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Harries V, Abraham J, Vesi L, Reupena A, Faaselele-Savusa K, Duckham RL, Bribiescas R, Hawley N. The milk study protocol: A longitudinal, prospective cohort study of the relationship between human milk metabolic hormone concentration, maternal body composition, and early growth and satiety development in Samoan infants aged 1-4 months. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292997. [PMID: 38728264 PMCID: PMC11086876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research suggests that energy transfer through human milk influences infant nutritional development and initiates metabolic programming, influencing eating patterns into adulthood. To date, this research has predominantly been conducted among women in high income settings and/or among undernourished women. We will investigate the relationship between maternal body composition, metabolic hormones in human milk, and infant satiety to explore mechanisms of developmental satiety programming and implications for early infant growth and body composition in Samoans; a population at high risk and prevalence for overweight and obesity. Our aims are (1) to examine how maternal body composition influences metabolic hormone transfer from mother to infant through human milk, and (2) to examine the influences of maternal metabolic hormone transfer and infant feeding patterns on early infant growth and satiety. METHODS We will examine temporal changes in hormone transfers to infants through human milk in a prospective longitudinal cohort of n = 80 Samoan mother-infant dyads. Data will be collected at three time points (1, 3, & 4 months postpartum). At each study visit we will collect human milk and fingerpick blood samples from breastfeeding mother-infant dyads to measure the hormones leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin. Additionally, we will obtain body composition measurements from the dyad, observe breastfeeding behavior, conduct semi-structured interviews, and use questionnaires to document infant hunger and feeding cues and satiety responsiveness. Descriptive statistics, univariate and multivariate analyses will be conducted to address each aim. DISCUSSION This research is designed to advance our understanding of variation in the developmental programming of satiety and implications for early infant growth and body composition. The use of a prospective longitudinal cohort alongside data collection that utilizes a mixed methods approach will allow us to capture a more accurate representation on both biological and cultural variables at play in a population at high risk of overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Harries
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jyothi Abraham
- School of Nursing, National University of Samoa, Apia, Samoa
| | - Lupesina Vesi
- Obesity, Lifestyle, and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | - Aniva Reupena
- Obesity, Lifestyle, and Genetic Adaptations Study Group, Apia, Samoa
| | | | - Rachel L. Duckham
- Institute of Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, Australia
| | - Richard Bribiescas
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicola Hawley
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Amaral YNDVD, Marano D, Filha MMT, Moreira MEL. Pre-gestational overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk: theoretical causality model. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e10752022. [PMID: 38324828 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024292.10752022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have focused on the evaluation of the relationship between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. However, given the complexity of potentially confounding risk factors, the use of graphical tools is recommended to identify possible biases. This article aims to propose a theoretical model of causality using the directed acyclic graph between pre-pregnancy overweight and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. Methods: An extensive literature review was performed to identify variables with causal relationships with exposure and/or outcome. The choice of variables for adjustment followed the graphic algorithm that comprises six criteria for selecting a minimum set of potentially confounding variables. Socioeconomic conditions, interpartum interval, maternal age and food consumption pattern were the variables that would have to be adjusted in order to estimate the total effect of pre-pregnancy overweight on polyunsaturated fatty acids content in human milk. The minimum set of variables found in the present study can be used in the analysis of other studies that evaluate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniele Marano
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Rui Barbosa 716, Flamengo. 22250-020 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
| | | | - Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Mulher, da Criança e do Adolescente Fernandes Figueira Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Av. Rui Barbosa 716, Flamengo. 22250-020 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil.
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Hashemi Javaheri FS, Karbin K, Senobari MA, Hakim HG, Hashemi M. The association between maternal body mass index and breast milk composition: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuad174. [PMID: 38273741 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Breast milk composition is influenced by many factors, ranging from maternal nutritional status to infant sex. Previous studies have explored the relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and breast milk composition; however, the findings have been inconsistent and controversial. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the evidence on the association of maternal weight and BMI with breast milk composition. DATA SOURCES The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched up to May 3, 2023, using the following search strategy: ("maternal weight" OR "maternal BMI" OR "mother's weight" OR "mother's BMI") AND ("maternal milk" OR "human milk" OR "breast milk"). DATA EXTRACTION A total of 83 publications, involving data from more than 11 310 lactating women, were identified. All extracted data were compiled, compared, and critically analyzed. DATA ANALYSIS Overall, maternal BMI was associated with higher levels of leptin and insulin, and the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk. However, no conclusive associations were found between maternal BMI and the levels of energy, macronutrients, micronutrients, and other components of breast milk. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review provides robust evidence supporting a positive correlation between maternal BMI and breast milk concentrations of leptin, insulin, and the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Nevertheless, disparities in findings are noticeable for other constituents of breast milk. To comprehensively grasp the influence of maternal weight and BMI on breast milk composition, further research endeavors are imperative. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023458667.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Hashemi Javaheri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Karbin
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohammad Amin Senobari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hakime Ghadiri Hakim
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Brockway MM, Daniel AI, Reyes SM, Gauglitz JM, Granger M, McDermid JM, Chan D, Refvik R, Sidhu KK, Musse S, Patel PP, Monnin C, Lotoski L, Geddes DT, Jehan F, Kolsteren P, Bode L, Eriksen KG, Allen LH, Hampel D, Rodriguez N, Azad MB. Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100127. [PMID: 37802214 PMCID: PMC10831900 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains macronutrients, micronutrients, and a multitude of other bioactive factors, which can have a long-term impact on infant growth and development. We systematically searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 141 articles were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM micronutrients, macronutrients, or bioactive components. Bioactives including hormones, HM oligosaccharides (HMOs), and immunomodulatory components are reported here, based on 75 articles from 69 unique studies reporting observations from 9980 dyads. Research designs, milk collection strategies, sampling times, geographic and socioeconomic settings, reporting practices, and outcomes varied considerably. Meta-analyses were not possible because data collection times and reporting were inconsistent among the studies included. Few measured infant HM intake, adjusted for confounders, precisely captured breastfeeding exclusivity, or adequately described HM collection protocols. Only 5 studies (6%) had high overall quality scores. Hormones were the most extensively examined bioactive with 46 articles (n = 6773 dyads), compared with 13 (n = 2640 dyads) for HMOs and 12 (n = 1422 dyads) for immunomodulatory components. Two studies conducted untargeted metabolomics. Leptin and adiponectin demonstrated inverse associations with infant growth, although several studies found no associations. No consistent associations were found between individual HMOs and infant growth outcomes. Among immunomodulatory components in HM, IL-6 demonstrated inverse relationships with infant growth. Current research on HM bioactives is largely inconclusive and is insufficient to address the complex composition of HM. Future research should ideally capture HM intake, use biologically relevant anthropometrics, and integrate components across categories, embracing a systems biology approach to better understand how HM components work independently and synergistically to influence infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Merilee Brockway
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Allison I Daniel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah M Reyes
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Matthew Granger
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Deborah Chan
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Refvik
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Karanbir K Sidhu
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Suad Musse
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Pooja P Patel
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, Unites States
| | - Caroline Monnin
- Neil John Maclean Health Sciences Library, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Larisa Lotoski
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Fyezah Jehan
- Department of Pediatrics & Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lars Bode
- Department of Pediatrics, Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence (MOMI CORE), University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Kamilla G Eriksen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lindsay H Allen
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Unites States
| | - Daniela Hampel
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, Unites States
| | - Natalie Rodriguez
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Meghan B Azad
- Manitoba Interdisciplinary Lactation Centre (MILC), Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Brunetto S, Bernardi JR, Ribas Werlang IC, Nunes M, Rechenmacher C, Marcelino TB, Homrich da Silva C, Goldani MZ. Breast milk leptin concentrations and infant anthropometric indicators in SGA versus non-SGA breastfed infants born at term. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17717. [PMID: 37483797 PMCID: PMC10362072 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin concentrations in breast milk can influence metabolic programming during the first months of life. Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns show a peculiar growth pattern after birth, which can lead to adulthood diseases. This study aims to assess an association between leptin concentration in mature breast milk and the infant anthropometric indicators of the SGA and the non-SGA groups, in addition, to comparing the hormone level between these groups. A longitudinal study was performed with mother-infant pairs. The maternal sociodemographic information was collected in the first 48 h postpartum. Breast milk was collected at one month postpartum and leptin concentrations were obtained by immunoassays. The infant anthropometric measurements were collected at three and six months postpartum and included weight, height (to body mass index-BMI calculated), triceps skinfold (TSF), and subscapular skinfold (SSF). The BMI for age (BMI/A), TSF, and SSF were calculated by Z-score indicators. Data from 67 mother-infant pairs (n = 16 SGA and n = 51 non-SGA) were analyzed. In univariate analyses, the breast milk of the SGA group had lower leptin concentrations than the non-SGA group (p = 0.006), however, after adjustment, there was no difference between groups (p = 0.181). In the SGA group, there was a significant association between leptin concentrations and lower SSF at six months in infants, after adjustment (p = 0.003). In the non-SGA group, the breast milk leptin was associated with lower BMI/A at three and six months in infants, after adjustment (p = 0.002 and p = 0.010, respectively). The association between breast milk leptin concentrations with SSF in the SGA group and BMI/A in the non-SGA group suggests that leptin may be a modulating factor in infant growth in the first months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Brunetto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Isabel Cristina Ribas Werlang
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Marina Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Ciliana Rechenmacher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
| | - Thiago Beltram Marcelino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
| | - Clécio Homrich da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zubaran Goldani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
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Ramiro-Cortijo D, Singh P, Herranz Carrillo G, Gila-Díaz A, Martín-Cabrejas MA, Martin CR, Arribas SM. Association of maternal body composition and diet on breast milk hormones and neonatal growth during the first month of lactation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1090499. [PMID: 36936154 PMCID: PMC10018215 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1090499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preterm birth is associated with altered growth patterns and an increased risk of cardiometabolic diseases, with breast milk (BM) being a counteracting factor. Preterm infants also show alterations in adipokines and gut hormones influencing appetite and metabolism. Since these hormones are present in BM, it is possible that their levels may equilibrate deficiencies improving infant growth. We aimed to assess 1) the BM levels of ghrelin, resistin, leptin, insulin, peptide YY, and the gastrointestinal peptide in women with preterm and term labor; 2) the relationship between BM hormones and neonatal growth; and 3) the influence of maternal body composition and diet on these BM hormones. METHODS BM from 48 women (30 term and 18 preterm labor) was collected at days 7, 14, and 28 of lactation. Maternal body composition was evaluated by bioimpedance, and neonate anthropometric parameters were collected from medical records. The maternal dietary pattern was assessed by a 72-h dietary recall at days 7 and 28 of lactation. BM hormones were analyzed by the U-Plex Ultra-sensitive method. Data were analyzed using linear regression models. BM from women with preterm labor had lower ghrelin levels, with the other hormones being significantly higher compared to women with term delivery. RESULTS In premature infants, growth was positively associated with BM ghrelin, while, in term infants, it was positively associated with insulin and negatively with peptide YY. In the first week of lactation, women with preterm labor had higher body fat compared to women with term labor. In this group, ghrelin levels were positively associated with maternal body fat and with fiber and protein intake. In women with term labor, no associations between anthropometric parameters and BM hormones were found, and fiber intake was negatively associated with peptide YY. DISCUSSION Preterm labor is a factor influencing the levels of BM adipokines and gut hormones, with BM ghrelin being a relevant hormone for premature infant growth. Since ghrelin is lower in BM from women with preterm labor and the levels are associated with maternal fat storage and some dietary components, our data support the importance to monitor diet and body composition in women who gave birth prematurely to improve the BM hormonal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramiro-Cortijo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios de la Mujer (IUEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pratibha Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gloria Herranz Carrillo
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Gila-Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. Martín-Cabrejas
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigación Científica (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Camilia R. Martin
- Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Translational Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Silvia M. Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios de la Mujer (IUEM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Silvia M. Arribas,
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Christensen SH, Lewis JI, Larnkjær A, Frøkiær H, Allen LH, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF. Associations between maternal adiposity and appetite-regulating hormones in human milk are mediated through maternal circulating concentrations and might affect infant outcomes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1025439. [PMID: 36407523 PMCID: PMC9673480 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1025439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appetite-regulating hormones (ARH) in human milk (HM) are suggested to affect infants’ milk intake and possibly infant growth. Maternal adiposity might contribute to higher levels of ARH in HM, either from the mammary gland or from raised circulating levels due to higher adiposity. Counterfactual-based mediation analysis can define indirect and direct effects between HM ARH and maternal and infant factors, and might be an important tool when investigating the mother-milk-infant triad. Objective We aim to investigate whether potential associations between (1) maternal adiposity and HM ARH and (2) HM ARH and infant milk intake and growth are mediated through maternal and infant plasma ARH, respectively. Materials and methods Maternal and infant anthropometry and body composition, HM and blood samples were collected from 223 mother-infant dyads participating in the Mother, Infant and Lactation Quality study at three postpartum visits from 1 to 8.49 months. Leptin, insulin and adiponectin were analyzed using immunoassays. Mediation analyses using linear mixed-effect models were applied to investigate the direct and indirect effects through maternal and infant plasma hormone concentrations. Results A positive association between maternal body-mass-index (BMI) and HM leptin was mediated by maternal plasma leptin by 29% when fixing BMI to < 25 kg/m2, and through 51% when fixing BMI to ≥ 25 kg/m2 (pinteraction < 0.01). There was no mediated effect through plasma insulin in the association between BMI and HM insulin (p = 0.068). We found negative and positive associations between HM insulin and total milk intake and infant weight, respectively, however, these diminished in mediation analyses with reduced sample sizes. Conclusion Our main results suggest that the association between maternal adiposity and HM leptin was mediated through circulating leptin to a stronger degree for mothers with overweight compared to mothers with normal-weight. This indicates that excess maternal adiposity, and the resulting rise of circulating leptin and possible concomitant low-grade inflammation, may be reflected in HM composition. Clinical trials registry number NCT03254329.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Hilario Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sophie Hilario Christensen,
| | - Jack Ivor Lewis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anni Larnkjær
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hanne Frøkiær
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lindsay H. Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), Davis, CA, United States
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim F. Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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The association of pre-pregnancy BMI on leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in breast milk: a case-control study. Br J Nutr 2022; 127:1675-1681. [PMID: 34348809 PMCID: PMC9201832 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The nutrient composition of breast milk alters during lactation, and maternal BMI adds more intricacy into its complexity. We aimed to compare leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels of pre-feed and post-feed breast milk in mothers with obesity and normal weight, and tried to determine their effects on infants' growth over weight for length z-score. Twenty obese and twenty normal weight mothers with 2-month-old infants were enrolled in this case-control study. Five millilitre pre-feed breast milk and 5 ml post-feed breast milk were collected. Breast milk leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and IGF-1 were measured by commercial kits. The pre-feed breast milk of mothers with obesity had significantly higher levels of ghrelin than mothers with normal weight (P = 0·025), whereas the post-feed breast milk of mothers with normal weight had higher levels of adiponectin than the mothers with obesity (P = 0·010). No significant differences were observed in leptin and IGF-1 levels between the two groups. Post-feed breast milk IGF-1 levels of mothers with obesity were correlated with infant's weight for length z-score at 2 months (r -0·476; P = 0·034). In linear regression models, parity affected the ghrelin in pre-feed breast milk (P = 0·025). Our results revealed that maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with breast milk components.
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9
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Isesele P, Enstad S, Huong P, Thomas R, Wagner CL, Sen S, Cheema SK. Breast Milk from Non-Obese Women with a High Omega-6 to Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio, but Not from Women with Obesity, Increases Lipogenic Gene Expression in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes, Suggesting Adipocyte Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051129. [PMID: 35625866 PMCID: PMC9138889 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal body mass index is associated with breast milk (BM) fatty acid composition. This study investigated the effects of BM omega (n)-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) from non-obese women and women with obesity on the process of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. BM samples were collected from non-obese women (BMNO) and women with obesity (BMO) at one month postpartum. The fatty acid composition was measured, and BMNO and BMO groups with the lowest (Q1) and highest (Q4) quartiles of n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios were identified. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated in the presence or absence of BM. Lipid accumulation and the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis were measured. Treatment with BMNO containing high (vs. low) n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios significantly increased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes (acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase); however, there was no effect when cells were treated with BMO (with either low or high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios). Treatment with BMO (high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio) caused larger lipid droplets. Our findings demonstrated that BMNO with a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher expression of lipogenic genes, while BMO with a high n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio showed larger lipid droplets, suggesting adipocyte dysfunction. These findings may have implications in the BM-mediated programming of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Isesele
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
| | - Samantha Enstad
- Winnie Palmer Hospital for Women and Babies, Orlando, FL 32806, USA;
| | - Pham Huong
- School of Science/Boreal Ecosystems and Agriculture Sciences, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (P.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Raymond Thomas
- School of Science/Boreal Ecosystems and Agriculture Sciences, Memorial University, Corner Brook, NL A2H 5G4, Canada; (P.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Carol L. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Sarbattama Sen
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Sukhinder K. Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-7-09-864-3987
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10
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Leptin Levels of the Perinatal Period Shape Offspring's Weight Trajectories through the First Year of Age. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071451. [PMID: 35406063 PMCID: PMC9003253 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Leptin is a hormone regulating lifetime energy homeostasis and metabolism and its concentration is important starting from prenatal life. We aimed to investigate the association of perinatal leptin concentrations with growth trajectories during the first year of life. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal study, measuring leptin concentration in maternal plasma before delivery, cord blood (CB), and mature breast milk and correlating their impact on neonate’s bodyweight from birth to 1 year of age, in 16 full-term (FT), 16 preterm (PT), and 13 intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) neonates. Results: Maternal leptin concentrations were highest in the PT group, followed by IUGR and FT, with no statistical differences among groups (p = 0.213). CB leptin concentrations were significantly higher in FT compared with PT and IUGR neonates (PT vs. FT; IUGR vs. FT: p < 0.001). Maternal milk leptin concentrations were low, with no difference among groups. Maternal leptin and milk concentrations were negatively associated with all the neonates’ weight changes (p = 0.017 and p = 0.006), while the association with CB leptin was not significant (p = 0.051). Considering each subgroup individually, statistical analysis confirmed the previous results in PT and IUGR infants, with the highest value in the PT subgroup. In addition, this group’s results negatively correlated with CB leptin (p = 0.026) and showed the largest % weight increase. Conclusions: Leptin might play a role in neonatal growth trajectories, characterized by an inverse correlation with maternal plasma and milk. PT infants showed the highest correlation with hormone levels, regardless of source, seeming the most affected group by leptin guidance. Low leptin levels appeared to contribute to critical neonates’ ability to recover a correct body weight at 1 year. An eventual non-physiological “catch-up growth” should be monitored, and leptin perinatal levels may be an indicative tool. Further investigations are needed to strengthen the results.
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11
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Choi Y, Nagel EM, Kharoud H, Johnson KE, Gallagher T, Duncan K, Kharbanda EO, Fields DA, Gale CA, Jacobs K, Jacobs DR, Demerath EW. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Is Associated with Differences in Human Milk Hormone and Cytokine Concentrations in a Fully Breastfeeding United States Cohort. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030667. [PMID: 35277026 PMCID: PMC8838140 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters breast milk composition. We prospectively examined associations of GDM status with concentrations of six potentially bioactive elements (glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), leptin, and adiponectin) in human milk. These were measured at both 1 and 3 months postpartum in 189 fully breastfeeding women. Mixed-effects linear regression assessed GDM status-related differences in these milk bioactives, adjusting for demographics, maternal factors, and diet. At 1 and 3 months postpartum, milk CRP was higher (1.46 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001 and 1.69 ± 0.31 ng/mL; p < 0.001) in women with GDM than in women without GDM, whereas milk glucose (−5.23 ± 2.22 mg/dL; p = 0.02 and −5.70 ± 2.22; p = 0.01) and milk insulin (−0.38 ± 0.17 μIU/mL; p = 0.03 and −0.53 ± 0.17; p = 0.003) were lower in women with GDM. These significant associations remained similar after additional adjustment for maternal weight status and its changes. No difference was found for milk IL-6, leptin, and adiponectin. There was no evidence of association between these milk bioactive compounds and 1 h non-fasting oral glucose challenge serum glucose in the women without GDM. This prospective study provides evidence that potentially bioactive elements of human milk composition are altered in women with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Choi
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.M.N.); (H.K.); (T.G.); (D.R.J.J.); (E.W.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-612-624-1818; Fax: +1-612-624-0315
| | - Emily M. Nagel
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.M.N.); (H.K.); (T.G.); (D.R.J.J.); (E.W.D.)
| | - Harmeet Kharoud
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.M.N.); (H.K.); (T.G.); (D.R.J.J.); (E.W.D.)
| | - Kelsey E. Johnson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA;
| | - Tipper Gallagher
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.M.N.); (H.K.); (T.G.); (D.R.J.J.); (E.W.D.)
| | - Katy Duncan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.D.); (D.A.F.)
| | | | - David A. Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (K.D.); (D.A.F.)
| | - Cheryl A. Gale
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA;
| | - Katherine Jacobs
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.M.N.); (H.K.); (T.G.); (D.R.J.J.); (E.W.D.)
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA; (E.M.N.); (H.K.); (T.G.); (D.R.J.J.); (E.W.D.)
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12
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Çağiran Yilmaz F, Özçelik AÖ. The relationships between leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk of mothers and term infants. Ann Med 2021; 53:1309-1315. [PMID: 34378479 PMCID: PMC8366617 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1964037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin in breast milk play a significant role in metabolic programming. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study to evaluate the relationship between leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk, and certain anthropometric measurements of infants and mothers. METHODS This study was conducted with 65 females and term infants. Anthropometric measurements of the mothers and the infants were obtained on the first, third, and sixth months, and leptin levels in maternal serum and breast milk were measured. RESULTS In this study, leptin levels in breast milk were positively correlated with leptin levels in maternal serum while the leptin levels in breast milk were lower than the serum leptin levels. It was also determined that mothers' body weights, BMI values, waist and hip circumferences were increased in a statistically significant way in terms of the months (p < .001). It was discovered that all the anthropometric measurements of the mothers were positively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum in all the months (p < .001). Furthermore, it was determined that the body weights of the infants in certain months were negatively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum while the lengths of the infants were positively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS This study was determined that leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum were related to anthropometric measurements of both mothers and infants. Future studies with larger populations are needed to understand the long-term consequences of leptin metabolism comprehensively.Key messagesThis study was determined that breast milk leptin level and maternal serum leptin level demonstrated a positive correlation, and breast milk leptin level was lower than maternal serum leptin level.Mothers' anthropometric measurements were positively correlated with leptin levels in breast milk and maternal serum in all the months.There was mostly a negative correlation between breast milk leptin level and infant body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feray Çağiran Yilmaz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Özfer Özçelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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13
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Mank E, van Toledo L, Heijboer AC, van den Akker CHP, van Goudoever JB. Insulin Concentration in Human Milk in the First Ten Days Postpartum: Course and Associated Factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2021; 73:e115-e119. [PMID: 34183615 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Human milk (HM) is better tolerated than formula in preterm infants. Insulin, which is naturally present in HM but not in formula, has been suggested as a key factor for feeding tolerance, as it appears to stimulate intestinal maturation. Its precise concentrations during the early postnatal period, however, remains unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the natural timecourse of the HM insulin concentration during the first ten days postpartum. The effect of preterm delivery, maternal obesity, and diurnal rhythm were also assessed. METHOD HM was collected from 31 non-diabetic mothers (21 preterm [gestational age (GA) < 37 weeks]; 10 at-term [GA ≥ 37 weeks]) on ≥ 4 time-points per day during the first five days, and once on the tenth day postpartum. RESULTS The HM insulin concentration declined rapidly within the first three days postpartum (day 1: 516 [312-1058] pmol/L; day 3: 157 [87-299] pmol/L), after which the concentration remained relatively stable. The insulin concentrations were higher in HM from obese mothers than from non-obese mothers (P < 0.001). Preterm delivery did not significantly affect HM insulin concentrations when adjusted for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index category (P = 0.270). Diurnal rhythm was characterized by an insulin concentration decline throughout the night (P = 0.001), followed by an increase in the morning (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The HM insulin concentration declines rapidly in the first three days postpartum, follows a diurnal rhythm, and is higher in obese mothers compared to non-obese mothers. HM insulin concentrations are not affected by preterm delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Mank
- Department of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital
| | | | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Moyo GT, Thomas-Jackson SC, Childress A, Dawson J, Thompson LD, Oldewage-Theron W. Chrononutrition and Breast Milk: A Review of the Circadian Variation of Hormones Present in Human Milk. CLINICAL LACTATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1891/clinlact-d-20-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionBreast milk contains a wide range of hormones, nutrients, and bioactive compounds. Chrononutrition looks at the interaction between food, both meal timing and meal composition, and circadian rhythms.MethodThis review is a continuation on series on chrononutrition and breast milk. All human studies published in English were included regardless of location or year of publication.ResultsThis review identifies the hormonal circadian variation researched in breast milk to date for melatonin, cortisol, cortisone, leptin, and insulin.ConclusionThe circadian variation observed in some hormones reinforces the superiority of breast milk over formula milk. Melatonin has been the most studied, but more research for all the hormones is needed due to various gaps in the literature and varying levels of study quality. There is insufficient evidence to make recommendations specifically targeting the lactating mother, but we identify and recommend several ideas for future research.
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15
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Rassie K, Mousa A, Joham A, Teede HJ. Metabolic Conditions Including Obesity, Diabetes, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Implications for Breastfeeding and Breastmilk Composition. Semin Reprod Med 2021; 39:111-132. [PMID: 34433215 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1732365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding is internationally recognized as the recommended standard for infant nutrition, informed by evidence of its multiple benefits for both mother and baby. In the context of common metabolic conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes (type 1, type 2, and gestational), and obesity, breastfeeding may be particularly beneficial for both mother and infant. However, there is evidence of delayed lactogenesis and reduced breastfeeding rates and duration in women with these conditions, and the effects of altered maternal metabolic environments on breastmilk composition (and potentially infant outcomes) are incompletely understood. In this review, we explore the relationships between maternal metabolic conditions, lactogenesis, breastfeeding, and breastmilk composition. We examine relevant potential mechanisms, including the central role of insulin both in lactogenesis and as a milk-borne hormone. We also describe the bioactive and hormonal components of breastmilk and how these may link maternal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Rassie
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anju Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Diabetes, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
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16
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Suwaydi MA, Gridneva Z, Perrella SL, Wlodek ME, Lai CT, Geddes DT. Human Milk Metabolic Hormones: Analytical Methods and Current Understanding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168708. [PMID: 34445437 PMCID: PMC8395916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) contains a wide array of peptide hormones including leptin and adiponectin, which are involved in the regulation of infant growth and development. These essential hormones might play an important role in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming of the new-born infant. However, HM hormone studies are sparse and heterogeneous in regard to the study design, sample collection, preparation and analysis methods. This review discussed the limitations of HM hormone analysis highlighting the gaps in pre-analytical and analytical stages. The methods used to quantify HM metabolic hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, obestatin, resistin and apelin) can be classified as immunoassay, immunosensor and chromatography. Immunoassay methods (ELISA and RIA) have been predominantly used in the measurement of these HM hormones. The relative validity parameters of HM hormones analysis are often overlooked in publications, despite the complexity and differences of HM matrix when compared to that of plasma and urine. Therefore, appropriate reports of validation parameters of methodology and instrumentation are crucial for accurate measurements and therefore better understanding of the HM metabolic hormones and their influences on infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majed A. Suwaydi
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 54142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-6488-4467
| | - Sharon L. Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Mary E. Wlodek
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
- Population Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute (MCRI), Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
| | - Donna T. Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia; (M.A.S.); (S.L.P.); (M.E.W.); (C.T.L.); (D.T.G.)
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17
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Quinn EA. Centering human milk composition as normal human biological variation. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23564. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Quinn
- Department of Anthropology Washington University in St. Louis Saint Louis Missouri USA
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18
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Leghi GE, Middleton PF, Netting MJ, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT, Muhlhausler BS. A Systematic Review of Collection and Analysis of Human Milk for Macronutrient Composition. J Nutr 2020; 150:1652-1670. [PMID: 32240307 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As human milk (HM) composition varies by time and across even a single feed, methods of sample collection can significantly affect the results of compositional analyses and complicate comparisons between studies. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the results obtained for HM macronutrient composition between studies utilizing different sampling methodologies. The results will be used as a basis to identify the most reliable HM sampling approach. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Observational and interventional studies were included, and at least 2 authors screened studies and undertook data extraction. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and previously published pragmatic score. RESULTS A total of 5301 publications were identified from our search, of which 101 studies were included (n = 5049 breastfeeding women). Methods used for HM collection were divided into 3 categories: collection of milk from all feeds over 24 h (32 studies, n = 1309 participants), collection at one time point (62 studies, n = 3432 participants), and "other methods" (7 studies, n = 308 participants). Fat and protein concentrations varied between collection methods within lactation stage, but there were no obvious differences in lactose concentrations. There was substantial variability between studies in other factors potentially impacting HM composition, including stage of lactation, gestational age, and analytical method, which complicated direct comparison of methods. CONCLUSIONS This review describes the first systematic evaluation of sampling methodologies used in studies reporting HM composition and highlights the wide range of collection methods applied in the field. This information provides an important basis for developing recommendations for best practices for HM collection for compositional analysis, which will ultimately allow combination of information from different studies and thus strengthen the body of evidence relating to contemporary HM composition. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42017072563, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017072563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Leghi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philippa F Middleton
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Merryn J Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Adelaide, Australia
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19
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Fewtrell MS, Mohd Shukri NH, Wells JCK. 'Optimising' breastfeeding: what can we learn from evolutionary, comparative and anthropological aspects of lactation? BMC Med 2020; 18:4. [PMID: 31915002 PMCID: PMC6950880 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoting breastfeeding is an important public health intervention, with benefits for infants and mothers. Even modest increases in prevalence and duration may yield considerable economic savings. However, despite many initiatives, compliance with recommendations is poor in most settings - particularly for exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers commonly consult health professionals for infant feeding and behavioural problems. MAIN BODY We argue that broader consideration of lactation, incorporating evolutionary, comparative and anthropological aspects, could provide new insights into breastfeeding practices and problems, enhance research and ultimately help to develop novel approaches to improve initiation and maintenance. Our current focus on breastfeeding as a strategy to improve health outcomes must engage with the evolution of lactation as a flexible trait under selective pressure to maximise reproductive fitness. Poor understanding of the dynamic nature of breastfeeding may partly explain why some women are unwilling or unable to follow recommendations. CONCLUSIONS We identify three key implications for health professionals, researchers and policymakers. Firstly, breastfeeding is an adaptive process during which, as in other mammals, variability allows adaptation to ecological circumstances and reflects mothers' phenotypic variability. Since these factors vary within and between humans, the likelihood that a 'one size fits all' approach will be appropriate for all mother-infant dyads is counterintuitive; flexibility is expected. From an anthropological perspective, lactation is a period of tension between mother and offspring due to genetic 'conflicts of interest'. This may underlie common breastfeeding 'problems' including perceived milk insufficiency and problematic infant crying. Understanding this - and adopting a more flexible, individualised approach - may allow a more creative approach to solving these problems. Incorporating evolutionary concepts may enhance research investigating mother-infant signalling during breastfeeding; where possible, studies should be experimental to allow identification of causal effects and mechanisms. Finally, the importance of learned behaviour, social and cultural aspects of primate (especially human) lactation may partly explain why, in cultures where breastfeeding has lost cultural primacy, promotion starting in pregnancy may be ineffective. In such settings, educating children and young adults may be important to raise awareness and provide learning opportunities that may be essential in our species, as in other primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Fewtrell
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Nurul H Mohd Shukri
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,Department of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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20
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Sexually Dimorphic Associations between Maternal Factors and Human Milk Hormonal Concentrations. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010152. [PMID: 31935821 PMCID: PMC7019968 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While human milk composition is characterised by marked dynamicity, we are far from having a clear picture of what factors drive this variation. Hormones in human milk are known to vary according to specific maternal phenotypes, but limited evidence shows the infant also has a role in determining milk composition. The present study aimed to investigate the interplay between maternal and infant characteristics in relation to human milk hormonal profile. In total, 501 human milk samples from mothers recruited in the Finnish STEPS cohort study (Steps to the healthy development) were analysed. Pre-pregnancy and pregnancy maternal data, socioeconomic status and infant characteristics at birth were collated. Leptin, adiponectin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and cyclic Glycine-Proline in milk were measured. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and linear regression were utilised for statistical analysis. Sex-specific interactions with maternal factors were observed, as the infant sex mediated associations between gestational diabetes and milk adiponectin (p = 0.031), birth-mode and total protein (p = 0.003), maternal education and insulin-like growth factor-1: cyclic Glycine-Proline ratio (p = 0.035). Our results suggest that changes in human milk composition are associated with interactions between maternal and infant characteristics and pathophysiological factors. Future work should expand on these findings and further explore the link between hormonal profiles in human milk and infant outcomes.
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21
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Larrosa Haro A, Vásquez-Garibay EM, Guzmán-Mercado E, Muñoz Esparza NC, García-Arellano S, Muñoz-Valle JF, Romero-Velarde E. Concentration of ghrelin and leptin in serum and human milk in nursing mothers according to the type of feeding. NUTR HOSP 2019; 36:799-804. [PMID: 31282166 DOI: 10.20960/nh.02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Objective: we assessed the relationship between serum and human foremilk and hindmilk concentrations of ghrelin and leptin in nursing mothers according to the type of feeding. Methods: this cohort design was carried out on 131 mother-newborn dyads admitted to a physiological puerperium ward. The independent variables were the type of feeding, full breastfeeding (FBF, 56.5%) and partial breastfeeding (PBF, 43.5%). The dependent variables were the concentration of total ghrelin (pg/ml) and leptin (ng/ml) in serum, foremilk and hindmilk at eight and 16 weeks. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the nursing mothers at four months for serum assays. Unpaired Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's correlation tests, coefficient of determination and linear regression were used. Results: the concentration of ghrelin and leptin in hindmilk was higher than that of foremilk in both groups at eight and 16 weeks. The concentration of ghrelin and leptin was higher in serum than in foremilk in both groups. These values showed a direct and significant linear correlation with the exception of ghrelin in the FBF group. The serum concentration of leptin in mothers explained 32% of the variance of its concentration in foremilk in the FBF and 13% in the PBF groups. Conclusion: the hindmilk/foremilk gradient suggests an intake regulating mechanism during the fed. The concentration of ghrelin and leptin was higher in the serum than in foremilk and its correlation and determination coefficients could suggest plasma-milk transfer in addition to synthesis regulation by the mammary gland, adipose tissue or other organs.
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Amaral Y, Marano D, Oliveira E, Moreira ME. Impact of pre-pregnancy excessive body weight on the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk: a systematic review. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2019; 71:186-192. [PMID: 31423865 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2019.1646713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify through a systematic review the possible effects of pre-gestational excessive body weight on the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk. The papers were selected in the following databases: PubMed, Virtual Health Library, EMBASE, Web of Science and SCOPUS. The search strategy employed descriptors: 'Human Milk' AND 'Obesity' OR 'Overweight' OR 'Body Mass Index' AND 'Fatty acid' OR 'Omega3' OR 'Omega6'. According to the established strategy, six manuscripts were selected. Most of the selected studies concluded that mothers with excessive body weight presented a milk with a higher concentration of omega 6. In addition, all selected studies identified an increased Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio in the milk of pre-gestational excessive body weight mothers compared to the eutrophic ones. The milk of pre-gestational excessive body weight women had a higher Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio, which confirms the importance of starting pregnancy with adequate weight, thus minimising the possible influences that excessive body weight can cause infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Amaral
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniele Marano
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elissa Oliveira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Moreira
- Clinical Research Department, National Institute for Women's, Children's and Adolescent's Health Fernandes Figueira/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Erliana UD, Fly AD. The Function and Alteration of Immunological Properties in Human Milk of Obese Mothers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061284. [PMID: 31174304 PMCID: PMC6627488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with metabolic changes in mothers and higher risk of obesity in the offspring. Obesity in breastfeeding mothers appears to influence human milk production as well as the quality of human milk. Maternal obesity is associated with alteration of immunological factors concentrations in the human milk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, IL-6, insulin, TNF-Alpha, ghrelin, adiponectin, and obestatin. Human milk is considered a first choice for infant nutrition due to the complete profile of macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and immunological properties. It is essential to understand how maternal obesity influences immunological properties of human milk because alterations could impact the nutrition status and health of the infant. This review summarizes the literature regarding the impact of maternal obesity on the concentration of particular immunological properties in the human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu D Erliana
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Morais TC, de Abreu LC, de Quental OB, Pessoa RS, Fujimori M, Daboin BEG, França EL, Honorio-França AC. Obesity as an Inflammatory Agent Can Cause Cellular Changes in Human Milk due to the Actions of the Adipokines Leptin and Adiponectin. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060519. [PMID: 31146419 PMCID: PMC6627037 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin and leptin play roles in the hunger response, and they can induce the inflammatory process as the initial mechanism of the innate immune response. It is possible for alterations in the levels of these adipokines to compromise the functional activity of human colostrum phagocytes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the effects of adiponectin and leptin on colostrum mononuclear (MN) cells. Colostrum was collected from 80 healthy donors, who were divided into two groups: the control group and the high body mass index (BMI) group. MN cells were used to analyze phagocytosis by flow cytometry, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), intracellular calcium, and apoptosis were assessed by fluorimetry using a microplate reader. Adipokines restored the levels of phagocytosis to the high BMI group (p < 0.05), with a mechanism that is action-dependent on the release of ROS and intracellular calcium. However, adiponectin and leptin simultaneously contributed to better microbicidal activity, thus reflecting an increase in the apoptosis level (p < 0.05) in the high BMI group. Probably, the maintenance of the balance between adiponectin and leptin levels enhances the protection and decreases the indices of neonatal infection in the breastfeeding infants of women with high BMI values. Therefore, policies that support pre-gestational weight control should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassiane C Morais
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
| | - Luiz C de Abreu
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Public Policies and Local Development, School of Sciences of Santa Casa de Misericordia de Vitoria (EMESCAM), Vitória, ES 29045-402, Brazil.
| | - Ocilma B de Quental
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
| | - Rafael S Pessoa
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, MT 78600-000, Brazil.
| | - Mahmi Fujimori
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, MT 78600-000, Brazil.
| | - Blanca E G Daboin
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo L França
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, MT 78600-000, Brazil.
| | - Adenilda C Honorio-França
- Laboratory of Scientific Writing, Department of Morphology and Physiology, Centro Universitário Saúde ABC (FMABC), Santo André, SP 09060-870, Brazil.
- Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, MT 78600-000, Brazil.
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Maternal pre-pregnancy weight status modifies the influence of PUFAs and inflammatory biomarkers in breastmilk on infant growth. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217085. [PMID: 31141526 PMCID: PMC6541358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human breastmilk contains pro- and anti-inflammatory compounds and hormones that can influence infant growth. However, little is known about the specific interrelationships between these compounds and whether their effects on infant growth may be influenced by pre-pregnancy weight status. Objective The purpose of this novel, prospective cohort study was to assess the interrelationships between pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), hormones (insulin, leptin) and PUFAs (n-6, n-3) in blood and breastmilk in early postpartum between women with normal BMI (Group 1, n = 18; 18.5<BMI≤24.9 kg/m2) and with overweight/obesity (Group 2, n = 15; BMI≥25.0 kg/m2) before pregnancy to determine if these components correlated to infant growth measures at age 4–8 weeks. Methods Participants were robustly phenotyped along with their infants at 4–8 weeks postpartum. TNF-α, IL-6, insulin, leptin, and n-3 and n-6 PUFAs measured in blood and breastmilk and compared between pre-pregnancy BMI groups and with infant weight, length, head circumference and % fat mass. Results Group 1 women had higher serum leptin (p<0.01) and breastmilk leptin (p<0.001) compared to Group 2. Other inflammatory markers, hormones, and total n-6, n-3 and n-6/n-3 ratio PUFAs were similar between pre-pregnancy BMI groups. No relationships were observed between whey inflammatory markers, hormones, PUFAs and growth measures in infants born to Group 2 women. However, TNF-α was positively related and, IL-6, leptin, insulin, total n-6, n-3 and n-6/n-3 PUFAs in whey breastmilk were negatively correlated to infant growth measures in infants born to Group 1 women (p<0.01). Conclusions Pro-inflammatory qualities of breastmilk were associated with infant growth measures regardless of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. However, infants born to women with overweight or obesity demonstrated less responsive growth to breastmilk contents. More studies are needed to assess longitudinal effects of this impact.
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Sadr Dadres G, Whitaker KM, Haapala JL, Foster L, Smith KD, Teague AM, Jacobs DR, Kharbanda EO, McGovern PM, Schoenfuss TC, Le LJ, Harnack L, Fields DA, Demerath EW. Relationship of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Breast Milk Hormone Concentrations. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:621-628. [PMID: 30900412 PMCID: PMC6432940 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to test associations of prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, oral glucose challenge test results, and postpartum weight loss as predictors of breast milk leptin, insulin, and adiponectin concentrations and whether these relationships vary over time. METHODS Milk was collected at 1 and 3 months from 135 exclusively breastfeeding women from the longitudinal Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) study. Hormones were assayed in skimmed samples using ELISA. Mixed-effects linear regression models were employed to assess main effects and effect-by-time interactions on hormone concentrations. RESULTS In adjusted models, BMI was positively associated with milk leptin (P < 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.03) and negatively associated with milk adiponectin (P = 0.02); however, the association was stronger with insulin and weaker with adiponectin at 3 months than at 1 month (time interaction P = 0.017 for insulin and P = 0.045 for adiponectin). Gestational weight gain was positively associated and postpartum weight loss was negatively associated with milk leptin (both P < 0.001), independent of BMI. Oral glucose challenge test results were not associated with these milk hormone concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy contributes to interindividual variation in human milk composition. Continuing work will assess the role of these and other milk bioactive factors in altering infant metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazaleh Sadr Dadres
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kara M Whitaker
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jacob L Haapala
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laurie Foster
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Katy D Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - April M Teague
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Patricia M McGovern
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tonya C Schoenfuss
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Laura J Le
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lisa Harnack
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David A Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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27
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Heidari-Beni M. Early Life Nutrition and Non Communicable Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1121:33-40. [PMID: 31392650 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-10616-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The origin of some non communicable disease (NCDs) is in early life. Evidence has shown that early life nutrition is associated with the risk of developing chronic non communicable diseases. Pregnancy and infancy are the most critical stages that influence the risks of NCDs in childhood and adult life. Prenatal maternal undernutrition and low birth weight lead to obesity and increase the risk factors of cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life. Nutrition is one of the easily modifiable environmental factors that may affect outcome of pregnancy, trajectory of growth, and immune system of the fetus and infant. Healthy eating behaviors associate with prevention of weight disorders in pediatric, non communicable diseases, and deficiencies of micronutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Nutrition Department, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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28
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Murphy J, Pfeiffer RM, Lynn BCD, Caballero AI, Browne EP, Punska EC, Yang HP, Falk RT, Anderton DL, Gierach GL, Arcaro KF, Sherman ME. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in human milk: an exploratory analysis of racial differences to inform breast cancer etiology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:209-219. [PMID: 30083950 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of cytokines and growth factors in human milk offers a noninvasive approach for studying the microenvironment of the postpartum breast, which may better reflect tissue levels than testing blood samples. Given that Black women have a higher incidence of early-onset breast cancers than White women, we hypothesized that milk of the former contains higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and growth factors. METHODS Participants included 130 Black and 162 White women without a history of a breast biopsy who completed a health assessment questionnaire and donated milk for research. Concentrations of 15 analytes in milk were examined using two multiplex and 4 single-analyte electrochemiluminescent sandwich assays to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis factors, and adipokines. Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression was used to identify determinants of analyte levels and to compare results by race, with adjustment for confounders. Factor analysis was used to examine covariation among analytes. RESULTS Thirteen of 15 analytes were detected in ≥ 25% of the human milk specimens. In multivariable models, elevated BMI was significantly associated with increased concentrations of 5 cytokines: IL-1β, bFGF, FASL, EGF, and leptin (all p-trend < 0.05). Black women had significantly higher levels of leptin and IL-1β, controlling for BMI. Factor analysis of analyte levels identified two factors related to inflammation and growth factor pathways. CONCLUSION This exploratory study demonstrated the feasibility of measuring pro-inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and angiogenesis factors in human milk, and revealed higher levels of some pro-inflammatory factors, as well as increased leptin levels, among Black as compared with White women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Murphy
- George Washington University School of Nursing, 1919 Pennsylvania Ave NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC, 20006, USA. .,Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ruth M Pfeiffer
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittny C Davis Lynn
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ana I Caballero
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Eva P Browne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Punska
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Hannah P Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roni T Falk
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas L Anderton
- Department of Sociology, Sloan College, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Gretchen L Gierach
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen F Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Huang LL, Yang F, Xiong F. [Association of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin in breast milk with the growth of infants with exclusive breastfeeding]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:91-96. [PMID: 29429454 PMCID: PMC7389239 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin in breast milk with the weight growth velocity of infants with exclusive breastfeeding. METHODS A total of 67 full-term singleton infants who received regular child care and exclusive breastfeeding and their mothers were enrolled. The nutritional status was evaluated based on the measurements of body weight and body length (underweight, growth retardation, emaciation, overweight, and obesity). Z score was used to calculate growth velocity, and according to the ΔZ score, the infants were divided into poor growth group, low growth velocity group, and normal growth velocity group. Mature breast milk samples were collected from their mothers, and ELISA was used to measure the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin. RESULTS The emaciation group had a significantly lower level of leptin in breast milk than the non-emaciation group (P<0.05), and the overweight/obesity group had a significantly lower level of adiponectin than the non-overweight/obesity group (P<0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the level of ghrelin in breast milk was positively correlated with Z score of current body weight and ΔZ score compared with birth weight (rs=0.280 and 0.290 respectively; P<0.05). The regression analysis showed that the level of ghrelin in breast milk was an important influencing factor for the Z score of body weight (β=0.161, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Various active constituents in breast milk, including leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin, may regulate the growth and development of infants to a certain degree, but long-term studies and observation are needed to investigate their association with offspring growth and development and the health-promoting effect of breast milk on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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30
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Huang LL, Yang F, Xiong F. [Association of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin in breast milk with the growth of infants with exclusive breastfeeding]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2018; 20:91-96. [PMID: 29429454 PMCID: PMC7389239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin in breast milk with the weight growth velocity of infants with exclusive breastfeeding. METHODS A total of 67 full-term singleton infants who received regular child care and exclusive breastfeeding and their mothers were enrolled. The nutritional status was evaluated based on the measurements of body weight and body length (underweight, growth retardation, emaciation, overweight, and obesity). Z score was used to calculate growth velocity, and according to the ΔZ score, the infants were divided into poor growth group, low growth velocity group, and normal growth velocity group. Mature breast milk samples were collected from their mothers, and ELISA was used to measure the levels of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin. RESULTS The emaciation group had a significantly lower level of leptin in breast milk than the non-emaciation group (P<0.05), and the overweight/obesity group had a significantly lower level of adiponectin than the non-overweight/obesity group (P<0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the level of ghrelin in breast milk was positively correlated with Z score of current body weight and ΔZ score compared with birth weight (rs=0.280 and 0.290 respectively; P<0.05). The regression analysis showed that the level of ghrelin in breast milk was an important influencing factor for the Z score of body weight (β=0.161, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Various active constituents in breast milk, including leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin, may regulate the growth and development of infants to a certain degree, but long-term studies and observation are needed to investigate their association with offspring growth and development and the health-promoting effect of breast milk on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Ros P, Díaz F, Freire-Regatillo A, Argente-Arizón P, Barrios V, Argente J, Chowen JA. Resveratrol Intake During Pregnancy and Lactation Modulates the Early Metabolic Effects of Maternal Nutrition Differently in Male and Female Offspring. Endocrinology 2018; 159:810-825. [PMID: 29186387 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition can have detrimental long-term consequences on energy homeostasis in the offspring. Resveratrol exerts antioxidant and antiobesity actions, but its impact during development remains largely unknown. We hypothesized that resveratrol intake during pregnancy and lactation could improve the effects of poor maternal nutrition on offspring metabolism. Wistar rats received a low-fat diet (LFD; 10.2% kcal from fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 61.6% kcal from fat), with half of each group receiving resveratrol in their drinking water (50 mg/L) during pregnancy and lactation. Body weight (BW) of dams was measured at treatment onset and weaning [postnatal day (PND) 21] and of pups at birth and PND21, at which time dams and pups were euthanized. Although HFD dams consumed more energy, their BW at the end of lactation was unaffected. Mean litter size was not modified by maternal diet or resveratrol. At birth, male offspring from HFD and resveratrol (HFD + R) dams weighed less than those from LFD and resveratrol (LFD + R) dams. On PND21, pups of both sexes from HFD dams weighed more, had more visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT), and had higher serum leptin levels than those from LFD dams. Resveratrol reduced BW, leptin, VAT, and SCAT, with females being more affected, but increased glycemia. Neuropeptide levels were unaffected by resveratrol. In conclusion, resveratrol intake during pregnancy and lactation decreased BW and adipose tissue content in offspring of dams on an HFD but did not affect offspring from LFD-fed dams, suggesting that the potential protective effects of resveratrol during gestation/lactation are diet dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purificación Ros
- Hospital Universitario Puerto de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Díaz
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Argente-Arizón
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma of Madrid + Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Whitaker KM, Marino RC, Haapala JL, Foster L, Smith KD, Teague AM, Jacobs DR, Fontaine PL, McGovern PM, Schoenfuss TC, Harnack L, Fields DA, Demerath EW. Associations of Maternal Weight Status Before, During, and After Pregnancy with Inflammatory Markers in Breast Milk. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:2092-2099. [PMID: 28985033 PMCID: PMC5705414 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine the associations of maternal weight status before, during, and after pregnancy with breast milk C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), two bioactive markers of inflammation, measured at 1 and 3 months post partum. METHODS Participants were 134 exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant dyads taking part in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Health (MILK) study, who provided breast milk samples. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) were assessed by chart abstraction; postpartum weight loss was measured at the 1- and 3-month study visits. Linear regression was used to examine the associations of maternal weight status with repeated measures of breast milk CRP and IL-6 at 1 and 3 months, after adjustment for potential confounders. RESULTS Pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG, but not total GWG or postpartum weight loss, were independently associated with breast milk CRP after adjustment (β = 0.49, P < 0.001 and β = 0.51, P = 0.011, respectively). No associations were observed for IL-6. CONCLUSIONS High pre-pregnancy BMI and excessive GWG are associated with elevated levels of breast milk CRP. The consequences of infants receiving varying concentrations of breast milk inflammatory markers are unknown; however, it is speculated that there are implications for the intergenerational transmission of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M. Whitaker
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Regina C. Marino
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacob L. Haapala
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Laurie Foster
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Katy D. Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - April M. Teague
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patricia L. Fontaine
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Health Partners Institute for Education and Research, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Patricia M. McGovern
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tonya C. Schoenfuss
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa Harnack
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David A. Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Meyer DM, Brei C, Stecher L, Much D, Brunner S, Hauner H. The relationship between breast milk leptin and adiponectin with child body composition from 3 to 5 years: a follow-up study. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12 Suppl 1:125-129. [PMID: 27863153 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research indicates that breast milk contains bioactive components that influence metabolism in infancy and may play a role in the prevention of obesity in early childhood. In our initial study, 147 breastfeeding mother/child pairs were followed from birth to 2 years of age to examine the relationship between breast milk leptin and total adiponectin (collected at 6 weeks and 4 months postpartum) and infant body composition. Higher breast milk total adiponectin was related to greater fat mass and weight gain in children at 1 and 2 years of age, whereas leptin showed no association. OBJECTIVES/METHODS In this follow-up, we examined the relationship between both adipokines and children's body weight, body mass index percentiles, sum of four skin-folds, percentage of body fat, fat mass and lean body mass at 3, 4 and 5 years of age. RESULTS Breast milk adipokines were largely unrelated to child anthropometric measures. CONCLUSION Our results do not provide significant evidence that breast milk adipokines can predict adiposity in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Meyer
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - C Brei
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - L Stecher
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - D Much
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - S Brunner
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - H Hauner
- From the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Nutritional Medicine Unit, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Kugananthan S, Gridneva Z, Lai CT, Hepworth AR, Mark PJ, Kakulas F, Geddes DT. Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk. Nutrients 2017; 9:E252. [PMID: 28282925 PMCID: PMC5372915 DOI: 10.3390/nu9030252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (%FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n = 59) provided milk samples (n = 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal %FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal %FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.008) and skim HM (0.005 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.007), and protein (0.16 ± 0.07 g/L, p = 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with %FM (0.01 ± 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.81; 0.08 ± 0.11 g/L, p = 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambavi Kugananthan
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Zoya Gridneva
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Ching T Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Anna R Hepworth
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Foteini Kakulas
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia.
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Abstract
Animal studies show that the lactation period contributes to metabolic programming of the offspring and that oral leptin and insulin show bioactivity. Stage of lactation, duration of gestation, maternal body composition, and maternal diet seem to influence the concentrations of small molecules in human milk. Variability of small molecule concentrations seems higher in preterm milk than in term milk. Insulin in human milk shows concentrations similar to plasma. Leptin concentration is lower in milk than in plasma and reflects maternal body mass index. Early in lactation, leptin could contribute to mediating the association between maternal and infant body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Demmelmair
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 München, Germany.
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolism and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Lindwurmstrasse 4, 80337 München, Germany
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