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Khandpur S, Sharma P, Sharma VK, Das D, Sharma A, Bhari N, Sreenivas V. Comparison of the Clinical Efficacy of Rituximab Infusion and Dexamethasone-Cyclophosphamide Pulse Therapy and Their Effect on Serum Th1, Th2, and Th17 Cytokines in Pemphigus Vulgaris-A Prospective, Nonrandomized, Comparative Pilot Study. Indian Dermatol Online J 2024; 15:464-472. [PMID: 38845632 PMCID: PMC11152478 DOI: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_558_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Rituximab infusion and dexamethasone-cyclophosphamide pulse (DCP) are the two most popular regimens used in pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in India. Objective The present study compared the clinical efficacy of rituximab and DCP in Indian PV patients and their effects on serum Th1,2, and 17 cytokine levels. Materials and Methods A total of 37 patients received DCP (Group A, n = 22) or rituximab (Group B, rheumatoid arthritis protocol (n = 15)) as per patients' preference. They were monitored for clinical response, adverse events (AEs), changes in serum anti-desmoglein-1,3 antibody titers and Th1,2 and 17 cytokine levels at baseline and weeks 20 and 52. Results The proportion of patients attaining disease control, remission, and relapse in groups A and B were 82% and 93%; 73% and 93%; and 27% and 50%, respectively, after a median duration of 2 months each for disease control; 4 and 4.5 months for remission; and 5 and 7 months for relapse post remission. The musculoskeletal AEs were the highest in the two groups. Significant and comparable decreases in anti-dsg1 and 3 titers from baseline to weeks 20 and 52 were observed in both groups. Th1 and Th17 cytokine levels decreased, while Th2 cytokines increased post-treatment in both groups. However, no correlation was found between change in body surface area of involvement by PV and anti-dsg titers and cytokine levels before and after therapy in both groups. Conclusion Comparable clinical efficacy between DCP and rituximab was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Khandpur
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Preeti Sharma
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinod K. Sharma
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sharda University, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Neetu Bhari
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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2
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Song Q, Nasri U, Zeng D. Steroid-Refractory Gut Graft-Versus-Host Disease: What We Have Learned From Basic Immunology and Experimental Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:844271. [PMID: 35251043 PMCID: PMC8894323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.844271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal graft-versus-host disease (Gut-GVHD) is one of the major causes of mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). While systemic glucocorticoids (GCs) comprise the first-line treatment option, the response rate for GCs varies from 30% to 50%. The prognosis for patients with steroid-refractory acute Gut-GVHD (SR-Gut-aGVHD) remains dismal. The mechanisms underlying steroid resistance are unclear, and apart from ruxolitinib, there are no approved treatments for SR-Gut-aGVHD. In this review, we provide an overview of the current biological understanding of experimental SR-Gut-aGVHD pathogenesis, the advanced technology that can be applied to the human SR-Gut-aGVHD studies, and the potential novel therapeutic options for patients with SR-Gut-aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiao Song
- Arthur D. Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Fujian Medical University Center of Translational Hematology, Fujian Institute of Hematology, and Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingxiao Song,
| | - Ubaydah Nasri
- Arthur D. Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Defu Zeng
- Arthur D. Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, The Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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3
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Foulkes AS, Selvaggi C, Shinnick D, Lumish H, Kim E, Cao T, Thaweethai T, Qian J, Lu F, Yan J, Cheng D, He W, Clerkin KJ, Madhavan MV, Meigs JB, Triant VA, Lubitz SA, Gupta A, Bassett IV, Reilly MP. Understanding the Link Between Obesity and Severe COVID-19 Outcomes: Causal Mediation by Systemic Inflammatory Response. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e698-e707. [PMID: 34473294 PMCID: PMC8499919 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an established risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes. The mechanistic underpinnings of this association are not well-understood. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the mediating role of systemic inflammation in obesity-associated COVID-19 outcomes. METHODS This hospital-based, observational study included 3828 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients who were hospitalized February to May 2020 at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) or Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital (CUIMC/NYP). We use mediation analysis to evaluate whether peak inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein [CRP], erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], D-dimer, ferritin, white blood cell count and interleukin-6) are in the causal pathway between obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and mechanical ventilation or death within 28 days of presentation to care. RESULTS In the MGH cohort (n = 1202), obesity was associated with greater likelihood of ventilation or death (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = [1.25, 2.41]; P = 0.001) and higher peak CRP (P < 0.001) compared with nonobese patients. The estimated proportion of the association between obesity and ventilation or death mediated by CRP was 0.49 (P < 0.001). Evidence of mediation was more pronounced in patients < 65 years (proportion mediated = 0.52 [P < 0.001] vs 0.44 [P = 0.180]). Findings were more moderate but consistent for peak ESR. Mediation by other inflammatory markers was not supported. Results were replicated in CUIMC/NYP cohort (n = 2626). CONCLUSION Findings support systemic inflammatory pathways in obesity-associated severe COVID-19 disease, particularly in patients < 65 years, captured by CRP and ESR. Contextualized in clinical trial findings, these results reveal therapeutic opportunity to target systemic inflammatory pathways and monitor interventions in high-risk subgroups and particularly obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Foulkes
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Caitlin Selvaggi
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniel Shinnick
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Heidi Lumish
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Eunyoung Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Tingyi Cao
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tanayott Thaweethai
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Qian
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Frances Lu
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joyce Yan
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David Cheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei He
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Clerkin
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Mahesh V Madhavan
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - James B Meigs
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Virginia A Triant
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven A Lubitz
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aakriti Gupta
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ingrid V Bassett
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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4
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Zewail M, Nafee N, Boraie N. Intra-Articular Dual Drug Delivery for Synergistic Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2808-2822. [PMID: 33848528 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) regimens fail to attain effective drug level at the affected joints and are associated with serious side effects. Herein, an attempt made to improve therapeutic outcomes of both leflunomide (LEF) which is a disease modifying antirheumatic and dexamethasone (Dex) through local delivery of combination therapy by intra-articular route. LEF and Dex were encapsulated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) and PLGA nanoparticles (NPs), respectively. Both nanocarriers were loaded into chitosan/β glycerophosphate (CS/βGP) thermo-sensitive hydrogels and injected intra-articularly in adjuvant induced RA rat model. Particle size of LEF NLCs and selected Dex NPs formulations were 200 and 119 nm, respectively. Dex NPs and LEF NLCs showed a sustained release profile for up to 58 and 17 days, respectively. After 14 days of treatment remarkable joint healing was observed for groups treated with Dex NPs in combination with either free LEF or LEF NLCs in CS/βGP hydrogel. Joint diameter measurements, TNF α levels and histopathological examination of dissected joints showed comparable values to the negative control group. This might be attributed to the synergistic effect of drug combination besides the ability of nanocarriers loaded hydrogel to prolong joint residence time and enhance joint healing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Zewail
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, El Gomhoria Street, Damanhour, Egypt.
| | - Noha Nafee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Nabila Boraie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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5
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Ingawale DK, Mandlik SK. New insights into the novel anti-inflammatory mode of action of glucocorticoids. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:59-73. [PMID: 32070175 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1728765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological intrinsic host response to injury meant for removal of noxious stimuli and maintenance of homeostasis. It is a defensive body mechanism that involves immune cells, blood vessels and molecular mediators of inflammation. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroidal hormones responsible for regulation of homeostatic and metabolic functions of body. Synthetic GCs are the most useful anti-inflammatory drugs used for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergies, multiple sclerosis, tendinitis, lupus, atopic dermatitis, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis whereas, the long term use of GCs are associated with many side effects. The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive (desired) effects of GCs are usually mediated by transrepression mechanism whereas; the metabolic and toxic (undesired) effects are usually manifested by transactivation mechanism. Though GCs are most potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs, the common problem associated with their use is GC resistance. Several research studies are rising to comprehend these mechanisms, which would be helpful in improving the GC resistance in asthma and COPD patients. This review aims to focus on identification of new drug targets in inflammation which will be helpful in the resolution of inflammation. The ample understanding of GC mechanisms of action helps in the development of novel anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disease with reduced side effects and minimal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa K Ingawale
- Department of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, India
| | - Satish K Mandlik
- Department of Pharmacology, Sinhgad College of Pharmacy, Pune, India
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6
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Paudel S, Shrestha A, Cho P, Shrestha R, Kim Y, Lee T, Kim JH, Jeong TC, Lee ES, Lee S. Assessing Drug Interaction and Pharmacokinetics of Loxoprofen in Mice Treated with CYP3A Modulators. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11090479. [PMID: 31527544 PMCID: PMC6781309 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loxoprofen (LOX) is a non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor that is widely used for the treatment of pain and inflammation caused by chronic and transitory conditions. Its alcoholic metabolites are formed by carbonyl reductase (CR) and they consist of trans-LOX, which is active, and cis-LOX, which is inactive. In addition, LOX can also be converted into an inactive hydroxylated metabolite (OH-LOXs) by cytochrome P450 (CYP). In a previous study, we reported that CYP3A4 is primarily responsible for the formation of OH-LOX in human liver microsomes. Although metabolism by CYP3A4 does not produce active metabolites, it can affect the conversion of LOX into trans-/cis-LOX, since CYP3A4 activity modulates the substrate LOX concentration. Although the pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolism of LOX have been well defined, its CYP-related interactions have not been fully characterized. Therefore, we investigated the metabolism of LOX after pretreatment with dexamethasone (DEX) and ketoconazole (KTC), which induce and inhibit the activities of CYP3A, respectively. We monitored their effects on the PK parameters of LOX, cis-LOX, and trans-LOX in mice, and demonstrated that their PK parameters significantly changed in the presence of DEX or KTC pretreatment. Specifically, DEX significantly decreased the concentration of the LOX active metabolite formed by CR, which corresponded to an increased concentration of OH-LOX formed by CYP3A4. The opposite result occurred with KTC (a CYP3A inhibitor) pretreatment. Thus, we conclude that concomitant use of LOX with CYP3A modulators may lead to drug–drug interactions and result in minor to severe toxicity even though there is no direct change in the metabolic pathway that forms the LOX active metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjita Paudel
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | | | - Piljoung Cho
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Riya Shrestha
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Younah Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Taeho Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Eung-Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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7
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Strehl C, Ehlers L, Gaber T, Buttgereit F. Glucocorticoids-All-Rounders Tackling the Versatile Players of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1744. [PMID: 31396235 PMCID: PMC6667663 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids regulate fundamental processes of the human body and control cellular functions such as cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Moreover, endogenous glucocorticoids link the endocrine and immune system and ensure the correct function of inflammatory events during tissue repair, regeneration, and pathogen elimination via genomic and rapid non-genomic pathways. Due to their strong immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects on immune cells, tissues and organs, glucocorticoids significantly improve the quality of life of many patients suffering from diseases caused by a dysregulated immune system. Despite the multitude and seriousness of glucocorticoid-related adverse events including diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and infections, these agents remain indispensable, representing the most powerful, and cost-effective drugs in the treatment of a wide range of rheumatic diseases. These include rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and connective tissue diseases, as well as many other pathological conditions of the immune system. Depending on the therapeutically affected cell type, glucocorticoid actions strongly vary among different diseases. While immune responses always represent complex reactions involving different cells and cellular processes, specific immune cell populations with key responsibilities driving the pathological mechanisms can be identified for certain autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids on various leukocyte populations, exemplarily portraying different autoimmune diseases as heterogeneous targets of glucocorticoid actions: (i) Abnormalities in the innate immune response play a crucial role in the initiation and perpetuation of giant cell arteritis (GCA). (ii) Specific types of CD4+ T helper (Th) lymphocytes, namely Th1 and Th17 cells, represent important players in the establishment and course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), whereas (iii) B cells have emerged as central players in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (iv) Allergic reactions are mainly triggered by several different cytokines released by activated Th2 lymphocytes. Using these examples, we aim to illustrate the versatile modulating effects of glucocorticoids on the immune system. In contrast, in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders the pro-apoptotic action of glucocorticoids prevails, but their mechanisms differ depending on the type of cancer. Therefore, we will also give a brief insight into the current knowledge of the mode of glucocorticoid action in oncological treatment focusing on leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Strehl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa Ehlers
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Gaber
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Buttgereit
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Pentecost A, Kim MJ, Jeon S, Ko YJ, Kwon IC, Gogotsi Y, Kim K, Spiller KL. Immunomodulatory nanodiamond aggregate-based platform for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Regen Biomater 2019; 6:163-174. [PMID: 31198584 PMCID: PMC6547310 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that octadecylamine-functionalized nanodiamond (ND-ODA) and dexamethasone (Dex)-adsorbed ND-ODA (ND-ODA-Dex) promoted anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative behavior in human macrophages in vitro. In this study, we performed a pilot study to investigate if these immunomodulatory effects translate when used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in mice. Following local injection in limbs of mice with collagen type II-induced arthritis, microcomputed tomography showed that mice treated with a low dose of ND-ODA and ND-ODA-Dex did not experience bone loss to the levels observed in non-treated arthritic controls. A low dose of ND-ODA and ND-ODA-Dex also reduced macrophage infiltration and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators iNOS and tumor necrosis factor-α compared to the arthritic control, while a high dose of ND-ODA increased expression of these markers. Overall, these results suggest that ND-ODA may be useful as an inherently immunomodulatory platform, and support the need for an in-depth study, especially with respect to the effects of dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pentecost
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Ju Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangmin Jeon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Ji Ko
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ick Chan Kwon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kwangmeyung Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Center for Theragnosis, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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9
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Ferrara G, Petrillo MG, Giani T, Marrani E, Filippeschi C, Oranges T, Simonini G, Cimaz R. Clinical Use and Molecular Action of Corticosteroids in the Pediatric Age. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020444. [PMID: 30669566 PMCID: PMC6359239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy for many pediatric disorders and sometimes are life-saving. Both endogenous and synthetic derivatives diffuse across the cell membrane and, by binding to their cognate glucocorticoid receptor, modulate a variety of physiological functions, such as glucose metabolism, immune homeostasis, organ development, and the endocrine system. However, despite their proved and known efficacy, corticosteroids show a lot of side effects, among which growth retardation is of particular concern and specific for pediatric age. The aim of this review is to discuss the mechanism of action of corticosteroids, and how their genomic effects have both beneficial and adverse consequences. We will focus on the use of corticosteroids in different pediatric subspecialties and most common diseases, analyzing the most recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Grazia Petrillo
- Signal Transduction laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Teresa Giani
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Anna Meyer Children University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Cesare Filippeschi
- Department of Dermatology, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Teresa Oranges
- Department of Dermatology, Anna Meyer Children's University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Simonini
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Anna Meyer Children University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Rolando Cimaz
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Anna Meyer Children University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
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10
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Zhao M, Li P, Xu H, Pan Q, Zeng R, Ma X, Li Z, Lin H. Dexamethasone-Activated MSCs Release MVs for Stimulating Osteogenic Response. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:7231739. [PMID: 29760734 PMCID: PMC5926524 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7231739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular microvesicles (MVs) are attracting much attention because they are found to be the key paracrine mediator participating in tissue regeneration. Dexamethasone (DXM) is widely accepted as an important regulator in tailoring the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, the effect of DXM on the paracrine signaling of MSCs remains unknown. To this point, we aimed to explore the role of DXM in regulating the paracrine activity of MSCs through evaluating the release and function of MSC-MVs, based on their physicochemical characteristics and support on osteogenic response. Results showed that DXM had no evident impact on the release of MSC-MVs but played a pivotal role in regulating the function of MSC-MVs. MVs obtained from the DXM-stimulated MSCs (DXM-MVs) increased MC3T3 cell proliferation and migration and upregulated Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and osteopontin (OPN) expression. The repair efficiency of DXM-MVs for femur defects was further investigated in an established rat model. It was found that DXM-MVs accelerated the healing process of bone formation in the defect area. Thus, we conclude that using DXM as stimuli to obtain functional MSCs-MVs could become a valuable tool for promoting bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Zhao
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Peng Li
- 1Stem Cell Research and Cellular Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Haijia Xu
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qunwen Pan
- 3Department of Surgery, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Rong Zeng
- 4Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Xiaotang Ma
- 3Department of Surgery, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Zhanghua Li
- 2Department of Orthopaedics, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Hao Lin
- 4Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
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Pentecost AE, Witherel CE, Gogotsi Y, Spiller KL. Anti-inflammatory effects of octadecylamine-functionalized nanodiamond on primary human macrophages. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:2131-2143. [PMID: 28875995 PMCID: PMC5719499 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00294g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis are characterized by excessive pro-inflammatory or "M1" activation of macrophages, the primary cells of the innate immune system. Current treatments include delivery of glucocorticoids (e.g. dexamethasone - Dex), which reduce pro-inflammatory M1 behaviour in macrophages. However, these treatments have many off-target effects on cells other than macrophages, resulting in broad immunosuppression. To limit such side effects, drug-incorporated nano- and microparticles may be used to selectively target macrophages via phagocytosis, because of their roles as highly effective phagocytes in the body. In this study, surface-modified nanodiamond (ND) was explored as a platform for the delivery of dexamethasone to macrophages because of ND's rich surface chemistry, which contributes to ND's high potential as a versatile drug delivery platform. After finding that octadecylamine-functionalized nanodiamond (ND-ODA) enhanced adsorption of Dex compared to carboxylated ND, the effects of Dex, ND-ODA, and Dex-adsorbed ND-ODA on primary human macrophage gene expression were characterized. Surprisingly, even in the absence of Dex, ND-ODA had strong anti-inflammatory effects, as determined by multiplex gene expression via NanoString and by protein secretion analysis via ELISA. ND-ODA also inhibited expression of M2a markers yet increased the expression of M2c markers and phagocytic receptors. Interestingly, the adsorption of Dex to ND-ODA further increased some anti-inflammatory effects, but abrogated the effect on phagocytic receptors, compared to its individual components. Overall, the ability of ND-ODA to promote anti-inflammatory and pro-phagocytic behaviour in macrophages, even in the absence of loaded drugs, suggests its potential for use as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic to directly target macrophages through phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Pentecost
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Systems Study on the Antirheumatic Mechanism of Tibetan Medicated-Bath Therapy Using Wuwei-Ganlu-Yaoyu-Keli. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2320932. [PMID: 29090217 PMCID: PMC5635470 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2320932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In clinical practice at Tibetan area of China, Traditional Tibetan Medicine formula Wuwei-Ganlu-Yaoyu-Keli (WGYK) is commonly added in warm water of bath therapy to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its mechanism of action is not well interpreted yet. In this paper, we first verify WGYK's anti-RA effect by an animal experiment. Then, based on gene expression data from microarray experiments, we apply approaches of network pharmacology to further reveal the mechanism of action for WGYK to treat RA by analyzing protein-protein interactions and pathways. This study may facilitate our understanding of anti-RA effect of WGYK from perspective of network pharmacology.
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Cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis: the role of lymphocytes and related immune markers. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:299-305. [PMID: 28951703 PMCID: PMC5560176 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.69307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apart from neutrophils, other immune cells may play a significant pathogenetic role in cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis (CLV). AIM To investigate lymphocytes and related immunological factors in patients with CLV requiring systemic glucocorticosteroid treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fourteen patients with severe idiopathic CLV were treated with systemic prednisolone in a tapered dose regimen. Ten healthy individuals served as controls. At baseline and post-treatment, we studied inducer/helper and suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, natural killer cells, CD4+CD25++CD127- cells, CD4+CD25+CD39+ cells and FOXP3, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) mRNA levels in the blood using flow cytometry and real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively. On immunohistochemistry, we studied CD4, CD8, granzyme B, TGF-β1, and IL-10. RESULTS Flow cytometry did not show significant differences. The RT-PCR revealed that TGF-β1 mRNA expression was significantly higher after therapy when compared to baseline and controls. On immunohistology, baseline CLV lesions showed significantly more CD4+ lymphocytes than post-treated CLV and controls. CD8+ expression was significantly higher after therapy when compared to baseline and controls. Baseline granzyme B was significantly increased when compared to treated CLV and controls. The IL-10 expression of treated CLV was significantly increased when compared to baseline CLV and; baseline CLV IL-10 expression was significantly increased as compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Circulating T regulatory cells do not play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CLV. T helper cells and granzyme B seem to be involved in the inflammatory cutaneous process of CLV. A resolution of CLV observed after glucocorticosteroid treatment may be mediated via up-regulation of TGF-β1 and IL-10 in different compartments.
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Contreras-Cordero JF, Muñoz-López JL, Maldonado-Tapia CH, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Moreno-García MA. Resiniferatoxin modulates the Th1 immune response and protects the host during intestinal nematode infection. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon; San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
| | - J. F. Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon; San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
| | | | - C. H. Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
| | - J. J. Muñoz-Escobedo
- Academic Unit of Odontology; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
| | - M. A. Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
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15
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Banuelos J, Cao Y, Shin SC, Lu NZ. Immunopathology alters Th17 cell glucocorticoid sensitivity. Allergy 2017; 72:331-341. [PMID: 27646878 PMCID: PMC5315659 DOI: 10.1111/all.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Th17 cells contribute to several inflammatory conditions and increasing evidence supports that Th17 cells are glucocorticoid resistant. However, Th17 cells in psoriasis and related diseases are glucocorticoid sensitive. We compare glucocorticoid sensitive and resistant immunological diseases and suggest that several aspects in Th17-related diseases alter glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th17 cells. We identify molecular pathways that are implicated in glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th17 cells in the literature, as this information is useful for developing approaches to overcome glucocorticoid-resistant immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Banuelos
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Y. Cao
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - S. C. Shin
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - N. Z. Lu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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16
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Sundareswaran L, Srinivasan S, Wankhar W, Sheeladevi R. Effect of Scoparia dulcis on noise stress induced adaptive immunity and cytokine response in immunized Wistar rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2017; 8:13-19. [PMID: 28161157 PMCID: PMC5377487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Noise acts as a stressor and is reported to have impact on individual health depending on nature, type, intensity and perception. Modern medicine has no effective drugs or cure to prevent its consequences. Being an environmental stressor noise cannot be avoided; instead minimizing its exposure or consuming anti-stressor and adaptogens from plants can be considered. Objectives The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-stressor, adaptogen and immunostimulatory activity of Scoparia dulcis against noise-induced stress in Wistar rat models. Material and methods Noise stress in rats was created by broadband white noise generator, 100 dB A/4 h daily/15 days and S. dulcis (200 mg/kg b.w.) was administered orally. 8 groups of rats were used consisting of 6 animals each; 4 groups for unimmunized and 4 groups for immunized. For immunization, sheep red blood cells (5 × 109 cells/ml) were injected intraperitoneally. Results Sub-acute noise exposed rats showed a significant increase in corticosterone and IL-4 levels in both immunized and unimmunized rats whereas lymphocytes, antibody titration, soluble immune complex, IL-4 showed a marked increase with a significant decrease in IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ cytokines only in unimmunized rats. Immunized noise exposed rats presented increased leukocyte migration index and decreased foot pad thickness, IL-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ with no changes in the lymphocytes. Conclusion S. dulcis (SD) has normalized and prevented the noise induced changes in cell-mediated and humoral immunity and it could be the presence of anti-stressor and immuno stimulant activity of the plant. Noise being an environmental stressor, it cannot be avoided. Hence this study reveals the immunotoxic effects of noise. We examine the changes in the adaptive immunity after immunization with sheep RBCs along with noise exposure. TH1 and TH2 cytokine profiles were examined in the spleen as well as serum to determine the alteration in immune pathways. To examine the effect of Scoparia dulcis as an anti stressor (adaptogen) and immunomodulatory property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Sundareswaran
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sakthivel Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Wankupar Wankhar
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rathinasamy Sheeladevi
- Department of Physiology, Dr. ALM. Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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17
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Khansai M, Boonmaleerat K, Pothacharoen P, Phitak T, Kongtawelert P. Ex vivo model exhibits protective effects of sesamin against destruction of cartilage induced with a combination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and oncostatin M. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:205. [PMID: 27400672 PMCID: PMC4940911 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic inflammatory arthritis. TNF-α and OSM are pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a key role in RA progression. Thus, reducing the effects of both cytokines is practical in order to relieve the progression of the disease. This current study is interested in sesamin, an active compound in sesame seeds. Sesamin has been shown to be a chondroprotective agent in osteoarthritis models. Here, we have evaluated a porcine cartilage explant as a cartilage degradation model related to RA induced by TNF-α and/or OSM in order to investigate the effects of sesamin on TNF-α and OSM in the cartilage degradation model. Methods A porcine cartilage explant was induced with a combination of TNF-α and OSM (test group) or IL-1β and OSM (control group) followed by a co-treatment of sesamin over a long-term period (35 days). After which, the tested explants were analyzed for indications of both the remaining and the degradation aspects using glycosaminoglycan and collagen as an indicator. Results The combination of TNF-α and OSM promoted cartilage degradation more than either TNF-α or OSM alone and was comparable with the combination of IL-1β and OSM. Sesamin could be offering protection against cartilage degradation by reducing GAGs and collagen turnover in the generated model. Conclusions Sesamin might be a promising agent as an alternative treatment for RA patients. Furthermore, the generated model revealed itself to be an impressive test model for the analysis of phytochemical substances against the cartilage degradation model for RA. The model could be used to test for the prevention of cartilage degradation in other biological agents induced with TNF-α and OSM as well.
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18
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Majeed S, Radotra BD, Sharma S. Adjunctive role of MMP-9 inhibition along with conventional anti-tubercular drugs against experimental tuberculous meningitis. Int J Exp Pathol 2016; 97:230-7. [PMID: 27385155 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an outcome of neuroinflammatory degeneration caused due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and leads to death or neurological disabilities in the affected individuals. It causes the highest morbidity and mortality amongst all forms of tuberculosis. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels increase and cause inflammatory destruction during progression of the disease. Although corticosteroids are usually given as an adjuvant therapy to overcome these complications, treatment outcome is contradictory. This study was designed to evaluate whether specific inhibition of MMP-9 can be beneficial in management of the disease. MMP-9 levels were inhibited using SB-3CT or dexamethasone along with conventional drugs for treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Both SB-3CT and dexamethasone decreased the elevated levels of MMP-9 in sera and tissues of the infected mice. However, dexamethasone administration had an inhibitory effect on bacillary clearance, while SB-3CT potentiated the bacillary clearance, suggesting that MMP-9, if specifically inhibited, can be beneficial in the management of TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz Majeed
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan D Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
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19
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Banuelos J, Lu NZ. A gradient of glucocorticoid sensitivity among helper T cell cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 31:27-35. [PMID: 27235091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Helper T (Th) cells secret specific cytokines that promote immune responses whereas glucocorticoids limit the extent of immune responses by inhibiting cytokine secretion and other functions of Th cells. However, glucocorticoid resistance develops in subgroups of patients with Th cell-driven diseases such as asthma and Crohn's disease. Recent evidence supports that Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells have distinct glucocorticoid sensitivity. Th1 cells are sensitive to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and cytokine suppression while Th2 cells are sensitive to the latter but not the former and Th17 cells are resistant to both. This gradient of glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th cells corresponds to the glucocorticoid sensitivity of the diseases they underlie. We identify the mechanisms contributing to distinct glucocorticoid sensitivity of Th cells and their cytokines in the literature, as this information is useful to improve treatment strategies for glucocorticoid resistant immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Banuelos
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, United States
| | - Nicholas Z Lu
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States, United States.
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20
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Kawalkowska JZ, Hemmerle T, Pretto F, Matasci M, Neri D, Williams RO. Targeted IL-4 therapy synergizes with dexamethasone to induce a state of tolerance by promoting Treg cells and macrophages in mice with arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1246-57. [PMID: 26919786 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
F8-IL-4 is a recently developed immunocytokine that delivers IL-4 to sites of inflammation by targeting the neovasculature. We previously reported that F8-IL-4, in combination with dexamethasone (DXM), provides a durable therapy in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the mechanism by which IL-4 and DXM combination therapy provides long-lasting disease remission. F8-IL-4 alone attenuated inflammation in CIA and this was associated with increased TH 2 and decreased TH 17 cell numbers in the joints. Similarly, DXM alone had an antiinflammatory effect associated with lower TH 17 cell numbers. In both cases, these therapeutic benefits were reversed once treatment was stopped. On the other hand, combination therapy with F8-IL-4 plus DXM led to a synergistic increase in the percentage of regulatory T (Treg) cells and antiinflammatory macrophages in the arthritic joint and spleen as well as IL-10 levels in serum and spleen. The net result of this was a more pronounced attenuation of inflammation and, more importantly, protection from arthritis relapse post therapy retraction. In conclusion, F8-IL-4 plus DXM is a durable treatment for arthritis that acts by promoting Treg cells in a synergistic manner, and by producing a sustained increase in antiinflammatory macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dario Neri
- Philochem Zurich, Otelfingen, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Park JH, Cha HS, Kim HK, Park YS. Dexamethasone Delivery by an Implant-Mediated Drug Delivery System in the Canine Mandible. J Periodontol 2016; 87:700-5. [PMID: 26751343 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.150373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A newly introduced implant-mediated drug delivery system (IMDDS) showed promising results in a rabbit tibia model. The aim of the present study is to evaluate whether dexamethasone administered by the IMDDS has sustained effects in the canine mandible - a different anatomic location, in a different species. METHODS IMDDS was installed at the mesial root of the second premolar site in the mandibles of six beagle dogs. After complete healing, 10 mg dexamethasone was administered through the IMDDS. The same amount of drug was administered to five control animals by intramuscular injection. The release pattern was monitored for 2 weeks by measuring plasma drug concentrations. RESULTS A sustained plasma dexamethasone concentration was detected after a peak at 6 hours until the end of the observation period, despite individual variations. The concentration was lower than reported in the rabbit tibia model. In contrast, plasma concentration of the control group showed an early peak at 2 hours and decreased rapidly. CONCLUSION Dexamethasone was effectively released from the IMDDS for a prolonged time in the canine mandible model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Park
- School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Cha
- Department of Dentistry, Division of Prosthodontics, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Kyun Kim
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University
| | - Young-Seok Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University
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Jin GZ, Eltohamy M, Kim HW. Nanocomposite scaffolds incorporated with hydrophobically-functionalized mesoporous nanocarriers for the effective loading and long-term delivery of osteogenic drugs. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16955g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-pore mesoporous nanocarriers were hydrophobically-engineered to load osteogenic drug Dex, which was then generated into nanocomposite fiber scaffolds, demonstrating long-term drug delivery and osteogenic stimulation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhen Jin
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Dankook University
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)
- Dankook University
| | - Mohamed Eltohamy
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)
- Dankook University
- Republic of Korea
- Glass Research Department
- National Research Center
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine
- Dankook University
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN)
- Dankook University
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23
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de Melo JO, Soto SF, Katayama IA, Wenceslau CF, Pires AG, Veras MM, Furukawa LNS, de Castro I, Saldiva PHN, Heimann JC. Inhalation of fine particulate matter during pregnancy increased IL-4 cytokine levels in the fetal portion of the placenta. Toxicol Lett 2014; 232:475-80. [PMID: 25481569 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the development of placental and systemic inflammation in rats exposed to fine particulate matter before or during pregnancy. Wistar rats were exposed to filtered air (control) or to a load of 600 μg/m(3) of fine particles in the air. The gene expression of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ, TNF-α and Toll-like receptor 4 in the placenta was evaluated. The serum and placental concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, INF-γ and TNF-α were measured. The total and differential blood leukocyte and blood platelet count was assessed. Compared to control animals, IL-4 content was elevated in the fetal portion of the placenta in rats exposed to air pollution before and during pregnancy. Increased IL-4 suggests that a placental inflammatory reaction may have occurred in response to exposure to fine particulate matter and that this cytokine was responsible, among possibly others factors, for resolution of the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sônia Fátima Soto
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis Akemi Katayama
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Gonçalves Pires
- Laboratory of Cellular, Genetics and Molecular Nephrology - Department of Internal Medicine, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luzia N S Furukawa
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil
| | - Isac de Castro
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Joel Claudio Heimann
- University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, SP, Brazil.
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Patel SS, Shah PV. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory potential of the multidrug herbomineral formulation in male Wistar rats against rheumatoid arthritis. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2013; 4:86-93. [PMID: 23930040 PMCID: PMC3737452 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunological and inflammatory mechanisms, which may play a role in a number of disorders like rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Ancient ayurvedic physicians had developed certain dietary and therapeutic measures to arrest or prevent these disorders. Objective: Rheuma off gold (RG) is a herbomineral formulation recommended by ayurvedic medical practitioners for treatment of RA. This study was carried out to lend scientific evidence to the efficacy claim for RG in the management of RA in folklore medicine. Materials and Methods: Arthritis was induced by complete Freund's adjuvant. Treatment with formulation 100 mg/kg and dexamethasone 2 mg/kg was given to rats intragastrically once a day from day 1 to day 21 and after which estimation of physical, biochemical, and hematological parameters were carried out. Results: Treatment of formulation to adjuvant induced arthritic animal showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvement in physical parameters like arthritic index, paw edema, paw thickness as well as reduction of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, serum rheumatoid factor, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The treatment also produced statistically significant (P < 0.05) increase in hemoglobin percent and improvement in splenomegaly and thymus index. In the histopathological examination, ameliorative effect of formulation was observed in hyperplasia of synovium, pannus formation, and destruction of the joint space. Conclusion: The results obtained in experiments indicated that the formulation significantly inhibited the adjuvant-induced arthritis which was comparable to dexamethasone and had preferable anti-inflammatory effect without significant side effect. Thus, the formulation may be a potential preventive or therapeutic candidate for the treatment of chronic inflammation and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Tuckermann J, Libert C. New insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transactivation. Endocrinology 2013; 154:993-1007. [PMID: 23384835 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory drugs that are widely used for the treatment of numerous (autoimmune) inflammatory diseases. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. Upon ligand binding, the GR translocates to the nucleus, where it acts either as a homodimeric transcription factor that binds glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in promoter regions of glucocorticoid (GC)-inducible genes, or as a monomeric protein that cooperates with other transcription factors to affect transcription. For decades, it has generally been believed that the undesirable side effects of GC therapy are induced by dimer-mediated transactivation, whereas its beneficial anti-inflammatory effects are mainly due to the monomer-mediated transrepressive actions of GR. Therefore, current research is focused on the development of dissociated compounds that exert only the GR monomer-dependent actions. However, many recent reports undermine this dogma by clearly showing that GR dimer-dependent transactivation is essential in the anti-inflammatory activities of GR. Many of these studies used GR(dim/dim) mutant mice, which show reduced GR dimerization and hence cannot control inflammation in several disease models. Here, we review the importance of GR dimers in the anti-inflammatory actions of GCs/GR, and hence we question the central dogma. We summarize the contribution of various GR dimer-inducible anti-inflammatory genes and question the use of selective GR agonists as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- VIB-Department for Molecular Biomedical Research /Ugent, Technologiepark 927, Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
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Koehler KC, Alge DL, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. A Diels-Alder modulated approach to control and sustain the release of dexamethasone and induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4150-4158. [PMID: 23465826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a new approach to controlled drug release based upon exploiting the dynamic equilibrium that exists between Diels-Alder reactants and products, demonstrating the release of a furan containing dexamethasone peptide (dex-KGPQG-furan) from a maleimide containing hydrogel. Using a reaction-diffusion model, the release kinetics were tuned to achieve sustained concentrations conducive to osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Efficacy was first demonstrated in a 2D culture model, in which dexamethasone release induced significant increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineral deposition in hMSCs compared to a dexamethasone-free treatment. The results were similar to that observed with a soluble dexamethasone treatment. More dramatic differences were observed in 3D culture, where co-encapsulation of a dexamethasone releasing hydrogel depot within an hMSC-laden extracellular matrix mimetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel resulted in a local and robust osteogenic differentiation. ALP activity reached levels that were up to six times higher than the dexamethasone free treatment. Interestingly, at 5 and 10 day time points, the ALP activity exceeded the dexamethasone positive control, suggesting a potential benefit of sustained release in 3D culture. After 21 days, substantial mineralization comparable to the positive control was also observed in the hydrogels. Collectively, these results demonstrate Diels-Alder modulated release as an effective and versatile new platform for controlled drug delivery that may prove especially beneficial for sustaining the release of low molecular weight molecules in hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Koehler
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3415 Colorado Avenue UCB 596, JSC Biotech Building 530, Boulder, CO 80303-0596, USA.
| | - Daniel L Alge
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3415 Colorado Avenue UCB 596, JSC Biotech Building 530, Boulder, CO 80303-0596, USA; University of Colorado - Boulder, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3415 Colorado Avenue UCB 596, JSC Biotech Building 530, Boulder, CO 80303-0596, USA
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3415 Colorado Avenue UCB 596, JSC Biotech Building 530, Boulder, CO 80303-0596, USA; University of Colorado - Boulder, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 3415 Colorado Avenue UCB 596, JSC Biotech Building 530, Boulder, CO 80303-0596, USA
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 3415 Colorado Avenue UCB 596, JSC Biotech Building 530, Boulder, CO 80303-0596, USA.
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Huh GW, Lee DY, In SJ, Lee DG, Park SY, Yi TH, Kang HC, Seo WD, Baek NI. Fucosterols from Hizikia fusiformis and their proliferation activities on osteosarcoma-derived cell MG63. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-2069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ortega E, Bote ME, Besedovsky HO, Rey AD. Hsp72, inflammation, and aging: causes, consequences, and perspectives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1261:64-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ulmansky R, Turjeman K, Baru M, Katzavian G, Harel M, Sigal A, Naparstek Y, Barenholz Y. Glucocorticoids in nano-liposomes administered intravenously and subcutaneously to adjuvant arthritis rats are superior to the free drugs in suppressing arthritis and inflammatory cytokines. J Control Release 2012; 160:299-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Clark AR. Anti-inflammatory functions of glucocorticoid-induced genes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 275:79-97. [PMID: 17561338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a broad consensus that glucocorticoids (GCs) exert anti-inflammatory effects largely by inhibiting the function of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) and consequently the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes. In contrast, side effects are thought to be largely dependent on GC-induced gene expression. Biochemical and genetic evidence suggests that the positive and negative effects of GCs on transcription can be uncoupled from one another. Hence, novel GC-related drugs that mediate inhibition of NFkappaB but do not activate gene expression are predicted to retain therapeutic effects but cause fewer or less severe side effects. Here, we critically re-examine the evidence in favor of the consensus, binary model of GC action and discuss conflicting evidence, which suggests that anti-inflammatory actions of GCs depend on the induction of anti-inflammatory mediators. We propose an alternative model, in which GCs exert anti-inflammatory effects at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, both by activating and inhibiting expression of target genes. The implications of such a model in the search for safer anti-inflammatory drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Clark
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
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Gautier EL, Huby T, Ouzilleau B, Doucet C, Saint-Charles F, Gremy G, Chapman MJ, Lesnik P. Enhanced Immune System Activation and Arterial Inflammation Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Lupus-Prone Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:1625-31. [PMID: 17446440 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.142430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Premature atherosclerosis is a characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus, a prototypic autoimmune disease. The principle cellular and molecular mechanisms which underlie such accelerated atherosclerosis are indeterminate. METHODS AND RESULTS The pathophysiology of lupus-mediated atherogenesis was evaluated in a novel animal model involving transplantation of bone marrow cells from the lupus prone strain gld into Ldl-r(-/-) mice. Diet-induced atherogenesis in lethally-irradiated Ldl-r(-/-) mice transplanted with gld bone marrow cells resulted in accelerated atherosclerosis (+65%) as compared with control mice transplanted with wild-type marrow cells. Enhanced atherogenesis was associated with enhanced activation of both B and T lymphocytes and with arterial inflammation involving endothelial cell activation, monocyte recruitment, and accumulation of apoptotic debris, macrophages, and CD4 T cells, but was independent of plasma lipid levels and renal function. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the contention that despite the absence of both disturbed cholesterol homeostasis and renal dysfunction in autoimmune gld-->Ldl-r(-/-) mice, lupus disease induces enhanced activation of the immune system and acts locally on the vasculature to induce inflammation, together with accumulation of apoptotic debris, macrophages, and CD4 T cells, thereby accelerating plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L Gautier
- INSERM Unit 551, UPMC-Paris 6, Dyslipoproteinemia and Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
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Castro-Santos P, Suarez A, López-Rivas L, Mozo L, Gutierrez C. TNFalpha and IL-10 gene polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease. Association of -1082 AA low producer IL-10 genotype with steroid dependency. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1039-47. [PMID: 16573780 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An altered production of cytokines underlies inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) susceptibility. Various polymorphisms at the IL-10 and TNFalpha gene promoters control cytokine production levels. The influence of these polymorphisms on susceptibility to ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) and their association with clinical features were analyzed. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Genetic polymorphisms of TNFalpha (-308 G/A) and IL-10 (-1082 G/A, -812 C/T, and -592 C/A) were determined using the LightCycler system with hybridization probes matched with one sequence variant. The study population included 99 UC patients, 146 CD patients, and 343 matched controls. RESULTS We did not find association between TNFalpha or IL-10 gene polymorphisms and UC or CD susceptibility, though a slight influence of -1082*G allele in UC appearance was observed. In a stratified analysis, a highly significant association between the -1082 AA IL-10 genotype and the steroid dependency was observed in IBD (p < 0.0001), contributing both UC (p = 0.004) and CD (p = 0.003) to this association. In contrast, TNFalpha genotypes did not influence steroid dependency in IBD. Further, the contribution of cytokine genotypes and of clinical features to the appearance of steroid-dependent status (dependent variable) was studied by multivariate analysis. The steroid-dependent phenotype correlated in UC with extensive disease (p = 0.010) and with the low producer -1082 AA IL-10 genotype (p = 0.002) and in CD with penetrating disease (p = 0.010), arthritis (p = 0.011), and the -1082 AA IL-10 genotype (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS The main conclusion is that carriage of the -1082 AA IL-10 genotype (low producer) is a relevant risk factor for developing steroid-dependent IBD.
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Jahangier ZN, Jacobs JWG, Kraan MC, Wenting MJG, Smeets TJ, Bijlsma JWJ, Lafeber FPJG, Tak PP. Pretreatment macrophage infiltration of the synovium predicts the clinical effect of both radiation synovectomy and intra-articular glucocorticoids. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1286-92. [PMID: 16627543 PMCID: PMC1798328 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.042333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether pretreatment features of synovial tissue in patients with gonarthritis could predict the clinical effect of radiation synovectomy with yttrium-90 (90Y) and glucocorticoids or with intra-articular glucocorticoids alone. METHODS A synovial biopsy was carried out blindly 2 weeks before treatment in 66 patients with persistent gonarthritis, who were randomised to treatment either with 90Y and triamcinolone or with placebo and triamcinolone. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect T cells, macrophages, B cells, plasma cells, fibroblast-like synoviocytes, adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Stained sections were evaluated by digital image analysis. Individual patient improvement was expressed using a composite change index (CCI; range 0-12). Successful treatment was defined as CCI > or = 6 after 6 months. RESULTS Patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, undifferentiated arthritis and other causes of gonarthritis were included. The overall response rate was 47%. Clinical efficacy in both therapeutic groups was similar and not dependent on diagnosis. No significant differences were noted between baseline microscopic features of synovial tissue inflammation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in those with non-rheumatoid arthritis (ie, all diagnoses other than rheumatoid arthritis). The number of macrophages in the synovial sublining was significantly higher in responders than in non-responders (p = 0.002), independent of treatment group and diagnosis. The clinical effect was positively correlated with pretreatment total macrophage numbers (r = 0.28; p = 0.03), sublining macrophage numbers (r = 0.34; p = 0.005) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 expression (r = 0.25; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION The observations support the view that intra-articular treatment either with 90Y and glucocorticoids or with glucocorticoids alone is especially successful in patients with marked synovial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Jahangier
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, F02.127, University Medical Center Utrecht, Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Fu YF, Wang JX, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Tang W, Ni J, Zhu YN, Zhou R, He PL, Li C, Li XY, Yang YF, Lawson BR, Zuo JP. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inactivation curtails ovalbumin-induced immune responses. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:1229-37. [PMID: 16326921 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.093369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase inhibitor methyl 4-(adenin-9-yl)-2-hydroxybutanoate (DZ2002) suppresses macrophage activation and function. The effects of DZ2002 on T cell function, however, are still unclear. Here, we examined whether DZ2002 alters type 1 helper T cell (Th1) and/or type 2 helper T cell (Th2) immune responses, and whether these effects are associated with both the inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase and intracellular elevation of endogenous AdoHcy. Male C57BL/6 mice immunized with ovalbumin (OVA) were treated with DZ2002 (1, 5, and 25 mg/kg/day) after which lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and IgG responses to OVA were monitored. Administration of DZ2002 dose dependently suppressed OVA-specific lymphocyte proliferation and anti-OVA IgG production compared with controls. Interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-gamma as well as anti-OVA IgG2a and IgG3, indicators of Th1 immune responses, were markedly decreased in mice treated with DZ2002, whereas IL-4 and anti-OVA IgG1, indicators of Th2 immune responses, were only mildly suppressed. AdoHcy hydrolase activity in spleens of DZ2002-treated mice was substantially blocked, and not surprisingly, AdoHcy levels were significantly elevated compared with controls. Finally, similar immunosuppressive effects were also observed in mice treated with AdoHcy. These data strongly indicate that DZ2002 suppresses antigen-induced specific immune responses, particularly Th1 responses, through inhibition of AdoHcy hydrolase and elevation of endogenous AdoHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Fu
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Rd., Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Lo DY, Lee WM, Chien MS, Lin CC, Lee WC. Effects of dexamethasone on peripheral blood mononuclear cell phenotype in weanling piglets. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 28:251-8. [PMID: 15896844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexamethasone treatment on the immune system of weanling piglets. Piglets were administered dexamethasone (DEX; 1mg/kg, IM) every 12h for 2 consecutive days (short-term experiment) or DEX (1mg/kg, IM) daily for 2 weeks (long-term experiment). The relative percentage of CD8(+) T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in both short- and long-term DEX-treated groups compared to their control groups. The percentage of IgM(+) cells in PBMCs of the long-term DEX-treated group was greatly increased (P<0.05) in comparison to the control group. The results of this study indicate that short-term DEX-treatment increases leucocyte function; however, long-term DEX-treatment depresses leucocyte function, especially that of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Lo
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
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Harrer T, Bäuerle M, Bergmann S, Eismann K, Harrer EG. Inhibition of HIV-1-specific T-cells and increase of viral load during immunosuppressive treatment in an HIV-1 infected patient with Chlamydia trachomatis induced arthritis. J Clin Virol 2005; 34:224-30. [PMID: 16140574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 06/24/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in HIV-1 infected long-term non-progressors could demonstrate a strong HIV-1-specific CTL response, but it is difficult to prove that this strong CTL response actually is the cause of the efficient control of HIV-1 and not the consequence of low HIV-1 replication in these patients. OBJECTIVE Studies of HIV-1-specific immunity and viral replication in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy provide important opportunities to understand the role of HIV-1-specific T-cells. RESULTS In this report we describe an HLA B27 positive patient with normal CD4 counts and a low viral load of 200 copies/ml without antiretroviral therapy who exhibited a very strong HIV-1-specific CTL response. He had to be treated with steroids, NSAIDS and hydroxchloroquine because of a severe inflammatory reactive arthritis triggered by an acute Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Analysis of HIV-1 specific T-cells by gamma-IFN-ELISPOT revealed a high frequency of HIV-1 gag-specific CTL both in blood and synovial fluid, whereas gag-specific CD4-cells could be detected only in the peripheral blood. Further analysis revealed that the gag-specific T-cells were predominantly targeting the HLA B27-restricted CTL epitope KRWIILGLNK (KK10). Immunosuppressive therapy by prednisone was associated with a moderate increase of HIV-1 viremia and a decrease both in the number and in the gamma-IFN production of KK10-specific CTL indicating that inhibition of CTL function contributed to the increase of viral load. CONCLUSIONS This study is suggesting that HIV-1 specific CTL play an important role in the control of HIV-1, at least in this patient. Inhibition of CTL function by immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone may enhance viral replication. In addition, we could demonstrate for the first time the migration of HIV-1 specific T-cells into the synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Harrer
- Immunodeficiency Center, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Franz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Hospital, Humboldt University of Berlin, Schumannstr 20-21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Pawlik A, Kurzawski M, Szklarz BG, Herczynska M, Drozdzik M. Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2005; 24:480-4. [PMID: 15915323 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-004-1066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease in which interleukin (IL)-10 plays an important role. There are, however, controversial reports that IL-10 promoter polymorphism may be an independent marker of susceptibility and severity of RA. The aim of the present study was to examine the IL-10 promoter polymorphism in patients with RA. We examined 95 patients with rheumatoid arthritis diagnosed according to the criteria of the American College of Rheumatology. Polymerase chain reaction amplification was used for analysis of the promoter polymorphism of the IL-10 gene. In RA patients, the prevalence of genotypes encoding high expression of IL-10 was observed. Nevertheless, there was no association between IL-10 genotypes and age at disease diagnosis, disease activity in a physician's global assessment, and joint and extra-articular involvement. There was also no correlation between IL-10 polymorphism and disease activity parameters--erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, number of swollen and tender joints, and duration of morning stiffness. We suggest that IL-10 promoter polymorphism is not a genetic risk factor for RA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Merical University, 70-111, Szczecin, ul. Powst. Wlkp. 72, Poland.
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Kasahara S, Cooper EL. Nervous, endocrine, immune systems as a target for complementary and alternative medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2005; 546:405-23. [PMID: 15584388 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951763, Los Angeles, California 90095-1763, USA.
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Abstract
Many studies have established the routes by which the immune and central nervous (CNS) systems communicate. This network of connections permits the CNS to regulate the immune system through both neuroendocrine and neuronal pathways. In turn, the immune system signals the CNS through neuronal and humoral routes, via immune mediators and cytokines. This regulatory system between the immune system and CNS plays an important role in susceptibility and resistance to autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious and allergic diseases. This review focuses on the regulation of the immune system via the neuroendocrine system, and underlines the link between neuroendocrine dysregulation and development of major depressive disorders, autoimmune diseases and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marques-Deak
- Section on Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, Integrative Neural Immune Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Xu B, Makris A, Thornton C, Hennessy A. Glucocorticoids inhibit placental cytokines from cultured normal and preeclamptic placental explants. Placenta 2004; 26:654-60. [PMID: 16085044 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are used in pregnancy to enhance fetal lung maturity as well as to ameliorate antepartum and postpartum HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) syndrome, but it is not clear if glucocorticoids can modulate placental cytokine production. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of glucocorticoids at equivalent doses used for fetal lung maturity on placental tissue production of cytokines (IL-10, IL-6 and TNF-alpha). Placental biopsies were taken from the decidual surface of term placentas of normal pregnancy (n = 5) and preeclampsia (n = 5). Villous explants were cultured with increasing concentrations of glucocorticoids (betamethasone and methyl-prednisolone, 0.0025 microM, 0.25 microM and 25 microM). The dose effect of glucocorticoids on cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10) production was examined using ELISA. There was a stepwise reduction of TNF-alpha (23.6-97.5% reduction) and IL-6 (13.7-71% reduction) with increasing doses of betamethasone and methyl-prednisolone from placentas of women with preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. However, IL-10 was not altered in conditioned medium by increasing doses of glucocorticoids. Our data suggest that the ratio of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine (Th1/Th2) is potentially altered by exogenous glucocorticoids. These changes have a favourable effect on the ratio in preeclampsia with a reduction in the potentially vascular active pro-inflammatory cytokines but without altering or decreasing the necessary anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production in placental tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Xu
- Vascular Immunology Research Laboratory, The Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Mozo L, Suárez A, Gutiérrez C. Glucocorticoids up-regulate constitutive interleukin-10 production by human monocytes. Clin Exp Allergy 2004; 34:406-12. [PMID: 15005734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-10 plays an immunosuppressive role in inflammatory responses. Increased plasma levels of IL-10 have been detected in patients under glucocorticoid (GC) therapy, indicating that steroids may exert their suppressive effect, in part, by increasing IL-10 production. OBJECTIVES The aim was to define possible mechanisms by which steroids up-regulate IL-10 production. To this end, we have analysed ex vivo the effect of GCs on the constitutive production of IL-10 by lymphocytes and cells of myeloid origin. METHODS Monocytes and T cells were isolated by a Percoll gradient and B cells were purified by rosetting. Protein and mRNA IL-10 levels were determined by ELISA and by Northern blot, respectively. RESULTS Monocytes, but not T or B cells, up-regulated the constitutive production of IL-10 following pre-treatment for at least 12 h with physiological doses of dexamethasone (Dex). Up-regulation of IL-10 occurred at both protein and mRNA levels, probably indicating that the effect of Dex was by incrementing gene transcription. Other steroids had similar outcomes, their effects being dose-related, proportional to the steroid potency and totally reversed by the steroid antagonist RU486. Thus, transcript levels of IL-10 were up-regulated by GCs probably through binding of the GC receptor to its specific glucocorticoid response element sequence in the IL-10 promoter. In contrast to monocytes, differentiated immature macrophages and dendritic cells did not vary their constitutive IL-10 production after pre-treatment with Dex. CONCLUSION Our results support the fact that steroids up-regulate constitutive IL-10 production by selectively triggering activation signals on monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mozo
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Central de Asturias, Centro Universitario, Oviedo, Spain
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Kim GY, Kim SH, Hwang SY, Kim HY, Park YM, Park SK, Lee MK, Lee SH, Lee TH, Lee JD. Oral administration of proteoglycan isolated from Phellinus linteus in the prevention and treatment of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2003; 26:823-31. [PMID: 12808294 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.26.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether oral administration of proteoglycan derived from Phellinus linteus, which is known as the medicinal mushroom, can prevent or treat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice as experimental model of autoimmune disease. CIA was induced by intradermal injection of type II collagen (CII) emulsified with complete freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the base of the tail (on day 7) followed by a booster injection on day 21 into the footpad. To examine the ability of proteoglycan to effect the inhibition of CIA, doses of proteoglycan were orally administered on day 0 (pre-administration) or day 28 (post-administration) at two groups. The inhibition of CIA by oral administration of proteoglycan was associated with decrease in anti-CII IgG and IgG2a antibodies (Abs) as well as varying kinds of cytokines including IL-12, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma. The results showed that administration of proteoglycan was followed by decrease of CIA of the mice in pre- and post-administration groups. Our findings suggest that immunomodulating proteoglycan isolated from P. linteus may be crucially involved in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune joint inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis, although no definite role of anti-CII Abs in the human disease has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Pusan 609-735, South Korea
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Haddad JJ, Saadé NE, Safieh-Garabedian B. Cytokines and neuro-immune-endocrine interactions: a role for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal revolving axis. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 133:1-19. [PMID: 12446003 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines, peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, as well as their receptors/ligands, are endogenous to the brain, endocrine and immune systems. These shared ligands and receptors are used as a common chemical language for communication within and between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Such communication suggests an immunoregulatory role for the brain and a sensory function for the immune system. Interplay between the immune, nervous and endocrine systems is most commonly associated with the pronounced effects of stress on immunity. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the key player in stress responses; it is well established that both external and internal stressors activate the HPA axis. Cytokines are chemical messengers that stimulate the HPA axis when the body is under stress or experiencing an infection. This review discusses current knowledge of cytokine signaling pathways in neuro-immune-endocrine interactions as viewed through the triplet HPA axis. In addition, we elaborate on HPA/cytokine interactions in oxidative stress within the context of nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional regulation and the role of oxidative markers and related gaseous transmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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46
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Abstract
A reciprocal regulation exists between the central nervous and immune systems through which the CNS signals the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways and the immune system signals the CNS through cytokines. The primary hormonal pathway by which the CNS regulates the immune system is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, through the hormones of the neuroendocrine stress response. The sympathetic nervous system regulates the function of the immune system primarily via adrenergic neurotransmitters released through neuronal routes. Neuroendocrine regulation of immune function is essential for survival during stress or infection and to modulate immune responses in inflammatory disease. Glucocorticoids are the main effector end point of this neuroendocrine system and, through the glucocorticoid receptor, have multiple effects on immune cells and molecules. This review focuses on the regulation of the immune response via the neuroendocrine system. Particular details are presented on the effects of interruptions of this regulatory loop at multiple levels in predisposition and expression of immune diseases and on mechanisms of glucocorticoid effects on immune cells and molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette I Webster
- Section on Neuroimmune Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, Bldg 36, Room 1A 23 (MSC 4020), 36 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4020, USA.
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47
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Canellada A, Margni RA. The immunomodulatory action of dexamethasone on monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells. HYBRIDOMA AND HYBRIDOMICS 2002; 21:203-10. [PMID: 12165147 DOI: 10.1089/153685902760173935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As found in different studies, glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) are involved in the modulation of protein glycosylation. In this work we have investigated the immunomodulatory effect of dexamethasone by assessing in vitro IgG glycosylation by monoclonal antibody-producing hybridoma cells. As described in myeloma cell lines, cellular viability and proliferation rates of hybridoma 112D5 cells decrease when cultured with dexamethasone during 24 hours, in a dose-dependent way. Moreover, the corticosteroid triggered apoptosis of the hybridoma, which was observed as soon as 4 h after culturing cells in the presence of the drug. In line with these results, after 24 h, dexamethasone induced a drop in the anti-DNP level of antibodies synthesized by hybridoma 112D5. In previous works we described that asymmetric glycosylation of in vitro synthesized IgG correlated with induction of cell damage. Nevertheless, an increase in asymmetric IgG glycosylation was not observed here, but there was a decrease in the proportion of asymmetrically glycosylated IgG synthesized by the hybridoma after a 4-h culture with the drug. Finally, as results from assessing IL-6 production by ELISA, we conclude that the above described effects of dexamethasone on hybridoma 112D5 cells could not be due to the inhibition of IL-6 synthesis exerted by the corticoid but rather to a direct effect of the drug. Monoclonal antibody (MAb) producing hybridomas provide an excellent in vitro model for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved in immunoglobulin glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Canellada
- IDEHU-Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral, Cátedra de Immunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956 4to piso, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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48
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Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology is a field that investigates the interactions between the brain and the immune system. One important goal of this field of research is to translate basic research in order to understand how behavior affects health and resistance to disease in humans. This review evaluates the impact of depression on morbidity and mortality risk and asks whether neuroimmune mechanisms contribute to this association. Examples are drawn from three diseases: cardiovascular disease, infectious disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Finally, the potential for biobehavioral interventions to impact psychological adaptation and the course of immune related disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Irwin
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7057, USA
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Cho ML, Kim WU, Min SY, Min DJ, Min JK, Lee SH, Park SH, Cho CS, Kim HY. Cyclosporine differentially regulates interleukin-10, interleukin-15, and tumor necrosis factor a production by rheumatoid synoviocytes. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 2002; 46:42-51. [PMID: 11817607 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200201)46:1<42::aid-art10026>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the direct effect of cyclosporin A (CSA) on the production of cytokines by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. METHODS Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were prepared from the synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and cultured in the presence of CSA. The production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-15, and tumor necrosis factor a (TNFalpha) by FLS was measured in culture supernatants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of IL-10, IL-15, and TNFalpha messenger RNA (mRNA) in FLS was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS CSA (1-1,000 ng/ml) increased the production of IL-10, but decreased in a dose-dependent manner the levels of IL-15 and TNFalpha that were spontaneously secreted from FLS. CSA also potently inhibited the production of IL-15 and TNFalpha stimulated with interferon-gamma, IL-1beta, or lipopolysaccharide. The inhibitory effect of CSA on IL-15 and TNFalpha production depended on the increase in IL-10, since neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibodies were able to partially reverse this inhibition. In a semiquantitative PCR, CSA increased IL-10 mRNA expression but strongly suppressed IL-1beta-induced IL-15 and TNFalpha mRNA expression, indicating that the production of these cytokines by CSA was regulated at the transcriptional level. Results with the calcineurin inhibitor FK-506, but not with the immunosuppressant rapamycin, were similar to those with CSA. Agonists of cAMP displayed an additive effect on the changes produced in the IL-10, IL-15, and TNFalpha levels by CSA, while a cAMP antagonist almost completely abrogated the effect of CSA, suggesting that cAMP is the major intracellular signal that mediates cytokine regulation by CSA. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CSA differentially regulates the production of cytokines by rheumatoid synoviocytes via a cAMP-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-La Cho
- The Center for Rheumatic Diseases in Kang-Nam St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
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Straub RH, Cutolo M, Zietz B, Schölmerich J. The process of aging changes the interplay of the immune, endocrine and nervous systems. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:1591-611. [PMID: 11511399 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune, endocrine and nervous systems interact with each other by means of cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters. Interaction is dependent on specific receptors and respective signaling pathways in target cells. During aging, changes occur on many levels of these global systems which depend on oxidative damage, non-enzymatic glycosylation, mitochondrial mutations, defects in cell cycle control, mitotic dysregulation, genome instability, telomere shortening and other chromosomal pathologies. An alteration of the numerical value of a parameter of one system can lead to changes of the numerical value of a variable of another system. In a non-linear dynamic process these changes can contribute to the aging phenotype. Although it is extremely difficult to dissect linear interrelations of three global systems during aging, this review attempts to identify some simple linear pathways. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that chronic inflammatory diseases may accelerate the aging process. This review also reveals that new statistical and computational methods are necessary to unravel the complexity of the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Straub
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinoimmunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042, Regensburg, Germany.
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