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Ibáñez SJ, Gómez-Carmona CD, González-Espinosa S, Mancha-Triguero D. Examining the Effects of Altitude on Workload Demands in Professional Basketball Players during the Preseason Phase. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3245. [PMID: 38794099 PMCID: PMC11125985 DOI: 10.3390/s24103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Basketball involves frequent high-intensity movements requiring optimal aerobic power. Altitude training can enhance physiological adaptations, but research examining its effects in basketball is limited. This study aimed to characterize the internal/external workload of professional basketball players during preseason and evaluate the effects of altitude and playing position. Twelve top-tier professional male basketball players (Liga Endesa, ACB; guards: n = 3, forwards: n = 5, and centers: n = 4) participated in a crossover study design composed of two training camps with nine sessions over 6 days under two different conditions: high altitude (2320 m) and sea level (10 m). Internal loads (heart rate, %HRMAX) and external loads (total distances covered across speed thresholds, accelerations/decelerations, impacts, and jumps) were quantified via wearable tracking and heart rate telemetry. Repeated-measures MANOVA tested the altitude x playing position effects. Altitude increased the total distance (+10%), lower-speed running distances (+10-39%), accelerations/decelerations (+25-30%), average heart rate (+6%), time in higher-intensity HR zones (+23-63%), and jumps (+13%) across all positions (p < 0.05). Positional differences existed, with guards accruing more high-speed running and centers exhibiting greater cardiovascular demands (p < 0.05). In conclusion, a 6-day altitude block effectively overloads training, providing a stimulus to enhance fitness capacities when structured appropriately. Monitoring workloads and individualizing training by playing position are important when implementing altitude training, given the varied responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, International Excellence Campus “Mare Nostrum”, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio González-Espinosa
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- NÌKE: Research Group in Education, Health and Sports Performance, Didactics of Physical Education and Health, International University of La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - David Mancha-Triguero
- Research Group in Optimization of Training and Sports Performance (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Extremadura, Spain; (S.J.I.); (C.D.G.-C.); (S.G.-E.)
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Cardenal Spínola CEU, Andalucía University, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Fundación San Pablo CEU, Andalucía University, 41930 Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
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Kjeld T, Krag TO, Brenøe A, Møller AM, Arendrup HC, Højberg J, Fuglø D, Hancke S, Tolbod LP, Gormsen LC, Vissing J, Hansen EG. Hemoglobin concentration and blood shift during dry static apnea in elite breath hold divers. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1305171. [PMID: 38745836 PMCID: PMC11092981 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1305171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elite breath-hold divers (BHD) enduring apneas of more than 5 min are characterized by tolerance to arterial blood oxygen levels of 4.3 kPa and low oxygen-consumption in their hearts and skeletal muscles, similar to adult seals. Adult seals possess an adaptive higher hemoglobin-concentration and Bohr effect than pups, and when sedated, adult seals demonstrate a blood shift from the spleen towards the brain, lungs, and heart during apnea. We hypothesized these observations to be similar in human BHD. Therefore, we measured hemoglobin- and 2,3-biphosphoglycerate-concentrations in BHD (n = 11) and matched controls (n = 11) at rest, while myocardial mass, spleen and lower extremity volumes were assessed at rest and during apnea in BHD. Methods and results After 4 min of apnea, left ventricular myocardial mass (LVMM) determined by 15O-H2O-PET/CT (n = 6) and cardiac MRI (n = 6), was unaltered compared to rest. During maximum apnea (∼6 min), lower extremity volume assessed by DXA-scan revealed a ∼268 mL decrease, and spleen volume, assessed by ultrasonography, decreased ∼102 mL. Compared to age, BMI and VO2max matched controls (n = 11), BHD had similar spleen sizes and 2,3- biphosphoglycerate-concentrations, but higher total hemoglobin-concentrations. Conclusion Our results indicate: 1) Apnea training in BHD may increase hemoglobin concentration as an oxygen conserving adaptation similar to adult diving mammals. 2) The blood shift during dry apnea in BHD is 162% more from the lower extremities than from the spleen. 3) In contrast to the previous theory of the blood shift demonstrated in sedated adult seals, blood shift is not towards the heart during dry apnea in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kjeld
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas O. Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Brenøe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ann Merete Møller
- Department of Anesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Højberg
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Fuglø
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Hancke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Poulsen Tolbod
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Christian Gormsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Egon Godthaab Hansen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Feng X, Chen Y, Yan T, Lu H, Wang C, Zhao L. Effects of various living-low and training-high modes with distinct training prescriptions on sea-level performance: A network meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297007. [PMID: 38635743 PMCID: PMC11025749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to separately compare and rank the effect of various living-low and training-high (LLTH) modes on aerobic and anaerobic performances in athletes, focusing on training intensity, modality, and volume, through network meta-analysis. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane from their inception date to June 30, 2023. Based on the hypoxic training modality and the intensity and duration of work intervals, LLTH was divided into intermittent hypoxic exposure, continuous hypoxic training, repeated sprint training in hypoxia (RSH; work interval: 5-10 s and rest interval: approximately 30 s), interval sprint training in hypoxia (ISH; work interval: 15-30 s), short-duration high-intensity interval training (s-IHT; short work interval: 1-2 min), long-duration high-intensity interval training (l-IHT; long work interval: > 5 min), and continuous and interval training under hypoxia. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized mean differences (SMDs) among the effects of various hypoxic interventions on aerobic and anaerobic performances. From 2,072 originally identified titles, 56 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled data from 53 studies showed that only l-IHT (SMDs: 0.78 [95% credible interval; CrI, 0.52-1.05]) and RSH (SMDs: 0.30 [95% CrI, 0.10-0.50]) compared with normoxic training effectively improved athletes' aerobic performance. Furthermore, the pooled data from 29 studies revealed that active intermittent hypoxic training compared with normoxic training can effectively improve anaerobic performance, with SMDs ranging from 0.97 (95% CrI, 0.12-1.81) for l-IHT to 0.32 (95% CrI, 0.05-0.59) for RSH. When adopting a program for LLTH, sufficient duration and work intensity intervals are key to achieving optimal improvements in athletes' overall performance, regardless of the potential improvement in aerobic or anaerobic performance. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that this study incorporated merely one study on the improvement of anaerobic performance by l-IHT, undermining the credibility of the results. Accordingly, more related studies are needed in the future to provide evidence-based support. It seems difficult to achieve beneficial adaptive changes in performance with intermittent passive hypoxic exposure and continuous low-intensity hypoxic training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Feng
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghui Chen
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Teishuai Yan
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Lu
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Chuangang Wang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Linin Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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Burtscher J, Raberin A, Brocherie F, Malatesta D, Manferdelli G, Citherlet T, Krumm B, Bourdillon N, Antero J, Rasica L, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Recommendations for Women in Mountain Sports and Hypoxia Training/Conditioning. Sports Med 2024; 54:795-811. [PMID: 38082199 PMCID: PMC11052836 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The (patho-)physiological responses to hypoxia are highly heterogeneous between individuals. In this review, we focused on the roles of sex differences, which emerge as important factors in the regulation of the body's reaction to hypoxia. Several aspects should be considered for future research on hypoxia-related sex differences, particularly altitude training and clinical applications of hypoxia, as these will affect the selection of the optimal dose regarding safety and efficiency. There are several implications, but there are no practical recommendations if/how women should behave differently from men to optimise the benefits or minimise the risks of these hypoxia-related practices. Here, we evaluate the scarce scientific evidence of distinct (patho)physiological responses and adaptations to high altitude/hypoxia, biomechanical/anatomical differences in uphill/downhill locomotion, which is highly relevant for exercising in mountainous environments, and potentially differential effects of altitude training in women. Based on these factors, we derive sex-specific recommendations for mountain sports and intermittent hypoxia conditioning: (1) Although higher vulnerabilities of women to acute mountain sickness have not been unambiguously shown, sex-dependent physiological reactions to hypoxia may contribute to an increased acute mountain sickness vulnerability in some women. Adequate acclimatisation, slow ascent speed and/or preventive medication (e.g. acetazolamide) are solutions. (2) Targeted training of the respiratory musculature could be a valuable preparation for altitude training in women. (3) Sex hormones influence hypoxia responses and hormonal-cycle and/or menstrual-cycle phases therefore may be factors in acclimatisation to altitude and efficiency of altitude training. As many of the recommendations or observations of the present work remain partly speculative, we join previous calls for further quality research on female athletes in sports to be extended to the field of altitude and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Manferdelli
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Bourdillon
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Juliana Antero
- Institut de Recherche Bio-Médicale Et d'Épidémiologie du Sport (EA 7329), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France
| | - Letizia Rasica
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Building Synathlon, Campus Dorigny, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Birol A, Aras D, Akalan C, Aldhahi MI, Gülü M. Three sessions of repeated sprint training in normobaric hypoxia improves sprinting performance. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27607. [PMID: 38496896 PMCID: PMC10944258 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impacts of three-session repeated sprint training conducted in normobaric hypoxia with 48-h intervals on sprint performance, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scores. A total of 27 moderately trained male university students voluntarily took part in this study. In this single-blind placebo-controlled study, subjects were assigned into normobaric hypoxia (FiO2: 13.6%; HYP), normobaric normoxia (FiO2: 20.9%; PLA), and control group (CON). The HYP and PLA groups underwent three repeated sprint training sessions (a total of four sets of five times 5-s sprints with a 5-min rest between sets and a 30-s rest between each sprint) on a cycle ergometer in normobaric hypoxia or normoxia conditions. Pre- and post-tests were performed 72 h before and after the training period. Three participants were excluded from the study, and the data from twenty-four participants were analyzed. Contrary to what was observed in the pre and post tests, no time and condition interactions were observed in the relative peak power output (PPO), mean power output (MPO), percentage of sprint decrement score (Sdec%), and RPE parameters. Time effect was found in all observed variables respectively; relative PPO (F = 5.784, p = 0.045, η2 = 0.74), relative MPO (F = 3.927, p = 0.042, η2 = 0.66) and large time effect found for Sdec% (F = 11.430, p = 0.046, 0.83), and RPE (F = 14.990, p = 0.008, η2 = 0.96). A notable increase in relative peak power output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) was observed in the post-test in comparison to the pre-test values, indicating statistical significance. The increase in PPO was in HYP 13.44% (p = 0.006), in PLA 7.48% (p = 0.264) and in CON 2.66% (p = 0.088). The decrease in Sdec% was in HYP -13.34%% (p = 0.048), PLA -10.54 (p = 0.577) and CON -4.83 (p = 0.644) at post-test. The results show that although there were no statistical differences between the groups, notable differences in performance-related variables were observed in the HYP group after 3 sessions of repetitive sprint training in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkadir Birol
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Türkiye
| | - Dicle Aras
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
- Performance Analysis in Sports Application and Research Center, Ankara University, Türkiye
| | - Cengiz Akalan
- Department of Coaching Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehmet Gülü
- Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
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Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:70. [PMID: 38520001 PMCID: PMC10960417 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have investigated the effects of training under hypoxia (HYP) after several weeks in a male population. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the acute hypoxic effects on physiology and muscle recovery in a female population. METHODS This randomized-controlled trial aimed to investigate the acute effects of muscle damaging exercise, performed in HYP and normoxia (CON), on physiological responses and recovery characteristics in healthy females. Key inclusion criteria were recreationally active female participants between the age of 18 to 35 years without any previous surgeries and injuries, whilst key exclusion criteria were acute pain situations, pregnancy, and medication intake. The females conducted a muscle-damaging protocol, comprising 5 × 20 drop-jumps, in either HYP (FiO2: 12%) or CON (FiO2: 21%). Physiological responses, including capillary oxygenation (SpO2), muscle oxygenation (SmO2), heart rate (HR), core- (Tcore) and skin- (Tskin) temperature were assessed at the end of each exercise set. Recovery characteristics were quantified by taking venous blood samples (serum creatine-kinase [CK], C-reactive protein [CRP] and blood sedimentation rate [BSR]), assessing muscle swelling of the quadriceps femoris muscle, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensor muscles, countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and muscle soreness ratings (DOMS) at 24-, 48- and 72-hrs post-exercise. RESULTS SpO2 (HYP: 76.7 ± 3.8%, CON: 95.5 ± 1.7%, p < 0.001) and SmO2 (HYP: 60.0 ± 9.3, CON: 73.4 ± 5.8%, p = 0.03) values were lower (p < 0.05) in HYP compared to CON at the end of the exercise-protocol. No physiological differences between HYP and CON were observed for HR, Tcore, and Tskin (all p > 0.05). There were also no differences detected for any recovery variable (CK, CRP, BSR, MVIC, CMJ, and DOMS) during the 72-hrs follow-up period between HYP and CON (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results showed that muscle damaging exercise under HYP leads to reduced capillary and muscle oxygenation levels compared to normoxia with no difference in inflammatory response and muscle recovery during 72 h post-exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04902924, May 26th 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hohenauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland.
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - G Bianchi
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - V Wellauer
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - R Clijsen
- RESlab, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Weststrasse 8, CH-7302, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Ping X, Li Q, Ding M, Wang X, Tang C, Yu Z, Yi Q, He Y, Zheng L. Effects of hypoxic compound exercise to promote HIF-1α expression on cardiac pumping function, sleep activity behavior, and exercise capacity in Drosophila. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23499. [PMID: 38430222 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302269r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Alteration of HIF-1α expression levels under hypoxic conditions affects the sequence of its downstream target genes thereby producing different effects. In order to investigate whether the effect of hypoxic compound exercise (HE) on HIF-1α expression alters cardiac pumping function, myocardial structure, and exercise capacity, we developed a suitable model of hypoxic exercise using Drosophila, a model organism, and additionally investigated the effect of hypoxic compound exercise on nocturnal sleep and activity behavior. The results showed that hypoxic compound exercise at 6% oxygen concentration for five consecutive days, lasting 1 h per day, significantly improved the cardiac stress resistance of Drosophila. The hypoxic complex exercise promoted the whole-body HIF-1α expression in Drosophila, and improved the jumping ability, climbing ability, moving speed, and moving distance. The expression of HIF-1α in the heart was increased after hypoxic exercise, which made a closer arrangement of myofilaments, an increase in the diameter of cardiac tubules, and an increase in the pumping function of the heart. The hypoxic compound exercise improved the sleep quality of Drosophila by increasing its nocturnal sleep time, the number of deep sleeps, and decreasing its nocturnal awakenings and activities. Therefore, we conclude that hypoxic compound exercise promoted the expression of HIF-1α to enhance the exercise capacity and heart pumping function of Drosophila, and improved the quality of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ping
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengwen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yupeng He
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise Rehabilitation of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Mihailovic T, Groslambert A, Bouzigon R, Feaud S, Millet GP, Gimenez P. Acute Responses to Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia Combined With Whole-Body Cryotherapy: A Preliminary Study. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:280-289. [PMID: 38171353 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate acute psychophysiological responses to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) combined with whole-body cryotherapy (WBC). METHOD Sixteen trained cyclists performed 3 sessions in randomized order: RSH, WBC-RSH (WBC pre-RSH), and RSH-WBC (WBC post-RSH). RSH consisted of 3 sets of 5 × 10-second sprints with 20-second recovery at a simulated altitude of 3000 m. Power output, muscle oxygenation (tissue saturation index), heart-rate variability, and recovery perception were analyzed. Sleep quality was assessed on the nights following test sessions and compared with a control night using nocturnal ActiGraphy and heart-rate variability. RESULTS Power output did not differ between the conditions (P = .27), while the decrease in tissue saturation index was reduced for WBC-RSH compared to RSH-WBC in the last set. In both conditions with WBC, the recovery perception was higher compared to RSH (WBC-RSH: +15.4%, and RSH-WBC: +21.9%, P < .05). The number of movements during the RSH-WBC night was significantly lower than for the control night (-18.7%, P < .01) and WBC-RSH (-14.9%, P < .05). RSH led to a higher root mean square of the successive differences of R-R intervals and high-frequency band during the first hour of sleep compared to the control night (P < .05) and RSH-WBC (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of WBC in an RSH session did not modify the power output but could improve prolonged performance in hypoxia by maintaining muscle oxygenation. A single RSH session did not deteriorate sleep quality. WBC, particularly when performed after RSH, positively influenced recovery perception and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Mihailovic
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Inside the Athletes 3.0 (ITA 3.0), Besançon, France
- Besancon Fitness, Besancon, France
| | - Alain Groslambert
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Locomotion Athlete Material Environment Platform (Laboratory C3S-Groupama FDJ cycling team), Besançon, France
| | - Romain Bouzigon
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Inside the Athletes 3.0 (ITA 3.0), Besançon, France
- Besancon Fitness, Besancon, France
| | - Simon Feaud
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- Laboratory of Culture, Sport, Health, Society (C3S-UR 4660), Sport and Performance Department, University of Franche-Comte, Besançon, France
- Locomotion Athlete Material Environment Platform (Laboratory C3S-Groupama FDJ cycling team), Besançon, France
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Putti GM, Costa GP, Norberto MS, de Carvalho CD, Bertuzzi RCDM, Papoti M. Use of Inter-Effort Recovery Hypoxia as a New Approach to Improve Anaerobic Capacity and Time to Exhaustion. High Alt Med Biol 2024; 25:68-76. [PMID: 38193767 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2023.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Putti, Germano Marcolino, Gabriel Peinado Costa, Matheus Silva Norberto, Carlos Dellavechia de Carvalho, Rômulo Cássio de Moraes Bertuzzi, and Marcelo Papoti. Use of inter-effort recovery hypoxia as a new approach to improve anaerobic capacity and time to exhaustion. High Alt Med Biol. 25:68-76, 2024. Background: Although adding hypoxia to high-intensity training may offer some benefits, a significant problem of this training model is the diminished quality of the training session when performing efforts in hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training and tapering combined with inter-effort recovery hypoxia (IEH) on anaerobic capacity, as estimated by alternative maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (MAODALT) and time to exhaustion (TTE). Methods: Twenty-four amateur runners performed, for 5 weeks, 3 sessions per week of training consisted of ten 1-minute bouts at 120% (weeks 1-3) and 130% (weeks 4 and 5) of maximum velocity (VMAX) obtained in graded exercise test, separated by a 2-minute interval in IEH (IEH, n = 11, FIO2 = 0.136) or normoxia (NOR, n = 13, fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.209). Before training, after training, and after 1 week of tapering, a graded exercise test and a maximal effort to exhaustion at 120% of VMAX were performed to determine TTE and MAODALT. The results were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models, and a clinical analysis was also realized by the smallest worthwhile change. Results: MAODALT increased only in IEH after training (0.8 ± 0.5 eq.lO2) and tapering (0.8 ± 0.5 eq.lO2), with time x group interaction. TTE increased for the pooled groups after taper (23 ± 11 seconds) and only for IEH alone (29 ± 16 seconds). Clinical analysis revealed a small size increase for NOR and a moderate size increase for IEH. Conclusions: Although the effects should be investigated in other populations, it can be concluded that IEH is a promising model for improving anaerobic performance and capacity. World Health Organization Universal Trial Number: U1111-1295-9954. University's ethics committee registration number: CAAE: 32220020.0.0000.5659.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germano Marcolino Putti
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Peinado Costa
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Matheus Silva Norberto
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcelo Papoti
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
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Brocherie F, Racinais S, Couderc A, Piscione J, Girard O. Four Sessions of Repeated-Sprint Cycling Training With or Without Severe Hypoxia Do Not Modify Overground Running Sprint Force-Velocity Profile. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:80-83. [PMID: 37917965 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of cycling-based repeated-sprint training in hypoxia versus in normoxia on single overground running sprint performance and associated force-velocity (F-V) profile in world-class female rugby sevens players. METHODS Eighteen world-class female rugby sevens players were randomly assigned to repeated-sprint cycling training in normobaric hypoxia (n = 9) or normoxia (n = 9) groups. Training consisted of 4 sessions of repeated-sprint cycling training in normobaric hypoxia or in normoxia (4 × 5 × 5-s cycle sprints-25-s intersprint recovery performed in simulated altitude of ∼5000 m or in normoxia with 3-min interset rest in normoxia for both groups) in addition to rugby sevens training and strength and conditioning sessions within a 9-day intervention period before an international competition. Before and 1 day after the intervention, single 50-m overground running "all-out" sprint performance and associated F-V-related mechanical output were assessed. RESULTS No interaction (group × time; all P > .088), time effect (before vs 1 d after; all P > .296), or group effect (repeated-sprint cycling training in normobaric hypoxia vs in normoxia; all P > .325) was detected for 50-m overground running sprint performance and any derived F-V profiling variables. CONCLUSIONS Four sessions of repeated-sprint training either in hypoxia or in normoxia performed over 9 days had no influence on single 50-m overground running sprint performance and associated F-V profile. In world-class female rugby sevens players, the intervention (training camp before an international competition) might have been too short to induce measurable changes. It is also plausible that implementing a similar program in players with likely different F-V profile may result in negligible mechanical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anthony Couderc
- Research Department, French Rugby Union Federation (FFR), Marcoussis, France
| | - Julien Piscione
- Research Department, French Rugby Union Federation (FFR), Marcoussis, France
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Girard O, Racinais S. Exhaustive Intermittent Cycling Preferentially Decreases Explosive Over Maximal Voluntary Torque in the Knee Extensors, With No Difference Between Normoxia and Moderate to Severe Hypoxia. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1352-1356. [PMID: 37604483 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the effects of graded hypoxia during exhaustive intermittent cycling on subsequent rapid and maximal torque-production capacity. METHODS Fifteen well-trained cyclists repeated intermittent cycling bouts (15 s at 30% of anaerobic power reserve; rest = 45 s) until exhaustion at sea level (FiO2 ∼0.21/end-exercise arterial oxygen saturation ∼96%), moderate hypoxia (FiO2 ∼0.16/∼90%), and severe hypoxia (FiO2 ∼0.12/∼79%). Rapid (rate of torque development [RTD]) and maximal isometric torque-production capacities of the knee extensors were assessed at baseline (visit 1) and exhaustion (visits 2-4). RESULTS Exercise capacity decreased with hypoxia severity (39 [30], 22 [13], and 13 [6] cycle efforts in sea level, moderate hypoxia, and severe hypoxia, respectively; P = .002). Changes in maximal-voluntary-contraction torque between baseline and postexercise in all conditions were not statistically significant (pooled values: -2.6% [5.7%]; P = .162). Peak RTD measured postexercise was reduced below baseline in all conditions (-21.5% [5.1%]; P ≤ .015). Compared with baseline, absolute RTD values were lower at 0- to 30-millisecond (-35.1% [5.3%], P ≤ .020), 0- to 50-millisecond (-40.0% [3.9%], P ≤ .002), 0- to 100-millisecond (-30.7% [3.7%], P ≤ .001), and 0- to 200-millisecond (-18.1% [2.4%], P ≤ .004) time intervals in all conditions. CONCLUSIONS Exhaustive intermittent cycling induces substantial yet comparable impairments in RTD of knee extensors between normoxia and moderate to severe hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA,Australia
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha,Qatar
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Research and Scientific Support, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha,Qatar
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Drozdovska S, Zanou N, Lavier J, Mazzolai L, Millet GP, Pellegrin M. Moderate Effects of Hypoxic Training at Low and Supramaximal Intensities on Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Gene Expression in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:1103. [PMID: 37887428 PMCID: PMC10609052 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscle molecular adaptations to different exercise intensities in combination with hypoxia are not well understood. This study investigated the effect of low- and supramaximal-intensity hypoxic training on muscle metabolic gene expression in mice. C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: sedentary and training. Training consisted of 4 weeks at low or supramaximal intensity, either in normoxia or hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.13). The expression levels of genes involved in the hypoxia signaling pathway (Hif1a and Vegfa), the metabolism of glucose (Gys1, Glut4, Hk2, Pfk, and Pkm1), lactate (Ldha, Mct1, Mct4, Pdh, and Pdk4) and lipid (Cd36, Fabp3, Ucp2, Hsl, and Mcad), and mitochondrial energy metabolism and biogenesis (mtNd1, mtNd6, CytC, CytB, Pgc1a, Pgc1β, Nrf1, Tfam, and Cs) were determined in the gastrocnemius muscle. No physical performance improvement was observed between groups. In normoxia, supramaximal intensity training caused upregulation of major genes involved in the transport of glucose and lactate, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial biogenesis, while low intensity training had a minor effect. The exposure to hypoxia changed the expression of some genes in the sedentary mice but had a moderate effect in trained mice compared to respective normoxic mice. In hypoxic groups, low-intensity training increased the mRNA levels of Mcad and Cs, while supramaximal intensity training decreased the mRNA levels of Mct1 and Mct4. The results indicate that hypoxic training, regardless of exercise intensity, has a moderate effect on muscle metabolic gene expression in healthy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svitlana Drozdovska
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Biomedical Disciplines Department, Health, Physical Education and Tourism Faculty, National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport, 03150 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Nadège Zanou
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Lavier
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Angiology Division, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Lucia Mazzolai
- Angiology Division, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Maxime Pellegrin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (S.D.); (N.Z.); (J.L.)
- Angiology Division, Heart and Vessel Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Yu Q, Kong Z, Zou L, Chapman R, Shi Q, Nie J. Comparative efficacy of various hypoxic training paradigms on maximal oxygen consumption: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:366-375. [PMID: 37854170 PMCID: PMC10580050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enhancement in maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) induced by hypoxic training is important for both athletes and non-athletes. However, the lack of comparison of multiple paradigms and the exploration of related modulating factors leads to the inability to recommend the optimal regimen in different situations. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of seven common hypoxic training paradigms on VO2max and associated moderators. Methods Electronic (i.e., five databases) and manual searches were performed, and 42 studies involving 1246 healthy adults were included. Pairwise meta-analyses were conducted to compare different hypoxic training paradigms and hypoxic training and control conditions. The Bayesian network meta-analysis model was applied to calculate the standardised mean differences (SMDs) of pre-post VO2max alteration among hypoxic training paradigms in overall, athlete, and non-athlete populations, while meta-regression analyses were employed to explore the relationships between covariates and SMDs. Results All seven hypoxic training paradigms were effective to varying degrees, with SMDs ranging from 1.45 to 7.10. Intermittent hypoxia interval training (IHIT) had the highest probability of being the most efficient hypoxic training paradigm in the overall population and athlete subgroup (42%, 44%), whereas intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) was the most promising hypoxic training paradigm among non-athletes (66%). Meta-regression analysis revealed that saturation hours (coefficient, 0.004; P = 0.038; 95% CI [0.0002, 0.0085]) accounted for variations of VO2max improvement induced by IHT. Conclusion Efficient hypoxic training paradigms for VO2max gains differed between athletes and non-athletes, with IHIT ranking best for athletes and IHT for non-athletes. The practicability of saturation hours is confirmed with respect to dose-response issues in the future hypoxic training and associated scientific research. Registration This study was registered in the PROSPERO international prospective register of systematic reviews (CRD42022333548).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Qingde Shi
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - Jinlei Nie
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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Papoti M, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Inter-effort recovery hypoxia: a new paradigm in sport science? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001520. [PMID: 37780131 PMCID: PMC10533790 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a popular method for optimising sports performance and, more recently, improving health-related parameters. The inclusion of hypoxia during HIIT can promote additional gains compared with normoxia. However, reductions in the effort intensities compared with the same training performed in normoxia have been reported. Studies have reported that adding hypoxia during periods of inter-effort recovery (IEH) enables maintenance of the intensity of efforts. It also promotes additional gains from exposure to hypoxia. Our call is for researchers to consider IEH in experiments involving different models of HIIT. Additionally, we consider the need to answer the following questions: What is the clinically relevant minimum dose of exposure to hypoxia during the recovery periods between efforts so that favourable adaptations of parameters are associated with health and sports performance? How does the intensity of exertion influence the responses to hypoxia exposure during recovery periods? What are the chronic effects of different models of HIIT and hypoxia recovery on sports performance?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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He Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Gao W, Feng T, Li Y, Yan B, Girard O. Effect of Hypoxia Conditioning on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 37747653 PMCID: PMC10519915 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of hypoxia conditioning, which involves recurrent exposure to hypoxia combined with exercise training, on improving body composition in the ageing population have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to determine if hypoxia conditioning, compared to similar training near sea level, maximizes body composition benefits in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases (up to 27th November 2022) was performed, including the reference lists of relevant papers. Three independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and health outcome measures. Search results were limited to original studies of the effects of hypoxia conditioning on body composition in middle-aged and older adults. RESULTS Twelve studies with a total of 335 participants were included. Hypoxia conditioning induced greater reductions in body mass index (MD = -0.92, 95%CI: -1.28 to -0.55, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001) and body fat (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI: -0.68 to -0.07, I2 = 49%, p = 0.01) in middle-aged and older adults compared with normoxic conditioning. Hypoxia conditioning improved lean mass with this effect not being larger than equivalent normoxic interventions in either middle-aged or older adults (SMD = 0.07, 95%CI -0.12 to 0.25, I2 = 0%, p = 0.48). Subgroup analysis showed that exercise in moderate hypoxia (FiO2 > 15%) had larger effects than more severe hypoxia (FiO2 ≤ 15%) for improving body mass index in middle-aged and older adults. Hypoxia exposure of at least 60 min per session resulted in larger benefits for both body mass index and body fat. CONCLUSION Hypoxia conditioning, compared to equivalent training in normoxia, induced greater body fat and body mass index improvements in middle-aged and older adults. Adding hypoxia exposure to exercise interventions is a viable therapeutic solution to effectively manage body composition in ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian He
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qiang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Ningxia Vocational College of Sports, Ningxia, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua University High School (Guanghua), Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Gao
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Sharma P, Mohanty S, Ahmad Y. A study of survival strategies for improving acclimatization of lowlanders at high-altitude. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14929. [PMID: 37025911 PMCID: PMC10070159 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Acclimatization and therapeutic approaches are the core components for conquering the physiological variations at high altitude (≥2500 m) exposure. The declined atmospheric pressure and reduced partial pressure of oxygen at high altitudes tend to decrease the temperature by several folds. Hypobaric hypoxia is a major threat to humanity at high altitudes, and its potential effects include altitude mountain sickness. On severity, it may lead to the development of conditions like high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) or high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and cause unexpected physiological changes in the healthy population of travelers, athletes, soldiers, and low landers while sojourning at high altitude. Previous investigations have been done on long-drawn-out acclimatization strategies such as the staging method to prevent the damage caused by high-altitude hypobaric Hypoxia. Inherent Limitations of this strategy hamper the daily lifestyle and time consuming for people. It is not suitable for the rapid mobilization of people at high altitudes. There is a need to recalibrate acclimatization strategies for improving health protection and adapting to the environmental variations at high altitudes. This narrative review details the geographical changes and physiological changes at high altitudes and presents a framework of acclimatization, pre-acclimatization, and pharmacological aspects of high-altitude survival to enhance the government efficacy and capacity for the strategic planning of acclimatization, use of therapeutics, and safe de-induction from high altitude for minimizing the life loss. It's simply too ambitious for the importance of the present review to reduce life loss, and it can be proved as the most essential aspect of the preparatory phase of high-altitude acclimatization in plateau regions without hampering the daily lifestyle. The application of pre-acclimatization techniques can be a boon for people serving at high altitudes, and it can be a short bridge for the rapid translocation of people at high altitudes by minimizing the acclimatization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Sharma
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Swaraj Mohanty
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Yasmin Ahmad
- Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence R&D Organization (DRDO), Timarpur, New Delhi, 110054, India
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Abouzeid N, ELnaggar M, FathAllah H, Amira M. Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training Using Elevation Mask May Improve Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Pulmonary Functions, and Hematological Variables in University Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3533. [PMID: 36834227 PMCID: PMC9963657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last two decades, high-altitude training (HAT) and elevation training masks (ETMs) have been widely used among athletes to enhance physical performance. However, few studies have examined the effect of wearing ETMs on physiological and hematological parameters in different sports. AIMS The present study aimed to investigate the impact of ETM use in athletes on several hematological and physiological indicators among cyclists, runners, and swimmers. METHODS The impact of wearing an ETM on lung function (LF), aerobic capacity (AC), and hematological levels in male university-level athletes (cyclists, runners, and swimmers) was investigated using an experimental approach. The participants (N = 44) were divided into (i) an experimental group wearing ETMs (n = 22; aged 21.24 ± 0.14 years old) and (ii) a control group not wearing ETMs (n = 22; aged 21.35 ± 0.19 years old). Both groups underwent 8 weeks of high-intensity cycle ergometer interval training. Pre- and post-training tests included the above-mentioned physiological and hematological parameters. RESULTS Except for FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC, VT1, and MHR in the control group and FEV₁/FVC and HRM in the experimental group, all variables were significantly improved after the 8-week cycle ergometer HIIT program. Significant benefits in favor of the experimental group were noted in terms of changes in FVC, FEV₁, VO₂max, VT1, PO to VT, VT2, and PO to VT2. CONCLUSIONS The eight-week ETM-assisted HIIT program improved cardiorespiratory fitness and hematological variables in all participants. Future research would be useful to further investigate the physiological changes resulting from ETM-assisted HIIT programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Abouzeid
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Games Sports and Racquet Games Training, College of Physical Education for Boys, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud ELnaggar
- Department of Sports Health Sciences, College of Physical Education, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Haytham FathAllah
- Sports Training Department, Faculty of Physical Education, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Amira
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Adding heat stress to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia does not enhance performance improvements in canoe/kayak athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:339-349. [PMID: 36278988 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the effects of adding heat stress to repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on performance and physiological adaptations in well-trained athletes. METHODS Sixteen canoe/kayak sprinters conducted 2 weeks of repeated-sprint training consisting of three sets of 5 × 10 s sprints with 20 s active recovery periods under conditions of either normobaric hypoxia (RSH, FiO2: 14.5%, ambient temperature: 18 ℃, n = 8) or combined heat and normobaric hypoxia (RSHH, FiO2: 14.5%, ambient temperature: 38 ℃, n = 8). Before and after training, the 10 × 10 s repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and 500 m time trial were performed on a canoe/kayak ergometer. RESULTS Peak and average power outputs during the RSA test were significantly improved after training in both RSH (peak power: + 21.5 ± 4.6%, P < 0.001; average power: + 12.5 ± 1.9%, P < 0.001) and RSHH groups (peak power: + 18.8 ± 6.6%, P = 0.005; average power: + 10.9 ± 6.8%, P = 0.030). Indirect variables of skeletal muscle oxygen extraction (deoxygenated hemoglobin) and blood perfusion (total hemoglobin) during the RSA test were significantly increased after training in the RSH group (P = 0.041 and P = 0.034, respectively) but not in the RSHH group. In addition, finish time during the 500 m time trial was significantly shortened after the training only in the RSH group (RSH: - 3.9 ± 0.8%, P = 0.005; RSHH: - 3.1 ± 1.4%, P = 0.078). CONCLUSION Adding heat stress to RSH does not enhance performance improvement and may partially mask muscle tissue adaptation.
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Hypoxia Does Not Change Performance and Psychophysiological Responses During Repeated Cycling Sprints to Exhaustion With Short Exercise-to-Rest Ratio. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:213-217. [PMID: 36640773 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2022-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the acute performance and psychophysiological responses of repeated cycling sprints to exhaustion with a short exercise-to-rest ratio (1:6), between different effort durations and inspired oxygen fractions. METHODS On separate visits, 10 active participants completed 6 repeated cycling sprint exercises to exhaustion with 3 different effort durations (5, 10, and 20 s) and 2 conditions of inspired oxygen (20.9% and 13.6%). Exercise-to-rest ratio was 1:6 for all trials (ie, 5:30, 10:60, and 20:120). Vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy), blood lactate concentration, and lower-limb and breathing discomfort, using ratings of perceived exertion, were measured. RESULTS Number of sprints and peak power output decreased while blood lactate increased (all P < .001) during 5:30 compared with 10:60 or 20:120. No condition or interaction effects were reported for blood lactate and exercise-related sensation. Muscle deoxyhemoglobin increased (P < .001) and total hemoglobin decreased (P = .002) during sprint with increasing sprint duration (no condition or interaction). CONCLUSION During repeated-sprint exercise to exhaustion with a short exercise-to-rest ratio, the psychophysiological responses did not differ between normoxia and moderate hypoxia, probably due to an extended recovery period. It means that hypoxia did not modify repeated-sprint exercise performance with a short exercise-to-rest ratio. The sprint duration was the primary underlying factor of the observed differences in performance and muscle oxygenation reported between the repeated-sprint exercise sessions.
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Dennis MC, Goods PSR, Binnie MJ, Girard O, Wallman KE, Dawson B, Billaut F, Peeling P. Increased air temperature during repeated-sprint training in hypoxia amplifies changes in muscle oxygenation without decreasing cycling performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:62-72. [PMID: 34743674 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the acute performance and physiological responses, with specific reference to muscle oxygenation, to ambient air temperature manipulation during repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH). Thirteen male team-sport players completed one familiarisation and three experimental sessions at a simulated altitude of ∼3000 m (FIO2 0.144). Air temperatures utilised across the three experimental sessions were: 20°C, 35°C and 40°C (all 50% relative humidity). Participants performed 3 × 5 × 10-s maximal cycle sprints, with 20-s passive recovery between sprints, and 5 min active recovery between sets. There were no differences between conditions for cycling peak power, mean power, and total work (p>0.05). Peak core temperature (Tc) was not different between conditions (38.11 ± 0.36°C). Vastus lateralis muscle deoxygenation during exercise and reoxygenation during recovery was of greater magnitude in 35°C and 40°C than 20°C (p<0.001 for all). There was no condition × time interaction for Tc, skin temperature, pulse oxygen saturation, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation (P>0.05). Exercise-induced increases in blood lactate concentration were higher in 35°C and 40°C than 20°C (p=0.010 and p=0.001, respectively). Integrating ambient temperatures up to 40°C into a typical RSH session had no detrimental effect on performance. Additionally, the augmented muscle oxygenation changes experienced during exercise and recovery in temperatures ≥35°C may indicate that the potency of RSH training is increased with additional heat. However, alterations to the training session may be required to generate a sufficient rise in Tc for heat training purposes.Highlights Heat exposure (35-40°C) did not affect mechanical performance during a typical RSH session. This indicates hot ambient temperature can be implemented during RSH, without negative consequence to training output.Hotter ambient conditions (35-40°C) likely result in greater muscle oxygenation changes during both exercise and recovery compared to temperate conditions.Although hotter sessions were perceived as more difficult and more thermally challenging, they did not further elevate Tc beyond that of temperate conditions. Accordingly, if intended to be used for heat acclimation purposes, alterations to the session may be required to increase heat load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles C Dennis
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Martyn J Binnie
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Karen E Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.,Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia
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Brocherie F, Timon R. Editorial: Long-term effects of hypoxic conditioning on sports performance, health and well-being. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1112754. [PMID: 36569755 PMCID: PMC9782396 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1112754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brocherie
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Franck Brocherie,
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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22
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Westmacott A, Sanal-Hayes NEM, McLaughlin M, Mair JL, Hayes LD. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Hypoxia Improves Maximal Aerobic Capacity More Than HIIT in Normoxia: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14261. [PMID: 36361141 PMCID: PMC9658399 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) in hypoxia on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) compared with HIIT in normoxia with a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-accordant meta-analysis and meta-regression. Studies which measured VO2max following a minimum of 2 weeks intervention featuring HIIT in hypoxia versus HIIT in normoxia were included. From 119 originally identified titles, nine studies were included (n = 194 participants). Meta-analysis was conducted on change in (∆) VO2max using standardised mean difference (SMD) and a random effects model. Meta-regression examined the relationship between the extent of environmental hypoxia (fractional inspired oxygen [FiO2]) and ∆VO2max and intervention duration and ∆VO2max. The overall SMD for ∆VO2max following HIIT in hypoxia was 1.14 (95% CI = 0.56-1.72; p < 0.001). Meta-regressions identified no significant relationship between FiO2 (coefficient estimate = 0.074, p = 0.852) or intervention duration (coefficient estimate = 0.071, p = 0.423) and ∆VO2max. In conclusion, HIIT in hypoxia improved VO2max compared to HIIT in normoxia. Neither extent of hypoxia, nor training duration modified this effect, however the range in FiO2 was small, which limits interpretation of this meta-regression. Moreover, training duration is not the only training variable known to influence ∆VO2max, and does not appropriately capture total training stress or load. This meta-analysis provides pooled evidence that HIIT in hypoxia may be more efficacious at improving VO2max than HIIT in normoxia. The application of these data suggest adding a hypoxic stimuli to a period of HIIT may be more effective at improving VO2max than HIIT alone. Therefore, coaches and athletes with access to altitude (either natural or simulated) should consider implementing HIIT in hypoxia, rather than HIIT in normoxia where possible, assuming no negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailsa Westmacott
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
| | - Nilihan E. M. Sanal-Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
| | - Marie McLaughlin
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
| | - Jacqueline L. Mair
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lawrence D. Hayes
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK
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Karayigit R, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yasli BC, Gabrys T, Benesova D, Esen O. High Dose of Acute Normobaric Hypoxia Does Not Adversely Affect Sprint Interval Training, Cognitive Performance and Heart Rate Variability in Males and Females. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101463. [PMID: 36290367 PMCID: PMC9598265 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although preliminary studies suggested sex-related differences in physiological responses to hypoxia, the effects of sex on sprint interval training (SIT) performance in different degrees of hypoxia are largely lacking. The aim of this study was to examine the acute effect of different doses of normobaric hypoxia on SIT performance as well as heart rate variability (HRV) and cognitive performance (CP) in amateur-trained team sport players by comparing potential sex differences. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 26 (13 females) amateur team-sport (football, basketball, handball, rugby) players completed acute SIT (6 × 15 s all-out sprints, separated with 2 min active recovery, against a load equivalent to 9% of body weight) on a cycle ergometer, in one of four conditions: (I) normoxia without a mask (FiO2: 20.9%) (CON); (II) normoxia with a mask (FiO2: 20.9%) (NOR); (III) moderate hypoxia (FiO2: 15.4%) with mask (MHYP); and (IV) high hypoxia (FiO2: 13.4%) with mask (HHYP). Peak (PPO) and mean power output (MPO), HRV, heart rate (HR), CP, capillary lactate (BLa), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) pre- and post-SIT were compared between CON, NOR, MHYP and HHYP. There were no significant differences found between trials for PPO (p = 0.55), MPO (p = 0.44), RPE (p = 0.39), HR (p = 0.49), HRV (p > 0.05) and CP (response accuracy: p = 0.92; reaction time: p = 0.24). The changes in MP, PP, RPE, HR, CP and HRV were similar between men and women (all p > 0.05). While BLa was similar (p = 0.10) between MHYP and HHYP trials, it was greater compared to CON (p = 0.01) and NOR (p = 0.01), without a sex-effect. In conclusion, compared to normoxia, hypoxia, and wearing a mask, have no effect on SIT acute responses (other than lactate), including PP, MP, RPE, CP, HR, and cardiac autonomic modulation either in men or women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-312-600-0100
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - Burak Caglar Yasli
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Iğdır University, Iğdır 76000, Turkey
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Benesova
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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Dellavechia de Carvalho C, Bertucci DR, Ribeiro FA, Costa GP, Toro DM, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Brazo-Sayavera J, Sorgi CA, Papoti M, Trapé ÁA. Effects of Moderate-Intensity Training Under Cyclic Hypoxia on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Hematological Parameters in People Recovered From COVID-19: The Aerobicovid Study. Sports Health 2022:19417381221120639. [PMID: 36154544 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221120639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that people who live at altitude have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and lesser severity in infection cases. HYPOTHESIS Hypoxia exposure could lead to health benefits, and it could be used in the recovery process as an additional stimulus to physical training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS The 43 participants, aged 30 to 69 years, were divided into control group (CG, n = 18) and 2 training groups: normoxia (NG, n = 9) and hypoxia (HG, n = 16). Before and after the intervention were evaluated the lactate threshold 2 (L2), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and a blood sample was collected at rest to evaluate hematological adaptation. Both groups performed an 8-week moderate-intensity physical training on a bike. The HG were trained under normobaric hypoxic conditions (fractional inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 13.5%). RESULTS The 8-week intervention promoted a similar improvement in CRF of people recovered from COVID-19 in the HG (L2 = 34.6%; VO2peak = 16.3%; VO2peak intensity = 24.6%) and NG (L2 = 42.6%; VO2peak = 16.7%; VO2peak intensity = 36.9%). Only the HG presented differences in hematological variables (erythropoietin = 191.7%; reticulocytes = -32.4%; off-score = 28.2%) in comparison with the baseline. CONCLUSION The results of the present study provide evidence that moderate-intensity training in normoxia or hypoxia promoted similar benefits in CRF of people recovered from COVID-19. Furthermore, the hypoxia offered an additional stimulus to training promoting erythropoietin increase and hematological stimulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present exercise protocol can be used for the rehabilitation of people recovered from COVID-19, with persistent low CRF. In addition, this is the first study demonstrating that physical training combined with hypoxia, as well as improving CRF, promotes greater hematological stimulation in people recovered from COVID-19.
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Giovanna M, Solsona R, Sanchez AMJ, Borrani F. Effects of short-term repeated sprint training in hypoxia or with blood flow restriction on response to exercise. J Physiol Anthropol 2022; 41:32. [PMID: 36057591 PMCID: PMC9440585 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-022-00304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study compared the effects of a brief repeated sprint training (RST) intervention performed with bilateral blood flow restriction (BFR) conditions in normoxia or conducted at high levels of hypoxia on response to exercise. Thirty-nine endurance-trained athletes completed six repeated sprints cycling sessions spread over 2 weeks consisting of four sets of five sprints (10-s maximal sprints with 20-s active recovery). Athletes were assigned to one of the four groups and subjected to a bilateral partial blood flow restriction (45% of arterial occlusion pressure) of the lower limbs during exercise (BFRG), during the recovery (BFRrG), exercised in a hypoxic room simulating hypoxia at FiO2 ≈ 13% (HG) or were not subjected to additional stress (CG). Peak aerobic power during an incremental test, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and accumulated oxygen uptake (VO2) during a supramaximal constant-intensity test were improved thanks to RST (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups (p > 0.05). No further effect was found on other variables including time-trial performance and parameters of the force-velocity relationship (p > 0.05). Thus, peak aerobic power, exercise duration, maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, and VO2 were improved during a supramaximal constant-intensity exercise after six RST sessions. However, combined hypoxic stress or partial BFR did not further increase peak aerobic power.
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26
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Sharma V, Varshney R, Sethy NK. Human adaptation to high altitude: a review of convergence between genomic and proteomic signatures. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:21. [PMID: 35841113 PMCID: PMC9287971 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-022-00395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both genomics- and proteomics-based investigations have identified several essential genes, proteins, and pathways that may facilitate human adaptive genotype/phenotype in a population-specific manner. This comprehensive review provides an up-to-date list of genes and proteins identified for human adaptive responses to high altitudes. Genomics studies for indigenous high-altitude populations like Tibetans, Andeans, Ethiopians, and Sherpas have identified 169 genes under positive natural selection. Similarly, global proteomics studies have identified 258 proteins (± 1.2-fold or more) for Tibetan, Sherpa, and Ladakhi highlanders. The primary biological processes identified for genetic signatures include hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated oxygen sensing, angiogenesis, and erythropoiesis. In contrast, major biological processes identified for proteomics signatures include 14–3-3 mediated sirtuin signaling, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), and integrin signaling. Comparing genetic and protein signatures, we identified 7 common genes/proteins (HBB/hemoglobin subunit beta, TF/serotransferrin, ANGPTL4/angiopoietin-related protein 4, CDC42/cell division control protein 42 homolog, GC/vitamin D-binding protein, IGFBP1/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1, and IGFBP2/insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2) involved in crucial molecular functions like IGF-1 signaling, LXR/RXR activation, ferroptosis signaling, iron homeostasis signaling and regulation of cell cycle. Our combined multi-omics analysis identifies common molecular targets and pathways for human adaptation to high altitude. These observations further corroborate convergent positive selection of hypoxia-responsive molecular pathways in humans and advocate using multi-omics techniques for deciphering human adaptive responses to high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sethy
- Peptide and Proteomics Division, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Rybnikova EA, Nalivaeva NN, Zenko MY, Baranova KA. Intermittent Hypoxic Training as an Effective Tool for Increasing the Adaptive Potential, Endurance and Working Capacity of the Brain. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:941740. [PMID: 35801184 PMCID: PMC9254677 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.941740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the phenomenon of intermittent hypoxic training and is aimed at drawing the attention of researchers to the necessity of studying the mechanisms mediating the positive, particularly neuroprotective, effects of hypoxic training at the molecular level. The review briefly describes the historical aspects of studying the beneficial effects of mild hypoxia, as well as the use of hypoxic training in medicine and sports. The physiological mechanisms of hypoxic adaptation, models of hypoxic training and their effectiveness are summarized, giving examples of their beneficial effects in various organs including the brain. The review emphasizes a high, far from being realized at present, potential of hypoxic training in preventive and clinical medicine especially in the area of neurodegeneration and age-related cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- *Correspondence: Elena A. Rybnikova,
| | - Natalia N. Nalivaeva
- Pavlov Institute Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
- I. M. Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Zenko
- Pavlov Institute Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ksenia A. Baranova
- Pavlov Institute Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Dennis MC, Goods PSR, Binnie MJ, Girard O, Wallman KE, Dawson B, Billaut F, Peeling P. Repeated-sprint training in heat and hypoxia: effect of exercise-to-rest ratio. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35698899 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2085631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate acute performance and physiological responses to the manipulation of exercise-to-rest ratio (E:R) during repeated-sprint hypoxic training (RSH) in hot conditions. Twelve male team-sport players completed two experimental sessions at a simulated altitude of ∼3000 m (FIO2 0.144), air temperature of 40°C and relative humidity of 50%. Exercise involved either 3×5×10-s (E:R1:2) or 3×10×5-s (E:R1:4) maximal cycling sprints interspersed with active recoveries at 120W (20-s between sprints, 2.5 and 5-min between sets for E:R1:2 and E:R1:4 respectively). Sessions were matched for overall sprint and total session duration (47.5-min). Peak and mean power output, and total work were greater in E:R1:4 than E:R1:2 (p < 0.05). Peak core temperature was significantly higher in E:R1:4 than E:R1:2 (38.44 ± 0.33 vs. 38.20 ± 0.35°C, p = 0.028). Muscle deoxygenation magnitude during sprints was greater in E:R1:2 (28.2 ± 1.6 vs. 22.4 ± 4.6%, p < 0.001), while muscle reoxygenation did not differ between conditions (p > 0.05).These results indicate E:R1:4 increased mechanical power output and core temperature compared to E:R1:2. Both protocols had different effects on measures of muscle oxygenation, with E:R1:2 generating greater muscle oxygen extraction and E:R1:4 producing more muscle oxygenation flux, which are both important signals for peripheral adaptation. We conclude that the E:R manipulation during RSH in the heat might be used to target different physiological and performance outcomes, with these findings forming a strong base for future mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles C Dennis
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
| | - Paul S R Goods
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - Martyn J Binnie
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Karen E Wallman
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009
| | - Francois Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, University Laval, Quebec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia, 6009.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia, 6010
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim SW, Kim J, Lim K. Effects of Interval Training Under Hypoxia on Hematological Parameters, Hemodynamic Function, and Endurance Exercise Performance in Amateur Female Runners in Korea. Front Physiol 2022; 13:919008. [PMID: 35665230 PMCID: PMC9158122 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.919008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interval training under hypoxia (IHT) is commonly used to enhance endurance exercise performance. However, previous studies examining hematologic changes related to the immune system that affect health and conditioning are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of IHT for 6-weeks on hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance in amateur Korean female runners. Twenty healthy amateur Korean female runners (age: 24.85 ± 3.84 years) were equally assigned to normoxic training group (NTG) for interval training under normoxia (760 mmHg) and hypoxic training group (HTG) for interval training under hypobaric hypoxia (526 mmHg, 3000 m simulated altitude) according to their body composition and endurance exercise performance. All participants performed 120-min of training sessions, consisting of 20-min of warm-up, 60-min of interval training, and 20-min of cool-down. The training program was performed 3-days per week for 6-weeks. Warm-up and cool-down were performed for 20-min at 60% maximal heart rate (HRmax). The interval training sessions comprised 10 repetitions of interval exercise (5-min of exercise corresponding to 90–95% HRmax and 1-min of rest) on a treadmill. All participants underwent measurements of hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, and endurance exercise performance before and after training. Both groups showed a significant increase in erythropoietin (EPO) level and a decrease in monocyte abundance, with EPO showing a greater increase in the HTG than in the NTG. B cell abundance significantly increased in the NTG; hematocrit and neutrophil counts significantly increased, and lymphocyte counts significantly decreased in the HTG. The HTG showed a significant improvement in oxygen uptake, stroke volume index, and end-diastolic volume index compared to the NTG. In addition, both groups showed significant improvements in heart rate, end-systolic volume index, and cardiac output index. The maximal oxygen uptake and 3000 m time trial record were significantly improved in both groups, and the HTG showed a tendency to improve more than the NTG. In conclusion, the IHT was effective in enhancing endurance exercise performance through improved hemodynamic function. Furthermore, hematological parameters of immune system showed a normal range before and after training and were not negatively affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kiwon Lim,
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Zhang G, Zhou Y, Cao Z, Cheng X, Yue X, Zhao T, Zhao M, Zhao Y, Fan M, Zhu L. Preliminary Intermittent Hypoxia Training Alleviates the Damage of Sustained Normobaric Hypoxia on Human Hematological Indexes and Cerebral White Matter. High Alt Med Biol 2022; 23:273-283. [PMID: 35486840 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2021.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zhang, Guangbo, Yanzhao Zhou, Zhengtao Cao, Xiang Cheng, Xiangpei Yue, Tong Zhao, Ming Zhao, Yongqi Zhao, Ming Fan, and Lingling Zhu. Preliminary intermittent hypoxia training alleviates the damage of sustained normobaric hypoxia on human hematological indexes and cerebral white matter. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 2022. Study Objectives: We aimed to examine the effects of preliminary intermittent hypoxia training (IHT) on human hematological indexes and cerebral white matter (WM) after exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,300 m. Methods: We recruited 20 young healthy volunteers. Participants were then randomized to either the IHT group (n = 10) or the control group (n = 10). We measured the physiological function of the control group at sea level and after exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,300 m, respectively. The IHT group performed the above tests at three time points: before and after hypoxia training, and after exposure to a simulated altitude of 4,300 m, respectively. Results: We found that mean SpO2 during day 10 of hypoxia training showed a significant increase compared with mean SpO2 on day 1 (88.3% ± 1.5% vs. 90.0% ± 1.6%, p < 0.05), and erythrocyte P50 of post-training was significantly increased compared with pretraining (37.8 ± 2.9 mmHg vs. 45.9 ± 6.4 mmHg, p < 0.05). Mean SpO2 measures after acute exposure to high altitude exhibited a significant difference, with the IHT group showing significantly greater SpO2 than the control group (73.8% ± 3.7% vs. 77.4% ± 3.2%, p < 0.05), and the Lake Louise Score was also lower than the control group (2.55 ± 2.1 vs. 6.67 ± 2.5, p < 0.05). After daily IHT, brain-derived neurotrophic factor plasma levels of participants in the IHT group did not change but significantly increased in response to high-altitude hypoxia (103.5% ± 70.4% vs. 29.7% ± 73.2%, p < 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plasma level did not change before and after IHT in the IHT group, whereas the IL-10 plasma level of the control group after high-altitude exposure was significantly higher. Furthermore, we found that fractional anisotropy values in the left corticospinal tract and splenium of the corpus callosum in the IHT group were significantly higher than those in the control group after high-altitude hypoxia. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that IHT alleviates the damage of sustained normobaric hypoxia on human hematological indexes and cerebral WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Kangjixintu Hospital, Renqiu, China
| | - Yanzhao Zhou
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangpei Yue
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqi Zhao
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Department of Brain Protection and Plasticity, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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The Impact of Four High-Altitude Training Camps on the Aerobic Capacity of a Short Track PyeongChang 2018 Olympian: A Case Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073814. [PMID: 35409504 PMCID: PMC8997498 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes high-altitude training camps and their effect on the aerobic capacity of a Polish national team member (M.W.), who was a participant in the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games (body weight: 59.6 kg, body height: 161.0 cm, fat mass: 10.9 kg and 18.3% of fat tissue, fat-free mass: 48.7 kg, muscle mass: 46.3 kg, and BMI = 23.0 kg/m2). The tests were conducted in the periods from April 2018 to September 2018 and April 2019 to September 2019 (period of general and special preparation). The study evaluated aerobic and anaerobic capacity determined by laboratory tests, a cardiopulmonary graded exercise test to exhaustion performed on a cycle ergometer (CPET), and the Wingate anaerobic test. Based on the research, training in hypobaric conditions translated into significant improvements in the skater’s exercise capacity recorded after participating in the Olympic Winter Games in Korea (February 2018). In the analyzed period (2018–2019), there was a significant increase in key parameters of aerobic fitness such as anaerobic threshold power output (AT-PO) [W]—223; power output POmax [W]—299 and AT-PO [W/kg]—3.50; (POmax) [W/kg]—4.69; and AT-VO2 [mL/kg/min]—51.3; VO2max [mL/kg/min]—61.0. The athlete showed high-exercise-induced adaptations and improvements in the aerobic metabolic potential after two seasons, in which four training camps were held in altitude conditions.
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Sousa A, Viana JL, Milheiro J, Reis VM, Millet GP. Dietary Nitrate Supplementation Is Not Helpful for Endurance Performance at Simulated Altitude Even When Combined With Intermittent Normobaric Hypoxic Training. Front Physiol 2022; 13:839996. [PMID: 35360239 PMCID: PMC8964050 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.839996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionTraining intensity and nutrition may influence adaptations to training performed in hypoxia and consequently performance outcomes at altitude. This study investigates if performance at simulated altitude is improved to a larger extent when high-intensity interval training is performed in normobaric hypoxia and if this is potentiated when combined with chronic dietary nitrate (NO3−) supplementation.MethodsThirty endurance-trained male participants were allocated to one of three groups: hypoxia (13% FiO2) + NO3−; hypoxia + placebo; and normoxia (20.9% FiO2) + placebo. All performed 12 cycling sessions (eight sessions of 2*6 × 1 min at severe intensity with 1 min recovery and four sessions of 4*6*10 s all-out with 20 s recovery) during a 4-week period (three sessions/week) with supplementation administered 3–2.5 h before each session. An incremental exhaustion test, a severe intensity exercise bout to exhaustion (Tlim) and a 3 min all-out test (3AOT) in hypoxia (FiO2 = 13%) with pulmonary oxygen uptake (V˙O2), V˙O2 kinetics, and changes in vastus lateralis local O2 saturation (SmO2) measured were completed by each participant before and after training.ResultsIn all tests, performance improved to the same extent in hypoxia and normoxia, except for SmO2 after Tlim (p = 0.04, d = 0.82) and 3AOT (p = 0.03, d = 1.43) which were lower in the two hypoxic groups compared with the normoxic one. Dietary NO3− supplementation did not bring any additional benefits.ConclusionPerformance at simulated altitude was not improved to a larger extent when high-intensity interval training was undertaken in normobaric hypoxic conditions, when compared with normoxic training. Additionally, dietary NO3− supplementation was ineffective in further enhancing endurance performance at simulated altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Instituto Universitário da Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Ana Sousa,
| | - João L. Viana
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Instituto Universitário da Maia (ISMAI), Maia, Portugal
| | - Jaime Milheiro
- CMEP - Exercise Medical Center & Spa, Porto, Portugal
- Olympic Committee of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vítor M. Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (ISSEP), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Acute Physiological Response to Different Sprint Training Protocols in Normobaric Hypoxia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052607. [PMID: 35270299 PMCID: PMC8909614 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND the purpose of this study was to examine acute physiological responses to and the performance effects of two sprint training protocols in normobaric hypoxic conditions. METHODS Healthy competitive female (n = 2) and male (n = 5) kayakers (19 ± 2.1 years) performed four sprint training sessions on a kayak ergometer over a period of two weeks. Participants performed five sets of 12 × 5 s sprints or 3 × 20 s sprints in both normobaric normoxic (NOR, FiO2 = 20.9%) or normobaric hypoxic (HYP, FiO2 = 13.6%) conditions. The peak power output (PPO), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and heart rate (HR) of each participant were monitored continuously. Their blood lactate concentrations ([BLa+]), in addition to their blood gas (mixed-venous partial pressure (p) of carbon dioxide (pCO2), O2 (pO2), and oxygen saturations (sO2)) were collected before and after exercise. RESULTS A significantly greater RPE, HR, and [BLa+] response and a significant decrease in pCO2, pO2, and sO2 were observed in HYP conditions versus NOR ones, independent of the type of training session. The PPO of participants did not differ between sessions. Their RPE in HYP12 × 5 was greater compared to all other sessions. CONCLUSIONS The HYP conditions elicited significantly greater physiological strain compared to NOR conditions and this was similar in both training sessions. Our results suggest that either sprint training protocol in HYP conditions may induce more positive training adaptations compared to sprint training in NOR conditions.
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Metabolic, Cardiac, and Hemorheological Responses to Submaximal Exercise under Light and Moderate Hypobaric Hypoxia in Healthy Men. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010144. [PMID: 35053141 PMCID: PMC8772706 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The lower atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen under hypobaric hypoxia decreases oxygen saturation and arteriovenous oxygen difference. Exercise under hypoxia decreases arterial oxygen saturation, which reduces the ability to deliver oxygen to active muscles and consequently worsens aerobic capacity and exercise performance. Previous studies on metabolic and cardiac responses to submaximal exercise under hypoxia have been well documented, but information on hemorheological responses is relatively insufficient. In this regard, a review of hemorheological responses to exercise under hypoxia could provide further information on reduced aerobic capacity and exercise performance caused by acute hypoxia. We conducted a randomized crossover trial to compare the effects of acute exercise under light and moderate hypobaric hypoxia versus normoxia on metabolic parameters, cardiac function, and hemorheological properties in healthy men. The main findings of our study revealed that endurance submaximal exercise under light (596 mmHg, simulated 2000 m) and moderate (526 mmHg, simulated 3000 m) hypoxia induced greater metabolic and cardiac responses than exercise under normoxia. However, exercise under hypobaric hypoxia did not affect hemorheological properties, including erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. These results can be used as basic data for understanding hemorheological responses in light and moderate hypobaric hypoxia. Abstract We compared the effects of metabolic, cardiac, and hemorheological responses to submaximal exercise under light hypoxia (LH) and moderate hypoxia (MH) versus normoxia (N). Ten healthy men (aged 21.3 ± 1.0 years) completed 30 min submaximal exercise corresponding to 60% maximal oxygen uptake at normoxia on a cycle ergometer under normoxia (760 mmHg), light hypoxia (596 mmHg, simulated 2000 m altitude), and moderate hypoxia (526 mmHg, simulated 3000 m altitude) after a 30 min exposure in the respective environments on different days, in a random order. Metabolic parameters (oxygen saturation (SPO2), minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide excretion, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactate), cardiac function (heart rate (HR), stroke volume, cardiac output, and ejection fraction), and hemorheological properties (erythrocyte deformability and aggregation) were measured at rest and 5, 10, 15, and 30 min after exercise. SPO2 significantly reduced as hypoxia became more severe (MH > LH > N), and blood lactate was significantly higher in the MH than in the LH and N groups. HR significantly increased in the MH and LH groups compared to the N group. There was no significant difference in hemorheological properties, including erythrocyte deformability and aggregation. Thus, submaximal exercise under light/moderate hypoxia induced greater metabolic and cardiac responses but did not affect hemorheological properties.
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Solsona R, Berthelot H, Borrani F, Sanchez AMJ. Mechanical, Cardiorespiratory, and Muscular Oxygenation Responses to Sprint Interval Exercises Under Different Hypoxic Conditions in Healthy Moderately Trained Men. Front Physiol 2022; 12:773950. [PMID: 34975526 PMCID: PMC8716850 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.773950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sprint interval exercises (SIT) conducted under different conditions (hypoxia and blood flow restriction [BFR]) on mechanical, cardiorespiratory, and muscular O2 extraction responses. Methods: For this purpose, 13 healthy moderately trained men completed five bouts of 30 s all-out exercises interspaced by 4 min resting periods with lower limb bilateral BFR at 60% of the femoral artery occlusive pressure (BFR60) during the first 2 min of recovery, with gravity-induced BFR (pedaling in supine position; G-BFR), in a hypoxic chamber (FiO2≈13%; HYP) or without additional stress (NOR). Peak and average power, time to achieve peak power, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and a fatigue index (FI) were analyzed. Gas exchanges and muscular oxygenation were measured by metabolic cart and NIRS, respectively. Heart rate (HR) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were continuously recorded. Results: Regarding mechanical responses, peak and average power decreased after each sprint (p < 0.001) excepting between sprints four and five. Time to reach peak power increased between the three first sprints and sprint number five (p < 0.001). RPE increased throughout the exercises (p < 0.001). Of note, peak and average power, time to achieve peak power and RPE were lower in G-BFR (p < 0.001). Results also showed that SpO2 decreased in the last sprints for all the conditions and was lower for HYP (p < 0.001). In addition, Δ[O2Hb] increased in the last two sprints (p < 0.001). Concerning cardiorespiratory parameters, BFR60 application induced a decrease in gas exchange rates, which increased after its release compared to the other conditions (p < 0.001). Moreover, muscle blood concentration was higher for BFR60 (p < 0.001). Importantly, average and peak oxygen consumption and muscular oxyhemoglobin availability during sprints decreased for HYP (p < 0.001). Finally, the tissue saturation index was lower in G-BFR. Conclusions: Thus, SIT associated with G-BFR displayed lower mechanical, cardiorespiratory responses, and skeletal muscle oxygenation than the other conditions. Exercise with BFR60 promotes higher blood accumulation within working muscles, suggesting that BFR60 may additionally affect cellular stress. In addition, HYP and G-BFR induced local hypoxia with higher levels for G-BFR when considering both exercise bouts and recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Solsona
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR4640, Perpignan, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Berthelot
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anthony M J Sanchez
- University of Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Performance Santé Environnement de Montagne (LIPSEM), UR4640, Perpignan, France.,Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Pramkratok W, Songsupap T, Yimlamai T. Repeated sprint training under hypoxia improves aerobic performance and repeated sprint ability by enhancing muscle deoxygenation and markers of angiogenesis in rugby sevens. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:611-622. [PMID: 34977961 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of repeated sprint (RS) training in hypoxia on aerobic performance, repeated sprint ability (RSA), and muscle oxygenation in Rugby Sevens. METHODS Fourteen Rugby Sevens players were randomly allocated into hypoxic (RSH, FIO2 = 14.5%, n = 7) or normoxic (RSN, FIO2 = 20.9%, n = 7) groups. Both groups underwent RS training consisting of 3 sets of 6-s × 10 sprints at 140% of velocity at peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]) on a motorized treadmill, 3 days/week for 6 weeks in addition to usual training. Hematological variables, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations were measured. Aerobic performance, RSA, and muscle oxygenation during the running-based anaerobic sprint (RAS) test were analyzed. RESULTS RSH caused no changes in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit but significant improvements in [Formula: see text] (7.5%, p = 0.03, ES = 1.07), time to exhaustion (17.6%, p = 0.05, ES = 0.92), and fatigue index (FI, - 12.3%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.39) during the RSA test compared to baseline but not RSN. While ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin was significantly increased both after RSH and RSN (p < 0.05), ∆tissue saturation index (- 56.1%, p = 0.01, ES = 1.35) and ∆oxygenated hemoglobin (- 54.7%, p = 0.04, ES = 0.97) were significantly decreased after RSH. These changes were concomitant with increased levels of HIF-1α and VEGF in serum after RSH with a strong negative correlation between ∆FI and ∆deoxygenated hemoglobin after RSH (r = - 0.81, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION There was minimal benefit from adding RSH to standard Rugby Sevens training, in eliciting improvements in aerobic performance and resistance to fatigue, possibly by enhanced muscle deoxygenation and increased serum HIF-1α and VEGF concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadee Pramkratok
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Tongthong Songsupap
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Tossaporn Yimlamai
- Department of Sports Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Chulalongkorn University, Rama 1 Road, Pathumwan District, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Yamaguchi K, Imai T, Yatsutani H, Goto K. A Combined Hot and Hypoxic Environment during Maximal Cycling Sprints Reduced Muscle Oxygen Saturation: A Pilot Study. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:684-689. [PMID: 35321130 PMCID: PMC8488822 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of a combined hot and hypoxic environment on muscle oxygenation during repeated 15-s maximal cycling sprints. In a single-blind, cross-over study, nine trained sprinters performed three 15-s maximal cycling sprints interspersed with 7-min passive recovery in normoxic (NOR; 23℃, 50%, FiO2 20.9%), normobaric hypoxic (HYP; 23℃, FiO2 14.5%), and hot normobaric hypoxic (HH; 35℃, FiO2 14.5%) environments. Relative humidity was set to 50% in all trials. The vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation was evaluated during exercise using near-infrared spectroscopy. The oxygen uptake (VO2) and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) were also monitored. There was no significant difference in peak or mean power output among the three conditions. The reduction in tissue saturation index was significantly greater in the HH (-17.0 ± 2.7%) than in the HYP (-10.4 ± 2.8%) condition during the second sprint (p < 0.05). The average VO2 and SpO2 were significantly lower in the HYP (VO2 = 980 ± 52 mL/min, SpO2 = 82.9 ± 0.8%) and HH (VO2 = 965 ± 42 mL/min, SpO2 = 83.2 ± 1.2%) than in the NOR (VO2 = 1149 ± 40 mL/min, SpO2 = 90.6 ± 1.4%; p < 0.05) condition. In conclusion, muscle oxygen saturation was reduced to a greater extent in the HH than in the HYP condition during the second bout of three 15-s maximal cycling sprints, despite the equivalent hypoxic stress between HH and HYP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imai
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Vasquez-Bonilla AA, Rojas-Valverde D, González-Custodio A, Timón R, Olcina G. Tent versus Mask-On Acute Effects during Repeated-Sprint Training in Normobaric Hypoxia and Normoxia. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214879. [PMID: 34768399 PMCID: PMC8584473 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated sprint in hypoxia (RSH) is used to improve supramaximal cycling capacity, but little is known about the potential differences between different systems for creating normobaric hypoxia, such as a chamber, tent, or mask. This study aimed to compare the environmental (carbon dioxide (CO2) and wet-globe bulb temperature (WGBT)), perceptual (pain, respiratory difficulty, and rate of perceived exertion (RPE)), and external (peak and mean power output) and internal (peak heart rate (HRpeak), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate and glucose) workload acute effects of an RSH session when performed inside a tent versus using a mask. Twelve well-trained cyclists (age = 29 ± 9.8 years, VO2max = 70.3 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min) participated in this single-blind, randomized, crossover trial. Participants completed four sessions of three sets of five repetitions × 10 s:20 s (180 s rest between series) of all-out in different conditions: normoxia in a tent (RSNTent) and mask-on (RSNMask), and normobaric hypoxia in a tent (RSHTent) and mask-on (RSHMask). CO2 and WGBT levels increased steadily in all conditions (p < 0.01) and were lower when using a mask (RSNMask and RSHMask) than when inside a tent (RSHTent and RSNTent) (p < 0.01). RSHTent presented lower SpO2 than the other three conditions (p < 0.05), and hypoxic conditions presented lower SpO2 than normoxic ones (p < 0.05). HRpeak, RPE, blood lactate, and blood glucose increased throughout the training, as expected. RSH could lead to acute conditions such as hypoxemia, which may be exacerbated when using a tent to simulate hypoxia compared to a mask-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo A. Vasquez-Bonilla
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (D.R.-V.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela de Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (D.R.-V.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
| | - Adrián González-Custodio
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
| | - Rafael Timón
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Grupo de Avances en Entrenamiento Deportivo y Acondicionamiento Físico (GAEDAF), Facultad de Ciencias del Deprote, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain; (A.G.-C.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (A.A.V.-B.); (D.R.-V.); (G.O.); Tel.: +34-927-257-461 (A.A.V.-B. & G.O.)
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Lemieux P, Birot O. Altitude, Exercise, and Skeletal Muscle Angio-Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia: A Complex Story. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735557. [PMID: 34552509 PMCID: PMC8450406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as a reduced oxygen availability, can be observed in many tissues in response to various physiological and pathological conditions. As a hallmark of the altitude environment, ambient hypoxia results from a drop in the oxygen pressure in the atmosphere with elevation. A hypoxic stress can also occur at the cellular level when the oxygen supply through the local microcirculation cannot match the cells’ metabolic needs. This has been suggested in contracting skeletal myofibers during physical exercise. Regardless of its origin, ambient or exercise-induced, muscle hypoxia triggers complex angio-adaptive responses in the skeletal muscle tissue. These can result in the expression of a plethora of angio-adaptive molecules, ultimately leading to the growth, stabilization, or regression of muscle capillaries. This remarkable plasticity of the capillary network is referred to as angio-adaptation. It can alter the capillary-to-myofiber interface, which represent an important determinant of skeletal muscle function. These angio-adaptive molecules can also be released in the circulation as myokines to act on distant tissues. This review addresses the respective and combined potency of ambient hypoxia and exercise to generate a cellular hypoxic stress in skeletal muscle. The major skeletal muscle angio-adaptive responses to hypoxia so far described in this context will be discussed, including existing controversies in the field. Finally, this review will highlight the molecular complexity of the skeletal muscle angio-adaptive response to hypoxia and identify current gaps of knowledges in this field of exercise and environmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemieux
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Krumm B, Faiss R. Factors Confounding the Athlete Biological Passport: A Systematic Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34524567 PMCID: PMC8443715 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through longitudinal, individual and adaptive monitoring of blood biomarkers, the haematological module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) has become a valuable tool in anti-doping efforts. The composition of blood as a vector of oxygen in the human body varies in athletes with the influence of multiple intrinsic (genetic) or extrinsic (training or environmental conditions) factors. In this context, it is fundamental to establish a comprehensive understanding of the various causes that may affect blood variables and thereby alter a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. METHODS This literature review described the potential factors confounding the ABP to outline influencing factors altering haematological profiles acutely or chronically. RESULTS Our investigation confirmed that natural variations in ABP variables appear relatively small, likely-at least in part-because of strong human homeostasis. Furthermore, the significant effects on haematological variations of environmental conditions (e.g. exposure to heat or hypoxia) remain debatable. The current ABP paradigm seems rather robust in view of the existing literature that aims to delineate adaptive individual limits. Nevertheless, its objective sensitivity may be further improved. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review contributes to disentangling the numerous confounding factors of the ABP to gather the available scientific evidence and help interpret individual athlete profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center of Research and Expertise in Anti-Doping Sciences - REDs, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Kong Z, Hu M, Sun S, Zou L, Shi Q, Jiao Y, Nie J. Affective and Enjoyment Responses to Sprint Interval Exercise at Different Hypoxia Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158171. [PMID: 34360464 PMCID: PMC8346060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Benefits of performing sprint interval training (SIT) under hypoxic conditions on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition have been well-documented, yet data is still lacking regarding affective responses to SIT under hypoxia. This study aimed to compare affective responses to SIT exercise under different oxygen conditions. Nineteen active males participated in three sessions of acute SIT exercise (20 repetitions of 6 s of all-out cycling bouts interspersed with 15 s of passive recovery) under conditions of normobaric normoxia (SL: PIO2 150 mmHg, FIO2 0.209), moderate hypoxia (MH: PIO2 117 mmHg, FIO2 0.154, simulating an altitude corresponding to 2500 m), and severe hypoxia (SH: PIO2 87 mmHg, FIO2 0.112, simulating an altitude of 5000 m) in a randomized order. Perceived exertions (RPE), affect, activation, and enjoyment responses were recorded before and immediately after each SIT session. There were no significant differences across the three conditions in RPE or the measurements of affective responses, despite a statistically lower SpO2 (%) in severe hypoxia. Participants maintained a positive affect valence and reported increased activation in all the three SIT conditions. Additionally, participants experienced a medium level of enjoyment after exercise as indicated by the exercise enjoyment scale (EES) and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES). These results indicated that performing short duration SIT exercise under severe hypoxia could be perceived as pleasurable and enjoyable as performing it under normoxia in active male population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Mingzhu Hu
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +853-8822-8730
| | - Shengyan Sun
- Institute of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
| | - Qingde Shi
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, China; (Q.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Yubo Jiao
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China; (Z.K.); (Y.J.)
| | - Jinlei Nie
- School of Health Sciences and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao 999078, China; (Q.S.); (J.N.)
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Augmented muscle glycogen utilization following a single session of sprint training in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2981-2991. [PMID: 34228222 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study determined the effect of a single session of sprint interval training in hypoxia on muscle glycogen content among athletes. METHODS Ten male college track and field sprinters (mean ± standard error of the mean: age, 21.1 ± 0.2 years; height, 177 ± 2 cm; body weight, 67 ± 2 kg) performed two exercise trials under either hypoxia [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), 14.5%] or normoxia (NOR: FiO2, 20.9%). The exercise consisted of 3 × 30 s maximal cycle sprints with 8-min rest periods between sets. Before and immediately after the exercise, the muscle glycogen content was measured using carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles. Moreover, power output, blood lactate concentrations, metabolic responses (respiratory oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output), and muscle oxygenation were evaluated. RESULTS Exercise significantly decreased muscle glycogen content in both trials (interaction, P = 0.03; main effect for time, P < 0.01). Relative changes in muscle glycogen content following exercise were significantly higher in the HYPO trial (- 43.5 ± 0.4%) than in the NOR trial (- 34.0 ± 0.3%; P < 0.01). The mean power output did not significantly differ between the two trials (P = 0.80). The blood lactate concentration after exercise was not significantly different between trials (P = 0.31). CONCLUSION A single session of sprint interval training (3 × 30 s sprints) in hypoxia caused a greater decrease in muscle glycogen content compared with the same exercise under normoxia without interfering with the power output.
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Yamaguchi K, Sumi D, Hayashi N, Ota N, Ienaga K, Goto K. Effects of combined hot and hypoxic conditions on muscle blood flow and muscle oxygenation during repeated cycling sprints. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2869-2878. [PMID: 34195866 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04738-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to determine muscle blood flow and muscle oxygenation during repeated-sprint exercise under combined hot and hypoxic conditions. METHODS In a single-blind, cross-over research design, 11 active males performed three sets of 5 × 6-s maximal sprints with 30-s active recovery on a cycling ergometer under control (CON; 23 °C, 50% rH, 20.9% FiO2), normobaric hypoxic (HYP; 23 °C, 50% rH, 14.5% FiO2), or hot + normobaric hypoxic (HH; 35 °C, 50% rH, 14.5% FiO2) conditions. The vastus lateralis muscle blood flow after each set and muscle oxygenation during each sprint were evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy methods. RESULTS Despite similar repeated-sprint performance among the three conditions (peak and mean power outputs, percent decrement score), HH was associated with significantly higher muscle blood flow compared with CON after the first set (CON: 0.61 ± 0.10 mL/min/100 g; HYP: 0.81 ± 0.13 mL/min/100 g; HH: 0.99 ± 0.16 mL/min/100 g; P < 0.05). The tissue saturation index was significantly lower in HYP than in CON during the latter phase of the exercise (P < 0.05), but it did not differ between HH and CON. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that a combination of normobaric hypoxia and heat stress partially facilitated the exercise-induced increase in local blood flow, but it did not enhance tissue desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daichi Sumi
- Research Center for Urban Health and Sports, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Ota
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Koki Ienaga
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Sousa A, Viana JL, Milheiro J, Reis VM, Millet GP. Effect of hypoxia and nitrate supplementation on different high-intensity interval-training sessions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2585-2594. [PMID: 34097130 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04726-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that interval-training (IHT) would be impaired by hypoxia to a larger extent than repeated-sprint training (RSH) and that dietary nitrate (NO3-) would mitigate the detrimental effect of hypoxia to a larger extent during IHT than RSH. METHODS Thirty endurance-trained male participants performed IHT (6 × 1 min at 90%∆ with 1 min active recovery) and RSH (2 sets of 6 × 10 s "all-out" efforts with 20 s active recovery) on a cycle ergometer, allocated in one of three groups: normobaric hypoxia (~ 13% FiO2) + NO3- - HNO, n = 10; normobaric hypoxia + placebo - HPL, n = 10; normoxia (20.9% FiO2) + placebo - CON, n = 10. Submaximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2), time spent above 90% of maximal [Formula: see text]O2 (≥ 90 [Formula: see text]O2max) and heart rate (≥ 90 HRmax) were compared between IHT and RSH sessions and groups. Additionally, mean power output (MPO), decrement score and % of power associated with [Formula: see text]O2max (%p[Formula: see text]O2max) in RSH sessions were analyzed. RESULTS [Formula: see text]O2 at sub-maximal intensities did not differ between training protocols and groups (~ 27 ml kg-1 min-1). ≥ 90 HRmax was significantly higher in IHT compared to RSH session (39 ± 8 vs. 30 ± 8%, p = 0.03) but only in HNO group. MPO (range 360-490 W) and decrement score (10-13%) were similar between groups although %p[Formula: see text]O2max was significantly higher (p = 0.04) in CON (166 ± 16 W) compared with both HPL (147 ± 15 W) and HNO (144 ± 10 W) groups. CONCLUSION IHT responses were neither more impaired by hypoxia than RSH ones. Moreover, dietary NO3- supplementation impacted equally IHT and RSH training responses' differences between hypoxia and normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sousa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal. .,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal.
| | - J L Viana
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - J Milheiro
- CMEP Exercise Medical Center & SPA, Porto, Portugal.,Olympic Committee of Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - V M Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - G P Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (ISSEP), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Heat Added to Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia Does Not Affect Cycling Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1640-1648. [PMID: 33883290 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the influence of graded air temperatures during repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) on performance and physiological responses. METHODS Ten well-trained athletes completed one familiarization and 4 experimental sessions at a simulated altitude of 3000 m (0.144 FIO2) above sea level. Air temperatures utilized across the 4 experimental sessions were 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C (all 50% relative humidity). The participants performed 3 sets of 5 × 10 seconds "all-out" cycle sprints, with 20 seconds of active recovery between sprints and 5 minutes of active recovery between sets (recovery intensity = 120 W). Core temperature, skin temperature, pulse oxygen saturation, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and thermal sensation were collected. RESULTS There were no differences between conditions for peak power, mean power, and total work in each set (P > .05). There were no condition × time interaction effects for any variables tested. The peak core temperature was highest at 30°C (38.06°C [0.31°C]). Overall, the pulse oxygen saturation was higher at 35°C than at 20°C (P < .001; d < 0.8), 25°C (P < .001; d = 1.12 ± 0.54, large), and 30°C (P < .001; d = 0.84 ± 0.53, large). CONCLUSION Manipulating air temperature between 20°C and 35°C had no effect on performance or core temperature during a typical RSH session. However, the pulse oxygen saturation was preserved at 35°C, which may not be a desirable outcome for RSH interventions. The application of increased levels of ambient heat may require a different approach if augmenting the RSH stimulus is the desired outcome.
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Camacho-Cardenosa M, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Kemp J, Brazo-Sayavera J, Timon R, Olcina G. Haematological responses to repeated sprints in hypoxia across different sporting modalities. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:529-539. [PMID: 33870812 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1917403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to determine the effects of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia on haematocrit and haemoglobin in different sporting modalities. Seventy-two participants were randomly allocated to Active-Repeated sprint in hypoxia (A-RSH, n= 8); Active-Repeated sprint in normoxia (A-RSN, n= 8); Active-Control (A-CON, n= 8); Team Sports-RSH (T-RSH, n= 8); Team Sports-RSN (T-RSN, n= 8); Team Sports-Control (T-CON, n= 8); Endurance-RSH (E-RSH, n= 8); Endurance-RSN (E-RSN, n= 8); Endurance-Control (E-CON, n= 8). Sessions consisted of two sets of five sprints of 10 swith recovery of 20 sbetween sprints and 10 min between sets. Blood samples for haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations were obtained before and after, and 2 weeks after cessation. Haematocrit and haemoglobin were lower for the E-RSN group following 2 weeks of cessation of protocol compared with E-RSH (p = 0.035) and E-CON (p = 0.045). Haematocrit of the A-RSH group was higher compared with baseline (p = 0.05) and Post (p = 0.05). Similarly, the T-RSH group demonstrated increases in haematocrit following 2 weeks of cessation compared with Post (p = 0.04). Repeated Sprint Training in Hypoxia had different haematological effects depending on sporting modality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin Kemp
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Instituto Superior de Educación Física, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay.,Laboratorio de Análisis del Rendimiento Humano, Centro Universitario de Rivera, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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Kim SW, Jung WS, Kim JW, Nam SS, Park HY. Aerobic Continuous and Interval Training under Hypoxia Enhances Endurance Exercise Performance with Hemodynamic and Autonomic Nervous System Function in Amateur Male Swimmers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083944. [PMID: 33918616 PMCID: PMC8068973 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic training is often performed by competitive swimmers to enhance their performance in normoxia. However, the beneficial effects of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia on hemodynamic function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, and endurance exercise performance remain controversial. Here we investigated whether six weeks of aerobic continuous and interval training under hypoxia can improve hematological parameters, hemodynamic function, ANS function, and endurance exercise performance versus normoxia in amateur male swimmers. Twenty amateur male swimmers were equally assigned to the hypoxic training group or normoxic training group and evaluated before and after six weeks of training. Aerobic continuous and interval training in the hypoxia showed a more significantly improved hemodynamic function (heart rate, −653.4 vs. −353.7 beats/30 min; oxygen uptake, −62.45 vs. −16.22 mL/kg/30 min; stroke volume index, 197.66 vs. 52.32 mL/30 min) during submaximal exercise, ANS function (root mean square of successive differences, 10.15 vs. 3.32 ms; total power, 0.72 vs. 0.20 ms2; low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, −0.173 vs. 0.054), and endurance exercise performance (maximal oxygen uptake, 5.57 vs. 2.26 mL/kg/min; 400-m time trial record, −20.41 vs. −7.91 s) than in the normoxia. These indicate that hypoxic training composed of aerobic continuous and interval exercise improves the endurance exercise performance of amateur male swimmers with better hemodynamic function and ANS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Woo Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (W.-S.J.)
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (W.-S.J.)
| | - Jeong-Weon Kim
- Graduate School of Professional Therapy, Gachon University, 1332 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13306, Korea;
| | - Sang-Seok Nam
- Taekwondo Research Institute of Kukkiwon, 32 Teheran7gil, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06130, Korea;
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.-W.K.); (W.-S.J.)
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Graduate School, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6035
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[Into thin air - Altitude training and hypoxic conditioning: From athlete to patient]. Rev Mal Respir 2021; 38:404-417. [PMID: 33722445 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2021.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxic exposure should be considered as a continuum, the effects of which depend on the dose and individual response to hypoxia. Hypoxic conditioning (HC) represents an innovative and promising strategy, ranging from improved human performance to therapeutic applications. STATE OF THE ART With the aim of improving sports performance, the effectiveness of hypoxic exposure, whether natural or simulated, is difficult to demonstrate because of the large variability of the protocols used. In therapeutics, the benefits of HC are described in many pathological conditions such as obesity or cardiovascular pathologies. If the HC benefits from a strong preclinical rationale, its application to humans remains limited. PERSPECTIVES Advances in training and acclimation will require greater personalization and precise periodization of hypoxic exposures. For patients, the harmonization of HC protocols, the identification of biomarkers and the development and subsequent validation of devices allowing a precise control of the hypoxic stimulus are necessary steps for the development of HC. CONCLUSIONS From the athlete to the patient, HC represents an innovative and promising field of research, ranging from the improvement of human performance to the prevention and treatment of certain pathologies.
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Mukai K, Ohmura H, Takahashi Y, Kitaoka Y, Takahashi T. Four weeks of high-intensity training in moderate, but not mild hypoxia improves performance and running economy more than normoxic training in horses. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14760. [PMID: 33611843 PMCID: PMC7897453 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether horses trained in moderate and mild hypoxia demonstrate greater improvement in performance and aerobic capacity compared to horses trained in normoxia and whether the acquired training effects are maintained after 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia. Seven untrained Thoroughbred horses completed 4 weeks (3 sessions/week) of three training protocols, consisting of 2‐min cantering at 95% maximal oxygen consumption V˙O2max under two hypoxic conditions (H16, FIO2 = 16%; H18, FIO2 = 18%) and in normoxia (N21, FIO2 = 21%), followed by 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia, using a randomized crossover study design with a 3‐month washout period. Incremental treadmill tests (IET) were conducted at week 0, 4, and 6. The effects of time and groups were analyzed using mixed models. Run time at IET increased in H16 and H18 compared to N21, while speed at V˙O2max was increased significantly only in H16. V˙O2max in all groups and cardiac output at exhaustion in H16 and H18 increased after 4 weeks of training, but were not significantly different between the three groups. In all groups, run time, V˙O2max, VV˙O2max, Q˙max, and lactate threshold did not decrease after 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia. These results suggest that 4 weeks of training in moderate (H16), but not mild (H18) hypoxia elicits greater improvements in performance and running economy than normoxic training and that these effects are maintained for 2 weeks of post‐hypoxic training in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Mukai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hajime Ohmura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yuji Takahashi
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Kanagawa University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Veiga RSD, Müller CB, Ferreira GD, Pinheiro EDS, Del Vecchio FB. Acute respiratory flow restriction affects average power, but not heart rate and subjective perceived exertion in healthy women. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/rbce.43.e013420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study aims to verify the effect of the restriction of the ventilatory flow on HR, RPE, and power during HIT-test performed by healthy women. The participants (n=8) underwent HIT-test without and with ventilatory flow restriction. HR, power, and RPE was measured. HRpost showed no significant difference between conditions (p=0,053). The average power presented higher values in the condition without the restriction of ventilatory flow (619,51±144,33W; 565,99±108,43W; p=0,001), but without differences in the fatigue index (p=0,383). In both conditions, increases in RPE were observed during the efforts (p<0,001). It is concluded that HR and RPE did not suffer acute effects from the restriction of ventilatory flow; however, the average power is decreased during HIT-test.
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