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Desai R, Gurram P, Mohammed AS, Salian RB, Lingamsetty SSP, Guntuku S, Medarametla RVSK, Jahan R, Muslehuddin Z, Ghantasala P. Contemporary nationwide trends in major adverse cardiovascular events in young cannabis users without concomitant tobacco, alcohol, cocaine use. World J Cardiol 2024; 16:512-521. [DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v16.i9.512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use has increased among young individuals in recent years. Although dependent cannabis use disorder (CUD) has been associated with various cardiac events, its effects on young adults without concurrent substance use remain understudied.
AIM To examine trends in hospitalizations for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in this cohort.
METHODS We used the National Inpatient Sample (2016-2019) to identify hospitalized young individuals (18-44 years), excluding those with concurrent substance usage (tobacco, alcohol, and cocaine). They were divided into CUD+ and CUD-. Using International Classification of Diseases-10 codes, we examined the trends in MACCE hospitalizations, including all-cause mortality (ACM), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cardiac arrest (CA), and acute ischemic stroke (AIS).
RESULTS Of 27.4 million hospitalizations among young adults without concurrent substance abuse, 4.2% (1.1 million) had co-existent CUD. In CUD+ group, hospitalization rates for MACCE (1.71% vs 1.35%), AMI (0.86% vs 0.54%), CA (0.27% vs 0.24%), and AIS (0.49% vs 0.35%) were higher than in CUD- group (P < 0.001). However, rate of ACM hospitalizations was lower in CUD+ group (0.30% vs 0.44%). From 2016 to 2019, CUD+ group experienced a relative rise of 5% in MACCE and 20% in AMI hospitalizations, compared to 22% and 36% increases in CUD- group (P < 0.05). The CUD+ group had a 13% relative decrease in ACM hospitalizations, compared to a 10% relative rise in CUD- group (P < 0.05). However, when adjusted for confounders, MACCE odds among CUD+ cohort remain comparable between 2016 and 2019.
CONCLUSION The CUD+ group had higher rates of MACCE, but the rising trends were more apparent in the CUD- group over time. Interestingly, the CUD+ group had lower ACM rates than the CUD- group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Desai
- Department of Outcomes Research, Independent Researcher, Atlanta, GA 30033, United States
| | - Priyatham Gurram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Adil S Mohammed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
| | - Rishabh B Salian
- Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore 575001, India
| | | | - Sandeep Guntuku
- Department of Medicine, Mamata Medical College, Khammam 507002, India
| | | | - Rawnak Jahan
- Department of Medicine, Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka 110015, Bangladesh
| | - Zainab Muslehuddin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Sinai Grace Hospital, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Paritharsh Ghantasala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, MI 48602, United States
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Perez PA, Wiley MB, Makriyannis A, DiPatrizio NV. Cannabinoids Block Fat-induced Incretin Release via CB 1-dependent and CB 1-independent Pathways in Intestinal Epithelium. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2024; 3:931-941. [PMID: 39318720 PMCID: PMC11419882 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aims Glucose homeostasis is regulated by a dynamic interplay between hormones along the gastro-insular axis. For example, enteroendocrine L- and K- cells that line the intestine produce the incretins glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), respectively, which are secreted following a meal. Broadly, incretin signaling enhances insulin release from the endocrine pancreas and participates in the control of food intake, and therapeutics that mimic their activity have recently been developed for the treatment of type-2 diabetes and obesity. Notably, genes for cannabinoid subtype-1 receptor (CB1R) are expressed in these cell subpopulations; however, roles for CB1Rs in controlling fat-induced incretin release are unclear. To address this gap in our understanding, we tested the hypothesis that intestinal epithelial CB1Rs control fat-induced incretin secretion. Methods We treated mice with conditional deletion of CB1Rs in the intestinal epithelium (IntCB1-/-) or controls (IntCB1+/+) with oil gavage to stimulate incretin release in the presence of the cannabinoid receptor agonists, WIN55,212-2 or Δ9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the peripherally-restricted CB1R antagonist AM6545. Circulating incretin levels were measured in plasma. Results Oral gavage of corn oil increased levels of bioactive GLP1 and GIP in IntCB1+/+ mouse plasma. Pretreatment with the WIN55,212-2 or THC blocked this response, which was largely reversed by coadministration with AM6545. WIN55,212-2 failed to inhibit fat-induced GIP release, but not GLP1, in IntCB1-/- mice. In contrast, THC inhibited the secretion of incretins irrespective of CB1R expression in intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusion These results indicate that cannabinoid receptor agonists can differentially inhibit incretin release via mechanisms that include intestinal epithelial CB1R-dependent and CB1R-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Antonio Perez
- Center for Cannabinoid Research (UCRCCR), School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
- Department of Neuroscience and The Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark Benjamin Wiley
- Center for Cannabinoid Research (UCRCCR), School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
| | | | - Nicholas Vincent DiPatrizio
- Center for Cannabinoid Research (UCRCCR), School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California
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Spadafora ND, Felletti S, Chenet T, Sirangelo TM, Cescon M, Catani M, De Luca C, Stevanin C, Cavazzini A, Pasti L. The influence of drying and storage conditions on the volatilome and cannabinoid content of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescences. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3797-3809. [PMID: 38702447 PMCID: PMC11180634 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05321-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The increasing interest in hemp and cannabis poses new questions about the influence of drying and storage conditions on the overall aroma and cannabinoids profile of these products. Cannabis inflorescences are subjected to drying shortly after harvest and then to storage in different containers. These steps may cause a process of rapid deterioration with consequent changes in precious secondary metabolite content, negatively impacting on the product quality and potency. In this context, in this work, the investigation of the effects of freeze vs tray drying and three storage conditions on the preservation of cannabis compounds has been performed. A multi-trait approach, combining both solid-phase microextraction (SPME) two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SPME-GC × GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is presented for the first time. This approach has permitted to obtain the detailed characterisation of the whole cannabis matrix in terms of volatile compounds and cannabinoids. Moreover, multivariate statistical analyses were performed on the obtained data, helping to show that freeze drying conditions is useful to preserve cannabinoid content, preventing decarboxylation of acid cannabinoids, but leads to a loss of volatile compounds which are responsible for the cannabis aroma. Furthermore, among storage conditions, storage in glass bottle seems more beneficial for the retention of the initial VOC profile compared to open to air dry tray and closed high-density polyethylene box. However, the glass bottle storage condition causes formation of neutral cannabinoids at the expenses of the highly priced acid forms. This work will contribute to help define optimal storage conditions useful to produce highly valuable and high-quality products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Damiana Spadafora
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Simona Felletti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Tatiana Chenet
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Tiziana Maria Sirangelo
- ENEA-Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development-Division Biotechnologies and Agroindustry, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirco Cescon
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Catani
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Stevanin
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Cavazzini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, CREA, Via Della Navicella 2/4, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Pasti
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Gürbüzer N, Güler MC, Tör İH. Methamphetamine Use Disorder and Inflammation: A Case-Control Study. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:513-520. [PMID: 38811000 PMCID: PMC11136578 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) is a global health condition that impairs a person's health which may result in morbidity and mortality. Inflammation is a crucial process playing a vital role in MUD. For this reason, it is necessary to examine biochemical parameters for follow-up and treatment alternatives. METHODS We aimed to reveal the relationship between inflammatory response and MUD by evaluating peripheral hemogram parameters, leukocyte count, subtypes, and their ratios to each other, systemic immune inflammation index (SII), monocyte/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio, and human C-reactive protein (CRP) in adult men with MUD. We included 76 adult male participants in the patient group and 70 adult male participants in the control group. We calculated the neutrophil/lymphocyte rate (NLR), monocyte/lymphocyte rate (MLR), platelet/lymphocyte rate (PLR), and basophil/lymphocyte rate (BLR). In addition, we obtained the SII and the monocyte/HDL rate. RESULTS The patients' leukocyte (p<0.001), platelet (p<0.001), plateletcrit (PCT) (p=0.002), neutrophil (p<0.001), monocyte (p=0.002), CRP (p<0.001), NLR (p=0.001), PLR (p=0.004), MLR (p=0.009), SII (p<0.001) and monocyte/HDL ratio (p<0.001) were higher than the control group. We observed a significant and positive relationship between the daily methamphetamine intake, and methamphetamine use duration (p=0.002), PCT (p=0.044), neutrophil (p=0.021), NLR (p=0.001), PLR (p=0.004), MLR (p=0.029), and SII (p<0.001). Daily methamphetamine intake had a significant and positive effect on SII. A one-unit increase in daily methamphetamine intake elevated SII by 165.53 units. CONCLUSION The results confirm the presence of peripheral subclinical inflammation and systemic immune inflammation in adult men with MUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilifer Gürbüzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Regional Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Can Güler
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Hakkı Tör
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Regional Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Turkey
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Jung KM, Lin L, Piomelli D. Overactivation of the Endocannabinoid System in Adolescence Disrupts Adult Adipose Organ Function in Mice. Cells 2024; 13:461. [PMID: 38474425 PMCID: PMC10930932 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use stimulates calorie intake, but epidemiological studies show that people who regularly use it are leaner than those who don't. Two explanations have been proposed for this paradoxical finding. One posits that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in cannabis desensitizes adipose CB1 cannabinoid receptors, stopping their stimulating effects on lipogenesis and adipogenesis. Another explanation is that THC exposure in adolescence, when habitual cannabis use typically starts, produces lasting changes in the developing adipose organ, which impacts adult systemic energy use. Here, we consider these possibilities in the light of a study which showed that daily THC administration in adolescent mice produces an adult metabolic phenotype characterized by reduced fat mass, partial resistance to obesity and dyslipidemia, and impaired thermogenesis and lipolysis. The phenotype, whose development requires activation of CB1 receptors in differentiated adipocytes, is associated with overexpression of myocyte proteins in the adipose organ with unchanged CB1 expression. We propose that adolescent exposure to THC causes lasting adipocyte dysfunction and the consequent emergence of a metabolic state that only superficially resembles healthy leanness. A corollary of this hypothesis, which should be addressed in future studies, is that CB1 receptors and their endocannabinoid ligands may contribute to the maintenance of adipocyte differentiation during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (K.-M.J.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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6
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Eitan A, Gover O, Sulimani L, Meiri D, Shterzer N, Mills E, Schwartz B. The Effect of Oil-Based Cannabis Extracts on Metabolic Parameters and Microbiota Composition of Mice Fed a Standard and a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1073. [PMID: 38256146 PMCID: PMC10816190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related pathologies is lower in frequent cannabis users compared to non-users. It is well established that the endocannabinoid system has an important role in the development of obesity. We recently demonstrated that prolonged oral consumption of purified Δ-9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), but not of cannabidiol (CBD), ameliorates diet-induced obesity and improves obesity-related metabolic complications in a high-fat diet mouse model. However, the effect of commercially available medical cannabis oils that contain numerous additional active molecules has not been examined. We tested herein the effects of THC- and CBD-enriched medical cannabis oils on obesity parameters and the gut microbiota composition of C57BL/6 male mice fed with either a high-fat or standard diet. We also assessed the levels of prominent endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like lipid mediators in the liver. THC-enriched extract prevented weight gain by a high-fat diet and attenuated diet-induced liver steatosis concomitantly with reduced levels of the lipid mediators palmitoyl ethanolamide (PEA) and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) in the liver. In contrast, CBD-enriched extract had no effect on weight gain, but, on the contrary, it even exacerbated liver steatosis. An analysis of the gut microbiota revealed that mainly time but not treatment exerted a strong effect on gut microbiota alterations. From our data, we conclude that THC-enriched cannabis oil where THC is the main constituent exerts the optimal anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Eitan
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel; (A.E.); (O.G.)
| | - Ofer Gover
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel; (A.E.); (O.G.)
| | - Liron Sulimani
- Cannasoul Analytics, 9 Tarshish Industrial Park, Caesarea 3079822, Israel;
| | - David Meiri
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel;
| | - Naama Shterzer
- The Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel (E.M.)
| | - Erez Mills
- The Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel (E.M.)
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel; (A.E.); (O.G.)
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7
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Pan K, Jukic AM, Mishra GD, Mumford SL, Wise LA, Schisterman EF, Ley SH, Charlton BM, Chavarro JE, Hart JE, Sidney S, Xiong X, Barbosa-Leiker C, Schliep K, Shaffer JG, Bazzano LA, Harville EW. The association between preconception cannabis use and gestational diabetes mellitus: The Preconception Period Analysis of Risks and Exposures Influencing health and Development (PrePARED) consortium. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2024; 38:69-85. [PMID: 37751914 PMCID: PMC11000150 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic changes that ultimately lead to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) likely begin before pregnancy. Cannabis use might increase the risk of GDM by increasing appetite or promoting fat deposition and adipogenesis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the association between preconception cannabis use and GDM incidence. METHODS We analysed individual-level data from eight prospective cohort studies. We identified the first, or index, pregnancy (lasting ≥20 weeks of gestation with GDM status) after cannabis use. In analyses of pooled individual-level data, we used logistic regression to estimate study-type-specific odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for potential confounders using random effect meta-analysis to combine study-type-specific ORs and 95% CIs. Stratified analyses assessed potential effect modification by preconception tobacco use and pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Of 17,880 participants with an index pregnancy, 1198 (6.7%) were diagnosed with GDM. Before the index pregnancy, 12.5% of participants used cannabis in the past year. Overall, there was no association between preconception cannabis use in the past year and GDM (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.79, 1.18). Among participants who never used tobacco, however, those who used cannabis more than weekly had a higher risk of developing GDM than those who did not use cannabis in the past year (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.15, 6.09). This association was not present among former or current tobacco users. Results were similar across all preconception BMI groups. CONCLUSIONS In this pooled analysis of preconception cohort studies, preconception cannabis use was associated with a higher risk of developing GDM among individuals who never used tobacco but not among individuals who formerly or currently used tobacco. Future studies with more detailed measurements are needed to investigate the influence of preconception cannabis use on pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Pan
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Anne Marie Jukic
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gita D. Mishra
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Sunni L. Mumford
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren A. Wise
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Enrique F. Schisterman
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvia H. Ley
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Brittany M. Charlton
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jaime E. Hart
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Sidney
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Xu Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Karen Schliep
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Lydia A. Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Emily W. Harville
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Tuvel AL, Winiger EA, Ross JM. A Review of the Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Physical Health. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2023; 46:719-739. [PMID: 37879834 DOI: 10.1016/j.psc.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The current review highlights the available research related to cannabis and indicators of physical health in a variety of domains. Various studies have found associations between cannabis use with pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and endocrine function as well as body mass index and sleep. At this time, more research is needed to understand the influence of cannabis use on physical health, particularly among adolescent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Tuvel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1777 Exposition Drive, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Evan A Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1890 N Revere Court, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - J Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Sciences, Treatment and Prevention, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1890 N Revere Court, Aurora, CO, 80045.
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9
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Mousavi SE, Tondro Anamag F, Sanaie S. Association between cannabis use and risk of diabetes mellitus type 2: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5092-5108. [PMID: 37526051 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis consumption exerts multiple effects on metabolism via various pathways, including glucose regulation and insulin secretion. Studies concerning the association between cannabis use and diabetes mellitus type 2 are discrepant. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to evaluate the association between cannabis use and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SEARCH METHODS We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Proquest, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library with no time, language or study types restriction until July 1, 2022, using various forms of "cannabis" and "diabetes mellitus" search terms. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized control trials, cohort, and case-control studies investigating the relationship between cannabis consumption and diabetes mellitus type 2 were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of studies. We pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects model, generic inverse variance method, DerSimonian and Laird approach. MAIN RESULTS A meta-analysis of seven studies, containing 11 surveys and 4 cohorts, revealed that the odds of developing T2DM in individuals exposed to cannabis was 0.48 times (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.59) lower than in those without cannabis exposure. CONCLUSIONS A protective effect of cannabis consumption on the odds of diabetes mellitus type 2 development has been suggested. Yet given the considerable interstudy heterogeneity, the upward trend of cannabis consumption and cannabis legalization is recommended to conduct studies with higher levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Ehsan Mousavi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Tondro Anamag
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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10
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Corroon J, Grant I, Allison MA, Bradley R. Associations Between Monthly Cannabis Use and Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Adults: NHANES 2009 to 2018. Am J Cardiol 2023; 204:226-233. [PMID: 37556891 PMCID: PMC10998689 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic research suggests using Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis or marijuana) may increase the risk of cardiometabolic disease, but observational studies investigating associations between cannabis use and myocardial infarction (MI) have reported inconsistent results. Cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data from five 2-year cycles between 2009 and 2018 and representing 9,769 middle-aged adults (35 to 59 years old) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression models accounting for sampling weights and adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors were used to assess associations between a history of monthly cannabis use before MI and a subsequent MI. A quarter of respondents (n = 2,220) reported a history of monthly use >1 year before an MI. A history of MI was reported by 2.1% of all respondents and 3.2.% of those who reported a history of monthly use. In fully adjusted multivariable models, and compared with never use, a history of monthly cannabis use preceding an MI was not associated with an MI (odds ratio [OR] 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35 to 1.71). However, when stratified by recent use, the odds of MI were threefold greater (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.08 to 8.60) when no use was reported within the past month than when use was reported within the past month. Duration of monthly use was also not significantly associated with MI, including monthly use >10 years (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.30 to 2.01). In conclusion, in a representative sample of middle-aged US adults, a history of monthly cannabis use >1 year before an MI was not associated with a subsequent physician-diagnosed MI, except for threefold greater odds when cannabis was not used within the past month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Corroon
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California.
| | - Igor Grant
- Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Ryan Bradley
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
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11
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Eitan A, Gover O, Sulimani L, Meiri D, Schwartz B. The Effect of Orally Administered Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol (CBD) on Obesity Parameters in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13797. [PMID: 37762099 PMCID: PMC10530777 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged cannabis users show a lower prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities. In rodent models, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) from the plant Cannabis sativa L. have shown anti-obesity properties, suggesting a link between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and obesity. However, the oral administration route has rarely been studied in this context. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of prolonged oral administration of pure THC and CBD on obesity-related parameters and peripheral endocannabinoids. C57BL/6 male mice were fed with either a high-fat or standard diet and then received oral treatment in ramping doses, namely 10 mg/kg of THC or CBD for 5 weeks followed by 30 mg/kg for an additional 5 weeks. Mice treated with THC had attenuated weight gain and improved glucose tolerance, followed by improvement in steatosis markers and decreased hypertrophic cells in adipose epididymal tissue. Mice treated with CBD had improved glucose tolerance and increased markers of lipid metabolism in adipose and liver tissues, but in contrast to THC, CBD had no effect on weight gain and steatosis markers. CBD exclusively decreased the level of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the liver. These data suggest that the prolonged oral consumption of THC, but not of CBD, ameliorates diet-induced obesity and metabolic parameters, possibly through a mechanism of adipose tissue adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Eitan
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel; (A.E.); (O.G.)
| | - Ofer Gover
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel; (A.E.); (O.G.)
| | - Liron Sulimani
- Cannasoul Analytics, 9 Tarshish Industrial Park, Caesarea 3079822, Israel;
| | - David Meiri
- The Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Cannabinoid Research, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 9190401, Israel; (A.E.); (O.G.)
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12
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Skipina TM, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ. Cannabis Use Is Associated with Prevalent Angina in Individuals with Diabetes. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:679-683. [PMID: 35767774 PMCID: PMC10442682 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Observational studies have reported associations between cannabis use and coronary heart disease. Since diabetes is a coronary heart disease equivalent, we hypothesized that cannabis use would be associated with prevalent angina among individuals with diabetes. Methods: This analysis included 1314 participants with diabetes (age 47.4±9.0 years, 49.5% male, 28.3% Caucasians) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2011-2018. Cannabis use was self-reported. Prevalent angina was defined by self-reported physician diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between prevalent angina and cannabis use. Results: Approximately 3.3% (n=43) of participants had prevalent angina and 45.7% (n=601) were ever cannabis users. After adjustment, ever cannabis users did not have significantly increased odds of prevalent angina compared with never users (odds ratio: 3.29, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.88-12.22, p=0.08). However, those who had used cannabis at least once per month for at least 1 year had greater than fivefold increased odds of prevalent angina (odds ratio: 5.73, 95% CI: 1.26-26.04, p=0.03). Current cannabis users had greater than fivefold increased odds of prevalent angina (odds ratio: 5.35, 95% CI: 1.26-22.70, p=0.03), with a dose-response increase based on level of use. Effect modification was present among those with history of cocaine use (interaction p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Among individuals with diabetes, cannabis use is associated with prevalent angina with apparent dose response. This finding supports emerging evidence that cannabis may have negative cardiovascular (CV) health effects, and an individualized CV risk assessment should be pursued among those with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M. Skipina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bharathi Upadhya
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elsayed Z. Soliman
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina, USA
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13
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Lin L, Jung KM, Lee HL, Le J, Colleluori G, Wood C, Palese F, Squire E, Ramirez J, Su S, Torrens A, Fotio Y, Tang L, Yu C, Yang Q, Huang L, DiPatrizio N, Jang C, Cinti S, Piomelli D. Adolescent exposure to low-dose THC disrupts energy balance and adipose organ homeostasis in adulthood. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1227-1241.e7. [PMID: 37267956 PMCID: PMC10524841 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of cannabis' most iconic effects is the stimulation of hedonic high-calorie eating-the "munchies"-yet habitual cannabis users are, on average, leaner than non-users. We asked whether this phenotype might result from lasting changes in energy balance established during adolescence, when use of the drug often begins. We found that daily low-dose administration of cannabis' intoxicating constituent, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), to adolescent male mice causes an adult metabolic phenotype characterized by reduced fat mass, increased lean mass and utilization of fat as fuel, partial resistance to diet-induced obesity and dyslipidemia, enhanced thermogenesis, and impaired cold- and β-adrenergic receptor-stimulated lipolysis. Further analyses revealed that this phenotype is associated with molecular anomalies in the adipose organ, including ectopic overexpression of muscle-associated proteins and heightened anabolic processing. Thus, adolescent exposure to THC may promote an enduring "pseudo-lean" state that superficially resembles healthy leanness but might in fact be rooted in adipose organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kwang-Mook Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hye-Lim Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Johnny Le
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Georgia Colleluori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona 600126, Italy
| | - Courtney Wood
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92697, USA
| | - Francesca Palese
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Erica Squire
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jade Ramirez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shiqi Su
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alexa Torrens
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yannick Fotio
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lingyi Tang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicholas DiPatrizio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92697, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Saverio Cinti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Center of Obesity, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona 600126, Italy
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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14
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Robinson DJ, Hanson K, Jain AB, Kichler JC, Mehta G, Melamed OC, Vallis M, Bajaj HS, Barnes T, Gilbert J, Honshorst K, Houlden R, Kim J, Lewis J, MacDonald B, MacKay D, Mansell K, Rabi D, Sherifali D, Senior P. Diabetes and Mental Health. Can J Diabetes 2023; 47:308-344. [PMID: 37321702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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15
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Cinque F, Cespiati A, Lombardi R, Guaraldi G, Sebastiani G. Nutritional and Lifestyle Therapy for NAFLD in People with HIV. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081990. [PMID: 37111209 PMCID: PMC10140991 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are two major epidemics affecting millions of people worldwide. As people with HIV (PWH) age, there is an increased prevalence of metabolic comorbidities, along with unique HIV factors, such as HIV chronic inflammation and life-long exposure to antiretroviral therapy, which leads to a high prevalence of NAFLD. An unhealthy lifestyle, with a high dietary intake of refined carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, fructose added beverages, and processed red meat, as well as physical inactivity, are known to trigger and promote the progression of NAFLD to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Furthermore, with no currently approved pharmacotherapy and a lack of clinical trials that are inclusive of HIV, nutritional and lifestyle approaches still represent the most recommended treatments for PWH with NAFLD. While sharing common features with the general population, NAFLD in PWH displays its own peculiarities that may also reflect different impacts of nutrition and exercise on its onset and treatment. Therefore, in this narrative review, we aimed to explore the role of nutrients in the development of NAFLD in PWH. In addition, we discussed the nutritional and lifestyle approaches to managing NAFLD in the setting of HIV, with insights into the role of gut microbiota and lean NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Cinque
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cespiati
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Medicine and Metabolic Disease Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic, Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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16
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Munteanu C, Schwartz B. The Effect of Bioactive Aliment Compounds and Micronutrients on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040903. [PMID: 37107278 PMCID: PMC10136128 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current review, we focused on identifying aliment compounds and micronutrients, as well as addressed promising bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD advance and ultimately affect this disease progress. In this regard, we targeted: 1. Potential bioactive nutrients that may interfere with NAFLD, specifically dark chocolate, cocoa butter, and peanut butter which may be involved in decreasing cholesterol concentrations. 2. The role of sweeteners used in coffee and other frequent beverages; in this sense, stevia has proven to be adequate for improving carbohydrate metabolism, liver steatosis, and liver fibrosis. 3. Additional compounds were shown to exert a beneficial action on NAFLD, namely glutathione, soy lecithin, silymarin, Aquamin, and cannabinoids which were shown to lower the serum concentration of triglycerides. 4. The effects of micronutrients, especially vitamins, on NAFLD. Even if most studies demonstrate the beneficial role of vitamins in this pathology, there are exceptions. 5. We provide information regarding the modulation of the activity of some enzymes related to NAFLD and their effect on this disease. We conclude that NAFLD can be prevented or improved by different factors through their involvement in the signaling, genetic, and biochemical pathways that underlie NAFLD. Therefore, exposing this vast knowledge to the public is particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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17
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Lisano JK, Flores VA, Kisiolek JN, Stewart LK. Regular Use of Cannabis in Female Athletes Is Associated With a Reduction in Early Anaerobic Power Production. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:616-622. [PMID: 36820704 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Lisano, JK, Flores, VA, Kisiolek, JN, and Stewart, LK. Regular use of cannabis in female athletes is associated with a reduction in early anaerobic power production. J Strength Cond Res 37(3): 616-622, 2023-Despite a growing number of claims related to the ability of cannabis use to affect health and performance, there is limited research available, especially in female athletes. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether chronic cannabis use in physically active female athletes is related to altered health and performance. Healthy, physically active, female cannabis users (CU: n = 12) and noncannabis users (NU: n = 12) with an average age of 23.8 ± 3.7 years and 19.3 ± 4.2% body fat completed athletic performance and health assessments. Significance was set at alpha = 0.05. The age of onset of regular cannabis use was 20.1 ± 2.8 years in CU with an average duration of cannabis use of 5.8 ± 3.1 years. There were no differences between groups with respect to body size, body composition, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory function, or muscular strength. Cannabis users produced significantly less power in the first 2 stages of the Wingate assessment, but CU experienced significantly less anaerobic fatigue. Although body composition and cardiovascular fitness were comparable, average C-reactive protein concentration classified CU with higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Athletes and coaches who rely heavily on anaerobic performance should consider these findings because they indicate that regular cannabis use may affect early power production and CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon K Lisano
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
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18
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Orsolini L, Pompili S, Volpe U. C-Reactive Protein (CRP): A Potent Inflammation Biomarker in Psychiatric Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:135-160. [PMID: 36949309 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have investigated the role of inflammation in psychiatric disorders, by demonstrating how an altered/dysfunctional immunological and inflammatory system may underpin a psychiatric condition. Particularly, several studies specifically investigated the role of a neuroinflammatory biomarker, named C-reactive protein (CRP), in psychiatric disorders. Overall, even though scientific literature so far published still does not appear definitive, CRP is more likely reported to be elevated in several psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Moreover, a low-grade inflammation (CRP >3 mg/L) has been more likely observed in a subgroup of patients affected with a more severe psychopathological symptomatology, more treatment resistance and worst clinical mental illness course, strengthening the hypothesis of the need for a different clinical and prognostic characterization based on this concomitant neuroinflammatory predisposition. However, even though further research studies are needed to confirm this preliminary evidence, CRP may represent a potential clinical routine biomarker which could be integrated in the clinical routine practice to better characterize clinical picture and course as well as address clinicians towards a personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Orsolini
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simone Pompili
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Umberto Volpe
- Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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19
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Abstract
The current review highlights the available research related to cannabis and indicators of physical health in a variety of domains. Various studies have found associations between cannabis use with pulmonary, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and endocrine function as well as body mass index and sleep. At this time, more research is needed to understand the influence of cannabis use on physical health, particularly among adolescent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail L Tuvel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, 1777 Exposition Drive, Boulder, CO 80301
| | - Evan A Winiger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1890 N Revere Court, Aurora, CO, 80045
| | - J Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Sciences, Treatment and Prevention, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 1890 N Revere Court, Aurora, CO, 80045.
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20
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Mboumba Bouassa RS, Needham J, Nohynek D, Singer J, Lee T, Bobeuf F, Samarani S, Del Balso L, Paisible N, Vertzagias C, Sebastiani G, Margolese S, Mandarino E, Klein M, Lebouché B, Cox J, Brouillette MJ, Routy JP, Szabo J, Thomas R, Huchet E, Vigano A, Jenabian MA, Costiniuk CT. Safety and Tolerability of Oral Cannabinoids in People Living with HIV on Long-Term ART: A Randomized, Open-Label, Interventional Pilot Clinical Trial (CTNPT 028). Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123168. [PMID: 36551926 PMCID: PMC9775551 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With anti-inflammatory properties, cannabinoids may be a potential strategy to reduce immune activation in people living with HIV (PLWH) but more information on their safety and tolerability is needed. METHODS We conducted an open-label interventional pilot study at the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada. PLWH were randomized to oral Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): cannabidiol (CBD) combination (THC 2.5 mg/CBD 2.5 mg) or CBD-only capsules (CBD 200 mg). Individuals titrated doses as tolerated to a maximum daily dose THC 15 mg/CBD 15 mg or 800 mg CBD, respectively, for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the percentage of participants without any significant toxicity based on the WHO toxicity scale (Grades 0-2 scores). RESULTS Out of ten individuals, eight completed the study. Two from the CBD-only arm were withdrawn for safety concerns: phlebotomy aggravating pre-existing anemia and severe hepatitis on 800 mg CBD with newly discovered pancreatic adenocarcinoma, respectively. Seven did not have any significant toxicity. Cannabinoids did not alter hematology/biochemistry profiles. CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and HIV suppression remained stable. Most adverse effects were mild-moderate. CONCLUSIONS In PLWH, cannabinoids seem generally safe and well-tolerated, though larger studies are needed. Screening for occult liver pathology should be performed and hepatic enzymes monitored, especially with high CBD doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph-Sydney Mboumba Bouassa
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Judy Needham
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dana Nohynek
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Joel Singer
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Terry Lee
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St. Paul’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Florian Bobeuf
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Suzanne Samarani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Lina Del Balso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Natalie Paisible
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Claude Vertzagias
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Shari Margolese
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | | | - Marina Klein
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Bertrand Lebouché
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research Mentorship Chair in Innovative Clinical Trials, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joseph Cox
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Brouillette
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Jason Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Clinique Médical L’Actuel, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9, Canada
| | - Réjean Thomas
- Clinique Médical L’Actuel, Montreal, QC H2L 4P9, Canada
| | | | - Antonio Vigano
- Medical Cannabis Program in Oncology, Cedars Cancer Center, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre for Cannabis Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Mohammad-Ali Jenabian
- Department of Biological Sciences and CERMO-FC Research Centre, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 3Y7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cecilia T Costiniuk
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Chronic Viral Illnesses Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Centre for Cannabis Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-934-1934 (ext. 76195); Fax: +1-514-843-2209
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Afshar S, Khalili S, Amin G, Abbasinazari M. A Phase I Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study on Efficacy and Safety Profile of a Sublingually Administered Cannabidiol /Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabidiol (10: 1) Regimen in Diabetes Type 2 Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2022; 21:e132647. [PMID: 36945340 PMCID: PMC10024807 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-132647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the safety profile and efficacy of a cannabis-based sublingual spray, CBDEX10® (containing 100 µg cannabidiol and 10 µg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol per puff; CBD/Δ9-THC 10:1), in improving lipid profile and glycemic state of the diabetic patients. Fifty diabetic patients were randomly allocated to the treatment (n = 25; receiving two puffs of CBDEX10® twice daily) or the control groups (n = 25; receiving two puffs of placebo). The primary endpoint of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of the CBDEX10® adjunctive therapy in improving the lipid profile and glycemic state of diabetic patients; the secondary endpoint was to assess the safety profile and tolerability of the spray. A statistically significant decline in total cholesterol [estimated treatment difference (ETD) = -19.73 mg/dL; P < 0.05], triglyceride (ETD = -27.84 mg/dL; P < 0.01), LDL-C (ETD = -5.37 mg/dL; P < 0.01), FBS (ETD = -12 mg/dL; P < 0.01), Hb A1C (ETD = -0.21 mg/dL; P < 0.01) and insulin secretion (ETD = -5.21 mIU/L; P < 0.01) was observable in the patients treated with CBDEX10® at the end of the 8-week treatment period. Regarding safety, the mentioned adjunctive regimen was well, and there were no serious or severe adverse effects. Overall, CBDEX1® sublingual spray could be a new therapeutic agent for lipid and glycemic control in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Afshar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Khalili
- Department of Endocrione, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abbasinazari
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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22
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Cannabinoids and Chronic Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169423. [PMID: 36012687 PMCID: PMC9408890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis are the main causes of morbidity and mortality related to chronic liver diseases (CLDs) worldwide. New therapeutic approaches to prevent or reverse these liver disorders are thus emerging. Although their etiologies differ, these CLDs all have in common a significant dysregulation of liver metabolism that is closely linked to the perturbation of the hepatic endocannabinoid system (eCBS) and inflammatory pathways. Therefore, targeting the hepatic eCBS might have promising therapeutic potential to overcome CLDs. Experimental models of CLDs and observational studies in humans suggest that cannabis and its derivatives may exert hepatoprotective effects against CLDs through diverse pathways. However, these promising therapeutic benefits are not yet fully validated, as the few completed clinical trials on phytocannabinoids, which are thought to hold the most promising therapeutic potential (cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabivarin), remained inconclusive. Therefore, expanding research on less studied phytocannabinoids and their derivatives, with a focus on their mode of action on liver metabolism, might provide promising advances in the development of new and original therapeutics for the management of CLDs, such as NAFLD, ALD, or even hepatitis C-induced liver disorders.
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Przybycień P, Gąsior-Perczak D, Placha W. Cannabinoids and PPAR Ligands: The Future in Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Women with Obesity and Reduced Fertility. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162569. [PMID: 36010645 PMCID: PMC9406585 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBs) are used to treat chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and multiple sclerosis spasticity. Recently, the medicinal use of CBs has attracted increasing interest as a new therapeutic in many diseases. Data indicate a correlation between CBs and PPARs via diverse mechanisms. Both the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) may play a significant role in PCOS and PCOS related disorders, especially in disturbances of glucose-lipid metabolism as well as in obesity and fertility. Taking into consideration the ubiquity of PCOS in the human population, it seems indispensable to search for new potential therapeutic targets for this condition. The aim of this review is to examine the relationship between metabolic disturbances and obesity in PCOS pathology. We discuss current and future therapeutic interventions for PCOS and related disorders, with emphasis on the metabolic pathways related to PCOS pathophysiology. The link between the ECS and PPARs is a promising new target for PCOS, and we examine this relationship in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Przybycień
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Danuta Gąsior-Perczak
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Centre, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland
| | - Wojciech Placha
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-422-74-00
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24
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Changes in High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and Cholesterol Concentration in Heavy Cannabis Users: A Single-Centre Study in Cusco, Peru. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10081597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The effect of cannabis on cholesterol and lipid balance has been reported for decades. However, there are conflicting reports on the reduction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and total cholesterol. The purpose of this study was to determine the immediate changes of Cannabis spp. consumption by pyrolytic route in heavy users. Methods: A cross-sectional study on 20 Peruvian heavy cannabis users (mean age: 31 ± 9.5 years). The inclusion criteria were males with an average weight of 50–70 kg, normal BMI, and having used cannabis, without association with other drugs, for at least one year with a high frequency per week (use: 4–7 days/week). High-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), LDL-C, and total cholesterol were evaluated 30 and 120 min after the administration of Cannabis spp. (~0.2 g by inhalation). Results: Of the total 12 (60%), 10 (50%), and 11 (55%) had desirable total cholesterol, fairly good HDL-C (40–60 mg/dL) and fairly good LDL-C (100–129 mg/dL) values, respectively. The mean basal concentration of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol was 193.37 ± 20.18 mg/dL, 60.05 ± 6.36 mg/dL, and 129.65 ± 14.50 mg/dL, respectively. HDL-cholesterol showed progressive increases in participants with desirable HDL-C > 60 mg/dL at 30 min (10 vs. 14 participants, p < 0.001) and at 120 min (10 vs. 16 participants, p < 0.001), while LDL-C peaked in participants with concentrations < 100 mg/dL at 30 min (desirable cholesterol: 0 vs. 2, p = 0.001). HDL-C concentration showed differences after cannabis consumption, showing increases at 30 (63.25 ± 7.68 mg/dL) and 120 min (69.15 ± 18.67 mg/dL) and total cholesterol concentration changed to 180.95 ± 19.3 mg/dL (95%CI 172.5 to 189.4) at 120 min (p = 0.007). Conclusions: HDL-C cholesterol increased 30 and 120 min after Cannabis spp. ingestion, while LDL-C and total cholesterol showed partial reductions in heavy-users from Cusco, Peru.
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25
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Cannabis Extract Effects on Metabolic Parameters and Gut Microbiota Composition in a Mice Model of NAFLD and Obesity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7964018. [PMID: 35795290 PMCID: PMC9251106 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7964018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major cause of chronic liver abnormalities and has been linked with metabolic syndrome hallmarks. Unfortunately, current treatments are limited. This work aimed to elucidate the effects of three cannabis extracts on metabolic alteration and gut microbiota composition in a mouse model of NAFLD and obesity. Male mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. Following the establishment of obesity, the HFD-fed group was subdivided into HFD or HFD that was supplemented with one of three cannabis extracts (CN1, CN2, and CN6) for additional 8 weeks. Metabolic parameters together with intestinal microbiota composition were evaluated. Except for several minor changes in gene expression, no profound metabolic effect was found due to cannabis extracts addition. Nevertheless, marked changes were observed in gut microbiota diversity and composition, with CN1 and CN6 exhibiting microbial abundance patterns that are associated with more beneficial outcomes. Taken together, specific cannabis extracts' addition to an HFD results in more favorable modifications in gut microbiota. Although no marked metabolic effect was disclosed, longer treatments duration and/or higher extracts concentrations may be needed. More research is required to ascertain this conjecture and to establish the influence of various cannabis extracts on host health in general and NAFLD in particular.
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26
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Moore BF, Sauder KA, Shapiro ALB, Crume T, Kinney GL, Dabelea D. Fetal Exposure to Cannabis and Childhood Metabolic Outcomes: The Healthy Start Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e2862-e2869. [PMID: 35357471 PMCID: PMC9202691 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of fetal exposure to cannabis on adiposity and glucose-insulin traits in early life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We leveraged a subsample of 103 mother-child pairs from Healthy Start, an ethnically diverse Colorado-based cohort. Twelve cannabinoids/metabolites of cannabis (including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol) were measured in maternal urine collected at ~27 weeks' gestation. Fetal exposure to cannabis was dichotomized as exposed (any cannabinoid > limit of detection [LOD]) and not exposed (all cannabinoids < LOD). Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured via air displacement plethysmography at follow-up (mean age: 4.7 years). Glucose and insulin were obtained after an overnight fast. Generalized linear models estimated the associations between fetal exposure to cannabis with adiposity measures (fat mass [kg], fat-free mass [kg], adiposity [fat mass percentage], body mass index [BMI], and BMI z-scores) and metabolic measures (glucose [mg/dL], insulin [uIU/mL], and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]). RESULTS Approximately 15% of the women had detectable levels of any cannabinoid, indicating fetal exposure to cannabis. Exposed offspring had higher fat mass (1.0 kg; 95% CI, 0.3-1.7), fat-free mass (1.2 kg; 95% CI, 0.4-2.0), adiposity (2.6%; 95% CI, 0.1-5.2), and fasting glucose (5.6 mg/dL; 95% CI, 0.8-10.3) compared with nonexposed offspring. No associations were found with fasting insulin (in the fully adjusted model), HOMA-IR, BMI, or BMI z-scores. CONCLUSIONS We provide novel evidence to suggest an association between fetal exposure to cannabis with increased adiposity and fasting glucose in childhood, a finding that should be validated in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna F Moore
- Correspondence: Brianna F. Moore, PhD, Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, 12474 East 19th Avenue, Campus Box F426, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. E-mail:
| | - Katherine A Sauder
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Allison L B Shapiro
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tessa Crume
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Gregory L Kinney
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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27
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Meah F, Lundholm M, Emanuele N, Amjed H, Poku C, Agrawal L, Emanuele MA. The effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on the endocrine system. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:401-420. [PMID: 34460075 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
With the increase in cannabis use due to policy changes and areas of decriminalization, it is important to recognize the potential impact of these substances on endocrine processes. Cannabinoids have many effects by activating the endocannabinoid system. This system plays a role in the normal functioning of nearly every organ and consists of the body's natural endocannabinoids, the cannabinoid receptors, and the enzymes and processes that regulate endocannabinoids. Exogenous cannabinoids such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are known to act through cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors, and have been shown to mimic endocannabinoid signaling and affect receptor expression. This review summarizes the known impacts of cannabis on thyroid, adrenal, and gonadal function in addition to glucose control, lipids, and bone metabolism, including: reduced female fertility, increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, reduced sperm counts and function, lower thyroid hormone levels with acute use, blunting of stress response with chronic use, increased risk of prediabetes but lower risk of diabetes, suggested improvement of high density lipoproteins and triglycerides, and modest increase in fracture risk. The known properties of endocannabinoids, animal data, population data, and the possible benefits and concerns of cannabinoid use on hormonal function are discussed. The interconnectivity of the endocrine and endocannabinoid systems suggests opportunities for future therapeutic modalities which are an area of active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Meah
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Michelle Lundholm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Emanuele
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Hafsa Amjed
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Caroline Poku
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Lily Agrawal
- Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Mary Ann Emanuele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Loyola University Health Care System, Maywood, Illinois, USA.
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Skipina TM, Patel N, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ. Cannabis Use is Associated with Prevalent Coronary Artery Disease. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:304-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cavalheiro EKFF, Costa AB, Salla DH, da Silva MR, Mendes TF, da Silva LE, Turatti CDR, de Bitencourt RM, Rezin GT. Cannabis sativa as a Treatment for Obesity: From Anti-Inflammatory Indirect Support to a Promising Metabolic Re-Establishment Target. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2022; 7:135-151. [PMID: 34242511 PMCID: PMC9070748 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is defined as an excess of accumulation of fat that can be harmful to health. Storage of excess fat in the adipose tissue triggers an inflammatory process, which makes obesity a low-grade chronic inflammatory disease. Obesity is considered a complex and multifactorial disease; hence, no intervention strategy appears to be an ideal treatment for all individuals. Therefore, new therapeutic alternatives are often studied for the treatment of this disease. Currently, herbal medicines are gaining ground in the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. In this context, much attention is being paid to Cannabis sativa derivatives, and their therapeutic functions are being widely studied, including in treating obesity. Objective: Highlight the pharmacological properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabidinol (THC), and cannabidiol (CBD), the predominant isolated components of Cannabis sativa, as well as its therapeutic potential in the treatment of obesity. Methods: This is a narrative review that shows the existing scientific evidence on the clinical application of Cannabis sativa as a possible treatment for obesity. Data collection was performed in the PubMed electronic database. The following word combinations were used: Cannabis and obesity, Cannabis sativa and obesity, THCV and obesity, THC and obesity, CBD and obesity, and Cannabis sativa and inflammation. Results: Evidence shows that Cannabis sativa derivatives have therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory properties. In addition, people who use cannabis have a lower body mass index than those who do not, making the plant an option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities in obesity. Conclusion: It is concluded that phytocannabinoids derived from Cannabis sativa have therapeutic potential due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, making the plant a study option to reduce and reverse inflammation and comorbidities associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Beatriz Costa
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Daniéle Hendler Salla
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Mariella Reinol da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Talita Farias Mendes
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Larissa Espindola da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Cristini da Rosa Turatti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Rafael Mariano de Bitencourt
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Tezza Rezin
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Inflammatory and Metabolic Processes, Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Tubarão, Brazil
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AL Ubeed HMS, Wills RBH, Chandrapala J. Post-Harvest Operations to Generate High-Quality Medicinal Cannabis Products: A Systemic Review. Molecules 2022; 27:1719. [PMID: 35268820 PMCID: PMC8911901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Cannabis plant as a medicinal crop has been explored for many thousands of years. The Cannabis industry is rapidly growing; therefore, optimising drying methods and producing high-quality medical products have been a hot topic in recent years. We systemically analysed the current literature and drew a critical summary of the drying methods implemented thus far to preserve the quality of bioactive compounds from medicinal Cannabis. Different drying techniques have been one of the focal points during the post-harvesting operations, as drying preserves these Cannabis products with increased shelf life. We followed or even highlighted the most popular methods used. Drying methods have advanced from traditional hot air and oven drying methods to microwave-assisted hot air drying or freeze-drying. In this review, traditional and modern drying technologies are reviewed. Each technology will have different pros and cons of its own. Moreover, this review outlines the quality of the Cannabis plant component harvested plays a major role in drying efficiency and preserving the chemical constituents. The emergence of medical Cannabis, and cannabinoid research requires optimal post-harvesting processes for different Cannabis strains. We proposed the most suitable method for drying medicinal Cannabis to produce consistent, reliable and potent medicinal Cannabis. In addition, drying temperature, rate of drying, mode and storage conditions after drying influenced the Cannabis component retention and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Muhsien Sabiah AL Ubeed
- School of Science, College of Sciences, Engineering, Computing Technologies and Health and Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
| | - Ronald B. H. Wills
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW 2258, Australia;
| | - Jayani Chandrapala
- School of Science, College of Sciences, Engineering, Computing Technologies and Health and Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia;
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31
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Skipina TM, Patel N, Upadhya B, Soliman EZ. Relation of Cannabis Use to Elevated Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score. Am J Cardiol 2022; 165:46-50. [PMID: 34930616 PMCID: PMC8766943 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesized that cannabis use is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This could explain the reported link between cannabis and cardiovascular events including stroke and myocardial infarction. This analysis included 7,159 participants (age 37.8 ± 12.4 years, 48.6% men, and 61.5% Caucasian) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey years 2011 to 2018. Cannabis use was defined by self-report. Participants with a history of stroke or myocardial infarction were excluded. Composite CVD risk was assessed using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk (ASCVD) score. Participants were classified based on their ASCVD risk levels as low (<5.0%), borderline (5.0% to 7.4%), intermediate (7.5% to 19.9%), and high (≥20.0%). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the association between cannabis use and ASCVD risk category using low-risk ASCVD category as the reference level. About 63.9% (n = 4,573) of participants had ever used cannabis. Ever cannabis use was associated with 60% increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score (odds ratio [OR] 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60 [1.04 to 2.45], p = 0.03). We also observed a dose-response relation between increased use of cannabis and a higher risk of ASCVD. Those reporting ≥2 uses per month had 79% increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score (OR [95% CI] 1.79 [1.10 to 2.92], p = 0.02) and those reporting ≥1 use per day had 87% increased odds of high-risk ASCVD score (OR [95% CI] 1.87 [1.16 to 3.01], p <0.001]. In conclusion, cannabis use is associated with elevated CVD risk. Individuals using cannabis should be screened for CVD risk, and appropriate risk reduction strategies should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M. Skipina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nikhil Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bharathi Upadhya
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elsayed Z. Soliman
- Cardiovascular Medicine Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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32
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Montoya-Alatriste CA, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ. Cannabis and cannabinoids as an alternative remedy in metabolic syndrome. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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33
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Morcuende A, Navarrete F, Nieto E, Manzanares J, Femenía T. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Addictive Disorders. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121824. [PMID: 34944470 PMCID: PMC8699452 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Substance use disorders are a group of diseases that are associated with social, professional, and family impairment and that represent a high socio-economic impact on the health systems of countries around the world. These disorders present a very complex diagnosis and treatment regimen due to the lack of suitable biomarkers supporting the correct diagnosis and classification and the difficulty of selecting effective therapies. Over the last few years, several studies have pointed out that these addictive disorders are associated with systemic and central nervous system inflammation, which could play a relevant role in the onset and progression of these diseases. Therefore, identifying different immune system components as biomarkers of such addictive disorders could be a crucial step to promote appropriate diagnosis and treatment. Thus, this work aims to provide an overview of the immune system alterations that may be biomarkers of various addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Morcuende
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.M.); (F.N.); (E.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.M.); (F.N.); (E.N.); (J.M.)
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.M.); (F.N.); (E.N.); (J.M.)
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.M.); (F.N.); (E.N.); (J.M.)
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Femenía
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda. de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain; (A.M.); (F.N.); (E.N.); (J.M.)
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-965-919-553
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Baumeister S, Nolde M, Alayash Z, Leitzmann M, Baurecht H, Meisinger C. Cannabis use does not impact on type 2 diabetes: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13020. [PMID: 33580533 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis has effects on the insulin/glucose metabolism. As the use of cannabis and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increase worldwide, it is important to examine the effect of cannabis on the risk of diabetes. We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study by using 19 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables for lifetime cannabis use and 14 SNPs to instrument cannabis use disorder and linking these to type 2 diabetes risk using genome-wide association study data (lifetime cannabis use [N = 184,765]; cannabis use disorder [2387 cases/48,985 controls], type 2 diabetes [74,124 cases/824,006 controls]). The MR analysis suggested no effect of lifetime cannabis use (inverse-variance weighted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.00 [0.93-1.09], P value = 0.935) and cannabis use disorder (OR = 1.03 [0.99-1.08]) on type 2 diabetes. Sensitivity analysis to assess potential pleiotropy led to no substantive change in the estimates. This study adds to the evidence base that cannabis use does not play a causal role in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian‐Edgar Baumeister
- Chair of Epidemiology LMU München, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
- Institute of Health Services Research in Dentistry University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Michael Nolde
- Chair of Epidemiology LMU München, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
| | - Zoheir Alayash
- Chair of Epidemiology LMU München, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Augsburg Germany
| | - Michael Leitzmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine University of Regensburg Regensburg Germany
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Chair of Epidemiology LMU München, UNIKA‐T Augsburg Augsburg Germany
- Independent Research Group Clinical Epidemiology Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health Munich Germany
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Cannabis Use and Electrocardiographic Myocardial Injury. Am J Cardiol 2021; 151:100-104. [PMID: 34024627 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple observational studies have demonstrated an association with cannabis use and acute myocardial infarction, especially among young adults. However, little is known about the connection with subclinical or electrocardiographic myocardial injury. We hypothesized that cannabis use would be associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury as defined by the cardiac infarction and/or injury score (CIIS). This analysis included 3,634 (age 48.0 ± 5.9 years, 47.1% male, 68.7% Caucasians) participants from the Third National Health and Examination Survey. Cannabis use was defined by self-report. Those with history of cardiovascular disease were excluded. Myocardial injury was defined as electrocardiographic CIIS ≥ 10. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the association between cannabis use and myocardial injury. The consistency of this association was tested among subgroups stratified by race, gender, tobacco smoking status, and comorbidities. About 26.0% (n = 900) of participants were ever-cannabis users and 15.5% (n = 538) had myocardial injury. In a model adjusted for potential confounders, ever-cannabis users had 43% increased odds of myocardial injury compared to never users (Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.43 (1.14, 1.80); p = 0.002). This association was stronger among participants with a history of hypertension versus those without (Odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.83 (1.36, 2.47) vs 1.17 (0.83, 1.64), respectively; interaction p value 0.04). Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of myocardial injury among those without cardiovascular disease with effect modification by co-existent hypertension. These novel findings underscore the harmful effects of cannabis use on cardiovascular health and also merit a personalized risk assessment when counseling patients with hypertension on its use.
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Clark TM. Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis Suggests that Cannabis Use May Reduce Cancer Risk in the United States. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:413-434. [PMID: 33998861 PMCID: PMC8612444 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabis smoke contains carcinogens similar to tobacco, in addition to compounds with antitumor activity. Cannabis use reduces the risk of obesity and cannabinoids inhibit chronic inflammation, known causes of cancer. The net effect of Cannabis use on cancer risk is not known. Objective: To examine the association between Cannabis use and cancer risk in the United States. Methods: Identify and analyze published data on cancer risk in Cannabis users. Results: A total of 55 data points, consisting of risk ratios of cancer in Cannabis users and nonusers, were identified from 34 studies. Of these, 5 did not contain data essential for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The remaining data showed a nonsignificant trend to an association with reduced risk (relative risk [RR]=0.90, p>0.06, N=50) although heterogeneity is high (I2=72.4%). Removal of data with high risk of selection bias (defined as those from North Africa and those that failed to adjust for tobacco) and data with high risk of performance bias (defined as those with fewer than 20 cases or controls among Cannabis users) resulted in an RR <1.0 (RR=0.86, p<0.017, N=24) and large effect size (Hedges g=0.66), but did not decrease heterogeneity (I2=74.9). Of all cancer sites, only testicular cancer showed an RR value >1, although this was not significant and had a negligible effect size (RR=1.12, p=0.3, Hedges g=0.02). Following removal of testicular cancers the remaining data showed a decrease in risk (RR=0.87, p<0.025, N=41). Cancers of the head and neck showed a negative association with cancer risk (RR=0.83, p<0.05), with a large effect size (Hedges g=0.55), but high heterogeneity (I2=79.2%). RR did not reach statistical significance in the remaining cancer site categories (lung, testicular, obesity-associated, other). The data are consistent with a negative association between Cannabis use and nontesticular cancer, but there is low confidence in this result due to high heterogeneity and a paucity of data for many cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Clark
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana, USA
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Abuhasira R, Haviv YS, Leiba M, Leiba A, Ryvo L, Novack V. Cannabis is associated with blood pressure reduction in older adults - A 24-hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring study. Eur J Intern Med 2021; 86:79-85. [PMID: 33483174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical cannabis use is increasing rapidly in the past several years, with older adults being the fastest growing group. Nevertheless, the evidence for cardiovascular safety of cannabis use is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of cannabis on blood pressure, heart rate, and metabolic parameters in older adults with hypertension. METHODS We conducted a prospective study of patients aged 60 years or more with hypertension and a new prescription of cannabis. We have performed the following assessments: 24-hours ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, ECG, blood tests, and anthropometric measurements prior to the initiation of cannabis therapy and 3 months afterward. The primary outcome was change in mean 24-h blood pressure at 3 months. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with a mean age of 70.42 ± 5.37 years, 53.8% females completed the study. At 3 months follow-up, the mean 24-hours systolic and diastolic blood pressures were reduced by 5.0 mmHg and 4.5 mmHg, respectively (p<0.001 for both). The nadir for the blood pressure and heart rate was achieved at 3 hours post-administration. The proportion of normal dippers changed from 27.3% before treatment to 45.5% afterward. No significant changes were seen in the different metabolic parameters assessed by blood tests, anthropometric measurements, or ECG exam. CONCLUSION amongst older adults with hypertension, cannabis treatment for 3 months was associated with a reduction in 24-hours systolic and diastolic blood pressure values with a nadir at 3 hours after cannabis administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Abuhasira
- Cannabis Clinical Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Yosef S Haviv
- Department of Nephrology, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Merav Leiba
- Division of Hematology, Assuta Ashdod Academic Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Adi Leiba
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Assuta Ashdod Academic Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel; Department of Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Larisa Ryvo
- Division of Oncology, Assuta Ashdod Academic Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Victor Novack
- Cannabis Clinical Research Institute and Clinical Research Center, Soroka University Medical Center, and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
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Berk K, Bzdega W, Konstantynowicz-Nowicka K, Charytoniuk T, Zywno H, Chabowski A. Phytocannabinoids-A Green Approach toward Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:393. [PMID: 33498537 PMCID: PMC7864168 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most frequent chronic liver disease in adults in developed countries, with a global prevalence as high as one billion. The pathogenesis of NAFLD is a multifactorial and multi-step process. Nowadays, a growing body of research suggests the considerable role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) as a complex cell-signaling system in NAFLD development. Although increased endocannabinoid tone in the liver highly contributes to NAFLD development, the complex effects and impacts of plant-derived cannabinoids in the aspect of NAFLD pathophysiology are yet not fully understood, and effective medications are still in demand. In our review, we present the latest reports describing the role of ECS in NAFLD, focusing primarily on two types of cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, we sum up the recent literature on the clinical use of natural cannabinoids in NAFLD treatment. This review is useful for understanding the importance of ECS in NAFLD development, and it also provides the basis for more extensive clinical phytocannabinoids testing in patients suffering from NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Berk
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Białystok, Poland; (W.B.); (K.K.-N.); (T.C.); (H.Z.); (A.C.)
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Shaheen M, Schrode KM, Kermah D, Pan D, Puri V, Zarrinpar A, Elisha D, Najjar SM, Friedman TC. Prevalence and Predictors of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Using Multiple Non-Invasive Methods: Data from NHANES III. JOURNAL OF LIVER 2020; 9:244. [PMID: 37786752 PMCID: PMC10544753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective Patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are at risk for developing cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. Currently, the definitive gold-standard method of diagnosing NASH is a liver biopsy, an invasive and costly method. Our objective was to compare three non-invasive methods of identifying NASH by using data on 10,007 subjects from NHANES III (1988-1994) to determine the prevalence and variables associated with NASH, as defined by each non-invasive method. Methods We used ultrasound data to identify subjects with moderate-to-severe hepatic steatosis, of whom we identified the NASH population using either the HAIR score, the NASH liver fat score, or the Gholam score, each of which had been validated with liver biopsy. We performed multinomial logistic regression to compare each NASH population to the normal population (those with no-to-mild hepatic steatosis). Results We identified 1136 (9.5%) subjects as having NASH by at least one method and 219 (1.8%) were identified by all 3 methods. Independent of the non-invasive method used, Mexican-Americans (MA) had the highest prevalence of NASH. All three methods identified significant risk factors for NASH (p<0.05), including: elevated waist-to-hip ratio, elevated levels of C-peptide, total cholesterol, or C-reactive protein (CRP). Conclusion We conclude that the combined non-invasive methods can help identify candidates with a high likelihood of being diagnosed with NASH. Health care providers can screen people with the combined non-invasive methods for the risk factors and identify candidates for interventions, including exercise and/or referral to biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Shaheen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Katrina M Schrode
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Dulcie Kermah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Deyu Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes, Ohio University-Heritage College of Medicine, Athens, USA
| | - Ali Zarrinpar
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, USA
| | - David Elisha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sonia Michael Najjar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes, Ohio University-Heritage College of Medicine, Athens, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, USA
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Barré T, Nishimwe ML, Protopopescu C, Marcellin F, Carrat F, Dorival C, Delarocque-Astagneau E, Larrey D, Bourlière M, Petrov-Sanchez V, Simony M, Pol S, Fontaine H, Carrieri P. Cannabis use is associated with a lower risk of diabetes in chronic hepatitis C-infected patients (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort). J Viral Hepat 2020; 27:1473-1483. [PMID: 32810343 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a risk factor of insulin resistance, and HCV-infected patients are at a high risk of developing diabetes. In the general population, research has shown the potential benefit of cannabis use for the prevention of diabetes and related metabolic disorders. We aimed to test whether cannabis use is associated with a lower risk of diabetes in chronic HCV-infected patients. Chronic HCV-infected patients (n = 10 445) were selected from the French national, multicenter, observational ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort. Cross-sectional data collected at cohort enrollment were used to assess the association between patients' clinical and behavioural characteristics and the risk of diabetes. Logistic regression model was performed with cannabis use as the main independent variable and a significance level set at 5%. A similar model stratified by the presence of advanced liver fibrosis (FIB-4 > 3.25) was also run. After multivariable adjustment, current (AOR [95%CI]: 0.49 [0.38-0.63]) and former (0.81 [0.67-0.98], P < .001) cannabis use were both associated with a reduced odds of diabetes. Conversely, male gender, tobacco use, elevated BMI, poverty, being a migrant and advanced fibrosis were associated with increased odds of diabetes. The association between cannabis use and diabetes was maintained in the stratified analysis. In this large cross-sectional study of chronic HCV-infected patients, cannabis use was associated with a lower risk of diabetes independently of clinical and socio-behavioural factors. Further studies are needed to elucidate a potential causal link and shed light on cannabis compounds and mechanisms involved in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangui Barré
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France.,ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Libérée Nishimwe
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France.,ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Camelia Protopopescu
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France.,ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France.,ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Fabrice Carrat
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Unité de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Céline Dorival
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Elisabeth Delarocque-Astagneau
- UMR1181 Biostatistique, Biomathématique, Pharmaco-épidémiologie et Maladies Infectieuses (B2PHI), Institut Pasteur, Inserm, Université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris, France
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Service des maladies de l'appareil digestif, Hôpital Saint Eloi, IBR- Inserm Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Bourlière
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint Joseph, Marseille, France
| | - Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez
- ANRS (France Recherche Nord & Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites), Unit for Basic and Clinical Research on Viral Hepatitis, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Simony
- ANRS (France Recherche Nord & Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites), Unit for Basic and Clinical Research on Viral Hepatitis, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Pol
- Université de Paris; AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Département d'Hépatologie; INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Fontaine
- Département d'Hépatologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France.,INSERM U1223, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Économiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Marseille, France.,ORS PACA, Observatoire régional de la santé Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Marseille, France
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Allostatic load and the cannabinoid system: implications for the treatment of physiological abnormalities in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CNS Spectr 2020; 25:743-749. [PMID: 31303187 PMCID: PMC6960358 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852919001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming clear that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is not simply a psychiatric disorder, but one that involves pervasive physiological impairments as well. These physiological disturbances deserve attention in any attempt at integrative treatment of PTSD that requires a focus beyond the PTSD symptoms themselves. The physiological disturbances in PTSD range over many systems, but a common thread thought to underlie them is that the chronic effects of PTSD involve problems with allostatic control mechanisms that result in an excess in what has been termed "allostatic load" (AL). A pharmacological approach to reducing AL would be valuable, but, because of the large range of physiological issues involved - including metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular systems - it is unclear whether there exists a simple comprehensive way to address the AL landscape. In this paper, we propose that the cannabinoid system may offer just such an approach, and we outline evidence for the potential utility of cannabinoids in reducing many of the chronic physiological abnormalities seen in PTSD which are thought to be related to excess AL.
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Kramer A, Sinclair J, Sharpe L, Sarris J. Chronic cannabis consumption and physical exercise performance in healthy adults: a systematic review. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:34. [PMID: 33526096 PMCID: PMC7819470 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of chronic cannabis consumption on physiological parameters of athletic performance are investigated to determine whether chronic cannabis consumption negatively affects athletic performance; improves performance, potentially via enhanced recovery; or has no effect at all. METHODS A systematic review of the literature (cross-sectional, longitudinal, and intervention studies) concerning the effects of cannabis consumption on sports performance outcomes, e.g. VO2Max (maximal oxygen uptake), PWC (physical work capacity) up to January 2020 was conducted using the PubMed, CINAHL, Medline, PsycArticles, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition databases. After screening and additional forward searching, four articles were found to fit the inclusion criteria. RESULTS Resting heart rate was the only physiological measure that significantly differed between groups, and only in one of the four studies included herein. The strongest predictors of athletic performance (VO2Max and PWC) were not found to be significantly different between groups in any of the included studies. Chronic cannabis consumption had no significant effect on athletic performance. The included studies did not assess other elements, such as recovery or endurance. CONCLUSION No evidence exists for ergogenic or ergolytic effects from chronic cannabis consumption. In some sports, advantages may plausibly be conveyed by psychotropic enhancement or pain reduction. Further research (particularly longitudinal or interventional studies) is required to determine whether cannabis, or constituents thereof, may provide indirect supplemental benefits to athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kramer
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia.
| | - Justin Sinclair
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Lara Sharpe
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic, Professorial Unit, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Nassan FL, Arvizu M, Mínguez-Alarcón L, Gaskins AJ, Williams PL, Petrozza JC, Hauser R, Chavarro JE. Marijuana smoking and outcomes of infertility treatment with assisted reproductive technologies. Hum Reprod 2020; 34:1818-1829. [PMID: 31505640 PMCID: PMC6736415 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the association of female and male partner marijuana smoking with infertility treatment outcomes with ART? SUMMARY ANSWER Women who were marijuana smokers at enrollment had a significantly higher adjusted probability of pregnancy loss during infertility treatment with ART whereas, unexpectedly, there was a suggestion of more favorable treatment outcomes in couples where the man was a marijuana smoker at enrollment. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Data on the relation of female and male partner marijuana use with outcomes of infertility treatment is scarce despite increased use and legalization worldwide. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We followed 421 women who underwent 730 ART cycles while participating in a prospective cohort (the Environment and Reproductive Health Study) at a fertility center between 2004 and 2017. Among them, 200 women (368 cycles) were part of a couple in which their male partner also enrolled in the study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants self-reported marijuana smoking at baseline. Clinical endpoints were abstracted from electronic medical records. We used generalized linear mixed models with empirical standard errors to evaluate the association of baseline marijuana smoking with ART outcomes adjusting for participants' age, race, BMI, tobacco smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption, and cocaine use. We estimated the adjusted probability of implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth per ART cycle, as well as the probability of pregnancy loss among those with a positive B-hCG. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The 44% of the women and 61% of the men had ever smoked marijuana; 3% and 12% were marijuana smokers at enrollment, respectively. Among 317 women (395 cycles) with a positive B-hCG, those who were marijuana smokers at enrollment (N = 9, cycles = 16) had more than double the adjusted probability of pregnancy loss than those who were past marijuana smokers or had never smoked marijuana (N = 308, 379 cycles) (54% vs 26%; P = 0.0003). This estimate was based on sparse data. However, couples in which the male partner was a marijuana smoker at enrollment (N = 23, 41 cycles) had a significantly higher adjusted probability of live birth than couples in which the male partner was a past marijuana smoker or had never smoked marijuana (N= 177, 327 cycles) (48% vs 29%; P = 0.04), independently of the women's marijuana smoking status. Treatment outcomes of past marijuana smokers, male and female, did not differ significantly from those who had never smoked marijuana. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Marijuana smoking was self-reported with possible exposure misclassification. Chance findings cannot be excluded due to the small number of exposed cases. The results may not be generalizable to couples from the general population. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Even though marijuana smoking has not been found in past studies to impact the ability to become pregnant among pregnancy planners in the general population, it may increase the risk of pregnancy loss among couples undergoing infertility treatment. Marijuana smoking by females and males may have opposing effects on outcomes of infertility treatment with ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The project was financed by grants R01ES009718, P30ES000002, and K99ES026648 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiby L Nassan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Mariel Arvizu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lidia Mínguez-Alarcón
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Audrey J Gaskins
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paige L Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - John C Petrozza
- Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russ Hauser
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Vincent Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge E Chavarro
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Page RL, Allen LA, Kloner RA, Carriker CR, Martel C, Morris AA, Piano MR, Rana JS, Saucedo JF. Medical Marijuana, Recreational Cannabis, and Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 142:e131-e152. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis, or marijuana, has potential therapeutic and medicinal properties related to multiple compounds, particularly Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol. Over the past 25 years, attitudes toward cannabis have evolved rapidly, with expanding legalization of medical and recreational use at the state level in the United States and recreational use nationally in Canada and Uruguay. As a result, the consumption of cannabis products is increasing considerably, particularly among youth. Our understanding of the safety and efficacy of cannabis has been limited by decades of worldwide illegality and continues to be limited in the United States by the ongoing classification of cannabis as a Schedule 1 controlled substance. These shifts in cannabis use require clinicians to understand conflicting laws, health implications, and therapeutic possibilities. Cannabis may have therapeutic benefits, but few are cardiovascular in nature. Conversely, many of the concerning health implications of cannabis include cardiovascular diseases, although they may be mediated by mechanisms of delivery. This statement critically reviews the use of medicinal and recreational cannabis from a clinical but also a policy and public health perspective by evaluating its safety and efficacy profile, particularly in relationship to cardiovascular health.
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Assa-Glazer T, Gorelick J, Sela N, Nyska A, Bernstein N, Madar Z. Cannabis Extracts Affected Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Mice Fed High-Fat/Cholesterol Diet. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:202-214. [PMID: 32923658 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with metabolic syndrome, which often includes obesity, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Several studies in mice and humans have implicated the involvement of the gut microbiome in NAFLD. While cannabis may potentially be beneficial for treating metabolic disorders such as NAFLD, the effects of cannabis on liver diseases and gut microbiota profile are yet to be addressed. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of cannabis strains with different cannabinoid profiles on NAFLD progression. Materials and Methods: NAFLD was induced by feeding mice a high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD) for 6 weeks. During this period, cannabis extracts were administrated orally at a concentration of 5 mg/kg every 3 days. Profile of lipids, liver enzymes, glucose tolerance, and gene expression related to carbohydrate lipid metabolism and liver inflammation were analyzed. The effect of cannabis strains on microbiota composition in the gut was evaluated. Results: A cannabidiol (CBD)-rich extract produced an increase in inflammatory related gene expression and a less diverse microbiota profile, associated with increased fasting glucose levels in HFCD-fed mice. In contrast, mice receiving a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-rich extract exhibited moderate weight gain, improved glucose response curves, and a decrease in liver enzymes. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the administration of cannabis containing elevated levels of THC may help ameliorate symptoms of NAFLD, whereas administration of CBD-rich cannabis extracts may cause a proinflammatory effect in the liver, linked with an unfavorable change in the microbiota profile. Our preliminary data suggest that these effects are mediated by mechanisms other than increased expression of the endocannabinoid receptors cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and CB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Assa-Glazer
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Noa Sela
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Timrat, Israel
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Zecharia Madar
- The Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Ngueta G. Lifetime Average Cannabis Use in Relation to Hypertriglyceridemic Waist Phenotype in U.S. Adults: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:246-254. [PMID: 32923661 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: With a growing number of states legalizing recreational or medical cannabis, prevalence of cannabis users is expected to markedly increase in the future. We aim to determine the association between lifetime cannabis use and the likelihood for hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW+/+) phenotype in U.S. adults. Methods: We abstracted data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2016. We estimated the minimal lifetime cannabis use using the duration of regular exposure and the frequency of use. Outcomes were HTGW+/+ phenotype, defined as being waist circumference >90 cm (for men) or 85 cm (for women), and serum fasting triglycerides ≥177 mg/dL. We used multiple logistic regression models to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of the 47,364 adults included, 48.5% were women. The prevalence of HTGW+/+ phenotype was 11.7%. Current, but not former, users were less likely to show HTGW+/+ phenotype. Current cannabis users with greater or equal to four uses per week showed a significant lower likelihood for HTGW+/+ than those who never used cannabis (AOR 0.46 [95% CI, 0.22-0.97]). HTGW+/+ phenotype was associated with neither two to three uses per week (AOR 1.12 [95% CI, 0.40-3.12]) nor less than two uses per week (AOR 0.56 [95% CI, 0.18-1.73]). Conclusions: Average lifetime frequency of greater or equal to four cannabis uses per week is linked to lower odds of HTGW+/+ in current users. Former use is not associated with HTGW+/+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Ngueta
- Centre de recherche sur les soins et les services de première ligne de l'Université Laval (CERSSPL-UL), Quebec (Quebec), Canada.,Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec (Quebec), Canada
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Dietary quality differs among cannabis use groups: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-16. Public Health Nutr 2020; 24:3419-3427. [PMID: 32698932 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020001846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015)) according to self-reported cannabis use among the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) adult participants. DESIGN Utilizing cross-sectional data, we assessed diet quality with up to two 24-h diet recalls from NHANES participants. Usual intakes were estimated via the multivariate Markov Chain-Monte Carlo method. Diet quality scores were compared among never users, previous users and current users of cannabis. SETTING NHANES surveys from 2005 to 2016. PARTICIPANTS Adult NHANES participants (17 855) aged 20-59 years with valid data for dietary recalls and drug use questionnaires. RESULTS Current adult cannabis users (ages 20-59 years) had significantly lower total diet quality (HEI-2010) scores (51·8 ± 0·7) compared with previous (56·2 ± 0·4) and never users (57·7 ± 0·4). Similar differences in total and individual HEI-2015 scores were observed. For the HEI-2015 scores, cannabis users had a significantly higher (better) sodium scores (4·1 ± 0·2) compared with never users (3·3 ± 0·1) and previous users (3·2 ± 0·1). Cannabis users scored lower compared with never users on total vegetables (3·1 ± 0·1 v. 3·7 ± 0·0), total fruit (2·1 ± 0·1 v. 3·0 ± 0·1) and whole fruit (2·2 ± 0·1 v. 3·3 ± 0·1) for the HEI-2015 index. CONCLUSIONS Current cannabis users' usual intakes reflect lower diet quality compared with never or previous users, particularly lower subcomponent scores of total vegetables, greens and beans, total fruit and whole fruit. Cannabis users should increase their intake of fruit and vegetables to improve overall diet quality.
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Alshaarawy O, Anthony JC. Are cannabis users less likely to gain weight? Results from a national 3-year prospective study. Int J Epidemiol 2020; 48:1695-1700. [PMID: 30879064 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-clinical studies indicate increased food intake and weight gain as cannabinoid effects. Cross-sectional epidemiological studies, however, indicate lower prevalence of obesity among cannabis users. Here, we aim to study the weight-gain research question in the prospectively conducted National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). METHODS NESARC was designed to produce nationally representative estimates for the US population. Participants (aged 18+) completed computer-assisted personal interviews on cannabis use, body weight and height at Waves 1 (W1, 2001-02) and 2 (W2, 2004-05). General linear modelling yields estimates for change in body mass index (BMI) regressed on cannabis-use status, with covariate adjustment based on a conceptual model for BMI determinants (n = 33 000). RESULTS At W2, 77% of the participants never used cannabis, 18% had discontinued use ('quit'), 3% were initiates and 2% were persistent users. Estimated W1-to-W2 BMI change shows an increase for all subgroups. Compared with never-users (reference), inverse slope estimates and attenuated change (%) in BMI between W1 and W2 are seen for cannabis-use subgroups: quitters [β = -0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -1.01, -0.60], initiates (β = -0.97; 95% CI = -1.36, -0.57) and persistent users (β = -1.26; 95% CI = -1.81, -0.72). CONCLUSION This new prospective study builds from anecdotes, pre-clinical studies and cross-sectional evidence on inverse associations linking cannabis use and obesity and shows an inverse cannabis-BMI increase association. Confirmatory studies with rigorous cannabis and BMI assays will be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayma Alshaarawy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James C Anthony
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Hua JT, Afshar M, Clark BJ, Kovacs EJ, Burnham EL. The relationship of cannabis decriminalization in Colorado and cannabis use in individuals with alcohol use disorders. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:13. [PMID: 33526125 PMCID: PMC7819320 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Over the past decade, cannabis use has become increasingly popular in states that include Colorado. During this time, alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and alcohol-related medical conditions have also been consistently recognized as public health problems with increasing prevalence in the state. Despite the widespread use of cannabis in Colorado, the epidemiology of cannabis use among those with AUDs has been poorly described. Therefore, we sought to examine cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs and individuals with low-risk alcohol use during a time of major Colorado legislative changes before and after legalization of recreational cannabis in 2012. METHODS This study was a secondary data analysis conducted with information from 303 participants (80% male) in the Denver, CO metropolitan enrolled between August 2007 and April 2016 for studies related to alcohol and lung health. Of these participants, 188 (62%) were completing inpatient alcohol detoxification with likely AUDs. All participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to establish their likelihood of an AUD, and all had information on current cannabis use assessed by questionnaire and urine toxicology testing. RESULTS Individuals with likely AUDs more commonly used cannabis compared to control participants (42% vs 27%, p = 0.007). In multiple logistic regression analyses, participant type (likely AUD versus control), tobacco smoking, and age were significantly associated with cannabis smoking; however, the year of participant enrollment was not. Adjusted odds for cannabis use among participants with likely AUDs were 2.97 (1.51-5.82), p = 0.002, while odds for cannabis use among tobacco smokers were 3.67 (1.94-6.93), p < 0.0001. Among control participants, tobacco smoking increased odds of cannabis use seven-fold. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the exceptionally high odds of cannabis use among individuals with likely AUDs undergoing alcohol detoxification at a Colorado treatment facility before and after legalization of recreational cannabis. Targeted investigations into the medical and psychiatric consequences of combined alcohol and cannabis use are urgently needed to define its health impact in these vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Hua
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Majid Afshar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Campus, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brendan J Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th St. C272, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Kovacs
- Department of Surgery, Division of GI, Trauma, and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ellen L Burnham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 E. 19th St. C272, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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