1
|
Wu S, Dai X, Xia Y, Zhao Q, Zhao H, Shi Z, Yin X, Liu X, Zhang A, Yao Z, Zhang H, Li Q, Thorne RF, Zhang S, Sheng W, Hu W, Gu H. Targeting high circDNA2v levels in colorectal cancer induces cellular senescence and elicits an anti-tumor secretome. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114111. [PMID: 38615319 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of immunotherapy against colorectal cancer (CRC) is impaired by insufficient immune cell recruitment into the tumor microenvironment. Our study shows that targeting circDNA2v, a circular RNA commonly overexpressed in CRC, can be exploited to elicit cytotoxic T cell recruitment. circDNA2v functions through binding to IGF2BP3, preventing its ubiquitination, and prolonging the IGF2BP3 half-life, which in turn sustains mRNA levels of the protooncogene c-Myc. Targeting circDNA2v by gene silencing downregulates c-Myc to concordantly induce tumor cell senescence and the release of proinflammatory mediators. Production of CXCL10 and interleukin-9 by CRC cells is elicited through JAK-STAT1 signaling, in turn promoting the chemotactic and cytolytic activities of CD8+ T cells. Clinical evidence associates increased circDNA2v expression in CRC tissues with reductions in CD8+ T cell infiltration and worse outcomes. The regulatory relationship between circDNA2v, cellular senescence, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes thus provides a rational approach for improving immunotherapy in CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiangyu Dai
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Qingsong Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhimin Shi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xin Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Aijie Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhihui Yao
- Translational Research Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Science, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rick Francis Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Science, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Shangxin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Weiwei Sheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Wanglai Hu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Translational Research Institute, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Academy of Medical Science, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Non-coding RNA and Metabolism in Cancer, Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China.
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saleh T, Bloukh S, Hasan M, Al Shboul S. Therapy-induced senescence as a component of tumor biology: Evidence from clinical cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188994. [PMID: 37806641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS) is an established response to anticancer therapy in a variety of cancer models. Ample evidence has characterized the triggers, hallmarks, and functional outcomes of TIS in preclinical studies; however, limited evidence delineates TIS in clinical cancer (human tumor samples). We examined the literature that investigated the induction of TIS in samples derived from human cancers and highlighted the major findings that suggested that TIS represents a main constituent of tumor biology. The most frequently utilized approach to identify TIS in human cancers was to investigate the protein expression of senescence-associated markers (such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, Ki67, DNA damage repair response markers, DEC1, and DcR1) via immunohistochemical techniques using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples and/or testing the upregulation of Senescence-Associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in frozen sections of unfixed tumor samples. Collectively, and in studies where the extent of TIS was determined, TIS was detected in 31-66% of tumors exposed to various forms of chemotherapy. Moreover, TIS was not only limited to both malignant and non-malignant components of tumoral tissue but was also identified in samples of normal (non-transformed) tissue upon chemo- or radiotherapy exposure. Nevertheless, the available evidence continues to be limited and requires a more rigorous assessment of in vivo senescence based on novel approaches and more reliable molecular signatures. The accurate assessment of TIS will be beneficial for determining its relevant contribution to the overall outcome of cancer therapy and the potential translatability of senotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Sarah Bloukh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mira Hasan
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, USA
| | - Sofian Al Shboul
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wieder R. Awakening of Dormant Breast Cancer Cells in the Bone Marrow. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15113021. [PMID: 37296983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15113021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 40% of patients with breast cancer (BC) have metastatic cells in the bone marrow (BM) at the initial diagnosis of localized disease. Despite definitive systemic adjuvant therapy, these cells survive in the BM microenvironment, enter a dormant state and recur stochastically for more than 20 years. Once they begin to proliferate, recurrent macrometastases are not curable, and patients generally succumb to their disease. Many potential mechanisms for initiating recurrence have been proposed, but no definitive predictive data have been generated. This manuscript reviews the proposed mechanisms that maintain BC cell dormancy in the BM microenvironment and discusses the data supporting specific mechanisms for recurrence. It addresses the well-described mechanisms of secretory senescence, inflammation, aging, adipogenic BM conversion, autophagy, systemic effects of trauma and surgery, sympathetic signaling, transient angiogenic bursts, hypercoagulable states, osteoclast activation, and epigenetic modifications of dormant cells. This review addresses proposed approaches for either eliminating micrometastases or maintaining a dormant state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Wieder
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School and the Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB F671, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Z, Li Y, Tan X, Liu W, He X, Pan D, Li E, Xu L, Long L. Friend or Foe: Regulation, Downstream Effectors of RRAD in Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030477. [PMID: 36979412 PMCID: PMC10046484 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-related associated with diabetes (RRAD), a member of the Ras-related GTPase superfamily, is primarily a cytosolic protein that actives in the plasma membrane. RRAD is highly expressed in type 2 diabetes patients and as a biomarker of congestive heart failure. Mounting evidence showed that RRAD is important for the progression and metastasis of tumor cells, which play opposite roles as an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene depending on cancer and cell type. These findings are of great significance, especially given that relevant molecular mechanisms are being discovered. Being regulated in various pathways, RRAD plays wide spectrum cellular activity including tumor cell division, motility, apoptosis, and energy metabolism by modulating tumor-related gene expression and interacting with multiple downstream effectors. Additionally, RRAD in senescence may contribute to its role in cancer. Despite the twofold characters of RRAD, targeted therapies are becoming a potential therapeutic strategy to combat cancers. This review will discuss the dual identity of RRAD in specific cancer type, provides an overview of the regulation and downstream effectors of RRAD to offer valuable insights for readers, explore the intracellular role of RRAD in cancer, and give a reference for future mechanistic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyue Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yongkang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiaolu Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Wanyi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xinglin He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Deyuan Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Liyan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Lin Long
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-754-88900460; Fax: +86-754-88900847
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
DeLuca VJ, Saleh T. Insights into the role of senescence in tumor dormancy: mechanisms and applications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:19-35. [PMID: 36681750 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
One of the most formidable challenges in oncology and tumor biology research is to provide an accurate understanding of tumor dormancy mechanisms. Dormancy refers to the ability of tumor cells to go undetected in the body for a prolonged period, followed by "spontaneous" escape. Various models of dormancy have been postulated, including angiogenic, immune-mediated, and cellular dormancy. While the former two propose mechanisms by which tumor growth may remain static at a population level, cellular dormancy refers to molecular processes that restrict proliferation at the cell level. Senescence is a form of growth arrest, during which cells undergo distinct phenotypic, epigenetic, and metabolic changes. Senescence is also associated with the development of a robust secretome, comprised of various chemokines and cytokines that interact with the surrounding microenvironment, including other tumor cells, stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Both tumor and non-tumor cells can undergo senescence following various stressors, many of which are present during tumorigenesis and therapy. As such, senescent cells are present within forming tumors and in residual tumors post-treatment and therefore play a major role in tumor biology. However, the contributions of senescence to dormancy are largely understudied. Here, we provide an overview of multiple processes that have been well established as being involved in tumor dormancy, and we speculate on how senescence may contribute to these mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J DeLuca
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Tareq Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
From cyclins to CDKIs: Cell cycle regulation of skeletal muscle stem cell quiescence and activation. Exp Cell Res 2022; 420:113275. [PMID: 35931143 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
After extensive proliferation during development, the adult skeletal muscle cells remain outside the cell cycle, either as post-mitotic myofibers or as quiescent muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Despite its terminally differentiated state, adult skeletal muscle has a remarkable regeneration potential, driven by MuSCs. Upon injury, MuSC quiescence is reversed to support tissue growth and repair and it is re-established after the completion of muscle regeneration. The distinct cell cycle states and transitions observed in the different myogenic populations are orchestrated by elements of the cell cycle machinery. This consists of i) complexes of cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) that ensure cell cycle progression and ii) their negative regulators, the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CDKIs). In this review we discuss the roles of these factors in developmental and adult myogenesis, with a focus on CDKIs that have emerging roles in stem cell functions.
Collapse
|
7
|
Carpizo DR, Harris CR. Genetic Drivers of Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205070. [PMID: 34680217 PMCID: PMC8533727 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although ileal neuroendocrine tumors are the most common tumors of the small intestine, they are not well-defined at the genetic level. Unlike most cancers, they have an unusually low number of mutations, and also lack recurrently mutated genes. Moreover ileal NETs have been difficult to study in the laboratory because there were no animal models and because cell lines were generally unavailable. But recent advances, including the first ileal NET mouse model as well as methods for culturing patient tumor samples, have been described and have already helped to identify IGF2 and CDK4 as two of the genetic drivers for this tumor type. These advances may help in the development of new treatments for patients. Abstract The genetic causes of ileal neuroendocrine tumors (ileal NETs, or I-NETs) have been a mystery. For most types of tumors, key genes were revealed by large scale genomic sequencing that demonstrated recurrent mutations of specific oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In contrast, genomic sequencing of ileal NETs demonstrated a distinct lack of recurrently mutated genes, suggesting that the mechanisms that drive the formation of I-NETs may be quite different than the cell-intrinsic mutations that drive the formation of other tumor types. However, recent mouse studies have identified the IGF2 and RB1 pathways in the formation of ileal NETs, which is supported by the subsequent analysis of patient samples. Thus, ileal NETs no longer appear to be a cancer without genetic causes.
Collapse
|
8
|
RAS specific protease induces irreversible growth arrest via p27 in several KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17925. [PMID: 34504197 PMCID: PMC8429734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-specific proteases to degrade RAS within cancer cells are under active development as an innovative strategy to treat tumorigenesis. The naturally occurring biological toxin effector called RAS/RAP1-specific endopeptidase (RRSP) is known to cleave all RAS within a cell, including HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and mutant KRAS G13D. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms by which RRSP drives growth inhibition are unknown. Here, we demonstrate, using isogenic mouse fibroblasts expressing a single isoform of RAS or mutant KRAS, that RRSP equally inactivates all isoforms of RAS as well as the major oncogenic KRAS mutants. To investigate how RAS processing might lead to varying outcomes in cell fate within cancer cells, we tested RRSP against four colorectal cancer cell lines with a range of cell fates. While cell lines highly susceptible to RRSP (HCT116 and SW1463) undergo apoptosis, RRSP treatment of GP5d and SW620 cells induces G1 cell cycle arrest. In some cell lines, growth effects were dictated by rescued expression of the tumor suppressor protein p27 (Kip1). The ability of RRSP to irreversibly inhibit cancer cell growth highlights the antitumor potential of RRSP, and further warrants investigation as a potential anti-tumor therapeutic.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding L, Zhang Z, Zhao C, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhang J, Liu Y, Nie Y, He Y, Liao K, Zhang X. Ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1 coordinates with HDM2 to negatively regulate p53 in human colorectal Cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:245. [PMID: 34362424 PMCID: PMC8344204 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribosomal L1 domain-containing protein 1 (RSL1D1) is a nucleolar protein that is essential in cell proliferation. In the current opinion, RSL1D1 translocates to the nucleoplasm under nucleolar stress and inhibits the E3 ligase activity of HDM2 via direct interaction, thereby leading to stabilization of p53. METHODS Gene knockdown was achieved in HCT116p53+/+, HCT116p53-/-, and HCT-8 human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells by siRNA transfection. A lentiviral expression system was used to establish cell strains overexpressing genes of interest. The mRNA and protein levels in cells were evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis were determined by MTT, PI staining, and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining assays, respectively. The level of ubiquitinated p53 protein was assessed by IP. The protein-RNA interaction was investigated by RIP. The subcellular localization of proteins of interest was determined by IFA. Protein-protein interaction was investigated by GST-pulldown, BiFC, and co-IP assays. The therapeutic efficacy of RSL1D1 silencing on tumor growth was evaluated in HCT116 tumor-bearing nude mice. RESULTS RSL1D1 distributed throughout the nucleus in human CRC cells. Silencing of RSL1D1 gene induced cell cycle arrest at G1/S and cell apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner. RSL1D1 directly interacted with and recruited p53 to HDM2 to form a ternary RSL1D1/HDM2/p53 protein complex and thereby enhanced p53 ubiquitination and degradation, leading to a decrease in the protein level of p53. Destruction of the ternary complex increased the level of p53 protein. RSL1D1 also indirectly decreased the protein level of p53 by stabilizing HDM2 mRNA. Consequently, the negative regulation of p53 by RSL1D1 facilitated cell proliferation and survival and downregulation of RSL1D1 remarkably inhibited the growth of HCT116p53+/+ tumors in a nude mouse model. CONCLUSION We report, for the first time, that RSL1D1 is a novel negative regulator of p53 in human CRC cells and more importantly, a potential molecular target for anticancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenhong Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaxian Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yesen Nie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanzhi He
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Liao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University (26116120), Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhao Y, Yang X, Xu X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Xu H, Miao Z, Li D, Wang S. Deubiquitinase PSMD7 regulates cell fate and is associated with disease progression in breast cancer. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:5433-5448. [PMID: 33042429 PMCID: PMC7540142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women. The ubiquitin-proteasome system regulates the stability of most proteins controlling various biological processes in human cells. PSMD7, as a core component of the 26S proteasome, is critical for the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins in the proteasome. Currently, PSMD7 expression and its roles in the progression of breast cancer remain largely unknown. In this study, we assessed the level of PSMD7 in breast cancer tissues and investigated the underlying molecular events by which PSMD7 could play a role in tumor progression. The results showed that the PSMD7 level was significantly upregulated in breast cancer tissues. PSMD7 expression was closely associated with tumor subtype, tumor size, lymph node invasion, and TNM stage. A high PSMD7 level predicted poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that lymph node invasion, distant metastasis, and PSMD7 expression were associated with OS and DFS. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that PSMD7 was an independent predictor of OS (HR=1.310, 95% CI=1.038-1.652). Importantly, PSMD7 knockdown induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, leading to cell senescence and apoptosis. PSMD7 knockdown inhibited the expression of key cell cycle-related proteins and promoted the stability of p21 and p27 in breast cancer cells. PSMD7 may be a valuable prognostic indicator and potential therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Department of Emergency, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinchun Xu
- Department of Ultrasound, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieru Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiming Miao
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215600, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faheem MM, Seligson ND, Ahmad SM, Rasool RU, Gandhi SG, Bhagat M, Goswami A. Convergence of therapy-induced senescence (TIS) and EMT in multistep carcinogenesis: current opinions and emerging perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:51. [PMID: 32566256 PMCID: PMC7295779 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug induced resistance is a widespread problem in the clinical management of cancer. Cancer cells, when exposed to cytotoxic drugs, can reprogram their cellular machinery and resist cell death. Evasion of cell death mechanisms, such as apoptosis and necroptosis, are part of a transcriptional reprogramming that cancer cells utilize to mediate cytotoxic threats. An additional strategy adopted by cancer cells to resist cell death is to initiate the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) program. EMT is a trans-differentiation process which facilitates a motile phenotype in cancer cells which can be induced when cells are challenged by specific classes of cytotoxic drugs. Induction of EMT in malignant cells also results in drug resistance. In this setting, therapy-induced senescence (TIS), an enduring "proliferative arrest", serves as an alternate approach against cancer because cancer cells remain susceptible to induced senescence. The molecular processes of senescence have proved challenging to understand. Senescence has previously been described solely as a tumor-suppressive mechanism; however, recent evidences suggest that senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) can contribute to tumor progression. SASP has also been identified to contribute to EMT induction. Even though the causes of senescence and EMT induction can be wholly different from each other, a functional link between EMT and senescence is still obscure. In this review, we summarize the evidence of potential cross-talk between EMT and senescence while highlighting some of the most commonly identified molecular players. This review will shed light on these two intertwined and highly conserved cellular process, while providing background of the therapeutic implications of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohd Faheem
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Nathan D. Seligson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, The University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL USA
- Department of Pharmacogenomics and Translational Research, Nemours Children’s Specialty Care, Jacksonville, FL USA
| | - Syed Mudabir Ahmad
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Reyaz Ur Rasool
- Perelman School of Medicine, Cancer Biology Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Sumit G. Gandhi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| | - Madhulika Bhagat
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu, 180006 India
| | - Anindya Goswami
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001 India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu CL, Sang B, Liu GZ, Li JM, Zhang XD, Liu LX, Thorne RF, Wu M. SENEBLOC, a long non-coding RNA suppresses senescence via p53-dependent and independent mechanisms. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3089-3102. [PMID: 32030426 PMCID: PMC7102969 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as important biological tuners. Here, we reveal the role of an uncharacterized lncRNA we call SENEBLOC that is expressed by both normal and transformed cells under homeostatic conditions. SENEBLOC was shown to block the induction of cellular senescence through dual mechanisms that converge to repress the expression of p21. SENEBLOC facilitates the association of p53 with MDM2 by acting as a scaffold to promote p53 turnover and decrease p21 transactivation. Alternatively, SENEBLOC was shown to affect epigenetic silencing of the p21 gene promoter through regulation of HDAC5. Thus SENEBLOC drives both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms that contribute to p21 repression. Moreover, SENEBLOC was shown to be involved in both oncogenic and replicative senescence, and from the perspective of senolytic agents we show that the antagonistic actions of rapamycin on senescence are dependent on SENEBLOC expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lin Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Ben Sang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Guang Zhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation & Modification, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Jin Ming Li
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450053, China
| | - Xu Dong Zhang
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450053, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lian Xin Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rick F Thorne
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450053, China
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW 2258, Australia
| | - Mian Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, School of Life Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Differentiation & Modification, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Translational Research Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450053, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
An HJ, Ryu M, Jeong HJ, Kang M, Jeon HM, Lee JO, Kim YS, Lee H. Higd-1a regulates the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells through a pERK/p27 KIP1/pRB pathway. Cancer Lett 2019; 461:78-89. [PMID: 31310799 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Higd-1a/HIMP1-a/HIG1, a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, promotes cell survival under low glucose and hypoxic conditions. We previously reported that it interacts with Opa1, a factor involved in mitochondrial fusion, to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis. In the present study, we found that depletion of Higd-1a inhibited the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in mice xenografts. Higd-1a knockdown did not itself lead to cell death but it caused cell cycle arrest through induction of p27KIP1 and hypo-phosphorylation of RB protein. Knockdown of Higd-1a also induced cellular senescence as shown by increased granularity and SA-β-galactosidase activity. We further showed that the mitochondrial stress induced by Higd-1a led to reduced ERK phosphorylation. Inhibition of the ERK pathway with U0126 induced p27KIP1 expression in the pancreatic cancer cells, confirming that the cell cycle retardation was the result of inhibition of the ERK pathway. Array analysis of human pancreatic cancers revealed that expression of Higd-1a was significantly elevated in pancreatic cancer tissues compared to normal tissue. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Higd-1a plays an important role in the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells by regulating the pERK/p27KIP1/pRB signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung An
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BRL & BK21 Plus Team, Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, 14662, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihyeun Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jeong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Kang
- Personalized Genomic Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Min Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie-Oh Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Kyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hayyoung Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee JH, Leem DG, Chung KS, Kim KT, Choi SY, Lee KT. Panaxydol Derived from Panax ginseng Inhibits G 1 Cell Cycle Progression in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer via Upregulation of Intracellular Ca 2+ Levels. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 41:1701-1707. [PMID: 30381670 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Panaxydol, a polyacetylenic compound derived from Panax ginseng has been reported to suppress the growth of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying cell cycle arrest by this compound in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unknown. Our study found that panaxydol treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase in NSCLC cells. The cell cycle arrest was accompanied by down-regulation of the protein expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and decrease in the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein. Furthermore, up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIP1 was observed in panaxydol-treated NSCLC cells. In addition, panaxydol also induced accumulation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). (Acetyloxy)methyl 2-({2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl}[2-(2-{2-[bis({2-[(acetyloxy)methoxy]-2-oxoethyl})amino]phenoxy}ethoxy)phenyl]amino)acetate (BAPTA-AM), the Ca2+ chelator, attenuated not only panaxydol-induced accumulation of [Ca2+]i, but also G1 cell cycle arrest and decrease of CDK6 and cyclin D1 protein expression level. These results demonstrated that the anti-proliferative effects of panaxydol were caused by cell cycle arrest, which is closely linked to the up-regulation of [Ca2+]i and represents a promising approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Dong Gyu Leem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| | - Kyung-Tack Kim
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Sang Yoon Choi
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University.,Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fettucciari K, Macchioni L, Davidescu M, Scarpelli P, Palumbo C, Corazzi L, Marchegiani A, Cerquetella M, Spaterna A, Marconi P, Bassotti G. Clostridium difficile toxin B induces senescence in enteric glial cells: A potential new mechanism of Clostridium difficile pathogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:1945-1958. [PMID: 30296499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) causes nosocomial/antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, with dramatic incidence/mortality worldwide. C. difficile virulence factors are toxin A and toxin B (TcdB) which cause cytopathic/cytotoxic effects and inflammation. Until now studies were focused on molecular effects of C. difficile toxins (Tcds) on different cells while unexplored aspect is the status/fate of cells that survived their cytotoxicity. Recently we demonstrated that enteric glial cells (EGCs) are susceptible to TcdB cytotoxicity, but several EGCs survived and were irreversibly cell-cycle arrested and metabolically active, suggesting that EGCs could became senescent. This is important because allowed us to evaluate the not explored status/fate of cells surviving Tcds cytotoxicity, and particularly if TcdB induces senescence in EGCs. Rat-transformed EGCs were treated with 10 ng/ml TcdB for 6 h-48 h, or for 48 h, followed by incubation for additional 4 or 11 days in absence of TcdB (6 or 13 total days). Senescence markers/effectors were examined by specific assays. TcdB induces senescence in EGCs, as demonstrated by the senescence markers: irreversible cell-cycle arrest, senescence-associated-β‑galactosidase positivity, flat morphology, early and persistent DNA damage (ATM and H2AX phosphorylation), p27 overexpression, pRB hypophosphorylation, c‑Myc, cyclin B1, cdc2 and phosphorylated-cdc2 downregulation, Sirtuin‑2 and Sirtuin‑3 overexpression. TcdB-induced EGC senescence is dependent by JNK and AKT activation but independent by ROS, p16 and p53/p21 pathways. In conclusion, TcdB induces senescence in EGCs. The extrapolation of these results to CDI leads to hypothesize that EGCs that survived TcdB, once they have acquired a senescence state, could cause irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and tumors due to persistent inflammation, transfer of senescence status and stimulation of pre-neoplastic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katia Fettucciari
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lara Macchioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Magdalena Davidescu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Scarpelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Camilla Palumbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lanfranco Corazzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Andrea Spaterna
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Marconi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabrio Bassotti
- Department of Medicine, University of Perugia Medical School, Perugia, Italy; Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rouaud F, Hamouda-Tekaya N, Cerezo M, Abbe P, Zangari J, Hofman V, Ohanna M, Mograbi B, El-Hachem N, Benfodda Z, Lebeau A, Tulic MK, Hofman P, Bertolotto C, Passeron T, Annicotte JS, Ballotti R, Rocchi S. E2F1 inhibition mediates cell death of metastatic melanoma. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:527. [PMID: 29743521 PMCID: PMC5943238 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0566-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most lethal cancers when it reaches a metastatic stage. Despite advancements in targeted therapies (BRAF inhibitors) or immunotherapies (anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD1), most patients with melanoma will need additional treatment. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutical approaches to bypass resistance and achieve more prolonged responses. In this context, we were interested in E2F1, a transcription factor that plays a major role in the control of cell cycle under physiological and pathological conditions. Here we confirmed that E2F1 is highly expressed in melanoma cells. Inhibition of E2F1 activity further increased melanoma cell death and senescence, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, blocking E2F1 also induced death of melanoma cells resistant to BRAF inhibitors. In conclusion, our studies suggest that targeting the E2F1 signaling pathway may be therapeutically relevant for melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Rouaud
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Nedra Hamouda-Tekaya
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Michaël Cerezo
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Patricia Abbe
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Joséphine Zangari
- Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.,Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Veronique Hofman
- Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.,Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, 06107, Nice, France.,Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale et Hospital-related biobank (BB-0033-00025), Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - Mickaël Ohanna
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Baharia Mograbi
- Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.,Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, 06107, Nice, France
| | - Najla El-Hachem
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Zohra Benfodda
- Laboratoire de Détection, évaluation gestion des risques émergents et chroniques, Université de Nimes, Nîmes, France
| | - Alexandre Lebeau
- Laboratoire de Détection, évaluation gestion des risques émergents et chroniques, Université de Nimes, Nîmes, France
| | - Meri K Tulic
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.,Institute of Research on Cancer and Ageing of Nice (IRCAN), CNRS UMR7284, INSERM U1081, 06107, Nice, France.,Laboratoire de pathologie clinique et expérimentale et Hospital-related biobank (BB-0033-00025), Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, France
| | - Corine Bertolotto
- Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 1, INSERM U1065, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Passeron
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France.,Service de Dermatologie, Hôpital Archet II, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | | | - Robert Ballotti
- Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.,Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Team 1, INSERM U1065, Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Rocchi
- INSERM, U1065, team 12, Study of molecular mechanisms involved in pigmentation and melanoma using translational approaches, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Nice, France. .,Université Cote d'azur, UFR de Médecine, Nice, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Cellular senescence has emerged as a potent tumor suppression mechanism that restrains proliferation of cells at risk for malignant transformation. Although senescent cells have permanently exited the cell cycle, their presence can have detrimental effects on the surrounding tissue, largely due to the development of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, we review the tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting consequences of the senescence response, focusing on the SASP as a key mediator of this dichotomy. Accumulating evidence suggests that the persistence of senescent cells can exacerbate the development of a pro-inflammatory, immunosuppressive microenvironment that can favor tumorigenesis. Given that senescence of tumor and stromal cells is a frequent outcome of anti-cancer therapy, approaches that harness the growth inhibitory effects of senescence while limiting its detrimental effects are likely to have great clinical potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hinds
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jodie Pietruska
- Department of Developmental, Molecular, and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Thwaites MJ, Cecchini MJ, Talluri S, Passos DT, Carnevale J, Dick FA. Multiple molecular interactions redundantly contribute to RB-mediated cell cycle control. Cell Div 2017; 12:3. [PMID: 28293272 PMCID: PMC5348811 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-017-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The G1-S phase transition is critical to maintaining proliferative control and preventing carcinogenesis. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor is a key regulator of this step in the cell cycle. Results Here we use a structure–function approach to evaluate the contributions of multiple protein interaction surfaces on pRB towards cell cycle regulation. SAOS2 cell cycle arrest assays showed that disruption of three separate binding surfaces were necessary to inhibit pRB-mediated cell cycle control. Surprisingly, mutation of some interaction surfaces had no effect on their own. Rather, they only contributed to cell cycle arrest in the absence of other pRB dependent arrest functions. Specifically, our data shows that pRB–E2F interactions are competitive with pRB–CDH1 interactions, implying that interchangeable growth arrest functions underlie pRB’s ability to block proliferation. Additionally, disruption of similar cell cycle control mechanisms in genetically modified mutant mice results in ectopic DNA synthesis in the liver. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that pRB utilizes a network of mechanisms to prevent cell cycle entry. This has important implications for the use of new CDK4/6 inhibitors that aim to activate this proliferative control network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Thwaites
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Matthew J Cecchini
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Srikanth Talluri
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Daniel T Passos
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Jasmyne Carnevale
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| | - Frederick A Dick
- London Regional Cancer Program, London, Canada.,Children's Health Research Institute, London, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Borg NA, Dixit VM. Ubiquitin in Cell-Cycle Regulation and Dysregulation in Cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-040716-075607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled cell proliferation and genomic instability are common features of cancer and can arise from, respectively, the loss of cell-cycle control and defective checkpoints. Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, ultimately executed by ubiquitin-ligating enzymes (E3s), plays a key part in cell-cycle regulation and is dominated by two multisubunit E3s, the anaphase-promoting complex (or cyclosome) (APC/C) and SKP1–cullin-1–F-box (SCF) complex. We highlight the role of APC/C and the SCF bound to F-box proteins, FBXW7, SKP2, and β-TrCP, in regulating the abundance of select fundamental proteins, primarily during the cell cycle, that are associated with human cancer. The clinical success of the first proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, in treating multiple myeloma and mantle-cell lymphoma set the precedent for viewing the ubiquitin–proteasome system as a druggable target for cancer. Given that there are more E3s than kinases, selective, small-molecule E3 inhibitors have the potential of opening up another dimension in the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Borg
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vishva M. Dixit
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Graham MK, Principessa L, Antony L, Meeker AK, Isaacs JT. Low p16 INK4a Expression in Early Passage Human Prostate Basal Epithelial Cells Enables Immortalization by Telomerase Expression Alone. Prostate 2017; 77:374-384. [PMID: 27859428 PMCID: PMC5548187 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are two principal senescence barriers that must be overcome to successfully immortalize primary human epithelial cells in culture, stress-induced senescence, and replicative senescence. The p16INK4a /retinoblastoma protein (p16/Rb) pathway mediates stress-induced senescence, and is generally upregulated by primary epithelial cells in response to the artificial conditions from tissue culture. Replicative senescence is associated with telomere loss. Following each round of cell division, telomeres progressively shorten. Once telomeres shorten to a critical length, the DNA damage response pathway is activated, and the tumor suppressor p53 pathway triggers replicative senescence. Exogenous expression of telomerase in normal human epithelial cells extends the replicative capacity of cells, and in some cases, immortalizes cells. However reliable immortalization of epithelial cells usually requires telomerase activity coupled with inactivation of the p16/Rb pathway. METHODS A lentiviral vector, pLOX-TERT-iresTK (Addgene #12245), containing a CMV promoter upstream of a bicistronic coding cassette that includes loxP sites flanking the catalytic subunit of human telomerase gene (TERT) and herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase gene (HSV1-tk) was used to transduce normal prostate basal epithelial cells (PrECs) initiated in cell culture from prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomies. RESULTS Transduction of early (i.e., <7) passage PrECs with TERT led to successful immortalization. However, attempts to immortalize late (i.e., >7) passage PrECs were unsuccessful. Late passage PrECs, which acquired elevated p16, were unable to overcome the senescence barrier. Immortalized PrECs (TERT-PrECs) retained a normal male karyotype and low p16 expression. Additionally, TERT-PrECs were non-tumorigenic when inoculated into intact male immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS The present studies document that early passage human PrECs have sufficiently low p16 to permit immortalization by TERT expression alone. TERT-PrECs developed using this transduction approach provides an appropriate and experimentally facile model for clarifying the molecular mechanism(s) involved in both immortalization of human PrECs, as well as identifying genetic/epigenetic "drivers" for conversion of these immortalized non-tumorigenic cells into fully lethal prostate cancers. Notably, loxP sites flank the exogenous TERT gene in the TERT-PrECs. Cre recombinase can be used to excise TERT, and resolve whether TERT expression is required for these cells to be fully transformed into lethal cancer. Prostate 77: 374-384, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Kim Graham
- Department of Pathology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lorenzo Principessa
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lizamma Antony
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan K. Meeker
- Departments of Pathology, Oncology and Urology, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T. Isaacs
- Chemical Therapeutic Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Dr. John T. Isaacs, Chemical Therapeutic Program, Bunting-Blaustein CRB1, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Interchangeable Roles for E2F Transcriptional Repression by the Retinoblastoma Protein and p27KIP1-Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Regulation in Cell Cycle Control and Tumor Suppression. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00561-16. [PMID: 27821477 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00561-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian G1-S phase transition is controlled by the opposing forces of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) and the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Here, we present evidence for systems-level control of cell cycle arrest by pRB-E2F and p27-CDK regulation. By introducing a point mutant allele of pRB that is defective for E2F repression (Rb1G) into a p27KIP1 null background (Cdkn1b-/-), both E2F transcriptional repression and CDK regulation are compromised. These double-mutant Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- mice are viable and phenocopy Rb1+/- mice in developing pituitary adenocarcinomas, even though neither single mutant strain is cancer prone. Combined loss of pRB-E2F transcriptional regulation and p27KIP1 leads to defective proliferative control in response to various types of DNA damage. In addition, Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- fibroblasts immortalize faster in culture and more frequently than either single mutant genotype. Importantly, the synthetic DNA damage arrest defect caused by Rb1G/G; Cdkn1b-/- mutations is evident in the developing intermediate pituitary lobe where tumors ultimately arise. Our work identifies a unique relationship between pRB-E2F and p27-CDK control and offers in vivo evidence that pRB is capable of cell cycle control through E2F-independent effects.
Collapse
|
22
|
Glioblastoma, hypoxia and autophagy: a survival-prone 'ménage-à-trois'. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2434. [PMID: 27787518 PMCID: PMC5133985 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and the most aggressive primary brain tumor. It is characterized by a high degree of hypoxia and also by a remarkable resistance to therapy because of its adaptation capabilities that include autophagy. This degradation process allows the recycling of cellular components, leading to the formation of metabolic precursors and production of adenosine triphosphate. Hypoxia can induce autophagy through the activation of several autophagy-related proteins such as BNIP3, AMPK, REDD1, PML, and the unfolded protein response-related transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP. This review summarizes the most recent data about induction of autophagy under hypoxic condition and the role of autophagy in glioblastoma.
Collapse
|
23
|
Tang H, Fan X, Xing J, Liu Z, Jiang B, Dou Y, Gorospe M, Wang W. NSun2 delays replicative senescence by repressing p27 (KIP1) translation and elevating CDK1 translation. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 7:1143-58. [PMID: 26687548 PMCID: PMC4712338 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rise in the levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27KIP1 is important for the growth arrest of senescent cells, but the mechanisms responsible for this increase are poorly understood. Here, we show that the tRNA methyltransferase NSun2 represses the expression of p27 in replicative senescence. NSun2 methylated the 5′-untranslated region (UTR) of p27 mRNA at cytosine C64 in vitro and in cells, thereby repressing the translation of p27. During replicative senescence, increased p27 protein levels were accompanied by decreased NSun2 protein levels. Knockdown of NSun2 in human diploid fibroblasts (HDFs) elevated p27 levels and reduced the expression of CDK1 (encoded by CDK1 mRNA, a previously reported target of NSun2), which in turn further repressed cell proliferation and accelerated replicative senescence, while overexpression of NSun2 exerted the opposite effect. Ectopic overexpression of the p27 5′UTR fragment rescued the effect of NSun2 overexpression in lowering p27, increasing CDK1, promoting cell proliferation, and delaying replicative senescence. Our findings indicate that NSun2-mediated mRNA methylation regulates p27 and CDK1 levels during replicative senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiuqin Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyue Xing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhenyun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Wengong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Protein Posttranslational Modifications and Cell Function, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gammoh N, Fraser J, Puente C, Syred HM, Kang H, Ozawa T, Lam D, Acosta JC, Finch AJ, Holland E, Jiang X. Suppression of autophagy impedes glioblastoma development and induces senescence. Autophagy 2016; 12:1431-9. [PMID: 27304681 PMCID: PMC5082770 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1190053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of macroautophagy/autophagy during tumor initiation or in established tumors can be highly distinct and context-dependent. To investigate the role of autophagy in gliomagenesis, we utilized a KRAS-driven glioblastoma mouse model in which autophagy is specifically disrupted via RNAi against Atg7, Atg13 or Ulk1. Inhibition of autophagy strongly reduced glioblastoma development, demonstrating its critical role in promoting tumor formation. Further supporting this finding is the observation that tumors originating from Atg7-shRNA injections escaped the knockdown effect and thereby still underwent functional autophagy. In vitro, autophagy inhibition suppressed the capacity of KRAS-expressing glial cells to form oncogenic colonies or to survive low serum conditions. Molecular analyses revealed that autophagy-inhibited glial cells were unable to maintain active growth signaling under growth-restrictive conditions and were prone to undergo senescence. Overall, these results demonstrate that autophagy is crucial for glioma initiation and growth, and is a promising therapeutic target for glioblastoma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noor Gammoh
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Jane Fraser
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Cindy Puente
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Heather M. Syred
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Helen Kang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Tatsuya Ozawa
- Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research (STTR), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Du Lam
- Celgene CorporationSummit, NJ USA
| | - Juan Carlos Acosta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Andrew J. Finch
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Center, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh UK
| | - Eric Holland
- Division of Human Biology and Solid Tumor Translational Research (STTR), Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Li Q, Ma Y, Zhu Y, Zhang T, Zhou Y. Declined Expression of Histone Deacetylase 6 Contributes to Periodontal Ligament Stem Cell Aging. J Periodontol 2016; 88:e12-e23. [PMID: 27562218 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of regulators for aging-associated stem cell (SC) dysfunctions is a critical topic in SC biology and SC-based therapies. Periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC), a kind of dental mesenchymal SC with dental regeneration potential, ages with functional deterioration in both in vivo and ex vivo expansion. However, little is known about regulators for PDLSC aging. METHODS Expression changes of a potential regulator for PDLSC aging, histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), were evaluated within various models. Senescence-associated phenotypic and functional alternations of PDLSC in loss-of-function models for HDAC6 were examined using HDAC6-specific pharmacologic inhibitors or RNA interference-based knockdown. Involvement of p27Kip1 in HDAC6-associated aging was demonstrated by its acetylation and stability changes along with overexpression or functional inhibition of HDAC6. RESULTS Expression of HDAC6 decreased significantly in replicative senescence and induced SC aging models. Loss-of-function experiments suggested that pharmacologic inhibition of deacetylase activity of HDAC6 accelerated PDLSC senescence and impaired its SC activities, which showed reduced osteogenic differentiation and diminished migration capacities. Examination of markers for proliferative exhaustion of SCs revealed that protein level of p27Kip1 was specifically elevated after HDAC6 inhibition. HDAC6 physically interacted with p27Kip1 and could deacetylate p27Kip1. Importantly, acetylation of p27Kip1 was negatively regulated by HDAC6, which correlated with alteration of p27Kip1 protein levels. CONCLUSION Data suggest that HDAC6 plays an important role in PDLSC aging, which is dependent, at least partially, on regulation of p27Kip1 acetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yushi Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyan Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanheng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marthandan S, Baumgart M, Priebe S, Groth M, Schaer J, Kaether C, Guthke R, Cellerino A, Platzer M, Diekmann S, Hemmerich P. Conserved Senescence Associated Genes and Pathways in Primary Human Fibroblasts Detected by RNA-Seq. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154531. [PMID: 27140416 PMCID: PMC4854426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence correlates with changes in the transcriptome. To obtain a complete view on senescence-associated transcription networks and pathways, we assessed by deep RNA sequencing the transcriptomes of five of the most commonly used laboratory strains of human fibroblasts during their transition into senescence. In a number of cases, we verified the RNA-seq data by real-time PCR. By determining cellular protein levels we observed that the age-related expression of most but not all genes is regulated at the transcriptional level. We found that 78% of the age-affected differentially expressed genes were commonly regulated in the same direction (either up- or down-regulated) in all five fibroblast strains, indicating a strong conservation of age-associated changes in the transcriptome. KEGG pathway analyses confirmed up-regulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and down-regulation of DNA synthesis/repair and most cell cycle pathways common in all five cell strains. Newly identified senescence-induced pathways include up-regulation of endocytotic/phagocytic pathways and down-regulation of the mRNA metabolism and the mRNA splicing pathways. Our results provide an unprecedented comprehensive and deep view into the individual and common transcriptome and pathway changes during the transition into of senescence of five human fibroblast cell strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Marthandan
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - M. Baumgart
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - S. Priebe
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - M. Groth
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - J. Schaer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - C. Kaether
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - R. Guthke
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans-Knöll-Institute e.V. (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - A. Cellerino
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
- Laboratory of NeuroBiology, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Platzer
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - S. Diekmann
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - P. Hemmerich
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute e.V. (FLI), Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ashraf S, Ahn J, Cha BH, Kim JS, Han I, Park H, Lee SH. RHEB: a potential regulator of chondrocyte phenotype for cartilage tissue regeneration. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2503-2515. [PMID: 27061379 DOI: 10.1002/term.2148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
As articular cartilage has a limited ability to self-repair, successful cartilage regeneration requires clinical-grade chondrocytes with innate characteristics. However, cartilage regeneration via chondrocyte transplantation is challenging, because chondrocytes lose their innate characteristics during in vitro expansion. Here, we investigated the mechanistic underpinning of the gene Ras homologue enriched in brain (RHEB) in the control of senescence and dedifferentiation through the modulation of oxidative stress in chondrocytes, a hallmark of osteoarthritis. Serial expansion of human chondrocytes led to senescence, dedifferentiation and oxidative stress. RHEB maintained the innate characteristics of chondrocytes by regulating senescence, dedifferentiation and oxidative stress, leading to the upregulation of COL2 expression via SOX9 and the downregulation of p27 expression via MCL1. RHEB also decreased the expression of COL10. RHEB knockdown mimics decreased the expression of SOX9, COL2 and MCL1, while abrogating the suppressive function of RHEB on p27 and COL10 in chondrocytes. RHEB-overexpressing chondrocytes successfully formed cartilage tissue in vitro as well as in vivo, with increased expression of GAG matrix and chondrogenic markers. RHEB induces a distinct gene expression signature that maintained the innate chondrogenic properties over a long period. Therefore, RHEB expression represents a potentially useful mechanism in terms of cartilage tissue regeneration from chondrocytes, by which chondrocyte phenotypic and molecular characteristics can be retained through the modulation of senescence, dedifferentiation and oxidative stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ashraf
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - B-H Cha
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-S Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - I Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Centre, Kyeunggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - H Park
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kitano H, Mamiya A, Ishikawa T, Egoshi K, Kokubun S, Hidai C. Long-term gene therapy with Del1 fragment using nonviral vectors in mice with explanted tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:503-16. [PMID: 26889088 PMCID: PMC4741368 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s90801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer gene therapy using nonviral vectors is useful for long periods of treatment because such vectors are both safe and inexpensive, and thus can be used repeatedly. It has been reported that gene therapy with an E3C1 fragment of Del1 in a mouse explanted tumor model improved prognosis. The present study aimed to analyze the long-term effects of repeated non-viral gene transfer of E3C1. Mice with explanted tumors of SCCKN cells, a human squamous carcinoma, were treated with a plasmid encoding E3C1. Plasmids were injected locally every week using a transfection reagent. Control mice treated with mock DNA started to be euthanized on day 18, because the tumors had grown to over 15% of the body weight, and all of them had died by day 43. On the other hand, the tumors in two of ten mice treated with E3C1 had disappeared. The other eight mice started to be euthanized on day 46 and eight of ten mice had been euthanized by day 197. After 18 days of therapy, the tumor volume of control mice was 2,804±829 mm(3) and that of the E3C1 mice was 197±159 mm(3). Histochemical studies showed enhanced apoptosis in the E3C1-treated tumors, as compared with controls. Changes in cell morphology and decreased polymerized actin induced by E3C1 indicated disturbed cell adhesion to the matrix. In in vitro studies of SCCKN cells, prolonged administration of an E3C1 recombinant protein to cultured cells reduced adhesion-independent growth of cancer cells, as compared with control cells. These data suggest that E3C1 treatment induces anoikis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kitano
- Division of Dental Surgery, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mamiya
- Division of Dental Surgery, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ishikawa
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kayo Egoshi
- School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Kokubun
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Hidai
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Luo X, Fu Y, Loza AJ, Murali B, Leahy KM, Ruhland MK, Gang M, Su X, Zamani A, Shi Y, Lavine KJ, Ornitz DM, Weilbaecher KN, Long F, Novack DV, Faccio R, Longmore GD, Stewart SA. Stromal-Initiated Changes in the Bone Promote Metastatic Niche Development. Cell Rep 2015; 14:82-92. [PMID: 26725121 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 85% of advanced breast cancer patients suffer from metastatic bone lesions, yet the mechanisms that facilitate these metastases remain poorly understood. Recent studies suggest that tumor-derived factors initiate changes within the tumor microenvironment to facilitate metastasis. However, whether stromal-initiated changes are sufficient to drive increased metastasis in the bone remains an open question. Thus, we developed a model to induce reactive senescent osteoblasts and found that they increased breast cancer colonization of the bone. Analysis of senescent osteoblasts revealed that they failed to mineralize bone matrix and increased local osteoclastogenesis, the latter process being driven by the senescence-associated secretory phenotype factor, IL-6. Neutralization of IL-6 was sufficient to limit senescence-induced osteoclastogenesis and tumor cell localization to bone, thereby reducing tumor burden. Together, these data suggest that a reactive stromal compartment can condition the niche, in the absence of tumor-derived signals, to facilitate metastatic tumor growth in the bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianmin Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yujie Fu
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew J Loza
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bhavna Murali
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen M Leahy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan K Ruhland
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Margery Gang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Xinming Su
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ali Zamani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kory J Lavine
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fanxin Long
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deborah V Novack
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gregory D Longmore
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sheila A Stewart
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liu S, Wang X, Zhao Q, Liu S, Zhang H, Shi J, Li N, Lei X, Zhao H, Deng Z, Cao Y, Ning L, Xia G, Duan E. Senescence of human skin-derived precursors regulated by Akt-FOXO3-p27(KIP¹)/p15(INK⁴b) signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2949-60. [PMID: 25753771 PMCID: PMC11113525 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are dermal stem cells with the capacity to reconstitute the dermis and other tissues, such as muscles and the nervous system. Thus, the easily available human SKPs (hSKPs) hold great promises in regenerative medicine. However, long-term expansion is difficult for hSKPs in vitro. We previously demonstrated that hSKPs senesced quickly under routine culture conditions. To identify the underlying mechanisms so as to find an effective way to expand hSKPs, time-dependent microarray analysis of gene expression in hSKPs during in vitro culture was performed. We found that the senescence of hSKPs had a unique gene expression pattern that differs from reported typical senescence. Subsequent investigation ruled out the role of DNA damage and classical p53 and p16(INK4a) signaling in hSKP senescence. Examination of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors revealed the involvement of p15(INK4b) and p27(KIP1). Further exploration about upstream signals indicated the contribution of Akt hypo-activity and FOXO3 to hSKP senescence. Forced activation of Akt and knockdown of FOXO3, p15(INK4b) and p27(KIP1) effectively inhibited hSKP senescence and promoted hSKP proliferation. The unique senescent phenotype of human dermal stem cells and the role of Akt-FOXO3-p27(KIP1)/p15(INK4b) signaling in regulating hSKP senescence provide novel insights into the senescence and self-renewal regulation of adult stem cells. The present study also points out a way to propagate hSKPs in vitro so as to fulfill their promises in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Huishan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Junchao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Huashan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhili Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yujing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Lina Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Guoliang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Enkui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu S, Wang X, Zhao Q, Liu S, Zhang H, Shi J, Li N, Lei X, Zhao H, Deng Z, Cao Y, Ning L, Xia G, Duan E. Senescence of human skin-derived precursors regulated by Akt-FOXO3-p27KIP1/p15INK4b signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015. [DOI: doi 10.1007/s00018-015-1877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
32
|
Zalzali H, Nasr B, Harajly M, Basma H, Ghamloush F, Ghayad S, Ghanem N, Evan GI, Saab R. CDK2 transcriptional repression is an essential effector in p53-dependent cellular senescence-implications for therapeutic intervention. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:29-40. [PMID: 25149358 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cellular senescence, a form of cell-cycle arrest, is a tumor-suppressor mechanism triggered by multiple tumor-promoting insults, including oncogenic stress and DNA damage. The role of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) regulation has been evaluated in models of replicative senescence, but little is known regarding its role in other senescence settings. Using in vitro and in vivo models of DNA damage-and oncogene-induced cellular senescence, it was determined that activation of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 (TP53) resulted in repression of the CDK2 transcript that was dependent on intact RB. Ectopic CDK2 expression was sufficient to bypass p53-dependent senescence, and CDK2-specific inhibition, either pharmacologically (CVT313) or by use of a dominant-negative CDK2, was sufficient to induce early senescence. Pharmacologic inhibition of CDK2 in an in vivo model of pineal tumor decreased proliferation and promoted early senescence, and it also decreased tumor penetrance and prolonged time to tumor formation in animals lacking p53. In conclusion, for both oncogene- and DNA damage-induced cellular senescence, CDK2 transcript and protein are decreased in a p53- and RB-dependent manner, and this repression is necessary for cell-cycle exit during senescence. IMPLICATIONS These data show that CDK2 inhibition may be useful for cancer prevention in premalignant hyperproliferative lesions, as well as established tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Zalzali
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Bilal Nasr
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Harajly
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hussein Basma
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Ghamloush
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Ghayad
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Noël Ghanem
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Gerard I Evan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raya Saab
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zurgil U, Ben-Ari A, Atias K, Isakov N, Apte R, Livneh E. PKCη promotes senescence induced by oxidative stress and chemotherapy. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1531. [PMID: 25412309 PMCID: PMC4260739 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Senescence is characterized by permanent cell-cycle arrest despite continued viability and metabolic activity, in conjunction with the secretion of a complex mixture of extracellular proteins and soluble factors known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Cellular senescence has been shown to prevent the proliferation of potentially tumorigenic cells, and is thus generally considered a tumor suppressive process. However, some SASP components may act as pro-tumorigenic mediators on premalignant cells in the microenvironment. A limited number of studies indicated that protein kinase C (PKC) has a role in senescence, with different isoforms having opposing effects. It is therefore important to elucidate the functional role of specific PKCs in senescence. Here we show that PKCη, an epithelial specific and anti-apoptotic kinase, promotes senescence induced by oxidative stress and DNA damage. We further demonstrate that PKCη promotes senescence through its ability to upregulate the expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 and enhance transcription and secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Moreover, we demonstrate that PKCη creates a positive loop for reinforcing senescence by increasing the transcription of both IL-6 and IL-6 receptor, whereas the expression of IL-8 is specifically suppressed by PKCη. Thus, the presence/absence of PKCη modulates major components of SASP. Furthermore, we show that the human polymorphic variant of PKCη, 374I, that exhibits higher kinase activity in comparison to WT-374V, is also more effective in IL-6 secretion, p21Cip1 expression and the promotion of senescence, further supporting a role for PKCη in senescence. As there is now considerable interest in senescence activation/elimination to control tumor progression, it is first crucial to reveal the molecular regulators of senescence. This will improve our ability to develop new strategies to harness senescence as a potential cancer therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Zurgil
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - A Ben-Ari
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - K Atias
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - N Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - R Apte
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - E Livneh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus contributes greatly to morbidity, mortality, and overall health care costs. In major part, these outcomes derive from the high incidence of progressive kidney dysfunction in patients with diabetes making diabetic nephropathy a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism involved and of the early dysfunctions observed in the diabetic kidney may permit the development of new strategies to prevent diabetic nephropathy. Here we review the pathophysiological changes that occur in the kidney in response to hyperglycemia, including the cellular responses to high glucose and the responses in vascular, glomerular, podocyte, and tubular function. The molecular basis, characteristics, and consequences of the unique growth phenotypes observed in the diabetic kidney, including glomerular structures and tubular segments, are outlined. We delineate mechanisms of early diabetic glomerular hyperfiltration including primary vascular events as well as the primary role of tubular growth, hyperreabsorption, and tubuloglomerular communication as part of a "tubulocentric" concept of early diabetic kidney function. The latter also explains the "salt paradox" of the early diabetic kidney, that is, a unique and inverse relationship between glomerular filtration rate and dietary salt intake. The mechanisms and consequences of the intrarenal activation of the renin-angiotensin system and of diabetes-induced tubular glycogen accumulation are discussed. Moreover, we aim to link the changes that occur early in the diabetic kidney including the growth phenotype, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and formation of advanced glycation end products to mechanisms involved in progressive kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Vallon
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego & VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kansara M, Leong HS, Lin DM, Popkiss S, Pang P, Garsed DW, Walkley CR, Cullinane C, Ellul J, Haynes NM, Hicks R, Kuijjer ML, Cleton-Jansen AM, Hinds PW, Smyth MJ, Thomas DM. Immune response to RB1-regulated senescence limits radiation-induced osteosarcoma formation. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5351-60. [PMID: 24231354 DOI: 10.1172/jci70559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) and germline mutations in the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene (RB1) are the strongest risk factors for developing osteosarcoma. Recapitulating the human predisposition, we found that Rb1+/- mice exhibited accelerated development of IR-induced osteosarcoma, with a latency of 39 weeks. Initial exposure of osteoblasts to carcinogenic doses of IR in vitro and in vivo induced RB1-dependent senescence and the expression of a panel of proteins known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), dominated by IL-6. RB1 expression closely correlated with that of the SASP cassette in human osteosarcomas, and low expression of both RB1 and the SASP genes was associated with poor prognosis. In vivo, IL-6 was required for IR-induced senescence, which elicited NKT cell infiltration and a host inflammatory response. Mice lacking IL-6 or NKT cells had accelerated development of IR-induced osteosarcomas. These data elucidate an important link between senescence, which is a cell-autonomous tumor suppressor response, and the activation of host-dependent cancer immunosurveillance. Our findings indicate that overcoming the immune response to senescence is a rate-limiting step in the formation of IR-induced osteosarcoma.
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhu B, Ferry CH, Blazanin N, Bility MT, Khozoie C, Kang BH, Glick AB, Gonzalez FJ, Peters JM. PPARβ/δ promotes HRAS-induced senescence and tumor suppression by potentiating p-ERK and repressing p-AKT signaling. Oncogene 2013; 33:5348-59. [PMID: 24213576 PMCID: PMC4017002 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β/δ (PPARβ/δ) inhibits skin tumorigenesis through mechanisms that may be dependent on HRAS signaling. The present study examined the hypothesis that PPARβ/δ promotes HRAS-induced senescence resulting in suppression of tumorigenesis. PPARβ/δ expression increased p-ERK and decreased p-AKT activity. Increased p-ERK activity results from the dampened HRAS-induced negative feedback response mediated in part through transcriptional upregulation of RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1 (RASGRP1) by PPARβ/δ. Decreased p-AKT activity results from repression of integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1) expression. Decreased p-AKT activity in turn promotes cellular senescence through upregulation of p53 and p27 expression. Both over-expression of RASGRP1 and shRNA-mediated knockdown of ILK partially restore cellular senescence in Pparβ/δ-null cells. Higher PPARβ/δ expression is also correlated with increased senescence observed in human benign neurofibromas and colon adenoma lesions in vivo. These results demonstrate that PPARβ/δ promotes senescence to inhibit tumorigenesis and provide new mechanistic insights into HRAS-induced cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C H Ferry
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - N Blazanin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - M T Bility
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - C Khozoie
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - B-H Kang
- Preclinical Research Center, Chemon, Yongin-Si, Korea
| | - A B Glick
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - F J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J M Peters
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Perilli S, Perez-Perez JM, Di Mambro R, Peris CL, Díaz-Triviño S, Del Bianco M, Pierdonati E, Moubayidin L, Cruz-Ramírez A, Costantino P, Scheres B, Sabatini S. RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED protein stimulates cell differentiation in the Arabidopsis root meristem by interacting with cytokinin signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:4469-78. [PMID: 24285791 PMCID: PMC3875730 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of mitotic cell clusters such as meristematic cells depends on their capacity to maintain the balance between cell division and cell differentiation necessary to control organ growth. In the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem, the antagonistic interaction of two hormones, auxin and cytokinin, regulates this balance by positioning the transition zone, where mitotically active cells lose their capacity to divide and initiate their differentiation programs. In animals, a major regulator of both cell division and cell differentiation is the tumor suppressor protein RETINOBLASTOMA. Here, we show that similarly to its homolog in animal systems, the plant RETINOBLASTOMA-RELATED (RBR) protein regulates the differentiation of meristematic cells at the transition zone by allowing mRNA accumulation of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR19 (ARF19), a transcription factor involved in cell differentiation. We show that both RBR and the cytokinin-dependent transcription factor ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR12 are required to activate the transcription of ARF19, which is involved in promoting cell differentiation and thus root growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Perilli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - José Manuel Perez-Perez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Di Mambro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Llavata Peris
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Díaz-Triviño
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Del Bianco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pierdonati
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Cruz-Ramírez
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Costantino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ben Scheres
- Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Laboratories of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kitano H, Mamiya A, Kokubun S, Hidai C. Efficient nonviral gene therapy with FasL and Del1 fragments in mice. J Gene Med 2013; 14:642-50. [PMID: 23136083 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of FasL in cancer cells is currently being explored as a potential cancer therapy. Because high levels of FasL are necessary for effective treatment, current methods typically rely on the use of highly efficient viral vectors. However, because viral vector-based gene therapy is associated with certain risks, the development of effective nonviral routes for gene delivery would be useful. The present study aimed to improve FasL gene therapy with a nonviral vector by taking advantage of the E3 and C1 domains of Del1 protein, which induces apoptosis and localizes to the extracellular matrix. METHODS Mouse explanted tumors derived from a human oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line, SCCKN, were treated with plasmids encoding FasL (pFasL), E3C1 (pE3C1), and a fusion of FasL and E3C1 (pFasL-E3C1). The plasmids were injected locally every 7 days along with a transfection reagent, Jet-PEI (PolyPlus-transfection, San Marcos, CA, USA). RESULTS All mice treated with a negative control plasmid or pFasL died within 49 days. By contrast, 83% of mice treated with pFasL-E3C1 survived longer than 49 days. Histochemical studies revealed that the fusion protein is localized to the stroma and induces apoptosis in stromal cells and adjacent parenchymal cells. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in the present study suggest that the protein deposition-based approach described, which makes use of the E3 and C1 domains of Del1, could comprise a novel method for cancer gene therapy with nonviral vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Kitano
- Division of Dental Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Indovina P, Marcelli E, Casini N, Rizzo V, Giordano A. Emerging roles of RB family: new defense mechanisms against tumor progression. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:525-35. [PMID: 22886479 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) family of proteins, including RB1/p105, retinoblastoma-like 1 (RBL1/p107), and retinoblastoma-like 2 (RBL2/p130), is principally known for its central role on cell cycle regulation. The inactivation of RB proteins confers a growth advantage and underlies multiple types of tumors. Recently, it has been shown that RB proteins have other important roles, such as preservation of chromosomal stability, induction and maintenance of senescence and regulation of apoptosis, cellular differentiation, and angiogenesis. RB proteins are involved in many cellular pathways and act as transcriptional regulators able to bind several transcription factors, thus antagonizing or potentiating their functions. Furthermore, RB proteins might control the expression of specific target genes by recruiting chromatin remodeling enzymes. Although many efforts have been made to dissect the different functions of RB proteins, it remains still unclear which are necessary for cancer suppression and the role they play at distinct steps of carcinogenesis. Moreover, RB proteins can behave differently in various cell types or cell states. Elucidating the intricate RB protein network in regulating cell fate might provide the knowledge necessary to explain their potent tumor suppressor activity and to design novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Indovina
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ling H, Samarasinghe S, Kulasiri D. Computational experiments reveal the efficacy of targeting CDK2 and CKIs for significantly lowering cellular senescence bar for potential cancer treatment. Biosystems 2012; 111:71-82. [PMID: 23254306 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lowering the threshold of cellular senescence, the process employed by cells to thwart abnormal cell proliferation, though inhibition of CDK2 or Skp2 (regulator of CDK inhibitors) has been recently suggested as a potential avenue for cancer treatment. In this study, we employ a published mathematical model of G1/S transition involving the DNA-damage signal transduction pathway to conduct carefully constructed computational experiments to highlight the effectiveness of manipulating cellular senescence in inhibiting damaged cell proliferation. We first demonstrate the suitability of the mathematical model to explore senescence by highlighting the overlap between senescence pathways and those involved in G1/S transition and DNA damage signal transduction. We then investigate the effect of CDK2 deficiency on senescence in healthy cells, followed by effectiveness of CDK2 deficiency in triggering senescence in DNA damaged cells. For this, we focus on the behaviour of CycE, whose peak response indicates G1/S transition, for several reduced CDK2 levels in healthy as well as two DNA-damage conditions to calculate the probability (β) or the percentage of CDK2 deficient cells passing G1/S checkpoint ((1-β) indicates level of senescence). Results show that 50% CDK2 deficiency can cause senescence in all healthy cells in a fairly uniform cell population; whereas, most healthy cells (≈67%) in a heterogeneous population escape senescence. This finding is novel to our study. Under both low- and high-DNA damaged conditions, 50% CDK deficiency can cause 65% increase in senescence in a heterogeneous cell population. Furthermore, the model analyses the relationship between CDK2 and its CKIs (p21, p27) to help search for other effective ways to bring forward cellular senescence. Results show that the degradation rate of p21 and initial concentration of p27 are effective in lowering CDK2 levels to lower the senescence threshold. Specifically, CDK2 and p27 are the most effective in triggering senescence while p21 having a smaller influence. While receiving experimental support, these findings specify in detail the inhibitory effects of CKIs. However, simultaneous variation of CDK2 and CKIs produces a dramatic reduction of damage cells passing the G1/S with CDK2&p27 combination causing senescence in almost all damaged cells. This combined effect of CDK2&CKIs on senescence is a novel contribution in this study. A review of the crucial protein complexes revealed that the concentration of active CycE/CDK2-p that controls cell cycle arrest provides support for the above findings with CycE/CDK2-p undergoing the largest reduction (over 100%) under the combined CDK2&CKI conditions leading to the arrest of most of the damaged cells. Our study thus provides quantitative assessments for the previously published qualitative findings on senescence and highlights new avenues for bringing forward senescence bar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ling
- Centre for Advanced Computational Solutions (C-fACS), Molecular Biosciences Department, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lee I, Lee SJ, Kang WK, Park C. Inhibition of Monocarboxylate Transporter 2 Induces Senescence-Associated Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Suppresses Progression of Colorectal Malignancies In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:2342-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
42
|
Chen T, Xue L, Niu J, Ma L, Li N, Cao X, Li Q, Wang M, Zhao W, Li G, Wang J, Tong T. The retinoblastoma protein selectively represses E2F1 targets via a TAAC DNA element during cellular senescence. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:37540-51. [PMID: 22955272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.260679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (Rb) protein mediates heterochromatin formation at the promoters of E2 transcription factor 1 (E2F1) target genes, such as proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cyclin A2 (CCNA2), and represses these genes during cellular senescence. However, the selectivity of Rb recruitment is still not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that a senescence-associated gene is a direct target of E2F1 and is also repressed by heterochromatin in senescent cells. In contrast, ARF and p27(KIP1), which are also E2F1 targets, are not repressed by Rb and heterochromatin formation. By comparing the promoter sequences of these genes, we found a novel TAAC element that is present in the cellular senescence-inhibited gene, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and CCNA2 promoters but absent from the ARF and p27(KIP1) promoters. This TAAC element associates with Rb and is required for Rb recruitment. We further determined that TAAC element-mediated Rb association requires the E2F1 binding site, but not E2F1 protein. These results provide a novel molecular mechanism for the different expression patterns of E2F1 targets and afford new mechanistic insight regarding the selectivity of Rb-mediated heterochromatin formation and gene repression during cellular senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianda Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abdelmohsen K, Srikantan S, Kang MJ, Gorospe M. Regulation of senescence by microRNA biogenesis factors. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:491-500. [PMID: 22306790 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Senescence represents a state of indefinite growth arrest in cells that have reached the end of their replicative life span, have become damaged, or express aberrant levels of cancer-related proteins. While senescence is widely considered to represent a tumor-suppressive mechanism, the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues of older organisms is believed to underlie age-associated losses in physiologic function and age-related diseases. With the emergence of microRNAs (miRNAs) as a major class of molecular regulators of senescence, we review the transcriptional and post-transcriptional factors that control senescence-associated microRNA biosynthesis. Focusing on their enhancement or repression of senescence, we describe the transcription factors that govern the synthesis of primary (pri-)miRNAs, the proteins that control the nuclear processing of pri-miRNAs into precursor (pre-)miRNAs, including RNA editing enzymes, RNases, and RNA helicases, and the cytoplasmic proteins that affect the final processing of pre-miRNAs into mature miRNAs. We discuss how miRNA biogenesis proteins promote or inhibit senescence, and thus influence the senescent phenotype that affects normal tissue function and pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, NIA-IRP, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
miRNA-214 modulates radiotherapy response of non-small cell lung cancer cells through regulation of p38MAPK, apoptosis and senescence. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1361-73. [PMID: 22929890 PMCID: PMC3494421 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radio- and chemotherapy (RT/CT) resistance hampers success in combating small and non-small cell lung cancers (SCLC/NSCLC). The underlying molecular mechanisms of RT/CT resistance of LCs are multifactorial and have been understood in part hitherto. miRNAs, key regulators of mRNAs, are well-recognised oncomirs; however, their role in regulating RT response remains poorly understood. Methods: Six human NSCLC and five SCLC cell lines with different SF2 values were investigated. Using microarray we examined whether expression of miRNAs is linked to the RT resistance of NSCLCs or SCLCs. Obtained data were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Apoptosis and senescence were analysed using siRNA transfection, western blot and flow cytometry. Results: miRNA-21, miRNA-1827, miRNA-214, miRNA-339-5p, miRNA-625, miRNA-768-3p, miRNA-523-3p, miRNA-1227, miRNA-324-5p, miRNA-423-3p, miRNA-1301 and miRNA-1249 are differentially expressed in LC cells. miRNA-214 is upregulated in RT-resistant NSCLC cells relative to radiosensitive counterparts. Considering miRNA-214 as a putative regulator of RT resistance, we demonstrate that knockdown of miRNA-214 in radioresistant NSCLCs sensitised them to RT by stimulation of senescence. Consistently, overexpression of miRNA-214 in radiosensitive NSCLCs protected against RT-induced apoptosis. Protection was mediated by p38MAPK, as downregulation of this kinase could reverse the miRNA-214 overexpression-induced resistance of NSCLC cells. Conclusion: miRNA profiling of LC revealed putative RT resistance signalling circuits, which might help in sensitisation of LC to RT.
Collapse
|
45
|
RBF binding to both canonical E2F targets and noncanonical targets depends on functional dE2F/dDP complexes. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4375-87. [PMID: 22927638 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00536-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) family of proteins regulate transcription. These proteins lack intrinsic DNA-binding activity but are recruited to specific genomic locations through interactions with sequence-specific DNA-binding factors. The best-known target of RB protein (pRB) is the E2F transcription factor; however, many other chromatin-associated proteins have been described that may allow RB family members to act at additional sites. To gain a perspective on the scale of E2F-dependent and E2F-independent functions, we generated genome-wide binding profiles of RBF1 and dE2F proteins in Drosophila larvae. RBF1 and dE2F2 associate with a large number of binding sites at genes with diverse biological functions. In contrast, dE2F1 was detected at a smaller set of promoters, suggesting that it overrides repression by RBF1/dE2F2 at a specific subset of targets. Approximately 15% of RBF1-bound regions lacked consensus E2F-binding motifs. To test whether RBF1 action at these sites is E2F independent, we examined dDP mutant larvae that lack any functional dE2F/dDP heterodimers. As measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation-microarray analysis (ChIP-chip), ChIP-quantitative PCR (qPCR), and cell fractionation, the stable association of RBF1 with chromatin was eliminated in dDP mutants. This requirement for dDP was seen at classic E2F-regulated promoters and at promoters that lacked canonical E2F-binding sites. These results suggest that E2F/DP complexes are essential for all genomic targeting of RBF1.
Collapse
|
46
|
Antiaging effect of pine pollen in human diploid fibroblasts and in a mouse model induced by D-galactose. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:750963. [PMID: 22577492 PMCID: PMC3345248 DOI: 10.1155/2012/750963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present paper was designed to investigate the effect of pine pollen against aging in human diploid fibroblast 2BS cells and in an accelerated aging model, which was established by subcutaneous injections with D-galactose daily for 8 weeks in C57BL/6J mice. Pine pollen (1 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL) is proved to delay the replicative senescence of 2BS cells as evidenced by enhanced cell proliferation, decreased SA-β-Gal activity, and reversed expression of senescence-associated molecular markers, such as p53, p21(Waf1), p16(INK4a), PTEN, and p27(Kip1) in late PD cells. Besides, pine pollen reversed D-galactose-induced aging effects in neural activity and inflammatory cytokine levels, as indicated by improved memory latency time and reduced error rate in step-down test and decreased concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in model mice. Similar to the role of AGEs (advanced glycation endproducts) formation inhibitor aminoguanidine (AG), pine pollen inhibited D-galactose-induced increment of AGEs levels thus reversed the aging phenotypes in model mice. Furthermore, the declined antioxidant activity was obviously reversed upon pine pollen treatment, which may account for its inhibitory effect on nonenzymatic glycation (NEG) in vivo. Our finding presents pine pollen as an attractive agent with potential to retard aging and attenuate age-related diseases in humans.
Collapse
|
47
|
Guo L, Xie B, Mao Z. Autophagy in premature senescent cells is activated via AMPK pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3563-3582. [PMID: 22489168 PMCID: PMC3317728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated intracellular process involved in the turnover of most cellular constituents and in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. In this study, we show that the activity of autophagy increases in H2O2 or RasV12-induced senescent fibroblasts. Inhibiting autophagy promotes cell apoptosis in senescent cells, suggesting that autophagy activation plays a cytoprotective role. Furthermore, our data indicate that the increase of autophagy in senescent cells is linked to the activation of transcription factor FoxO3A, which blocks ATP generation by transcriptionally up-regulating the expression of PDK4, an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, thus leading to AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which FoxO3A factors can activate autophagy via metabolic alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liujing Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; E-Mails:
| | - Bushan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; E-Mail:
| | - Zebin Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China; E-Mails:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-10-82805138
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
IGFBP-rP1 induces p21 expression through a p53-independent pathway, leading to cellular senescence of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:1045-55. [PMID: 22392074 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-related protein 1 (IGFBP-rP1), a member of the IGFBP super family, was identified as a potent tumor suppressor in several carcinomas. IGFBP-rP1 was down-regulated in primary breast cancer tissues and several breast cancer cell lines but overexpressed in senescent human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), suggesting that IGFBP-rP1 might be a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and the tumor suppressor role of IGFBP-rP1 might be associated with cellular senescence. The aim of the study was to observe the effect of IGFBP-rP1 on cellular senescence and the molecular events mediating this biological effect in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. METHODS DNA fragment-encoding IGFBP-rP1 was cloned in-frame N-terminally to EGFP gene to generate IGFBP-rP1-EGFP fusion protein expression plasmid (pEGFP-IGFBP-rP1). The plasmid pEGFP-IGFBP-rP1 was then transfected into MCF-7 cells, and the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, cellular senescence, and cell cycle-related protein expression of MCF-7 cells were examined by trypan blue exclusion, flow cytometry, senescence-associated galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining, and Western blot analysis, respectively. Two shRNA plasmid vectors against p21 or p53 gene were constructed and stably transfected into the MCF-7 cells to determine the involvement of p21 or p53 in cellular senescence induced by IGFBP-rP1. RESULTS Transfection of IGFBP-rP1 or addition of condition medium (CM) from IGFBP-rP1-transfected cells in MCF-7 cells caused induction of a variety of senescent phenotypes, such as decrease in cell proliferation, increase in G0/G1 cell cycle arrest cells, change in cell morphology, and increase in senescence-associated galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. IGFBP-rP1-induced growth arrest is associated with enhanced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 and dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB). Cell proliferation block and cellular senescence induction in response to IGFBP-rP1 were partially reversed by p21 knockdown in MCF-7 cells. Knockdown of p53 in MCF-7 cells did not influence the growth inhibition, cellular senescence, and p21 expression of the cells in response to IGFBP-rP1 transfection. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that cellular senescence induced by IGFBP-rP1 is mediated at least in part by p21 enhanced expression, which regulated through the p53-independent pathway. IGFBP-rP1 might be one of the key molecules that trigger cellular senescence in breast cancer. Restoration of IGFBP-rP1 function might have therapeutic significance in breast cancer.
Collapse
|
49
|
Helmbold H, Galderisi U, Bohn W. The switch from pRb/p105 to Rb2/p130 in DNA damage and cellular senescence. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:508-13. [PMID: 21465484 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a response to genotoxic stress that results in an irreversible cell cycle arrest. Activation of this pathway relies on the activity of the retinoblastoma proteins and proteins of the DNA damage response cascade. Here, we discuss the functional relevance of the switch from pRb/p105 to Rb2/p130 that becomes apparent when cells enter senescent arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Helmbold
- Department of Tumorvirology, Heinrich-Pette-Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated in virtually all human tumors. It is clear that, in addition to Rb itself, essential cofactors required for transcriptional repression and silencing of E2F target genes are mutated or lost in cancer. To identify novel cofactors required for Rb/E2F-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, we performed a genome-wide short hairpin RNA screen. In addition to several known Rb cofactors, the screen identified components of the Mediator complex, a large multiprotein coactivator required for RNA polymerase II transcription. We show that the Mediator complex subunit MED13L is required for Rb/E2F control of cell growth, the complete repression of cell cycle target genes, and cell cycle inhibition.
Collapse
|