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Asín-Izquierdo I, Chena M, de Dios-Álvarez V, Galiano C. Relationship between relative age measured through decimal age, physical variables and anthropometry in elite youth soccer players. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:343-348. [PMID: 37699861 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2258768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age differences between athletes born in the same year, as well as an over-representation of older players, are known as the Relative Age Effect (RAE). Players born at the beginning of the selection year have a physical and anthropometric advantage over their younger peers. Experts keep looking for new prediction variables for talent identification. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study is to correlate anthropometric, strength and power variables with the relative age (RA) and the level of the teams in which players played in each age category. METHODS All players (N = 366) from an elite soccer academy of a Spanish club volunteered to participate in the study (U23-U10). RESULTS There was a significant correlation between the RA of the players and the level of the team in which they played in each age category but no correlation between trimester of birth and level of the team. We found significant correlations between the players' physical capacities, anthropometry, RA and the level of the team in which they played for the same age category, mainly from U16 to U10. U23 did not show any correlation between RA and physical or anthropometric variables. CONCLUSION Coaches should be cautious of choosing players based only on anthropometric or physical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Asín-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
- Department of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain
| | - Marcos Chena
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Galiano
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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Brown HA, Chalmers S, Topham TH, Clark B, Jowett A, Meyer T, Jay O, Périard JD. Efficacy of the FIFA cooling break heat policy during an intermittent treadmill football simulation in hot conditions in trained males. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2024-108131. [PMID: 39029949 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) cooling break policy against alternative cooling configurations in attenuating thermal strain during simulated football in the heat. METHODS 12 males (age: 27±6 years, V̇O2peak: 61±7 mL/kg/min) completed five 90 min intermittent treadmill football match simulations in 40°C and 41% relative humidity (32°C wet-bulb globe temperature) with different cooling configurations: regular match without cooling breaks (REG), 3 min breaks without cooling (BRKno-cool), 3 min breaks with cooling (BRKcool: current FIFA policy; chilled fluid ingestion and ice towel across neck and shoulders), 5 min extended half-time without cooling breaks (ExtHTonly) and 3 min cooling breaks with 5 min ExtHT (ExtHTcool). Rectal temperature (Tre), heart rate, whole-body sweat rate (WBSR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. Data are presented as mean (95% CIs). RESULTS Final Tre was lower in BRKno-cool (0.20°C (0.01, 0.39), p=0.038), BRKcool (0.39°C (0.21, 0.57), p<0.001) and ExtHTcool (0.40°C (0.22, 0.58), p<0.001) than REG (39.1°C (38.8, 39.3)). Mean Tre was lower in ExtHTcool (38.2°C (38.0, 38.4)) than BRKcool (38.3°C (38.1, 38.5), p=0.018), BRKno-cool and ExtHTonly (38.4°C (38.2, 38.6), p<0.001) and REG (38.5°C (38.3, 38.7), p<0.001). Mean heart rate was lower during BRKcool (6 beats/min (4, 7), p<0.001) and ExtHTcool (7 beats/min (6, 8), p<0.001) compared with REG. WBSR was comparable across trials (p≥0.07) and RPE was attenuated during BRKcool (0.4 (0.1, 0.7), p=0.004) and ExtHTcool (0.5 (0.2, 0.7), p=0.002), compared with REG. CONCLUSION BRKcool and ExtHTcool attenuated thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual strain during a simulated football match in the heat. Additional strategies may be required in field settings or under harsher conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Brown
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Thomas H Topham
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Brad Clark
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Andrew Jowett
- Football Federation Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Olympic Park Sports Medicine Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Meyer
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrucken, Germany
| | - Ollie Jay
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julien D Périard
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Watanabe H, Kadokura Y, Sugi T, Saito K, Nagashima K. Influence of sustained mild dehydration on thermoregulatory and cognitive functions during prolonged moderate exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05548-6. [PMID: 38985305 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study investigated whether sustained mild dehydration affects thermoregulatory function and cognitive performance during prolonged exercise. METHODS Twelve young adults performed a test consisting of three sets of 20-min exercise with 2-min intervals under euhydrated (control, CON) and mildly dehydrated conditions (MDEH) at an ambient temperature of 30 °C and 60% relative humidity. MDEH was established by restricting water intake for 24 h, resulting in urine specific gravity of ≥ 1.020. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), skin blood flow (SkBF), sweat rate (SR) on the chest and forearm, and ear canal and mean skin surface temperatures (Tear and mean Tskin, respectively) were continuously recorded. For each exercise set, thermal and humid sensations and thermal discomfort were assessed using visual analog scales (VAS), and the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was estimated. Cognitive performance on the Go/No-Go (easy) and incongruent Stroop (difficult) tasks was assessed before and after the test. RESULTS No differences were observed in HR, MAP, SkBF, SR, Tear, and mean Tskin between the CON and MDEH. Thermal and humidity sensations, thermal discomfort, and RPE were higher in MDEH than in CON. Moreover, response time to the Stroop task was prolonged in MDEH. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that sustained mild dehydration does not affect autonomic thermoregulation during exercise. Augmented thermal perception and perceived exertion, which are necessary for behavioral thermoregulation, were noted; however, cognitive function may be attenuated under MDEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Watanabe
- Institute for Energy and Environmental System, Sustainable Energy & Environmental Society Open Innovation Research Organization, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 1698555, Japan
- Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 3591192, Japan
- Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 3591192, Japan
| | - Yuma Kadokura
- Infrastructure Systems Research & Development Center, Toshiba Infrastructure Systems & Solutions Corporation, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 2129595, Japan
| | - Taisuke Sugi
- Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 3591192, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Saito
- Institute for Energy and Environmental System, Sustainable Energy & Environmental Society Open Innovation Research Organization, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 1698555, Japan
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, School of Fundamental Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 1698555, Japan
| | - Kei Nagashima
- Institute for Energy and Environmental System, Sustainable Energy & Environmental Society Open Innovation Research Organization, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 1698555, Japan.
- Body Temperature and Fluid Laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 3591192, Japan.
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Zheng AC, He CS, Lu CC, Hung BL, Chou KM, Fang SH. The Cognitive Function and Taekwondo-Specific Kick Performance of Taekwondo Athletes at Different Hydration Statuses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:637-644. [PMID: 38702046 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Successful participation in taekwondo (TKD) requires athletes to possess quick decision-making abilities and demonstrate technical proficiency during competition. Dehydration, occurring during both training and competition, is widely recognized to have various negative effects. METHODS This study investigated the impact of different levels of dehydration on cognitive function, as measured by the Vienna Test System, and the specific performance of kicking techniques among TKD athletes. Using a randomized crossover design, 12 participants were involved in the study. Before and after 1 hour of training at 80% of maximal heart rate, participants were weighed and provided urine samples. All participants were randomly assigned to 3 different hydration conditions: the euhydrated (EUH) group had unrestricted access to fluid consumption, while the hypohydrated (HYP) and severely HYP (S-HYP) groups experienced reductions of 2.0% and 4.0% of their initial body weight, respectively. RESULTS The EUH group exhibited better reaction speed in reaction-time test-form S1 than the HYP and S-HYP groups. Notably, the EUH group demonstrated a significantly higher success rate in the front-side kick (EUH 98%, HYP 90%, S-HYP 88%; P < .05). However, the success rates of back roundhouse kick and free head kick were similar among the 3 statuses. Furthermore, postexercise heart rates were found to be significantly higher in the HYP and S-HYP groups compared with the EUH group. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insight into the negative effects of dehydration on cognitive function and TKD-specific performance. It is recommended that TKD athletes maintain optimal hydration levels during training and competition to ensure optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Chi Zheng
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Shiun He
- Department of Athletic Sports, National Chung Cheng University, Minxiong, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Lien Hung
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Ming Chou
- Department of Combat Sports, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hua Fang
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Athletics, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
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Pompeo A, Afonso J, Cirillo ELR, Costa JA, Vilaça-Alves J, Garrido N, González-Víllora S, Williams AM, Casanova F. Impact of temperature on physical and cognitive performance in elite female football players during intermittent exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14646. [PMID: 38700046 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
There is limited research on female football players, especially related to their physical and cognitive performance under different climactic conditions. We analyzed the impact of a hot environmental temperature on physical performance and anticipation in elite female football players during a fatigue-inducing intermittent protocol. Elite female players (n = 21) performed the countermovement jump (CMJ) and responded to filmed sequences of offensive play under two distinct environmental temperatures (i.e., mild environment temperature- 20°C and 30% rh versus hot environment temperature- 38°C and 80% rh), interspersed by 1-week interval. Linear mixed models were used. CMJ performance declined following the intermittent protocol on both temperature conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were significant main effects for protocol on CMJ speed (m/s) (p = 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.12), CMJ power (p = 0.002; ηp 2 = 0.11), and CMJ Heightmax (p = 0.002; ηp 2 = 0.12). After performing the intermittent protocol, exposure to a hot temperature caused a greater decline in anticipation accuracy (mild temperature = 64.41% vs. hot temperature = 53.44%; p < 0.001). Our study shows impaired performance in elite female football players following an intermittent protocol under hot compared with mild environmental conditions. We report decreased performance in both CMJ and anticipation performance under hotter conditions. The results reveal that exposure to hot temperatures had a negative effect on the accuracy of their anticipatory behaviors. We consider the implication of the work for research and training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pompeo
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Everton Luis Rodrigues Cirillo
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- State University of Londrina (UEL)/Sports Science Department, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Júlio A Costa
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José Vilaça-Alves
- Department of Sport-Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Garrido
- Department of Sport-Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports, Health, and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sixto González-Víllora
- Sport and Physical Activity Education Research Group, Faculty of Education, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Andrew Mark Williams
- Department of Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance Group, Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, USA
| | - Filipe Casanova
- Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde (CIDEFES), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kardas M, Zydek G, Zając A, Chycki J. Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1332. [PMID: 38732581 PMCID: PMC11085159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
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Goods PSR, Wall B, Galna B, McKay AKA, Jennings D, Peeling P, Watson G. Sweat Characteristics and Fluid Balance Responses During Two Heat Training Camps in Elite Female Field Hockey Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:79-87. [PMID: 38215732 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
We examined the sweat characteristics and fluid balance of elite female field hockey players during two heat training camps. Fourteen elite female field hockey players from the Australian national squad participated in two heat training camps held ∼6 months apart, following winter- (Camp 1) and summer-based training (Camp 2). Daily waking body mass (BM) and urine specific gravity (USG) were collected, along with several markers of sweat and fluid balance across two matches per camp. There was a 19% mean reduction in estimated whole-body sweat sodium concentration from Camp 1 (45.8 ± 6.5 mmol/L) to Camp 2 (37.0 ± 5.0 mmol/L; p < .001). Waking urine specific gravity ≥ 1.020 was observed in 31% of samples, with no significant differences in mean urine specific gravity or BM between camps (p > .05), but with substantial interindividual variation. Intramatch sweat rates were high (1.2-1.8 L/hr), with greater BM losses in Camp 1 (p = .030), resulting in fewer players losing ≥2% BM in Camp 2 (0%-8%), as compared with Camp 1 (36%-43%; p = .017). Our field data suggest that elite female field hockey players experience substantial sweat losses during competition in the heat regardless of the season. In agreement with previous findings, we observed substantial interindividual variation in sweat and hydration indices, supporting the use of individualized athlete hydration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S R Goods
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Bradley Wall
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Brook Galna
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alannah K A McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Denise Jennings
- High Performance Program, Hockey Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Greig Watson
- School of Allied Health (Exercise Science), Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Center for Healthy Aging, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Suarez-Ortegón MF, Zea-León MDP, Astudillo-Gironza AM, Garzón S, Portela GF, Villarreal-Nieto OD. Sweat Rate, Sweat Sodium Losses, and Body Composition in Professional Male Soccer Players in Southwest Colombia. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:113. [PMID: 38256373 PMCID: PMC10819496 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Dehydration and hyperhydration impact athletes' performance. Exploring the fluid balance concerning body composition might help estimate individual hydration requirements. This area of research, particularly regarding sodium losses, has been relatively understudied. We evaluated the sweat rate (SR), sweat sodium losses, and their relationship with body composition in professional soccer players in Cali, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two male players, aged 24.3 (±5.2) years, from the Colombian main soccer league, underwent high-intensity training at 32 °C (with a relative humidity of 79%). The outcome variables included SR, calculated using weight loss and fluid intake; forearm sweat sodium concentration (FSCC), measured through the direct ion-selective electrode method; and estimated the predicted whole sweat sodium loss (PWSSL) in mmol. Predictor variables (body mass, fat, and muscle masses) were estimated using the Deborah Kerr anthropometry method. The association between predictors and outcomes was assessed using linear regression. Results: The mean FSCC, PWSSL, and SR were 26.7 ± 11.3 mmol/L, 43 ± 15.9 mmol/L, and 1.7 ± 0.5 L/h, respectively. Body mass positively predicted FSCC in unadjusted and age/fat-mass-adjusted models [Beta 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.39-2.18, p = 0.006], and continued related to FSCC after adjustment for muscle mass with marginal significance [Beta 0.85, 95% CI -0.02 to 1.73, p = 0.056]. Muscle mass was associated with the PWSSL in unadjusted and age/fat-mass-adjusted models [Beta 2.42, 95% CI 0.58-4.26, p = 0.012] and sustained an association with marginal statistical significance after adjustment for body mass [Beta 1.86, 95% CI -0.35 to 4.09, p = 0.097]. Conclusions: Under hot tropical weather conditions, FSCC was relatively low among the players. Body mass was better associated with the FSSC, and muscle mass better related to the PWSSL. Body and muscle masses could be regarded as potential factors to be explored in the estimation of individual sodium needs. However, further studies are required to validate and contrast our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Fabian Suarez-Ortegón
- Departamento de Alimentación y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali 760021, Colombia;
| | - Maria del Pilar Zea-León
- Departamento de Alimentación y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali 760021, Colombia;
| | | | - Silverio Garzón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali 760021, Colombia;
| | | | - Oscar Daniel Villarreal-Nieto
- Departamento de Alimentación y Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Seccional Cali, Cali 760021, Colombia;
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9
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Strüven A, Brunner S, Weis G, Cohrdes Y, Lackermair S, Schlichtiger J, Kellnar A, Lackermair K. Impact of Preparticipation Hypohydration on Cognitive Performance and Concussion-like Symptoms in Recreational Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4420. [PMID: 37892495 PMCID: PMC10609819 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports-related concussion is a relevant risk of contact sports, with several million cases per year worldwide. Prompt identification is crucial to prevent complications and late effects but may be impeded by an overlap with dehydration-associated impairment of cognitive function. Researchers have extensively studied the effects of pronounced dehydration in endurance sports, especially in the heat. However, little is known about the effects of isolated and mild dehydration. METHODS Healthy recreational athletes underwent a standardized fluid deprivation test. Hypohydration was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and laboratory testing of electrolytes and retention parameters. Participants underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) with a cycle ramp protocol. Each participant served as their own control undergoing CPET in a hypohydrated [HYH] and a euhydrated [EUH] state. Effects were assessed using a shortened version of Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3 (SCAT3). RESULTS Fluid deprivation caused a mild (2%) reduction in body water, resulting in a calculated body mass loss of 0.8% without alterations of electrolytes, serum-osmolality, or hematocrit. Athletes reported significantly more (1.8 ± 2.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.7; p < 0.01) and more severe (4.4 ± 6.2 vs. 1.0 ± 1.9; p < 0.01) concussion-like symptoms in a hypohydrated state. Balance was worse in HYH by trend with a significant difference for tandem stance (1.1 ± 1.3 vs. 0.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.02). No relevant differences were presented for items of memory and concentration. CONCLUSIONS Mild dehydration caused relevant alterations of concussion-like symptoms and balance in healthy recreational athletes in the absence of endurance exercise or heat. Further research is needed to clarify the real-life relevance of these findings and to strengthen the differential diagnosis of concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strüven
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Brunner
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georges Weis
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yannick Cohrdes
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan Lackermair
- Department of Neurosurgery, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Brüder Regensburg, 93049 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jenny Schlichtiger
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Antonia Kellnar
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Korbinian Lackermair
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Center for Sports Medicine, University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University, 81377 Munich, Germany
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10
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Noh KW, Oh JH, Park S. Effects of the Timing of Carbohydrate Intake on Metabolism and Performance in Soccer Players. Nutrients 2023; 15:3610. [PMID: 37630800 PMCID: PMC10457895 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to provide information to improve the performance of athletes comparing the effects of carbohydrate-electrolyte intake before and during exercise on metabolism and performance in soccer players. The study had a single-blind cross-over design. Drust's protocol is a soccer-specific intermittent exercise test. The carbohydrate-electrolyte intake experiments were divided into three timings: first, pre-exercise; second, half-time; and third, mixed. Eight participants were included in the data analysis (age: 21.32 ± 1.19 years; BMI: 22.69 ± 1.91 kg/m2; height: 176.5 ± 7.52 cm; weight: 69.5 ± 9.18 kg; Vmax: 16.75 0.71 km/h). The results of the mixed test showed a significantly lower respiratory exchange ratio than those of the placebo and half-time tests (p < 0.05). The mixed test showed significantly more fat oxidation than the half-time test (p < 0.05). The running times are placebo (422.13 ± 133.44 s) and mixed (677.38 ± 217.75 s), and the distances are placebo (1577.25 ± 517.02 m) and mixed (2530.00 ± 832.71 m) (p < 0.05). The mixed test showed a significantly lower rating of perceived exertion than the placebo test (p < 0.05). Carbohydrate oxidation and heart rate showed no significant differences between the experiments (p > 0.05). The exercise protocol in this study showed the metabolic response of soccer players to intermittent high-intensity exercise and subsequent endurance exercise. In conclusion, it can be seen that the intake of carbohydrate-electrolytes improves the performance of soccer players, and the effect varies depending on the timing of carbohydrate-electrolyte intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Woong Noh
- Institute of Sports Medicine & Science, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Hwan Oh
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Sok Park
- Department of Convergence Sports Science, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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11
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Badham L, Stern SE, O’Connor FK, Wijekulasuriya GA, Corcoran G, Cox GR, Coffey VG. Fluid intake is a strong predictor of outdoor team sport pre-season training performance. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1-7. [PMID: 37002685 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2191093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to characterize fluid intake during outdoor team sport training and use generalized additive models to quantify interactions with the environment and performance. Fluid intake, body mass (BM) and internal/external training load data were recorded for male rugby union (n = 19) and soccer (n = 19) athletes before/after field training sessions throughout an 11-week preseason (357 observations). Running performance (GPS) and environmental conditions were recorded each session and generalized additive models were applied in the analysis of data. Mean body mass loss throughout all training sessions was -1.11 ± 0.63 kg (~1.3%) compared with a mean fluid intake at each session of 958 ± 476 mL during the experimental period. For sessions >110 min, when fluid intake reached ~10-19 mL·kg-1 BM the total distance increased (7.47 to 8.06 km, 7.6%; P = 0.049). Fluid intake above ~10 mL·kg-1 BM was associated with a 4.1% increase in high-speed running distance (P < 0.0001). Most outdoor team sport athletes fail to match fluid loss during training, and fluid intake is a strong predictor of running performance. Improved hydration practices during training should be beneficial and we provide a practical ingestion range to promote improved exercise capacity in outdoor team sport training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Badham
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Steven E. Stern
- Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Fergus K. O’Connor
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gyan A. Wijekulasuriya
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn Corcoran
- Bond University High Performance Training Centre, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory R. Cox
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vernon G. Coffey
- Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Data Analytics, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Dehydration, Wellness, and Training Demands of Professional Soccer Players during Preseason. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8054449. [PMID: 36389116 PMCID: PMC9663222 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8054449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Our study is aimed at analyzing the relationships between water loss and a professional soccer team's internal and external training load throughout the first three months of a season, covering all the preseason and the first two months of the competitive season. Methods This study followed an observational analytic design. Twenty-seven athletes (age: 25.5 ± 4.1 years, height: 180.7 ± 8.2 cm, and body mass: 78.4 ± 8.7 kg) were included in the study, conducted over the first three months of the season. Players were weighed at the beginning and end of all training sessions to estimate fluid losses. They were asked to complete a wellness questionnaire and indicate the color of the first urine of the day upon their arrival at the practice session. Additionally, all sessions were monitored for locomotor demands. Results We found a positive correlation between urine color and sprint distance (r = 0.46, p = 0.01) and a positive correlation between dehydration and rating of perceived exertion (r = 0.44, p = 0.015), whereas a negative correlation between dehydration and number of acceleration (r = −0.39, p = 0.034). Conclusions Dehydration increased perceived physical exertion. Regularly monitoring training load and changes in body mass, as well as raising awareness about hydration, can contribute to cognitive and physical performance.
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Bender BF, Johnson NJ, Berry JA, Frazier KM, Bender MB. Automated Urinal-Based Specific Gravity Measurement Device for Real-Time Hydration Monitoring in Male Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:921418. [PMID: 35784803 PMCID: PMC9243503 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.921418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic hydration status is important for athlete safety and performance and is frequently measured by sports scientists and performance staff in team environments via urinalysis. However, the time required for urine collection, staff testing, and reporting often delays immediate reporting and personalized nutrition insight in situations of acute hydration management before training or competition. Furthermore, the burdensome urine collection and testing process often renders chronic hydration monitoring sporadic or non-existent in real-world settings. An automated urinalysis device (InFlow) was developed to measure specific gravity, an index of hydration status, in real-time during urination. The device was strongly correlated to optical refractometry with a mean absolute error of 0.0029 (±0.0021). Our results show this device provides a novel and useful approach for real-time hydration status via urinalysis for male athletes in team environments with high testing frequency demands.
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Acute Dehydration Impairs Performance and Physiological Responses in Highly Trained Judo Athletes. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060872. [PMID: 35741393 PMCID: PMC9220037 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The present study investigated highly trained male judo athletes and how a 5% body mass dehydration affects their judo-specific performance and physiological responses. Methods: Nine highly trained international-level male judo athletes who are weight-cyclers voluntarily participated in the study. The study had a controlled crossover design in nature. Athletes completed three sessions, including a familiarisation session and two experimental sessions (dehydration (DEHY) and control (CON)) with judo-specific tests, including maximal handgrip strength test (HGS), judogi grip strength tests (JGST), and the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Results: Intergroup analysis revealed a significant increase in urine specific gravity (USG) and decreased body mass following DEHY condition compared to CON. Furthermore, significant decreases were determined in HGS, JGSTs, and a number of throws in the first and third series of SJFTs, as well as higher heart rate (HR) responses in the second and third series of SJFT and worse SJFT index in DEHY condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We concluded that 5% dehydration of body mass led to impairment in dynamic and isometric strength in upper limbs and in judo-specific performance, as well as elevated HR during the SJFT.
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15
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Fernandes H. Hydration analysis and recommendations for elite soccer players. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Evidence‐Based Recovery in Soccer – Low‐Effort Approaches for Practitioners. J Hum Kinet 2022; 82:75-99. [PMID: 36196351 PMCID: PMC9465732 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to improve recovery are widely used among soccer players at both amateur and professional levels. Sometimes, however, recovery strategies are ineffective, improperly timed or even harmful to players. This highlights the need to educate practitioners and athletes about the scientific evidence of recovery strategies as well as to provide practical approaches to address this issue. Therefore, recent surveys among soccer athletes and practitioners were reviewed to identify the recovery modalities currently in use. Each strategy was then outlined with its rationale, its physiological mechanisms and the scientific evidence followed by practical approaches to implement the modality. For each intervention, practical and particularly low-effort strategies are provided to ensure that practitioners at all levels are able to implement them. We identified numerous interventions regularly used in soccer, i.e., sleep, rehydration, nutrition, psychological recovery, active recovery, foam-rolling/massage, stretching, cold-water immersion, and compression garments. Nutrition and rehydration were classified with the best evidence, while cold-water immersion, compression garments, foam-rolling/massage and sleep were rated with moderate evidence to enhance recovery. The remaining strategies (active recovery, psychological recovery, stretching) should be applied on an individual basis due to weak evidence observed. Finally, a guide is provided, helping practitioners to decide which intervention to implement. Here, practitioners should rely on the evidence, but also on their own experience and preference of the players.
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17
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Corticospinal and peripheral responses to heat-induced hypo-hydration: potential physiological mechanisms and implications for neuromuscular function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1797-1810. [PMID: 35362800 PMCID: PMC9287254 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Heat-induced hypo-hydration (hyperosmotic hypovolemia) can reduce prolonged skeletal muscle performance; however, the mechanisms are less well understood and the reported effects on all aspects of neuromuscular function and brief maximal contractions are inconsistent. Historically, a 4–6% reduction of body mass has not been considered to impair muscle function in humans, as determined by muscle torque, membrane excitability and peak power production. With the development of magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological techniques, such as electromyography, peripheral nerve, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the integrity of the brain-to-muscle pathway can be further investigated. The findings of this review demonstrate that heat-induced hypo-hydration impairs neuromuscular function, particularly during repeated and sustained contractions. Additionally, the mechanisms are separate to those of hyperthermia-induced fatigue and are likely a result of modulations to corticospinal inhibition, increased fibre conduction velocity, pain perception and impaired contractile function. This review also sheds light on the view that hypo-hydration has ‘no effect’ on neuromuscular function during brief maximal voluntary contractions. It is hypothesised that irrespective of unchanged force, compensatory reductions in cortical inhibition are likely to occur, in the attempt of achieving adequate force production. Studies using single-pulse TMS have shown that hypo-hydration can reduce maximal isometric and eccentric force, despite a reduction in cortical inhibition, but the cause of this is currently unclear. Future work should investigate the intracortical inhibitory and excitatory pathways within the brain, to elucidate the role of the central nervous system in force output, following heat-induced hypo-hydration.
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18
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Abstract
Maintaining euhydration is important for optimal health, performance and recovery, but can be challenging for alpine skiers when training in a relatively cold but dry environment. This study aimed to evaluate hydration status, fluid loss and fluid intake in adolescent alpine skiers during a training camp. Twelve athletes aged 14.3 ± 0.9 years volunteered to participate in the study. Athletes resided at an altitude of 1600 m and trained between 1614 and 2164 m. During eight consecutive days, urine specific gravity was measured before each morning training session using a refractometer. Changes in body weight representing fluid loss and ad libitum fluid intake during each morning training session were assessed using a precision scale. Mean pre-training urine specific gravity remained stable throughout the training camp. Individual values ranged between 1.010 and 1.028 g/cm3with 50 to 83% of athletes in a hypohydrated state (urine specific gravity ≥ 1.020 g/cm3). Mean training induced fluid loss remained stable throughout the training camp (range -420 to -587 g) with individual losses up to 1197 g (-3.5%). Fluid intake was significantly lower than fluid loss during each training session. To conclude, urine specific gravity values before training indicated insufficient daily fluid intake in more than half of the athletes. Furthermore, fluid intake during training in adolescent alpine skiers was suboptimal even when drinks were provided ad libitum. Coaches and athletes should be encouraged to carefully monitor hydration status and to ensure that alpine skiers drink sufficiently during and in between training sessions.
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Estimated Sweat Loss, Fluid and Carbohydrate Intake, and Sodium Balance of Male Major Junior, AHL, and NHL Players During On-Ice Practices. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 29:612-619. [PMID: 31141409 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several previous studies have reported performance decrements in team sport athletes who dehydrated approximately 1.5-2% of their body mass (BM) through sweating. This study measured on-ice sweat loss, fluid intake, sodium balance, and carbohydrate (CHO) intake of 77 major junior (JR; 19 ± 1 years), 60 American Hockey League (AHL; 24 ± 4 years), and 77 National Hockey League (NHL; 27 ± 5 years) players. Sweat loss was calculated from pre- to post-exercise BM plus fluid intake minus urine loss. AHL (2.03 ± 0.62 L/hr) and NHL (2.02 ± 0.74 L/hr) players had higher sweat rates (p < .05) than JR players (1.63 ± 0.58 L/hr). AHL (1.23 ± 0.69%; p = .006) and NHL (1.29% ± 0.63%; p < .001) players had ∼30% greater BM losses than JR players (0.89% ± 0.57%). There was no difference in fluid intake between groups (p > .05). Sodium deficits (sodium loss - intake) were greater (p < .05) in AHL (1.68 ± 0.74 g/hr) and NHL (1.56 ± 0.84 g/hr) players compared with JR players (1.01 ± 0.50 g/hr). CHO intake was similar between groups (14-20 g CHO/hr), with 29%, 32%, and 40% of JR, AHL, and NHL players consuming no CHO, respectively. In summary, sweat rates were high in all players, but the majority of players (74/77, 54/60, and 68/77 of JR, AHL, and NHL, respectively) avoided mild dehydration (>2% BM) during 60 min of practice. However, ∼15%, 41%, and 48% of the JR, AHL, and NHL players, respectively, may have reached mild dehydration and increased risk of performance decrements in a 90-min practice.
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20
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Lakicevic N, Paoli A, Roklicer R, Trivic T, Korovljev D, Ostojic SM, Proia P, Bianco A, Drid P. Effects of Rapid Weight Loss on Kidney Function in Combat Sport Athletes. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:551. [PMID: 34072641 PMCID: PMC8229569 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Even though scientific literature shows numerous heath complications and performance decrements associated with rapid weight loss (RWL), its prevalence remains exceedingly high across various combat sports. The aim of this study was to thoroughly search the existing literature to explore the influence of RWL on kidney function in Olympic and non-Olympic combat sport athletes. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for the relevant studies. Only original articles published from 2005 onwards, written in English, that included healthy males and females who prompted ~5% weight loss within a week or less, were included in the study. Retrieved studies showed that creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urine specific gravity values were significantly increased after RWL in the majority of the included studies. This observation indicates that RWL caused dehydration and subsequent acute kidney damage despite various degrees of weight lost during the RWL phase, which can lead to adverse events in other body systems. Alternative methods of weight reduction that prioritize athletes' health should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Lakicevic
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy;
| | - Roberto Roklicer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (D.K.); (S.M.O.); (P.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Tatjana Trivic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (D.K.); (S.M.O.); (P.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Darinka Korovljev
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (D.K.); (S.M.O.); (P.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Sergej M. Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (D.K.); (S.M.O.); (P.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrizia Proia
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (D.K.); (S.M.O.); (P.P.); (P.D.)
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (R.R.); (T.T.); (D.K.); (S.M.O.); (P.P.); (P.D.)
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21
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Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2021; 50:1009-1026. [PMID: 31960369 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common that several athletes will fast while training or competing during Ramadan. There is currently no consensus on if or how this might affect physical performance. OBJECTIVE The aim was to conduct a systematic review combined with a meta-analysis to determine what are the effects of fasting during the month of Ramadan on physical performance. METHODS Three electronic databases were searched: PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science between from the earliest available date to May 2019. Two authors identified studies that evaluated the effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance. Risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black methodological quality checklist. Pooled effects were reported as standardized mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random effects model. RESULTS A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Results revealed that Ramadan fasting had a deleterious effect on mean power and peak power during a Wingate and/or a repeated sprint test. In the morning, sprint performance was negatively affected by Ramadan fasting. Aerobic performance, strength, jump height, fatigue index, and total work were not affected by the intermittent fasting during the month of Ramadan. CONCLUSIONS The majority of physical performance parameters were not influenced by Ramadan fasting when tested either in the morning or in the afternoon. Athletes appear able to participate in competition in a fasted state with little impact on physical performance. Sleep and nutrition opportunities should be optimized to minimize likelihood of accumulating fatigue.
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22
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Does Hydration Status Influence Executive Function? A Systematic Review. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 121:1284-1305.e1. [PMID: 33547031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive function, including executive function (EF)-related capacities (eg, working memory, inhibitory and attentional control), has been linked to adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors. Dehydration is associated with impaired cognitive function, whereas improvements in hydration status may improve inhibitory and attentional performance. No systematic reviews have examined the effects of both dehydration and euhydration on EF. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this systematic review are to examine studies that have investigated the spectrum of hydration status and EF in adults, and to identify future research needs. DESIGN The review was conducted according to the 2015 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. The database search was initially conducted on May 12, 2019 and then updated on April 26, 2020. Databases searched included PubMed, Medline, Psyc Info, SCOPUS, Proquest, and ISI Web of Science. Data extraction included the following: method used to assess de/hydration status, study design, participant characteristics, EF tasks and domain, and results. Article quality ratings were performed on included studies using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Rating Checklist. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Studies done with healthy or diseased adults, aged older than 18 years, in any setting, were included. Studies of individuals with disease states that impact fluid balance or require fluid restrictions as treatments were excluded. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE All EF-related outcomes were included, such as working memory, inhibitory control, task switching, and attention. RESULTS Four thousand eight hundred thirty-three articles were screened using title/abstracts. Seventy-one full-text articles were assessed for eligibility; 33 were included (26 included investigations of dehydration; 27 included investigations of rehydration/euhydration) with 3,636 participants across all studies. Little consistency was found across outcomes. Roughly half of the available studies suggested unclear or neutral EF effects, and half suggested effects on EF domains, particularly working memory, inhibitory control, and attention. Studies including a euhydration condition were slightly more likely to demonstrate improvements to EF capacities. CONCLUSIONS Overall, there is a strong need for consistent methodological approaches and a greater number of long-term (ie, >3 days) studies of dehydration and euhydration and EF.
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23
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Munson EH, Orange ST, Bray JW, Thurlow S, Marshall P, Vince RV. Sodium Ingestion Improves Groundstroke Performance in Nationally-Ranked Tennis Players: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial. Front Nutr 2020; 7:549413. [PMID: 33072795 PMCID: PMC7536336 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.549413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the dose-response effects of ingesting different sodium concentrations on markers of hydration and tennis skill. Twelve British nationally-ranked tennis players (age: 21.5 ± 3.1 years; VO2peak: 45.5 ± 4.4 ml.kg.min-1) completed four identical in-door tennis training sessions in a cluster randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. Twenty-minutes prior to each training session, participants consumed a 250 ml sodium-containing beverage (10, 20, 50 mmol/L) or a placebo (0 mmol/L), and continued to consume 1,000 ml of the same beverage at set periods during the 1-h training session. Tennis groundstroke and serve performance, agility, urine osmolality, fluid loss, sodium sweat loss and perceptual responses (rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thirst, and gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort) were assessed. Results showed that ingesting 50 mmol/L sodium reduced urine osmolality (-119 mOsmol/kg; p = 0.037) and improved groundstroke performance (5.4; p < 0.001) compared with placebo. This was associated with a reduction in RPE (-0.42; p = 0.029), perception of thirst (-0.58; p = 0.012), and GI discomfort (-0.55; p = 0.019) during the 50 mmol/L trial compared with placebo. Linear trend analysis showed that ingesting greater concentrations of sodium proportionately reduced urine osmolality (β = -147 mOsmol/kg; p = 0.007) and improved groundstroke performance (β = 5.6; p < 0.001) in a dose response manner. Perceived thirst also decreased linearly as sodium concentration increased (β = -0.51; p = 0.044). There was no evidence for an effect of sodium consumption on fluid loss, sweat sodium loss, serve or agility performance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, consuming 50 mmol/L of sodium before and during a 1-h tennis training session reduced urine osmolality and improved groundstroke performance in nationally-ranked tennis players. There was also evidence of dose response effects, showing that ingesting greater sodium concentrations resulted in greater improvements in groundstroke performance. The enhancement in tennis skill may have resulted from an attenuation of symptomologic distracters associated with hypohydration, such as RPE, thirst and GI discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward H Munson
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel T Orange
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - James W Bray
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Shane Thurlow
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Marshall
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca V Vince
- Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Benjamin CL, Hosokawa Y, Curtis RM, Schaefer DA, Bergin RT, Abegg MR, Casa DJ. Environmental Conditions, Preseason Fitness Levels, and Game Workload: Analysis of a Female NCAA DI National Championship Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:988-994. [PMID: 31996612 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benjamin, CL, Hosokawa, Y, Curtis, RM, Schaefer, DA, Bergin, RT, Abegg, MR, and Casa, DJ. Environmental conditions, preseason fitness levels, and game workload: Analysis of a female NCAA DI National Championship Soccer Season. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 988-994, 2020-The purpose of this study was to determine the independent and combined moderating effect of aerobic fitness and environmental conditions on physical workloads during collegiate female soccer matches. Nineteen National Collegiate Athletic Association female soccer athletes were included in this study (mean ± SD: age, 20.6 ± 1.4 years; height, 169 ± 6.1 cm; body mass 64.7 ± 5.3 kg). Maximal oxygen consumption (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) was estimated from the yo-yo intermittent recovery test before preseason training and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was recorded onsite for home matches and at the nearest weather station for away matches. Relative distance (TD), relative high-speed running distance (%HSD), and relative high metabolic load (%HML) performance were collected during each match using a global positioning system unit (Viper Pod; STATSports, Chicago, IL). Statistically significant differences were observed in TD between LOW WBGT and MOD WBGT (mean difference [MD] = 7.08 m·min; effect size [ES] = 0.54; p < 0.001), in %HSD between LOW WBGT and MOD WBGT (MD = 1.97%; ES = 0.64; p = 0.01) and between LOW WBGT and HIGH WBGT (MD = 2.71%; ES = 1.01; p < 0.001), and in %HML between LOW WBGT and MOD WBGT (MD = 1.24%; ES = 0.56; p < 0.001) and between LOW WBGT and HIGH WBGT (MD = 1.55%; ES = 0.78; p = 0.01). There was a significant interaction between WBGT and V[Combining Dot Above]O2max for %HSD (p = 0.03). These findings demonstrate that physical performance metrics were affected by increased WBGT. In addition, aerobic fitness seemed to moderate the effect of increasing WBGT on %HSD, meaning maximizing aerobic capacity is important for optimizing running performance in the heat. Coaches and sports medicine staff could alter training time and session length based on environmental conditions as well as potentially use aggressive cooling strategies to mitigate the imposed heat stress and decrements in physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courteney L Benjamin
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Yuri Hosokawa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Ryan M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Daniel A Schaefer
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Reiley T Bergin
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Sports Medicine Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Marisa R Abegg
- Strength and Conditioning, Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Sabou V, Rush C, Mason L, Dupont G, Louis J. Effects of training intensity and environmental condition on the hydration status of elite football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2020.1761558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Sabou
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football & Athletic Ltd, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Chris Rush
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football & Athletic Ltd, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Liam Mason
- Blackburn Rovers Football Club, Blackburn Rovers Football & Athletic Ltd, Blackburn, Lancashire, UK
| | - Grégory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Chryssanthopoulos C, Tsolakis C, Bottoms L, Toubekis A, Zacharogiannis E, Pafili Z, Maridaki M. Effect of a Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution on Fluid Balance and Performance at a Thermoneutral Environment in International-Level Fencers. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:152-161. [PMID: 30741860 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chryssanthopoulos, C, Tsolakis, C, Bottoms, L, Toubekis, A, Zacharogiannis, E, Pafili, Z, and Maridaki, M. Effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on fluid balance and performance at a thermoneutral environment in international-level fencers. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 152-161, 2020-The purpose of the study was to examine a possible effect of a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on fluid balance and performance in fencing at a thermoneutral environment. Sixteen fencers performed two 120-minute training sessions separated by 7-14 days under similar environmental conditions (temperature: 20.3° C and humidity: 45-47%). Each session consisted of 60-minute conditioning exercises followed by 10 bouts of 3 minutes against the same opponent with 3-minute interval between each bout. Participants ingested at regular intervals either a 6% CHO-E solution or an artificially sweetened water (PL) in a counterbalanced order. No difference was observed between conditions in the heart rate responses, perceived exertion, changes in plasma volume, urine specific gravity, number of bouts won or lost, or points for and against. Considerable variability was observed in body mass changes that revealed significant differences at the time level (i.e., pre- vs. post-exercise) (F1,15 = 9.31, p = 0.008, η = 0.38), whereas no difference was found between conditions (i.e., CHO-E vs. PL) (F1,15 = 0.43, p = 0.52, η = 0.03) and conditions × time interaction (F1,15 = 3.57, p = 0.078, η = 0.19). Fluid loss was not significantly different between conditions (p = 0.08, d = 0.47). The blood glucose level was higher (p < 0.01) after exercise in CHO-E, whereas the blood lactate level was similar between conditions. In conclusion, the CHO-E solution was as effective as the artificially sweetened water in terms of fluid balance and fencing performance at a thermoneutral environment. Because of large individual variability, fencers should monitor their fluid intake and body fluid loss in training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costas Chryssanthopoulos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charis Tsolakis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lindsay Bottoms
- Department of Psychology and Sports Science, School of Life and Medical Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom; and
| | - Argyris Toubekis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elias Zacharogiannis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Zoi Pafili
- Department of Dietetics, Achillopoulion General Hospital, Volos, Greece
| | - Maria Maridaki
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Bigg JL, Gamble AS, Vermeulen TF, Bigg LM, Spriet LL. Sweat Loss and Fluid Intake of Female Varsity Ice Hockey Players During On-Ice Practices and Games. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:389-395. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Chapelle L, Tassignon B, Rommers N, Mertens E, Mullie P, Clarys P. Pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence in soccer players: A quantitative systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:744-755. [PMID: 31526234 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1669716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-exercise hypohydration can impair soccer performance and has been extensively studied in different soccer populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to report hypohydration prevalence, measured by blood or urine samples, in different soccer populations based on sex (males and females), performance level (professional and recreational players) and context (training sessions and games). The Pubmed, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus databases were systematically searched until November 2018. Data were pooled to compare hypohydration prevalence between the different subgroups. Following the systematic search selection process, 24 studies were included. The results indicated that overall pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence was 63.3%, 37.4% and 58.8% for urine specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (U Osm) and urine colour, respectively. Furthermore, no study implemented blood samples to examine hypohydration prevalence in soccer players. The subgroup analyses using USG data indicated that pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence was significantly higher amongst males (66.0%; p = 0.001), professional soccer players (66.2%; p = 0.020) and before a training session (79.6%; p < 0.001). Pre-exercise hypohydration prevalence was 46.8% among female soccer players, 55.6% in recreational soccer players and 41,3% before a game. The subgroup analyses using U Osm data indicated that hypohydration prevalence was significantly higher before a training session (52.6%; p = 0.023). Based on these results, it can be concluded that hypohydration prevalence in soccer players is of major concern. Future research should explore how pre-exercise hydration status can be improved in a sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chapelle
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Tassignon
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Rommers
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Belgium
| | - E Mertens
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Erasmus University College, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Mullie
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Clarys
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Hydration Status and Fluid Needs of Division I Female Collegiate Athletes Exercising Indoors and Outdoors. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7070155. [PMID: 31247986 PMCID: PMC6681079 DOI: 10.3390/sports7070155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose was to determine differences in acute and chronic hydration status in female student-athletes (n = 40) practicing in moderate, dry conditions (17-25 °C, 30-57% humidity) indoors and outdoors. Body weight and urine samples were recorded before and after exercise as well as fluid intake. Sweat rates expressed as median and interquartile range did not differ, but fluid intake was significantly higher during indoor (0.64 [0.50, 0.83] L/h) vs. outdoor conditions (0.51 [0.43, 0.63] L/h), p = 0.001. Fluid intake compensated for indoor sweat rate but not outdoors. When exercising indoors, 49% of the student-athletes reported urine specific gravity (USG) values >1.020, and 24% of the day after morning samples were scored ≥4 on the color chart rating. The percentages increased to 58% and 31%, respectively, when exercising outdoors (p > 0.05). Thus, fluid intake was higher indoors vs. outdoors but sweat rate did not differ among athletes. Yet, chronic hydration status was impaired in more than 50% of the student-athletes with a discrepancy between USG scores and urine color scores identifying underhydration. This suggest that 24-h fluid intake should be taken into account and that hydration protocols may need to be tailored individually based on urine USG values. Practice location (indoors vs. outdoors) may further complicate hydration protocols.
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Rezende LMTD, Carneiro‐Júnior MA, Natali AJ, Prímola‐Gomes TN. Estresse térmico ambiental e termorregulação em jogadores de futebol: uma revisão sistemática. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbce.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Variability of Body Mass and Urine Specific Gravity in Elite Male Field Hockey Players During a Pre-Olympic Training Camp. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:46-50. [PMID: 29893591 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This field-based observational study was designed to examine the intraindividual variation of first morning body mass and urine specific gravity (Usg) in male hockey players (n = 22) during a 10-day training camp. It was also designed to evaluate the prevalence and interrelationship of morning hypohydration and postmatch dehydration using Usg and changes in body mass, respectively. Body mass and Usg were measured upon waking; body mass was also measured before and after matches. Individual means, SD, and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for morning body mass and Usg using 3, 6, and 8 days. Daily prevalence for euhydration and postmatch dehydration using morning Usg (<1.020) and changes in body mass (>-2%), respectively, were determined. Measurement of morning body mass and Usg for 3 days had low variability (CV < 1%) with no improvement at 6 or 8 days. Between 36% and 73% of players were considered euhydrated based on morning Usg. Postmatch body mass was reduced >1% in 50-85% of players, with up to 40% experiencing changes >-2%. Postmatch changes in body mass were unrelated to Usg the subsequent morning. These outcomes can be helpful in establishing criteria for detecting meaningful changes in morning body mass and Usg in similar settings, helping to monitor hydration status in elite male athletes. Despite ample fluid availability and consumption, many players experienced hypohydration and dehydration during the camp, indicating that careful monitoring and an individual fluid replacement approach are warranted in these environments.
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Pre-Practice Hydration Status in Soccer (Football) Players in a Cool Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060102. [PMID: 30563153 PMCID: PMC6306899 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Only a few studies have reported the pre-practice hydration status in soccer players (SPs) who train in a cool climate. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the hydration status of male semiprofessional SPs immediately before their regular training session in winter. The secondary purpose was to compare the urinary indices of the hydration status of Estonian and Latvian SPs. Materials and Methods: Pre-training urine samples were collected from 40 Estonian (age 22.1 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.7 ± 3.9 years) and 41 Latvian (age 20.8 ± 3.4 years, soccer training experience 13.3 ± 3.0 years) SPs and analyzed for urine specific gravity (USG). The average outdoor temperature during the sample collection period (January–March) was between −5.1 °C and 0.2 °C (Estonia) and −1.9 °C and −5.0 °C (Latvia). Results: The average pre-training USG of Estonian and Latvian SPs did not differ (P = 0.464). Pooling the data of Estonian and Latvian SPs yielded a mean USG value of 1.021 ± 0.007. Hypohydration (defined as a USG ≥ 1.020) was evident altogether in fifty SPs (61.7%) and one of them had a USG value greater than 1.030. Conclusions: Estonian and Latvian SPs do not differ in respect of USG and the prevalence of pre-training hypohydration is high in this athletic cohort. These findings suggest that SPs as well as their coaches, athletic trainers, and sports physicians should be better educated to recognize the importance of maintaining euhydration during the daily training routine in wintertime and to apply appropriate measures to avoid hypohydration.
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Effects of heat stress and dehydration on cognitive function in elite female field hockey players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2018; 10:12. [PMID: 29946473 PMCID: PMC6007074 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-018-0101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It has previously been suggested that heat exposure and hypohydration have negative effects on cognitive performance, which may impact upon sporting performance. The aim of the present study was to examine the independent effects of heat stress and hypohydration on cognitive performance in elite female field hockey players. Methods Eight unacclimatised elite field hockey players (age: 22 ± 3 y; height: 1.68 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 63.1 ± 6.0 kg) completed a cognitive test battery before and after 50 min of field hockey specific exercise on a treadmill in four experimental trials; two in hot conditions (33.3 ± 0.1 °C), and two in moderate (16.0 ± 3.0 °C), both with and without ad libitum water intake. Results On the visual search test, participants were faster overall in the heat (1941 vs. 2104 ms, p = 0.001). Response times were quicker in the heat on the Sternberg paradigm (463 vs. 473 ms, p = 0.024) and accuracy was improved (by 1.9%, p = 0.004). There was no effect of hydration status on any of the markers of cognitive function. Conclusions Overall, the findings suggest that in elite field hockey players exposure to heat enhances response times and/or accuracy on a battery of cognitive function tests. However, hypohydration does not appear to affect cognitive performance in elite field hockey players.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate energy intake, energy expenditure, and the nutritional status of young female elite football players using 7-day food and activity records and blood parameters. METHODS A total of 56 female elite football players [14.8 (0.7) y] completed the requested food and activity protocols. Misreporting was assessed by the ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure. The food records were analyzed concerning energy and macronutrient and micronutrient intakes, and energy expenditure was calculated using predictive equations. Hematological data and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentrations were determined. RESULTS Mean energy intake was 2262 (368) kcal/d [40.5 (7.0) kcal/kg/d] and estimated EE averaged 2403 (195) kcal/d. Fifty-three percent of the players exhibited an energy availability <30 kcal/kg lean body mass; 31% of the athletes consumed <5 g/kg carbohydrates and 34% consumed <1.2 g/kg proteins. A large proportion of players (%) had intakes below the recommended daily allowance of folate (75%), vitamin D (100%), iron (69%), and calcium (59%). Ferritin and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels were below the recommendations of 59% and 38%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A remarkable number of players failed to meet the energy balance and the recommended carbohydrate and protein intakes. Low iron and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels were observed showing a suboptimal nutrition status of some young female football players. As a consequence, strategies have to be developed for a better information and application of sport nutrition practice among young female football players.
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Nuccio RP, Barnes KA, Carter JM, Baker LB. Fluid Balance in Team Sport Athletes and the Effect of Hypohydration on Cognitive, Technical, and Physical Performance. Sports Med 2017; 47:1951-1982. [PMID: 28508338 PMCID: PMC5603646 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sweat losses in team sports can be significant due to repeated bursts of high-intensity activity, as well as the large body size of athletes, equipment and uniform requirements, and environmental heat stress often present during training and competition. In this paper we aimed to: (1) describe sweat losses and fluid balance changes reported in team sport athletes, (2) review the literature assessing the impact of hypohydration on cognitive, technical, and physical performance in sports-specific studies, (3) briefly review the potential mechanisms by which hypohydration may impact team sport performance, and (4) discuss considerations for future directions. Significant hypohydration (mean body mass loss (BML) >2%) has been reported most consistently in soccer. Although American Football, rugby, basketball, tennis, and ice hockey have reported high sweating rates, fluid balance disturbances have generally been mild (mean BML <2%), suggesting that drinking opportunities were sufficient for most athletes to offset significant fluid losses. The effect of hydration status on team sport performance has been studied mostly in soccer, basketball, cricket, and baseball, with mixed results. Hypohydration typically impaired performance at higher levels of BML (3-4%) and when the method of dehydration involved heat stress. Increased subjective ratings of fatigue and perceived exertion consistently accompanied hypohydration and could explain, in part, the performance impairments reported in some studies. More research is needed to develop valid, reliable, and sensitive sport-specific protocols and should be used in future studies to determine the effects of hypohydration and modifying factors (e.g., age, sex, athlete caliber) on team sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Nuccio
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA.
| | - Kelly A Barnes
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, 617 W. Main St., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
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Abstract
Vasopressin (AVP) plays a major role in the regulation of water and sodium homeostasis by its antidiuretic action on the kidney, mediated by V2 receptors. AVP secretion is stimulated by a rise in plasma osmolality, a decline in blood volume or stress. V1a receptors are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, but the role of vasopressin in blood pressure regulation is still a matter of debate. AVP may also play a role in some metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, through its action on V1a receptors expressed in the liver. It is now understood that thirst and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release are regulated not only by the classical homeostatic, intero-sensory plasma osmolality negative feedback, but also by novel, extero-sensory, anticipatory signals. AVP measurement is time-consuming, and AVP level in the blood in the physiological range is often below the detection limit of the assays. Recently, an immunoassay has been developed for the measurement of copeptin, a fragment of the pre-provasopressin molecule that is easier to measure. It has been shown to be a good surrogate marker of AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bankir
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM Unit 1138, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006, Paris, France
| | - D G Bichet
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Départements de Pharmacologie, Physiologie et de Médecine, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - N G Morgenthaler
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,InVivo Biotech Services, Neuendorfstraße 24a, Hennigsdorf/Berlin, Germany
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Coker NA, Wells AJ, Ake KM, Griffin DL, Rossi SJ, McMillan JL. Relationship Between Running Performance and Recovery-Stress State in Collegiate Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2131-2140. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Oliveira CC, Ferreira D, Caetano C, Granja D, Pinto R, Mendes B, Sousa M. Nutrition and Supplementation in Soccer. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5020028. [PMID: 29910389 PMCID: PMC5968974 DOI: 10.3390/sports5020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary elite soccer features increased physical demands during match-play, as well as a larger number of matches per season. Now more than ever, aspects related to performance optimization are highly regarded by both players and soccer coaches. Here, nutrition takes a special role as most elite teams try to provide an adequate diet to guarantee maximum performance while ensuring a faster recovery from matches and training exertions. It is currently known that manipulation and periodization of macronutrients, as well as sound hydration practices, have the potential to interfere with training adaptation and recovery. A careful monitoring of micronutrient status is also relevant to prevent undue fatigue and immune impairment secondary to a deficiency status. Furthermore, the sensible use of evidence-based dietary supplements may also play a role in soccer performance optimization. In this sense, several nutritional recommendations have been issued. This detailed and comprehensive review addresses the most relevant and up-to-date nutritional recommendations for elite soccer players, covering from macro and micronutrients to hydration and selected supplements in different contexts (daily requirements, pre, peri and post training/match and competition).
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Affiliation(s)
- César Chaves Oliveira
- Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo - Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Viana do Castelo 4960-320, Portugal.
| | - Diogo Ferreira
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Caetano
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Diana Granja
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Pinto
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Benfica LAB, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisbon 1500-313, Portugal.
| | - Mónica Sousa
- Instituto Politécnico de Leiria - Escola Superior de Saúde, Leiria 2411-901, Portugal.
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Chmura P, Konefał M, Andrzejewski M, Kosowski J, Rokita A, Chmura J. Physical activity profile of 2014 FIFA World Cup players, with regard to different ranges of air temperature and relative humidity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:677-684. [PMID: 27618828 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1245-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to assess changes in soccer players' physical activity profiles under the simultaneous influence of the different combinations of ambient temperature and relative humidity characterising matches of the 2014 FIFA World Cup hosted by Brazil. The study material consisted of observations of 340 players representing 32 national teams taking part in the tournament. The measured indices included total distances covered; distances covered with low, moderate, or high intensity; numbers of sprints performed, and peak running speeds achieved. The analysis was carried out using FIFA official match data from the Castrol Performance Index system. Ultimately, consideration was given to a combination of three air temperature ranges, i.e. below 22 °C, 22-28 °C, and above 28 °C; and two relative humidity ranges below 60 % and above 60 %. The greatest average distance recorded (10.54 ± 0.91 km) covered by players at an air temperature below 22 °C and a relative humidity below 60 %, while the shortest (9.83 ± 1.08 km) characterised the same air temperature range, but conditions of relative humidity above 60 % (p ≤ 0.001). Two-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in numbers of sprints performed by players, depending on whether the air temperature range was below 22 °C (40.48 ± 11.17) or above 28 °C (30.72 ± 9.40), but only where the relative humidity was at the same time below 60 %. Results presented indicate that the conditions most comfortable for physical activity on the part of players occur at 22 °C, and with relative humidity under 60 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Marek Konefał
- University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- University School of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Kosowski
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- University School of Physical Education, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, Wrocław, Poland
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Cherif A, Meeusen R, Farooq A, Briki W, Fenneni MA, Chamari K, Roelands B. Repeated Sprints in Fasted State Impair Reaction Time Performance. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 36:210-217. [PMID: 28318450 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2016.1256795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 3-day Islamic intermittent fasting (3d-IF) on cognitive performance and serum levels of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) before and after repeated sprints. METHODS Twenty-one physically active male Muslims (29.8 ± 5.9 years, exercising 4 ± 1.5 times/week) were randomly assigned to one of 2 experimental sessions: the control or nonfasting session (CS) or the fasting session (FS). These 2 sessions occurred 7 days apart in a counterbalanced crossover design. In both conditions, the test was performed at the same time of day, approximately 1 hour before sunset. In the FS, the test occurred on the third day of the 3d-IF and involved the participants' performance of the following: (a) two series of 5 maximal 5-second sprints and (b) 2 cognitive tasks: One Touch Stockings (OTS) and reaction time (simple and complex RTI). RESULTS In both conditions, the participants' reaction times during the RTI test were similar at the pre- and mid-exercise points, but postexercise, simple and complex reaction times were higher in FS compared to CS (p = 0.045, effect size [ES] = 0.21 and p = 0.006, ES = 0.41, respectively). However, OTS performance and serum levels of neurotrophic factors were not influenced by the 3d-IF. CONCLUSION Simple and complex reaction times during the RTI test were negatively affected by the 3d-IF after 2 bouts of intensive repeated sprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Cherif
- a Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar-Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar.,b Human Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Free University of Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- b Human Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Free University of Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.,c School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University , Queensland , Australia
| | - Abdulaziz Farooq
- a Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar-Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Walid Briki
- d Qatar University, College of Arts and Sciences, Sport Science , Doha , Qatar
| | - Mohamed Amine Fenneni
- e Laboratory of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse , Sousse , Tunisia
| | - Karim Chamari
- a Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar-Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Bart Roelands
- b Human Physiology Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Free University of Brussel , Brussels , Belgium.,f Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO) , Brussels , Belgium
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McCartney D, Desbrow B, Irwin C. The Effect of Fluid Intake Following Dehydration on Subsequent Athletic and Cognitive Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2017; 3:13. [PMID: 28316054 PMCID: PMC5357466 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The deleterious effects of dehydration on athletic and cognitive performance have been well documented. As such, dehydrated individuals are advised to consume fluid in volumes equivalent to 1.25 to 1.5 L kg−1 body mass (BM) lost to restore body water content. However, individuals undertaking subsequent activity may have limited time to consume fluid. Within this context, the impact of fluid intake practices is unclear. This systematic review investigated the effect of fluid consumption following a period of dehydration on subsequent athletic and cognitive performance. Methods PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science (via Thomas Reuters) and Scopus databases were searched for articles reporting on athletic (categorized as: continuous, intermittent, resistance, sport-specific and balance exercise) or cognitive performance following dehydration of participants under control (no fluid) and intervention (fluid intake) conditions. Meta-analytic procedures determined intervention efficacy for continuous exercise performance. Results Sixty-four trials (n = 643 participants) derived from 42 publications were reviewed. Dehydration decreased BM by 1.3–4.2%, and fluid intake was equivalent to 0.4–1.55 L kg−1 BM lost. Fluid intake significantly improved continuous exercise performance (22 trials), Hedges’ g = 0.46, 95% CI 0.32, 0.61. Improvement was greatest when exercise was performed in hotter environments and over longer durations. The volume or timing of fluid consumption did not influence the magnitude of this effect. Evidence indicating a benefit of fluid intake on intermittent (10 trials), resistance (9 trials), sport-specific (6 trials) and balance (2 trials) exercise and on cognitive performance (15 trials) was less apparent and requires further elucidation. Conclusions Fluid consumption following dehydration may improve continuous exercise performance under heat stress conditions, even when the body water deficit is modest and fluid intake is inadequate for complete rehydration. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40798-017-0079-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McCartney
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Ben Desbrow
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Allied Health Sciences and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Johnson RJ, Stenvinkel P, Jensen T, Lanaspa MA, Roncal C, Song Z, Bankir L, Sánchez-Lozada LG. Metabolic and Kidney Diseases in the Setting of Climate Change, Water Shortage, and Survival Factors. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:2247-56. [PMID: 27283495 PMCID: PMC4978060 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015121314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change (global warming) is leading to an increase in heat extremes and coupled with increasing water shortage, provides a perfect storm for a new era of environmental crises and potentially, new diseases. We use a comparative physiologic approach to show that one of the primary mechanisms by which animals protect themselves against water shortage is to increase fat mass as a means for providing metabolic water. Strong evidence suggests that certain hormones (vasopressin), foods (fructose), and metabolic products (uric acid) function as survival signals to help reduce water loss and store fat (which also provides a source of metabolic water). These mechanisms are intricately linked with each other and stimulated by dehydration and hyperosmolarity. Although these mechanisms were protective in the setting of low sugar and low salt intake in our past, today, the combination of diets high in fructose and salty foods, increasing temperatures, and decreasing available water places these survival signals in overdrive and may be accelerating the obesity and diabetes epidemics. The recent discovery of multiple epidemics of CKD occurring in agricultural workers in hot and humid environments may represent harbingers of the detrimental consequences of the combination of climate change and overactivation of survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado;
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Jensen
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Miguel A Lanaspa
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carlos Roncal
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zhilin Song
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lise Bankir
- Institut National de las Santé et de la Recherche Medicalé UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; and
| | - Laura G Sánchez-Lozada
- Laboratory of Renal Physiopathology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Castro-Sepulveda M, Johannsen N, Astudillo S, Jorquera C, Álvarez C, Zbinden-Foncea H, Ramírez-Campillo R. Effects of Beer, Non-Alcoholic Beer and Water Consumption before Exercise on Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis in Athletes. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060345. [PMID: 27338452 PMCID: PMC4924186 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid and electrolyte status have a significant impact on physical performance and health. Pre-exercise recommendations cite the possibility of consuming beverages with high amounts of sodium. In this sense, non-alcoholic beer can be considered an effective pre-exercise hydration beverage. This double-blind, randomized study aimed to compare the effect of beer, non-alcoholic beer and water consumption before exercise on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Seven male soccer players performed 45 min of treadmill running at 65% of the maximal heart rate, 45 min after ingesting 0.7 L of water (W), beer (AB) or non-alcoholic beer (NAB). Body mass, plasma Na+ and K+ concentrations and urine specific gravity (USG) were assessed before fluid consumption and after exercise. After exercise, body mass decreased (p < 0.05) in W (−1.1%), AB (−1.0%) and NAB (−1.0%). In the last minutes of exercise, plasma Na+ was reduced (p < 0.05) in W (−3.9%) and AB (−3.7%), plasma K+ was increased (p < 0.05) in AB (8.5%), and USG was reduced in W (−0.9%) and NAB (−1.0%). Collectively, these results suggest that non-alcoholic beer before exercise could help maintain electrolyte homeostasis during exercise. Alcoholic beer intake reduced plasma Na+ and increased plasma K+ during exercise, which may negatively affect health and physical performance, and finally, the consumption of water before exercise could induce decreases of Na+ in plasma during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
| | - Neil Johannsen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Sebastián Astudillo
- Family Health Center, El Peral s/n Sector La Pirca, Panquehue 2210000, Chile.
| | - Carlos Jorquera
- Nutrition and Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8320000, Chile.
| | | | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Providencia, Santiago 7500000, Chile.
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Benton D, Young HA. Do small differences in hydration status affect mood and mental performance? Nutr Rev 2016; 73 Suppl 2:83-96. [PMID: 26290294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been suggested that many in the general population are dehydrated to the extent that mood and cognition are disrupted, there has been little research investigating mild levels of dehydration. When dehydration reduces body mass by more than 2%, it has been consistently reported that mood is influenced, fatigue is greater, and alertness is lower. In contrast, the effects on cognition have been less consistent. Only a few studies have looked at females and these studies made little attempt to consider hormones that influence kidney functioning. In particular, there has been virtually no attempt to look at changes in hydration status in the range that occurs in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle in a temperate climate. There is a consequent need to study individuals who have lost up to 1% of body mass due to dehydration. While 4 intervention trials have found that the cognition of children improved in response to water consumption, the effects of water consumption on cognition in older adults, another high-risk group, have been largely ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benton
- D. Benton and H. Young are with the Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK.
| | - Hayley A Young
- D. Benton and H. Young are with the Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK
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45
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Houssein M, Lopes P, Fagnoni B, Ahmaidi S, Yonis SM, Leprêtre PM. Hydration: The New FIFA World Cup's Challenge for Referee Decision Making? J Athl Train 2016; 51:264-6. [PMID: 26881750 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.3.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Various continental sporting events have exposed team sports referees to different environmental conditions. Several studies have focused on strategies to prevent athlete performance impairment induced by heat or warm (or both) conditions, but few authors have investigated the effect of heat on referees' performance. In a thermoneutral environment, referees' physical activity induced mild 2.0% dehydration, which was responsible for reductions in physical, psychomotor, and cognitive performances. Therefore, the hydration status of referees should be taken into account to reduce referees' errors and misjudgments in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Houssein
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France;,Université de Djibouti, Djibouti City
| | | | - Bruno Fagnoni
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | | | - Pierre-Marie Leprêtre
- Laboratoire de Recherche Adaptations Physiologiques à l'Exercice et Réadaptation à l'Effort, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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Effects of Intermittent Fasting, Caloric Restriction, and Ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Cognitive Performance at Rest and During Exercise in Adults. Sports Med 2015; 46:35-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Waldron M, Highton J. Fatigue and pacing in high-intensity intermittent team sport: an update. Sports Med 2015; 44:1645-58. [PMID: 25047854 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the advancements in player tracking technology, the topic of fatigue and pacing in team sport has become increasingly popular in recent years. Initially based upon a pre-conceived pacing schema, a central metabolic control system is proposed to guide the movement of players during team sport matches, which can be consciously modified based on afferent signals from the various physiological systems and in response to environmental cues. On the basis of this theory, coupled with the collective findings from motion-analysis research, we sought to define the different pacing strategies employed by team sport players. Whole-match players adopt a 'slow-positive' pacing profile (gradual decline in total running intensity), which appears to be global across the different team sports. High-intensity movement also declines in a 'slow-positive' manner across most team sport matches. The duration of the exercise bout appears to be important for the selected exercise intensity, with the first introduction to a match as a substitute or interchange player resulting in a 'one bout, all out' strategy. In a limited interchange environment, a second introduction to the match results in a 'second-bout reserve' strategy; otherwise, the 'one bout, all out' strategy is likely to be adopted. These pacing profiles are proposed to reflect the presence of a central regulator that controls the movement intensity of the player to optimize performance, as well as avoiding the harmful failure of any physiological system. The presence of 'temporary fatigue' reflects this process, whereby exercise intensity is consciously modulated from within the framework of a global pacing schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Waldron
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2350, Australia,
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48
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Ando S, Komiyama T, Sudo M, Kiyonaga A, Tanaka H, Higaki Y. The effects of temporal neck cooling on cognitive function during strenuous exercise in a hot environment: a pilot study. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:202. [PMID: 26025443 PMCID: PMC4467620 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1210-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heat stress potentially has detrimental effects on brain function. Hence, cognitive function may be impaired during physical activity in a hot environment. Skin cooling is often applied in a hot environment to counteract heat stress. However, it is unclear to what extent neck cooling is effective for cognitive impairment during exercise in a hot environment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of temporal neck cooling on cognitive function during strenuous exercise in a hot environment. Methods Eight male young participants (mean ± SD, age = 26.1 ± 3.2 years; peak oxygen uptake = 45.6 ± 5.2 ml/kg/min) performed Spatial delayed response (DR) task (working memory) and Go/No-Go task (executive function) at rest and during exercise in the Hot and Hot + Cooling conditions. After the participants completed the cognitive tasks at rest, they cycled the ergometer until their heart rate (HR) reached 160 beats/min. Then, they cycled for 10 min while keeping their HR at 160 beats/min. The cognitive tasks were performed 3 min after their HR reached 160 beats/min. The air temperature was maintained at 35°C and the relative humidity was controlled at 70%. Neck cooling was applied to the backside of the neck by a wet towel and fanning. We used accuracy of the Spatial DR and Go/No-Go tasks and reaction time in the Go/No-Go task to assess cognitive function. Results Neck cooling temporarily decreased the skin temperature during exercise. The accuracy of the cognitive tasks was lower during exercise than that at rest in the Hot and Hot + Cooling condition (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the accuracy between the Hot and Hot + Cooling conditions (p = 0.98). Neither exercise (p = 0.40) nor cooling (p = 0.86) affected reaction time. These results indicate that temporal neck cooling did not alter cognitive function during strenuous exercise in a hot environment. Conclusions The present study suggests that temporal neck cooling with a wet towel and fanning is not effective for attenuating impairment of working memory and executive function during strenuous exercise with a short duration in a warm and humid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Ando
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Komiyama
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Sudo
- Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akira Kiyonaga
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan. .,Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Bishop DJ. Sprint performance under heat stress: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:79-89. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Girard
- ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - F. Brocherie
- ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - D. J. Bishop
- Institute of Sport; Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL); College of Sport and Exercise Science; Victoria University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Gordon RE, Kassier SM, Biggs C. Hydration status and fluid intake of urban, underprivileged South African male adolescent soccer players during training. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:21. [PMID: 26038679 PMCID: PMC4451871 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor hydration compromises performance and heightens the risk of heat stress which adolescents are particularly susceptible to as they produce comparatively larger amount of metabolic heat during exercise. This study determined the hydration status and fluid intake of socio-economically disadvantaged, male adolescent soccer players during training. Methods A pilot study was conducted among 79 soccer players (mean age 15.9 ± 0.8 years; mean BMI 20.2 ± 2.1 kg/m2). Hydration status was determined before and after two training sessions, using both urine specific gravity and percent loss of body weight. The type and amount of fluid consumed was assessed during training. A self-administered questionnaire was used to determine the players’ knowledge regarding fluid and carbohydrate requirements for soccer training. Results Players were at risk of developing heat illness during six of the 14 training sessions (60 - 90 minutes in length). Although on average players were slightly dehydrated (1.023 ± 0.006 g/ml) before and after (1.024 ± 0.007 g/ml) training, some were extremely dehydrated before (24%) and after (27%) training. Conversely some were extremely hyperhydrated before (3%) and after training (6%). The mean percent loss of body weight was 0.7 ± 0.7%. The majority did not consume fluid during the first (57.0%) and second (70.9%) training sessions. An average of 216.0 ± 140.0 ml of fluid was consumed during both training sessions. The majority (41.8%) consumed water, while a few (5.1%) consumed pure fruit juice. More than 90% stated that water was the most appropriate fluid to consume before, during and after training. Very few (5.0%) correctly stated that carbohydrate should be consumed before, during and after training. Conclusions Approximately a quarter were severely dehydrated. Many did not drink or drank insufficient amounts. The players’ beliefs regarding the importance of fluid and carbohydrate consumption did not correspond with their practices. A nutrition education programme is needed to educate players on the importance of fluid and carbohydrate to prevent dehydration and ensure appropriate carbohydrate intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reno Eron Gordon
- Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
| | - Susanna Maria Kassier
- Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
| | - Chara Biggs
- Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209 South Africa
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