kinetics of NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation induced by a wide range of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations in primary macrophages is much faster than previously reported for macrophage cell lines. We used a comprehensive combination of experiments and mathematical modeling to understand the mechanisms of this rapid response. We found that elevated basal NF-κB in the nuclei of primary macrophages is a mechanism increasing native macrophage sensitivity and response speed to the infection. Such pre-activated state of macrophages accelerates the NF-κB translocation kinetics in response to low agonist concentrations. These findings enabled us to refine and construct a new model combining both NF-κB phosphorylation and translocation processes and predict the existence of a negative feedback loop inactivating phosphorylated NF-κB.
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18
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Mussbacher M, Salzmann M, Brostjan C, Hoesel B, Schoergenhofer C, Datler H, Hohensinner P, Basílio J, Petzelbauer P, Assinger A, Schmid JA. Cell Type-Specific Roles of NF-κB Linking Inflammation and Thrombosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:85. [PMID: 30778349 PMCID: PMC6369217 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB is a central mediator of inflammation with multiple links to thrombotic processes. In this review, we focus on the role of NF-κB signaling in cell types within the vasculature and the circulation that are involved in thrombo-inflammatory processes. All these cells express NF-κB, which mediates important functions in cellular interactions, cell survival and differentiation, as well as expression of cytokines, chemokines, and coagulation factors. Even platelets, as anucleated cells, contain NF-κB family members and their corresponding signaling molecules, which are involved in platelet activation, as well as secondary feedback circuits. The response of endothelial cells to inflammation and NF-κB activation is characterized by the induction of adhesion molecules promoting binding and transmigration of leukocytes, while simultaneously increasing their thrombogenic potential. Paracrine signaling from endothelial cells activates NF-κB in vascular smooth muscle cells and causes a phenotypic switch to a “synthetic” state associated with a decrease in contractile proteins. Monocytes react to inflammatory situations with enforced expression of tissue factor and after differentiation to macrophages with altered polarization. Neutrophils respond with an extension of their life span—and upon full activation they can expel their DNA thereby forming so-called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which exert antibacterial functions, but also induce a strong coagulatory response. This may cause formation of microthrombi that are important for the immobilization of pathogens, a process designated as immunothrombosis. However, deregulation of the complex cellular links between inflammation and thrombosis by unrestrained NET formation or the loss of the endothelial layer due to mechanical rupture or erosion can result in rapid activation and aggregation of platelets and the manifestation of thrombo-inflammatory diseases. Sepsis is an important example of such a disorder caused by a dysregulated host response to infection finally leading to severe coagulopathies. NF-κB is critically involved in these pathophysiological processes as it induces both inflammatory and thrombotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mussbacher
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Salzmann
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bastian Hoesel
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Hannes Datler
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Hohensinner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Basílio
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Skin and Endothelial Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Assinger
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Schmid
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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19
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De R, Sarkar S, Mazumder S, Debsharma S, Siddiqui AA, Saha SJ, Banerjee C, Nag S, Saha D, Pramanik S, Bandyopadhyay U. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor regulates mitochondrial dynamics and cell growth of human cancer cell lines through CD74-NF-κB signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:19740-19760. [PMID: 30366984 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The indispensable role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in cancer cell proliferation is unambiguous, although which specific roles the cytokine plays to block apoptosis by preserving cell growth is still obscure. Using different cancer cell lines (AGS, HepG2, HCT116, and HeLa), here we report that the silencing of MIF severely deregulated mitochondrial structural dynamics by shifting the balance toward excess fission, besides inducing apoptosis with increasing sub-G0 cells. Furthermore, enhanced mitochondrial Bax translocation along with cytochrome c release, down-regulation of Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 as well as up-regulation of Bad, Bax, and p53 indicated the activation of a mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis upon MIF silencing. The data also indicate a concerted down-regulation of Opa1 and Mfn1 along with a significant elevation of Drp1, cumulatively causing mitochondrial fragmentation upon MIF silencing. Up-regulation of Drp1 was found to be further coupled with fissogenic serine 616 phosphorylation and serine 637 dephosphorylation, thus ensuring enhanced mitochondrial translocation. Interestingly, MIF silencing was found to be associated with decreased NF-κB activation. In fact, NF-κB knockdown in turn increased mitochondrial fission and cell death. In addition, the silencing of CD74, the cognate receptor of MIF, remarkably increased mitochondrial fragmentation in addition to preventing cell proliferation, inducing mitochondrial depolarization, and increasing apoptotic cell death. This indicates the active operation of a MIF-regulated CD74-NF-κB signaling axis for maintaining mitochondrial stability and cell growth. Thus, we propose that MIF, through CD74, constitutively activates NF-κB to control mitochondrial dynamics and stability for promoting carcinogenesis via averting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudranil De
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhashis Debsharma
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Jyoti Saha
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Shiladitya Nag
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjan Saha
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Saikat Pramanik
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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20
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Czimmerer Z, Nagy ZS, Nagy G, Horvath A, Silye-Cseh T, Kriston A, Jonas D, Sauer S, Steiner L, Daniel B, Deleuze JF, Nagy L. Extensive and functional overlap of the STAT6 and RXR cistromes in the active enhancer repertoire of human CD14+ monocyte derived differentiating macrophages. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 471:63-74. [PMID: 28774779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are able to differentiate into classically polarized (M1) or alternatively polarized (M2) states upon encountering pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN) γ or anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) -4/IL-13, respectively. Moreover, macrophages are known to regulate lipid metabolism via multiple members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, including the retinoid X receptors (RXR). It has been also documented that cytokines are able to modulate macrophage responses to lipid signals but the nature of these interactions and the underlying mechanisms of these processes especially at the level of the chromatinized genome are not well understood. Previous work from our laboratory suggested that STAT6 is a facilitator of nuclear receptor mediated transcriptional activity acting at the genome level. This prompted us to investigate genome-wide DNA binding events and the development of cistromes in human CD14+ monocyte-derived macrophages upon exposure to IL-4. We determined the impact of IL-4 on the PU.1, RXR and STAT6 cistromes within the active enhancer regions marked by H3K27-acetylation using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing and integrated bioinformatics analyses. We found that about 2/3rd of the IL-4 induced STAT6 peaks co-localized with RXR peaks. These STAT6/RXR co-peaks differed at least in part from the non-overlapping RXR peaks regarding the most enriched de novo transcription factor binding motifs. Interestingly, RXR-binding was not regulated at the STAT6/RXR co-bound enhancers following IL-4 stimulation, but differential enhancer interactions were observed between the IL-4/STAT6 and RXR signaling pathways acting in a gene selective manner. Our results suggest that there is a novel, so far uncharacterized cistromic crosstalk between RXR and STAT6 that is likely to contribute to the formation of the active enhancer repertoire, transcriptome and differential signal-specific gene regulation of polarized macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Czimmerer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna S Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Horvath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Timea Silye-Cseh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Agnes Kriston
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - David Jonas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (BISMB and BIH), Germany
| | - Laszlo Steiner
- UD-Genomed Medical Genomic Technologies Ltd., Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Bence Daniel
- Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Francois Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Genomique Humaine, Institute de Biologie Francois Jacob, CEA, Evry, France
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Hungarian Academy of Sciences, "Lendület" Immunogenomics Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, FL, USA.
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21
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Benzo(a)pyrene in Cigarette Smoke Enhances HIV-1 Replication through NF-κB Activation via CYP-Mediated Oxidative Stress Pathway. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10394. [PMID: 29991690 PMCID: PMC6039513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28500-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking aggravates HIV-1 pathogenesis and leads to decreased responses to antiretroviral therapy. In this study, we aim to find a molecular mechanism that would explain smoking-induced HIV-1 replication. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a major carcinogen in cigarette, requires metabolic activation through cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to exert its toxic effects. We hypothesized that CYP-mediated BaP metabolism generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resultant oxidative stress aggravates HIV-1 replication. As expected, we observed ~3 to 4-fold increase in HIV-1 replication in U1 cells and human primary macrophages after chronic BaP exposure. We also observed ~30-fold increase in the expression of CYP1A1 at mRNA level, ~2.5-fold increase in its enzymatic activity as well as elevated ROS and cytotoxicity in U1 cells. The knock-down of the CYP1A1 gene using siRNA and treatment with selective CYP inhibitors and antioxidants significantly reduced HIV-1 replication. Further, we observed a nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunits (p50 and p65) after chronic BaP exposure, which was reduced by treatment with siRNA and antioxidants/CYP inhibitors. Suppression of NF-κB pathway using specific NF-κB inhibitors also significantly reduced HIV-1 replication. Altogether, our results suggest that BaP enhances HIV-1 replication in macrophages by a CYP-mediated oxidative stress pathway followed by the NF-κB pathway.
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22
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Notch3 orchestrates epithelial and inflammatory responses to promote acute kidney injury. Kidney Int 2018; 94:126-138. [PMID: 29751972 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a major risk factor for subsequent chronic renal and/or cardiovascular complications. Previous studies have shown that Notch3 was de novo expressed in the injured renal epithelium in the early phases of chronic kidney disease. Here we examined whether Notch3 is involved in the inflammatory response and the epithelial cell damage that typifies ischemic kidneys using Notch3 knockout mice and mice with short-term activated Notch3 signaling (N3ICD) in renal epithelial cells. After ischemia/reperfusion, N3ICD mice showed exacerbated infiltration of inflammatory cells and severe tubular damage compared to control mice. Inversely, Notch3 knockout mice were protected against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Renal macrophages derived from Notch3 knockout mice failed to activate proinflammatory cytokines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the Notch3 promoter identified NF-κB as the principal inducer of Notch3 in ischemia/reperfusion. Thus, Notch3 induced by NF-κB in the injured epithelium sustains a proinflammatory environment attracting activated macrophages to the site of injury leading to a rapid deterioration of renal function and structure. Hence, targeting Notch3 may provide a novel therapeutic strategy against ischemia/reperfusion and acute kidney injury by preservation of epithelial structure and disruption of proinflammatory signaling.
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23
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Li Z, Zhao J, Zhang S, Weinman SA. FOXO3-dependent apoptosis limits alcohol-induced liver inflammation by promoting infiltrating macrophage differentiation. Cell Death Discov 2018. [PMID: 29531813 PMCID: PMC5841311 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-017-0020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is generally well tolerated by the liver but in some individuals it results in persistent inflammation and liver disease. The mechanisms that regulate alcohol-induced liver inflammation are poorly understood. The transcription factor FOXO3 has previously been shown to be involved in suppressing alcohol-induced liver injury. In this study we demonstrate that in response to alcohol, approximately 10% of mouse hepatic macrophages undergo FOXO3-dependent apoptosis. By 3 days of alcohol exposure total hepatic macrophage numbers declined by 30% but these were restored to normal after 10 days of continued exposure. Whole body or myeloid specific Foxo3-/- mice failed to show this apoptotic response. After 10 days of alcohol exposure, Foxo3−/− mice had an increased basal inflammatory phenotype and an increase in the proportion of pro-inflammatory CD11b+, Ly6C+ infiltrating macrophages (IMs) infiltrating. This led to marked sensitivity to LPS with a 5-fold ALT elevation and liver injury after LPS challenge in Foxo3−/− but not WT mice. Restoring the early macrophage apoptosis burst with a pulse of intravenous GdCl3 at day 2 had no effect on the day 10 phenotype of WT mice but it corrected the hyper-inflammatory phenotype in Foxo3−/− mice. In conclusion, FOXO3-dependent hepatic macrophage apoptosis in response to ethanol serves to promote differentiation of infiltrating macrophages thus limiting the magnitude of the inflammatory response to ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Li
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Jie Zhao
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Shujun Zhang
- 2Chongqing Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Steven A Weinman
- 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA.,3Liver Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA
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24
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Williams B, Dharmapatni A, Crotti T. Intracellular apoptotic pathways: a potential target for reducing joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:219-231. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Huang QQ, Birkett R, Doyle R, Shi B, Roberts EL, Mao Q, Pope RM. The Role of Macrophages in the Response to TNF Inhibition in Experimental Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:130-138. [PMID: 29150565 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of synovial tissue macrophages is a reliable biomarker for clinical improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and macrophages are reduced in synovial tissue shortly after initiation of TNF inhibitors. The mechanism for this initial response is unclear. These studies were performed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the initial reduction of macrophages following TNF inhibition, positing that efflux to draining lymph nodes was involved. RA synovial tissue and synovial fluid macrophages expressed CCR7, which was increased in control macrophages following incubation with TNF-α. Human TNF transgenic (hTNF-Tg) mice were treated with infliximab after development of arthritis. Ankles were harvested and examined by histology, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA, and flow cytometry. hTNF-Tg mice treated with infliximab demonstrated significant clinical and histologic improvement 3 d after the initiation of therapy, at which time Ly6C+ macrophages were significantly reduced in the ankles. However, no evidence was identified to support a role of macrophage efflux to draining lymph nodes following treatment with infliximab. In contrast, apoptosis of Ly6C+ macrophages in the ankles and popliteal lymph nodes, decreased migration of monocytes into the ankles, and a reduction of CCL2 were identified following the initiation of infliximab. These observations demonstrate that Ly6C+ macrophage apoptosis and decreased ingress of circulating monocytes into the joint are responsible for the initial reduction of macrophages following infliximab treatment in hTNF-Tg mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Quan Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Robert Birkett
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Renee Doyle
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Bo Shi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Elyssa L Roberts
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Richard M Pope
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611; and
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Wu YHS, Tseng JK, Chou CH, Chiu CH, Lin YL, Chen YC. Preventive effects of Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium on the liver fibrosis induced by thioacetamide. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1792-1800. [PMID: 28181416 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thioacetamide (TAA), usually used as a fungicide to control the decay of citrus products, itself is not toxic to the liver, but its intermediates are able to increase oxidative stress in livers and further cause fibrosis. Ophiocordyceps sinensis mycelium (OSM) which contains 10% polysaccharides and 0.25% adenosine decreased (P < 0.05) the lipid accumulation and increased (P < 0.05) antioxidative capacity in livers of thioacetamide (TAA) injected rats. Meanwhile, the increased (P < 0.05) liver sizes, serum alanine transaminase (AST) and aspartate transaminase (ALT) values in thioacetamide (TAA)-injected rats were ameliorated (P < 0.05) by OSM supplementation. Moreover, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were also reduced (P < 0.05). The fibrosis phenomena in pathological (Masson's trichrome and H&E stainings) and immunohistochemical [α-smooth actin (αSMA) and CD86/ED1] observations in TAA-treated rats were reduced (P < 0.05) by OSM cotreatment. The protective effect of OSM against TAA-induced liver inflammation/fibrosis may be via downregulations (P < 0.05) of TGF-β pathways and NFκB which further influenced (P < 0.05) the expressions of fibrotic and inflammatory genes (i. e., αSMA, Col1α, COX2). Therefore, OSM shows preventive effects on the development of TAA-induced hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsieng Samuel Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Kai Tseng
- Department of Optometry, Asia University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsi Chou
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chiu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Zoonoses Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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da Costa AC, de Resende DP, Santos BDPO, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Modulation of Macrophage Responses by CMX, a Fusion Protein Composed of Ag85c, MPT51, and HspX from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:623. [PMID: 28446902 PMCID: PMC5389097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). Due to the poor protection conferred by BCG in adults, new, more effective formulations have been developed. A recombinant BCG vaccine expressing the CMX fusion protein Ag85c_MPT51_HspX (rBCG-CMX) induced Th1 and Th17 responses and provided better protection than BCG. It has been shown that Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing CMX also induces better protection than BCG and is a strong macrophage activator. The aim of the present study was to evaluate macrophage activation by the recombinant CMX fusion protein and by rBCG-CMX and to evaluate their ability to generate vaccine-specific immune responses. The results demonstrate that rCMX protein expressed by BCG (rBCG-CMX) activates pulmonary macrophages; increases the expression of activation molecules, cytokines, and MHC-II. The interaction with rCMX activates the transcription factor NF-κB and induces the production of the cytokines TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6. The in vitro stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from TLR-4 or TLR-2 KO mice showed that in the absence of TLR-4, IL-6 was not produced. rBCG-CMX was unable to induce CMX-specific Th1 and Th17 cells in TLR-4 and TLR-2 KO mice, suggesting that these receptors participate in their induction. We concluded that both the rBCG-CMX vaccine and the rCMX protein can activate macrophages and favor the specific immune response necessary for this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeliane C da Costa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Danilo P de Resende
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Bruno de P O Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunology of Parasitoses, Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunology of Parasitoses, Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana P Junqueira-Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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28
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Al-Sha'er MA, Almazari IS, Taha MO. Discovery of novel potent nuclear factor kappa-B inhibitors (IKK-β) via extensive ligand-based modeling and virtual screening. J Mol Recognit 2016; 30. [PMID: 28008665 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor kappa-B kinase-beta (IKK-β) controls the activation of nuclear transcription factor kappa-B and has been linked to inflammation and cancer. Therefore, inhibitors of this kinase should have potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Accordingly, we explored the pharmacophoric space of 218 IKK-β inhibitors to identify high-quality binding models. Subsequently, genetic algorithm-based quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis was employed to select the best possible combination of pharmacophoric models and physicochemical descriptors that explain bioactivity variation among training compounds. Three successful pharmacophores emerged in 2 optimal QSAR equations (r12175 = 0.733, r12LOO = 0.52, F1 = 65.62, r12PRESS against 43 test inhibitors = 0.63 and r22175 = 0.683, r22LOO = 0.52, F2 = 72.66, r22PRESS against 43 test inhibitors = 0.65). Two pharmacophores were merged in a single binding model. Receiver operating characteristic curve validation proved the excellent qualities of this model. The merged pharmacophore and the associated QSAR equations were applied to screen the National Cancer Institute list of compounds. Ten hits were found to exhibit potent anti-IKK-β bioactivity, out of which, one illustrates IC50 of 11.0nM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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29
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Xue J, Fu C, Cong Z, Peng L, Peng Z, Chen T, Wang W, Jiang H, Wei Q, Qin C. Galectin-3 promotes caspase-independent cell death of HIV-1-infected macrophages. FEBS J 2016; 284:97-113. [PMID: 27981746 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-infected macrophages are a key contributor to the formation of a viral reservoir and new treatment strategies focus on eliminating this pool of virus. Galectin-3 is a potent apoptosis-inducing protein that regulates diverse cellular activities. In the present study, we investigated whether galectin-3 could induce cell death in HIV-1-infected macrophages using HIV-1-infected THP1 monocytes (THP1-MNs) and THP1-derived macrophages (THP1-MΦs) as in vitro cellular models. We found that THP1-MΦs were more resistant than the THP1-MNs to HIV-1 infection-induced death, and that HIV-1 infection of the THP1-MΦs increased expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Additionally, galectin-3 but not FasL, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand or TNF-α, could induce cell death in HIV-1-infected THP1-MΦs. A similar result was shown for primary human monocyte-derived macrophages. Galectin-3-induced cell death was also significantly increased in macrophages obtained from SIVmac251-infected macaques compared to that of macrophages from healthy macaques. Furthermore, galectin-3-induced cell death in HIV-1-infected THP1-MΦs was caspase independent. Interestingly, endonuclease G (Endo G) was increased in the nucleus and decreased in the cytoplasm of galectin-3-treated cells; thus, galectin-3-induced cell death in HIV-1-infected THP1-MΦs is most likely related to the translocation of Endo G from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may potentially aid in the eradication of HIV-1/SIV-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Chunyan Fu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Zhe Cong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Lingjuan Peng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Zhuoying Peng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, China
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30
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Fuentes E, Rojas A, Palomo I. NF-κB signaling pathway as target for antiplatelet activity. Blood Rev 2016; 30:309-15. [PMID: 27075489 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In different nucleated cells, NF-κB has long been considered a prototypical proinflammatory signaling pathway with the expression of proinflammatory genes. Although platelets lack a nucleus, a number of functional transcription factors are involved in activated platelets, such as NF-κB. In platelet activation NF-κB regulation events include IKKβ phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, and p65 phosphorylation. Multiple pathways contribute to platelet activation and NF-κB is a common pathway in this activation. Therefore, in platelet activation the modulation of NF-κB pathway could be a potential new target in the treatment of inflammation-related vascular disease therapy (antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fuentes
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Talca, Chile.
| | - Armando Rojas
- Biomedical Research Laboratories, Medicine Faculty, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Iván Palomo
- Laboratory of Hematology and Immunology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunohematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary Excellence Research Program on Healthy Aging (PIEI-ES), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile; Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), CONICYT-Regional, Gore Maule, R09I2001, Talca, Chile.
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31
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Protumoral TSP50 Regulates Macrophage Activities and Polarization via Production of TNF-α and IL-1β, and Activation of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145095. [PMID: 26684869 PMCID: PMC4684331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Testes-specific protease 50 (TSP50) is abnormally overexpressed in many kinds of cancers and promotes cell proliferation and migration. However, whether TSP50 can influence the tumor microenvironment, especially the function of immune cells in the microenvironment, remains largely unknown. We demonstrated that exposure to the conditioned medium from TSP50-overexpressing cells, or co-culture with TSP50-overexpressing cells, enhanced the cytokine production and phagocytic activities of macrophages, and induced M2b polarization. Further investigation showed that production of TNF-α and IL-1β was strongly induced by TSP50 in TSP50-overexpressing cells. TSP50-induced TNF-α and IL-1β were main factors that mediated the effects of TSP50-overexpressing cells on macrophages. The NF-κB pathway could be activated in macrophages upon the treatment of conditioned medium of TSP50-overexpressing cells and its activation is necessary for the observed effects on macrophages. Taken together, our results suggested that oncogenic TSP50 expressed in cells could activate surrounding macrophages and induce M2b polarization, partly through inducing TNF-α/ IL-1β secretion and subsequent NF-κB pathway activation. This implies a potential mechanism by which oncogene TSP50 regulates tumor microenvironment to support tumor development.
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32
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Orekhov AN, Zhelankin AV, Kolmychkova KI, Mitrofanov KY, Kubekina MV, Ivanova EA, Sobenin IA. Susceptibility of monocytes to activation correlates with atherogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:672-6. [PMID: 26551079 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have recently evaluated the susceptibility of circulating monocytes to pro- and anti-inflammatory activation comparing samples from healthy individuals and patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, we found a dramatic individual difference in susceptibility to activation between monocytes isolated from the blood of different subjects, regardless of the presence or absence of atherosclerosis. In the present study the monocyte susceptibility to pro-inflammatory activation was evaluated in comparison with mitochondrial DNA mutations that have previously been shown to correlate with the degree of carotid atherosclerosis assessed by intima-media thickness. Among the mutations associated with atherosclerosis were both homoplasmic (absence or presence of the mutation) or heteroplasmic (different proportions of mutant allele). It was found that two homoplasmic mutations, A1811G and G9477A, tended to correlate with the degree of monocyte susceptibility to activation. At the same time, the mutation G9477A inversely correlated with the degree of monocyte activability, that is, the mutation was more prevalent in monocytes with a low degree of activability. We have found that at least three heteroplasmic mutations of mtDNA (G14459A, A1555G, G12315A) earlier known to be associated with human atherosclerosis, also correlate with proinflammatory activation of circulating human monocytes. We suggest that some mutations can cause mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn may lead to changes of macrophage activities in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Orekhov
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 121609 Moscow, Russia.
| | - A V Zhelankin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - K I Kolmychkova
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - K Yu Mitrofanov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Kubekina
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
| | - E A Ivanova
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - I A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, 121552 Moscow, Russia.
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Tarasova NK, Ytterberg AJ, Lundberg K, Zhang XM, Harris RA, Zubarev RA. Proteomics Reveals a Role for Attachment in Monocyte Differentiation into Efficient Proinflammatory Macrophages. J Proteome Res 2015. [PMID: 26216291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are blood-borne cells of the innate immune system. They can be differentiated and activated into proinflammatory macrophages that might be employed in tumor immune therapy. Monocyte exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a standard method to induce a proinflammatory macrophage state, with the resultant population comprising both adherent and nonadherent cells. In the current study, we aimed to identify the differences in proteomes of these monocyte subpopulations, which addresses a more general question about the role of attachment in monocyte differentiation. Label-free proteomics of a model of human monocytes (THP-1 cell line) revealed that the cells remaining in suspension upon LPS treatment were activated by cytokines and primed for rapid responsiveness to pathogens. In terms of proteome change, the adhesion process was orthogonal to activation. Adherent cells exhibited signs of differentiation and enhanced innate immune responsivity, being closer to macrophages. These findings indicate that adherent, LPS-treated cells would be more appropriate for use in tumor therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karin Lundberg
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital , SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xing-Mei Zhang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital , SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital , SE 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Struzik J, Szulc-Dąbrowska L, Papiernik D, Winnicka A, Niemiałtowski M. Modulation of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling by ectromelia virus in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2301-14. [PMID: 26141411 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in the innate immune response and may be involved in both clearance and spread of viruses. Stimulation of macrophages via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) results in activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines. In this work, we show modulation of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling by a member of the family Poxviridae, genus Orthopoxvirus--ectromelia virus (ECTV)--in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. ECTV interfered with p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by TLR ligands such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) (TLR3) and diacylated lipopeptide Pam2CSK4 (TLR2/6). We observed that ECTV modulates phosphorylation of Ser32 of inhibitor of κB (IκBα) and Ser536 of p65. Interference of ECTV with TLR signaling pathways implied that proinflammatory cytokine synthesis was inhibited. Our studies provide new insights into the strategies of proinflammatory signaling modulation by orthopoxviruses during their replication cycle in immune cells. Understanding important immune interactions between viral pathogens and APCs might contribute to the identification of drug targets and the development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Struzik
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
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Sarvothaman S, Undi RB, Pasupuleti SR, Gutti U, Gutti RK. Apoptosis: role in myeloid cell development. Blood Res 2015; 50:73-9. [PMID: 26157776 PMCID: PMC4486162 DOI: 10.5045/br.2015.50.2.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process that generates blood cells in an organism from the pluripotent stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cells are characterized by their ability to undergo self-renewal and differentiation. The self-renewing ability ensures that these pluripotent cells are not depleted from the bone marrow niche. A proper balance between cell death and cell survival is necessary to maintain a homeostatic condition, hence, apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is an essential step in hematopoiesis. Recent studies, however, have introduced a new aspect to this process, citing the significance of the apoptosis mediator, caspase, in cell development and differentiation. Extensive research has been carried out to study the possible role of caspases and other apoptosis related factors in the developmental processes. This review focuses on the various apoptotic factors involved in the development and differentiation of myeloid lineage cells: erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Sarvothaman
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ram Babu Undi
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Satya Ratan Pasupuleti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Usha Gutti
- Department of Biotechnology, GITAM Institute of Science, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Gutti
- Stem Cells and Haematological Disorders Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Busca A, Saxena M, Iqbal S, Angel J, Kumar A. PI3K/Akt regulates survival during differentiation of human macrophages by maintaining NF-κB-dependent expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-xL. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:1011-22. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0414-212r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Urbano PCM, Soccol VT, Azevedo VF. Apoptosis and the FLIP and NF-kappa B proteins as pharmacodynamic criteria for biosimilar TNF-alpha antagonists. Biologics 2014; 8:211-20. [PMID: 25114503 PMCID: PMC4124053 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s57253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Various criteria are necessary to assess the efficacy and safety of biological medications in order to grant companies the right to register these medications with the appropriate bodies that regulate their sale. The imminent expiration of the patents on reference biological products which block the cytokine TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α) raises the possibility of bringing so-called biosimilars to the market (similar to the biologicals of reference products). This occurrence is inevitable, but criteria to adequately evaluate these medications are now needed. Even among controversy, there is a demand from publications correlating the pro-apoptotic mechanism of the original TNF-α antagonists (etanercept, infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, and certolizumab pegol) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases. In this article, the authors discuss the possibility of utilizing the pro-apoptotic effect correlated with the regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins FLIP and NF-κB as new criteria for analyzing the pharmacodynamics of possible biosimilar TNF-α antagonists which should be submitted to regulatory agencies for evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo César Martins Urbano
- Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Program, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Program, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Xiao F, Wang S, Xing G, Li Y, Yin X, Lu K, Wei R, Fan J, Chen Y, Li T, Xie P, Yuan L, Song L, Ma L, Ding L, He F, Zhang L. CKIP-1 regulates macrophage proliferation by inhibiting TRAF6-mediated Akt activation. Cell Res 2014; 24:742-61. [PMID: 24777252 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play pivotal roles in development, homeostasis, tissue repair and immunity. Macrophage proliferation is promoted by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)-induced Akt signaling; yet, how this process is terminated remains unclear. Here, we identify casein kinase 2-interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1) as a novel inhibitor of macrophage proliferation. In resting macrophages, CKIP-1 was phosphorylated at Serine 342 by constitutively active GSK3β, the downstream target of Akt. This phosphorylation triggers the polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of CKIP-1. Upon M-CSF stimulation, Akt is activated by CSF-1R-PI3K and then inactivates GSK3β, leading to the stabilization of CKIP-1 and β-catenin proteins. β-catenin promotes the expression of proliferation genes including cyclin D and c-Myc. CKIP-1 interacts with TRAF6, a ubiquitin ligase required for K63-linked ubiquitination and plasma membrane recruitment of Akt, and terminates TRAF6-mediated Akt activation. By this means, CKIP-1 inhibits macrophage proliferation specifically at the late stage after M-CSF stimulation. Furthermore, CKIP-1 deficiency results in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of macrophages in vitro and CKIP-1(-/-) mice spontaneously develop a macrophage-dominated splenomegaly and myeloproliferation. Together, these data demonstrate that CKIP-1 plays a critical role in the regulation of macrophage homeostasis by inhibiting TRAF6-mediated Akt activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China [2] Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese PLA 307 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoxia Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Guichun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiushan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kefeng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, China National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lanzhi Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lujing Ding
- Laboratory Animal Center of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuchu He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China [2] Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
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Steer JH, Mann TS, Lo SZY, Inglis JJ, Yap HS, Henry PJ, Joyce DA. Early induction of uncoupling protein-2 in pulmonary macrophages in hyperoxia-associated lung injury. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 25:544-52. [PMID: 23905971 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.810679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT High concentrations of inspired oxygen contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adult acute respiratory distress syndrome. Animal models of hyperoxia-associated lung injury (HALI) are characterized by enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an adaptive antioxidant response. ROS contribute to pathogenesis, partly through enhancing pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages. Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) is an inner mitochondrial membrane protein whose expression lowers mitochondrial superoxide (O₂ⁱ⁻) production. UCP2, therefore, has potential to contribute to antioxidant response. It is inducible in macrophages. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We hypothesized that induction of UCP2 occurred in response to pulmonary hyperoxia in vivo and that expression localized to pulmonary macrophages. We then investigated mechanisms of UCP2 regulation in hyperoxia-exposed macrophages in vitro and correlated changing UCP2 expression with mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and O₂ⁱ⁻ production. RESULTS UCP2 is induced in lungs of mice within 1 h of hyperoxia exposure. Induction occurs in pulmonary alveolar macrophages in vivo, and can be replicated in vitro in isolated macrophages. UCP2 mRNA does not change. UCP2 increases quickly after the first hyperoxia-induced burst of mitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻ generation. Suppression of Δψm and mitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻ production follow and persist while UCP2 is elevated. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Induction of UCP2 is an early response to hyperoxia in pulmonary macrophages. The mechanism is post-transcriptional. UCP2 induction follows a transient rise in mitochondrial ROS generation. The subsequent falls in Δψm and mitochondrial O₂ⁱ⁻ support the notion that regulable UCP2 expression in macrophages acts to contain mitochondrial ROS generation. That, in turn, may limit inappropriate pro-inflammatory activation in HALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Steer
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Pharmacologic IKK/NF-κB inhibition causes antigen presenting cells to undergo TNFα dependent ROS-mediated programmed cell death. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3631. [PMID: 24406986 PMCID: PMC3887388 DOI: 10.1038/srep03631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived antigen presenting cells (APC) are central mediators of the innate and adaptive immune response in inflammatory diseases. As such, APC are appropriate targets for therapeutic intervention to ameliorate certain diseases. APC differentiation, activation and functions are regulated by the NF-κB family of transcription factors. Herein, we examined the effect of NF-κB inhibition, via suppression of the IκB Kinase (IKK) complex, on APC function. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), as well as macrophage and DC lines, underwent rapid programmed cell death (PCD) after treatment with several IKK/NF-κB inhibitors through a TNFα-dependent mechanism. PCD was induced proximally by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which causes a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and activation of a caspase signaling cascade. NF-κB-inhibition-induced PCD of APC may be a key mechanism through which therapeutic targeting of NF-κB reduces inflammatory pathologies.
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Aberdein JD, Cole J, Bewley MA, Marriott HM, Dockrell DH. Alveolar macrophages in pulmonary host defence the unrecognized role of apoptosis as a mechanism of intracellular bacterial killing. Clin Exp Immunol 2013; 174:193-202. [PMID: 23841514 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages play an essential role in clearing bacteria from the lower airway, as the resident phagocyte alveolar macrophages must both phagocytose and kill bacteria, and if unable to do this completely must co-ordinate an inflammatory response. The decision to escalate the inflammatory response represents the transition between subclinical infection and the development of pneumonia. Alveolar macrophages are well equipped to phagocytose bacteria and have a large phagolysosomal capacity in which ingested bacteria are killed. The rate-limiting step in control of extracellular bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, is the capacity of alveolar macrophages to kill ingested bacteria. Therefore, alveolar macrophages complement canonical microbicidal strategies with an additional level of apoptosis-associated killing to help kill ingested bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
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Thompson MR, Xu D, Williams BR. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Contributes to Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Macrophage Survival via Repression ofBaxandBak. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:682-93. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Thompson
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dakang Xu
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan R.G. Williams
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Protection against titanium particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in vivo. Inflammation 2013; 35:1378-91. [PMID: 22391745 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-012-9451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Wear particle-induced vascularized granulomatous inflammation and subsequent inflammatory osteolysis is the most common cause of aseptic loosening after total joint replacement (TJR); however, the precise mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. This study investigates the effects of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Bzb) on the expression of key biochemical markers of bone metabolism and vascularised granulomatous tissues, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6). In addition, the effect of Bzb on apoptosis of CD68+ cells was examined. A total of 32 female BALB/C mice were randomly divided into four groups. After implantation of calvaria bone from syngeneic littermates, titanium (Ti) particles were injected into established air pouches for all mice (excluding negative controls) to provoke inflammatory osteolysis. Subsequently, Bzb was administered at a ratio of 0, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/kg on day 1, 4, 8, and 11 post-surgery to alleviate this response. All of the air pouches were harvested 14 days after the surgical procedure and were processed for molecular and histological analysis. The results demonstrated that Ti injection elevated the expression of RANKL, OPG, VEGF, and TRAF6 at both the gene and protein levels, increased counts of infiltrated cells and thickness of air pouch membranes, and elevated the apoptosis index (AI) of CD68+ cells. Bzb treatment significantly improved Ti particle-induced implanted bone osteolysis, attenuated vascularised granulomatous tissues and elevated AI of CD68+ cells. Therefore, the proteasome pathway may represent an effective therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of aseptic loosening.
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Huang QQ, Koessler RE, Birkett R, Dorfleutner A, Perlman H, Haines GK, Stehlik C, Nicchitta CV, Pope RM. Glycoprotein 96 perpetuates the persistent inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3638-48. [PMID: 22777994 DOI: 10.1002/art.34610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanisms that contribute to the persistent activation of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of endogenous gp96 in Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated macrophage activation in RA. METHODS RA synovial fluid was used to activate macrophages and HEK-TLR-2 and HEK-TLR-4 cells. Neutralizing antibodies to TLR-2, TLR-4, and gp96 were used to inhibit activation. RA synovial fluid macrophages were isolated by CD14 negative selection. Cell activation was measured by the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or interleukin-8 messenger RNA. Arthritis was induced in mice by K/BxN serum transfer. The expression of gp96 was determined by immunoblot analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. Arthritis was treated with neutralizing anti-gp96 antiserum or control serum. RESULTS RA synovial fluid induced the activation of macrophages and HEK-TLR-2 and HEK-TLR-4 cells. RA synovial fluid-induced macrophage and HEK-TLR-2 activation was suppressed by neutralizing anti-gp96 antibodies only in the presence of high (>800 ng/ml) rather than low (<400 ng/ml) concentrations of gp96. Neutralization of RA synovial fluid macrophage cell surface gp96 inhibited the constitutive expression of TNFα. Supporting the role of gp96 in RA, joint tissue gp96 expression was induced in mice with the K/BxN serum-induced arthritis, and neutralizing antibodies to gp96 ameliorated joint inflammation, as determined by clinical and histologic examination. CONCLUSION These observations support the notion that gp96 plays a role as an endogenous TLR-2 ligand in RA and identify the TLR-2 pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Quan Huang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Kohno T, Kubo Y, Yasui K, Haraguchi M, Shigematsu S, Chua KJ, Matsuyama T, Hayashi H. Serum starvation activates NF-κB through G protein β2 subunit-mediated signal. DNA Cell Biol 2012; 31:1636-44. [PMID: 22917497 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2012.1666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several cell stresses induce nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, which include irradiation, oxidation, and UV. Interestingly, serum-starving stress-induced NF-κB activation in COS cells, but not in COS-A717 cells. COS-A717 is a mutant cell line of COS cells that is defective of the NF-κB signaling pathway. We isolated genes with compensating activity for the NF-κB pathway and one gene encoded the G protein β2 (Gβ2). Gβ2 is one of the G protein-coupled receptor signaling effectors. In COS-A717 cells, Gβ2 expression is significantly reduced. In Gβ2 cDNA-transfected COS-A717 cells, the NF-κB activity was increased along with the recovery of Gβ2 expression. Furthermore, serum-starving stress induced the NF-κB activity in Gβ2-transfected COS-A717 cells. Consistently, the serum-starved COS cells with siRNA-reduced Gβ2 protein expression showed decreased NF-κB activity. These results indicate that Gβ2 is required for starvation-induced NF-κB activation and constitutive NF-κB activity. We propose that serum contains some molecule(s) that strongly inhibits NF-κB activation mediated through Gβ2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kohno
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Makrygiannakis D, Catrina AI. Apoptosis as a mechanism of action of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2012; 39:679-85. [PMID: 22422498 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists are drugs developed to block endogenous TNF, an essential proinflammatory molecule with a central role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although extensive studies have been performed concerning the mode of action of TNF-blocking agents, there are still many unresolved questions and potential differences between different TNF-blocking drugs. One unresolved issue is to what extent apoptosis is affected by TNF blockade in RA. We provide an overview of studies that have investigated the proapoptotic effect of different anti-TNF drugs in RA, searching for a unified interpretation of somewhat contradictory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Makrygiannakis
- Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, D2:01, Solna, S-17176, Sweden
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Busca A, Saxena M, Kumar A. Critical role for antiapoptotic Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 in human macrophage survival and cellular IAP1/2 (cIAP1/2) in resistance to HIV-Vpr-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15118-33. [PMID: 22403404 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are resistant to HIV cytopathic effects, which contributes to viral persistence and reservoir formation. HIV viral protein R (Vpr) is a potent apoptosis-inducing agent for primary monocytes. Because the biologically active Vpr is found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected patients, we investigated the apoptotic effect of Vpr on monocyte-derived macrophages and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-activated THP1 macrophages. Our results show that primary monocytes and THP1 cells develop resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis following differentiation into macrophages. To determine the effect of Vpr on the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, we show that in contrast to the undifferentiated cells, Vpr did not down-regulate the expression of antiapoptotic inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and Bcl2 family members in macrophages, suggesting their involvement in resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis. However, knocking down Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 proteins induced spontaneous apoptosis with no impact on susceptibility to Vpr-induced apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of cellular IAP1 (cIAP1) and cIAP2 by using siRNAs and SMAC (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) mimetic sensitized macrophages to Vpr-induced apoptosis. Overall, our results suggest that resistance to Vpr-induced apoptosis is specifically mediated by cIAP1/2 genes independent of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, which play a key role in maintaining cell viability. Moreover, IAP modulation may be a potential strategy to eliminate HIV persistence in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Busca
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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Wang Y, Mo X, Piper MG, Wang H, Parinandi NL, Guttridge D, Marsh CB. M-CSF induces monocyte survival by activating NF-κB p65 phosphorylation at Ser276 via protein kinase C. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28081. [PMID: 22216091 PMCID: PMC3245220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) promotes mononuclear phagocyte survival and proliferation. The transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB) is a key regulator of genes involved in M-CSF-induced mononuclear phagocyte survival and this study focused at identifying the mechanism of NF-κB transcriptional activation. Here, we demonstrate that M-CSF stimulated NF-κB transcriptional activity in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The general protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Ro-31-8220, the conventional PKCα/β inhibitor Gö-6976, overexpression of dominant negative PKCα constructs and PKCα siRNA reduced NF-κB activity in response to M-CSF. Interestingly, Ro-31-8220 reduced Ser276 phosphorylation of NF-κBp65 leading to decreased M-CSF-induced monocyte survival. In this report, we identify conventional PKCs, including PKCα as important upstream kinases for M-CSF-induced NF-κB transcriptional activation, NF-κB-regulated gene expression, NF-κB p65 Ser276 phosphorylation, and macrophage survival. Lastly, we find that NF-κB p65 Ser276 plays an important role in basal and M-CSF-stimulated NF-κB activation in human mononuclear phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Melissa G. Piper
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Narasimham L. Parinandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Denis Guttridge
- Department of Human Cancer Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Clay B. Marsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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HDAC inhibitors: modulating leukocyte differentiation, survival, proliferation and inflammation. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:14-22. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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50
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Busca A, Saxena M, Kryworuchko M, Kumar A. Anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytic cells during infection. Curr Genomics 2011; 10:306-17. [PMID: 20119528 PMCID: PMC2729995 DOI: 10.2174/138920209788920967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the immune system that protect organisms against invading pathogens by fulfilling critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity and inflammation. They originate from circulating monocytes and show a high degree of heterogeneity, which reflects the specialization of function given by different anatomical locations. Differentiation of monocytes towards a macrophage phenotype is also accompanied by an increase of resistance against various apoptotic stimuli, a required characteristic that allows macrophages to accomplish their function in a stressful environment. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process, needed to maintain homeostasis by balancing proliferation with cellular demise. Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases that are highly conserved in multicellular organisms, function as central regulators of apoptosis. FLIP (FLICE-inhibitory protein), anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl2 family and inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) are the main three groups of anti-apoptotic genes that counteract caspase activation through both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. Modulation of the apoptotic machinery during viral and bacterial infections, as well as in various malignancies, is a wellestablished mechanism that promotes the survival of affected cells. The involvement of anti-apoptotic genes in the survival of monocytes/macrophages, either physiological or pathological, will be described in this review. How viral and bacterial infections that target cells of the monocytic lineage affect the expression of anti-apoptotic genes is important in understanding the pathological mechanisms that lead to manifested disease. The latest therapeutic approaches that target anti-apoptotic genes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Busca
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Research Institute, Division of Virology
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