1
|
Bengtsson B, Maucourant C, Sandberg JK, Björkström NK, Hagström H. Evaluation of mucosal-associated invariant T-cells as a potential biomarker to predict infection risk in liver cirrhosis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294695. [PMID: 38691552 PMCID: PMC11062522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Infection is a serious complication in patients with cirrhosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are involved in the immune defense against infections and known to be impaired in several chronic conditions, including cirrhosis. Here, we evaluated if MAIT cell levels in peripheral blood are associated with risk of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis. METHODS Patients with cirrhosis seen at the Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, between 2016 and 2019 were included. Levels of MAIT cells in peripheral blood were determined using flow cytometry. Baseline and follow-up data after at least two years of follow-up were collected by chart review for the primary outcome (bacterial infection) and secondary outcomes (decompensation and death). Competing risk and Cox regression were performed. RESULTS We included 106 patients with cirrhosis. The median MAIT cells fraction in the circulation was 0.8% in cirrhosis compared to 6.1% in healthy controls. In contrast to our hypothesis, we found an association in the adjusted analysis between relatively preserved MAIT cell levels, and a slightly higher risk to develop bacterial infections (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio (aSHR) 1.15 (95%CI = 1.01-1.31). However, MAIT cell levels were not associated with the risk of hepatic decompensation (aSHR 1.19 (95%CI = 0.91-1.56)) nor with death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.10 (95%CI = 0.97-1.22)). CONCLUSIONS Relatively preserved MAIT cell levels in blood of patients with cirrhosis were associated with a somewhat higher risk of bacterial infections. The clinical relevance of this might not be strong. MAIT cells might however be an interesting biomarker to explore in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Bengtsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Maucourant
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hannes Hagström
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raya Tonetti F, Eguileor A, Mrdjen M, Pathak V, Travers J, Nagy LE, Llorente C. Gut-liver axis: Recent concepts in pathophysiology in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00873. [PMID: 38691396 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing recognition of the role of the gut microbiome's impact on alcohol-associated diseases, especially in alcohol-associated liver disease, emphasizes the need to understand molecular mechanisms involved in governing organ-organ communication to identify novel avenues to combat alcohol-associated diseases. The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional communication and interaction between the gut and the liver. Intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis within the gut-liver axis, and this axis plays a significant role in alcohol-associated liver disease. The intricate communication between intestine and liver involves communication between multiple cellular components in each organ that enable them to carry out their physiological functions. In this review, we focus on novel approaches to understanding how chronic alcohol exposure impacts the microbiome and individual cells within the liver and intestine, as well as the impact of ethanol on the molecular machinery required for intraorgan and interorgan communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Raya Tonetti
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Travers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Feng D, Hwang S, Guillot A, Wang Y, Guan Y, Chen C, Maccioni L, Gao B. Inflammation in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101352. [PMID: 38697358 PMCID: PMC11234022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is an acute-on-chronic liver injury that occurs in patients with chronic alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Patients with severe AH have high short-term mortality and lack effective pharmacologic therapies. Inflammation is believed to be one of the key factors promoting AH progression and has been actively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last several decades, but no effective inflammatory targets have been identified so far. In this review, we discuss how inflammatory cells and the inflammatory mediators produced by these cells contribute to the development and progression of AH, with focus on neutrophils and macrophages. The crosstalk between inflammatory cells and liver nonparenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of AH is elaborated. We also deliberate the application of recent cutting-edge technologies in characterizing liver inflammation in AH. Finally, the potential therapeutic targets of inflammatory mediators for AH are briefly summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yukun Guan
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wyatt-Johnson SK, Afify R, Brutkiewicz RR. The immune system in neurological diseases: What innate-like T cells have to say. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:913-923. [PMID: 38365015 PMCID: PMC10999338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The immune system classically consists of 2 lines of defense, innate and adaptive, both of which interact with one another effectively to protect us against any pathogenic threats. Importantly, there is a diverse subset of cells known as innate-like T cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are pivotal players in eliciting inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the regulatory impact of these innate-like T cells in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and that such immune cells can traffic into the brain in multiple pathological conditions, which can be typically attributed to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. However, until now, it has been poorly understood whether innate-like T cells have direct protective or causative properties, particularly in CNS diseases. Therefore, in this review, our attention is focused on discussing the critical roles of 3 unique subsets of unconventional T cells, namely, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, in the context of CNS diseases, disorders, and injuries and how the interplay of these immune cells modulates CNS pathology, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of their complex functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Reham Afify
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Belelli D, Riva A, Nutt DJ. Reducing the harms of alcohol: nutritional interventions and functional alcohol alternatives. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 175:241-276. [PMID: 38555118 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The health risks and harm associated with regular alcohol consumption are well documented. In a recent WHO statement published in The Lancet Public Health alcohol consumption has been estimated to contribute worldwide to 3 million deaths in 2016 while also being responsible for 5·1% of the global burden of disease and injury. The total elimination of alcohol consumption, which has been long imbedded in human culture and society, is not practical and prohibition policies have proved historically ineffective. However, valuable strategies to reduce alcohol harms are already available and improved alternative approaches are currently being developed. Here, we will review and discuss recent advances on two main types of approaches, that is nutritional interventions and functional alcohol alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delia Belelli
- GABALabs Res. Senior Scientific Consultant, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Riva
- Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology (Foundation for Liver Research), London; Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burke Schinkel SC, Barros PO, Berthoud T, Byrareddy SN, McGuinty M, Cameron DW, Angel JB. Comparative analysis of human gut- and blood-derived mononuclear cells: contrasts in function and phenotype. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1336480. [PMID: 38444848 PMCID: PMC10912472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alterations in the gut immune system have been implicated in various diseases.The challenge of obtaining gut tissues from healthy individuals, commonly performed via surgical explants, has limited the number of studies describing the phenotype and function of gut-derived immune cells in health. Methods Here, by means of recto-sigmoid colon biopsies obtained during routine care (colon cancer screening in healthy adults), the phenotype and function of immune cells present in the gut were described and compared to those found in blood. Results The proportion of CD4+, CD8+, MAIT, γδ+ T, and NK cells phenotype, expression of integrins, and ability to produce cytokine in response to stimulation with PMA and ionomycin. T cells in the gut were found to predominantly have a memory phenotype as compared to T cells in blood where a naïve phenotype predominates. Recto-sigmoid mononuclear cells also had higher PD-1 and Ki67 expression. Furthermore, integrin expression and cytokine production varied by cell type and location in blood vs. gut. Discussion These findings demonstrate the differences in functionality of these cells when compared to their blood counterparts and validate previous studies on phenotype within gut-derived immune cells in humans (where cells have been obtained through surgical means). This study suggests that recto-sigmoid biopsies collected during colonoscopy can be a reliable yet more accessible sampling method for follow up of alterations of gut derived immune cells in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Priscila O Barros
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tamara Berthoud
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michaeline McGuinty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - D William Cameron
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan B Angel
- Chronic Diseases Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu X, Liu ZX, Morgan TR, Norden-Krichmar TM. Single-cell transcriptomics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicates impaired immune and inflammatory responses in alcohol-associated hepatitis. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110735. [PMID: 38040543 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.110735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is often diagnosed at advanced stages, and severe AH usually carries poor prognosis and high short-term mortality. In addition, it is challenging to understand the molecular mechanisms of immune dysregulation and inflammation in AH due to the cellular complexity and heterogeneity. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, previous studies found that AH causes dysfunctional innate immune response in monocytes, involving activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and cytokine signaling pathways. To better understand the coordinated systemic immune response in AH patients, we performed combined single-cell transcriptome, cell-surface protein, and lymphocyte antigen receptor analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples. Our results showed inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were highly expressed in AH, including IL-2, IL-32, CXC3R1 and CXCL16 in monocytes and NK cells, whereas HLA-DR genes were reduced in monocytes. In addition, we also found altered differentiation of T-helper cells (TH1 and TH17), which could further lead to neutrophil recruitment and macrophage activation. Lastly, our results also suggest impaired NK-cell activation and differentiation in AH with reduced gene expression of KLRC2 and increased gene expression of KLRG1. Our findings indicate different mechanisms may be involved in impaired immune and inflammatory responses for the cellular subtypes of the PBMCs in AH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Zhang-Xu Liu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Medicine and Research Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu S, Yang X, Lou Y, Xiao X. MAIT cells in bacterial infectious diseases: heroes, villains, or both? Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 214:144-153. [PMID: 37624404 PMCID: PMC10714195 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the aggravation of bacterial drug resistance and the lag in the development of new antibiotics, it is crucial to develop novel therapeutic regimens for bacterial infectious diseases. Currently, immunotherapy is a promising regimen for the treatment of infectious diseases. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a subpopulation of innate-like T cells, are abundant in humans and can mount a rapid immune response to pathogens, thus becoming a potential target of immunotherapy for infectious diseases. At the site of infection, activated MAIT cells perform complex biological functions by secreting a variety of cytokines and cytotoxic substances. Many studies have shown that MAIT cells have immunoprotective effects because they can bridge innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to bacterial clearance, tissue repair, and homeostasis maintenance. MAIT cells also participate in cytokine storm generation, tissue fibrosis, and cancer progression, indicating that they play a role in immunopathology. In this article, we review recent studies of MAIT cells, discuss their dual roles in bacterial infectious diseases and provide some promising MAIT cell-targeting strategies for the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihong Wu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Xiao
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Diaz LA, Winder GS, Leggio L, Bajaj JS, Bataller R, Arab JP. New insights into the molecular basis of alcohol abstinence and relapse in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00605. [PMID: 37862466 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder remains a significant public health concern, affecting around 5% of adults worldwide. Novel pathways of damage have been described during the last years, providing insight into the mechanism of injury due to alcohol misuse beyond the direct effect of ethanol byproducts on the liver parenchyma and neurobehavioral mechanisms. Thus, the gut-liver-brain axis and immune system involvement could be therapeutic targets for alcohol use disorder. In particular, changes in gut microbiota composition and function, and bile acid homeostasis, have been shown with alcohol consumption and cessation. Alcohol can also directly disrupt intestinal and blood-brain barriers. Activation of the immune system can be triggered by intestinal barrier dysfunction and translocation of bacteria, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (such as lipopolysaccharide), cytokines, and damage-associated molecular patterns. These factors, in turn, promote liver and brain inflammation and the progression of liver fibrosis. Other involved mechanisms include oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy, and the release of extracellular vesicles and miRNA from hepatocytes. Potential therapeutic targets include gut microbiota (probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation), neuroinflammatory pathways, as well as neuroendocrine pathways, for example, the ghrelin system (ghrelin receptor blockade), incretin mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 analogs), and the mineralocorticoid receptor system (spironolactone). In addition, support with psychological and behavioral treatments is essential to address the multiple dimensions of alcohol use disorder. In the future, a personalized approach considering these novel targets can contribute to significantly decreasing the alcohol-associated burden of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Antonio Diaz
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institutes of Health, NIDA and NIAAA, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ibidapo-Obe O, Bruns T. Tissue-resident and innate-like T cells in patients with advanced chronic liver disease. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100812. [PMID: 37691689 PMCID: PMC10485156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver disease results from the orchestrated interplay of components of innate and adaptive immunity in response to liver tissue damage. Recruitment, positioning, and activation of immune cells can contribute to hepatic cell death, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. With disease progression and increasing portal pressure, repeated translocation of bacterial components from the intestinal lumen through the epithelial and vascular barriers leads to persistent mucosal, hepatic, and systemic inflammation which contributes to tissue damage, immune dysfunction, and microbial infection. It is increasingly recognised that innate-like and adaptive T-cell subsets located in the liver, mucosal surfaces, and body cavities play a critical role in the progression of advanced liver disease and inflammatory complications of cirrhosis. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and tissue-resident memory T cells in the gut, liver, and ascitic fluid share certain characteristic features, which include that they recognise microbial products, tissue alarmins, cytokines, and stress ligands in tissues, and perform effector functions in chronic liver disease. This review highlights recent advances in the comprehension of human tissue-resident and unconventional T-cell populations and discusses the mechanisms by which they contribute to inflammation, fibrosis, immunosuppression, and antimicrobial surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. Understanding the complex interactions of immune cells in different compartments and their contribution to disease progression will provide further insights for effective diagnostic interventions and novel immunomodulatory strategies in patients with advanced chronic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatomi Ibidapo-Obe
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tony Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Liang M, Song P, Guan W, Shen X. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in digestive tract: Local guardians or destroyers? Immunology 2023; 170:167-179. [PMID: 37132045 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are a class of innate-like T lymphocytes mainly presenting CD8+ phenotype with a semi-invariant αβ T-cell receptor, which specifically recognises MR1-presented biosynthetic derivatives of riboflavin synthesis produced by various types of microbiomes. As innate-like T lymphocytes, MAIT can be activated by a variety of cytokines, leading to immediate immune responses to infection and tumour cues. As an organ that communicates with the external environment, the digestive tract, especially the gastrointestinal tract, contains abundant microbial populations. Communication between MAIT and local microbiomes is important for the homeostasis of mucosal immunity. In addition, accumulating evidence suggests changes in the abundance and structure of the microbial community during inflammation and tumorigenesis plays a critical role in disease progress partly through their impact on MAIT development and function. Therefore, it is essential for the understanding of MAIT response and their interaction with microbiomes in the digestive tract. Here, we summarised MAIT characteristics in the digestive tract and its alteration facing inflammation and tumour, raising that targeting MAIT can be a candidate for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cunningham KC, Smith DR, Villageliú DN, Ellis CM, Ramer-Tait AE, Price JD, Wyatt TA, Knoell DL, Samuelson MM, Molina PE, Welsh DA, Samuelson DR. Human Alcohol-Microbiota Mice have Increased Susceptibility to Bacterial Pneumonia. Cells 2023; 12:2267. [PMID: 37759490 PMCID: PMC10526526 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that chronic alcohol abuse leads to alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota that are associated with behavior changes, physiological alterations, and immunological effects. However, such studies have been limited in their ability to evaluate the direct effects of alcohol-associated dysbiosis. To address this, we developed a humanized alcohol-microbiota mouse model to systematically evaluate the immunological effects of chronic alcohol abuse mediated by intestinal dysbiosis. Germ-free mice were colonized with human fecal microbiota from individuals with high and low Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores and bred to produce human alcohol-associated microbiota or human control-microbiota F1 progenies. F1 offspring colonized with fecal microbiota from individuals with high AUDIT scores had increased susceptibility to Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, as determined by increased mortality rates, pulmonary bacterial burden, and post-infection lung damage. These findings highlight the importance of considering both the direct effects of alcohol and alcohol-induced dysbiosis when investigating the mechanisms behind alcohol-related disorders and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly C. Cunningham
- Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Deandra R. Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Daniel N. Villageliú
- Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christi M. Ellis
- Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Amanda E. Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Price
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Todd A. Wyatt
- Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Daren L. Knoell
- Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mystera M. Samuelson
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Animal Behavior Core, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - David A. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care & Allergy/Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Derrick R. Samuelson
- Department of Internal Medicine-Pulmonary Division, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maccioni L, Fu Y, Horsmans Y, Leclercq I, Stärkel P, Kunos G, Gao B. Alcohol-associated bowel disease: new insights into pathogenesis. EGASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 1:e100013. [PMID: 37662449 PMCID: PMC10472976 DOI: 10.1136/egastro-2023-100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol drinking can cause pathological changes including carcinogenesis in the digestive tract from mouth to large intestine, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of alcohol on small and large intestinal functions, such as leaky gut, dysbiosis and alterations of intestinal epithelium and gut immune dysfunctions, commonly referred to as alcohol-associated bowel disease (ABD). To date, detailed mechanistic insights into ABD are lacking. Accumulating evidence suggests a pathogenic role of ethanol metabolism in dysfunctions of the intestinal tract. Ethanol metabolism generates acetaldehyde and acetate, which could potentially promote functional disruptions of microbial and host components of the intestinal barrier along the gastrointestinal tract. The potential involvement of acetaldehyde and acetate in the pathogenesis of the underlying ABD, including cancer, is discussed. We also highlight some gaps in knowledge existing in the field of ABD. Finally, we discuss future directions in exploring the role of acetaldehyde and acetate generated during chronic alcohol intake in various pathologies affecting different sites of the intestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yaojie Fu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - George Kunos
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang LP, Wang HF, Zhai XR, Zhou CB, Yuan JH, Ma YN, Yao ZT, Huang S, Li WZ, Jiao YM, Wang FS, Zou ZS, Zhang JY, Zeng QL. Pyroptotic MAITs link microbial translocation with severity of alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0159. [PMID: 37204414 PMCID: PMC10538909 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) are markedly reduced in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD); however, the potential mechanism underlying MAITs' loss remains elusive. Hence, we aimed to explore what induced MAITs' loss and its clinical significance. METHODS The characteristics of pyroptotic MAITs were evaluated in a cohort of patients with ALD, including 41 patients with alcohol-associated liver cirrhosis (ALC) and 21 patients with ALC complicated with severe alcoholic hepatitis (ALC + SAH). RESULTS In patients with ALD, blood MAITs were significantly decreased, hyperactivated, and displayed enhanced cell death through pyroptosis. The frequencies of pyroptotic MAITs increased with disease severity in patients with ALC and patients with ALC + SAH. These frequencies were negatively associated with the frequencies of MAITs and positively correlated with the levels of MAITs' activation, plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (a marker of intestinal enterocyte damage), soluble CD14, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and peptidoglycan recognition proteins (surrogate markers of microbial translocation). Pyroptotic MAITs were also found in the liver of patients with ALD. Interestingly, MAITs underwent further activation and pyroptosis in vitro under stimulation by Escherichia coli or direct bilirubin. Notably, blocking IL-18 signaling reduced the activation and frequencies of pyroptotic MAITs. CONCLUSIONS The loss of MAITs in patients with ALD is, at least in part, due to cell death from pyroptosis and is associated with the severity of ALD. Such increased pyroptosis may be affected by dysregulated inflammatory responses to intestinal microbial translocation or direct bilirubin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Hui-Fang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Xing-Ran Zhai
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Nv Ma
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Tao Yao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Wei-Zhe Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-Sheng Zou
- Department of Liver Disease, Senior Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Senior Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Lei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Park KJ, Jin HM, Cho YN, Yoon JH, Kee SJ, Kim HS, Park YW. Altered Frequency, Activation, and Clinical Relevance of Circulating Innate and Innate-Like Lymphocytes in Patients With Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e22. [PMID: 37416928 PMCID: PMC10320422 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) is caused by chronic alcohol overconsumption and might be linked to dysregulated immune responses in the gut-liver axis. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research on levels and functions of innate lymphocytes including mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, NKT cells, and NK (NK) cells in ALC patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the levels and function of these cells, evaluate their clinical relevance, and explore their immunologic roles in the pathogenesis of ALC. Peripheral blood samples from ALC patients (n = 31) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 31) were collected. MAIT cells, NKT cells, NK cells, cytokines, CD69, PD-1, and lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) levels were measured by flow cytometry. Percentages and numbers of circulating MAIT cells, NKT cells, and NK cells were significantly reduced in ALC patients than in HCs. MAIT cell exhibited increased production of IL-17 and expression levels of CD69, PD-1, and LAG-3. NKT cells displayed decreased production of IFN-γ and IL-4. NK cells showed elevated CD69 expression. Absolute MAIT cell levels were positively correlated with lymphocyte count but negatively correlated with C-reactive protein. In addition, NKT cell levels were negatively correlated with hemoglobin levels. Furthermore, log-transformed absolute MAIT cell levels were negatively correlated with the Age, Bilirubin, INR, and Creatinine score. This study demonstrates that circulating MAIT cells, NKT cells, and NK cells are numerically deficient in ALC patients, and the degree of cytokine production and activation status also changed. Besides, some of their deficiencies are related to several clinical parameters. These findings provide important information about immune responses of ALC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jeong Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Jin
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nan Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jung Kee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Remund B, Yilmaz B, Sokollik C. D-Lactate: Implications for Gastrointestinal Diseases. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:945. [PMID: 37371177 DOI: 10.3390/children10060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
D-lactate is produced in very low amounts in human tissues. However, certain bacteria in the human intestine produce D-lactate. In some gastrointestinal diseases, increased bacterial D-lactate production and uptake from the gut into the bloodstream take place. In its extreme, excessive accumulation of D-lactate in humans can lead to potentially life-threatening D-lactic acidosis. This metabolic phenomenon is well described in pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome. Less is known about a subclinical rise in D-lactate. We discuss in this review the pathophysiology of D-lactate in the human body. We cover D-lactic acidosis in patients with short bowel syndrome as well as subclinical elevations of D-lactate in other diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, we argue for the potential of D-lactate as a marker of intestinal barrier integrity in the context of dysbiosis. Subsequently, we conclude that there is a research need to establish D-lactate as a minimally invasive biomarker in gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barblin Remund
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Maurice Müller Laboratories, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Sokollik
- Division of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Siggins RW, McTernan PM, Simon L, Souza-Smith FM, Molina PE. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: At the Nexus between Alcohol-Associated Immunometabolic Dysregulation and Tissue Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8650. [PMID: 37239997 PMCID: PMC10218577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol misuse, directly or indirectly as a result of its metabolism, negatively impacts most tissues, including four with critical roles in energy metabolism regulation: the liver, pancreas, adipose, and skeletal muscle. Mitochondria have long been studied for their biosynthetic roles, such as ATP synthesis and initiation of apoptosis. However, current research has provided evidence that mitochondria participate in myriad cellular processes, including immune activation, nutrient sensing in pancreatic β-cells, and skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cell differentiation. The literature indicates that alcohol impairs mitochondrial respiratory capacity, promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disrupting mitochondrial dynamics, leading to dysfunctional mitochondria accumulation. As discussed in this review, mitochondrial dyshomeostasis emerges at a nexus between alcohol-disrupted cellular energy metabolism and tissue injury. Here, we highlight this link and focus on alcohol-mediated disruption of immunometabolism, which refers to two distinct, yet interrelated processes. Extrinsic immunometabolism involves processes whereby immune cells and their products influence cellular and/or tissue metabolism. Intrinsic immunometabolism describes immune cell fuel utilization and bioenergetics that affect intracellular processes. Alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysregulation negatively impacts immunometabolism in immune cells, contributing to tissue injury. This review will present the current state of literature, describing alcohol-mediated metabolic and immunometabolic dysregulation from a mitochondrial perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Siggins
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrick M. McTernan
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Flavia M. Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (R.W.S.); (P.M.M.); (L.S.); (F.M.S.-S.)
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jabeen MF, Hinks TSC. MAIT cells and the microbiome. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127588. [PMID: 36911683 PMCID: PMC9995591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T lymphocytes, strikingly enriched at mucosal surfaces and characterized by a semi-invariant αβ T cell receptor (TCR) recognizing microbial derived intermediates of riboflavin synthesis presented by the MHC-Ib molecule MR1. At barrier sites MAIT cells occupy a prime position for interaction with commensal microorganisms, comprising the microbiota. The microbiota is a rich source of riboflavin derived antigens required in early life to promote intra-thymic MAIT cell development and sustain a life-long population of tissue resident cells. A symbiotic relationship is thought to be maintained in health whereby microbes promote maturation and homeostasis, and in turn MAIT cells can engage a TCR-dependent "tissue repair" program in the presence of commensal organisms conducive to sustaining barrier function and integrity of the microbial community. MAIT cell activation can be induced in a MR1-TCR dependent manner or through MR1-TCR independent mechanisms via pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12/-15/-18 and type I interferon. MAIT cells provide immunity against bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. However, MAIT cells may have deleterious effects through insufficient or exacerbated effector activity and have been implicated in autoimmune, inflammatory and allergic conditions in which microbial dysbiosis is a shared feature. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the microbiota in the development and maintenance of circulating and tissue resident MAIT cells. We also explore how microbial dysbiosis, alongside changes in intestinal permeability and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory components of the immune response are together involved in the potential pathogenicity of MAIT cells. Whilst there have been significant improvements in our understanding of how the microbiota shapes MAIT cell function, human data are relatively lacking, and it remains unknown if MAIT cells can conversely influence the composition of the microbiota. We speculate whether, in a human population, differences in microbiomes might account for the heterogeneity observed in MAIT cell frequency across mucosal sites or between individuals, and response to therapies targeting T cells. Moreover, we speculate whether manipulation of the microbiota, or harnessing MAIT cell ligands within the gut or disease-specific sites could offer novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maisha F. Jabeen
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy S. C. Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kharbanda KK, Chokshi S, Tikhanovich I, Weinman SA, New-Aaron M, Ganesan M, Osna NA. A Pathogenic Role of Non-Parenchymal Liver Cells in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease of Infectious and Non-Infectious Origin. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:255. [PMID: 36829532 PMCID: PMC9953685 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Now, much is known regarding the impact of chronic and heavy alcohol consumption on the disruption of physiological liver functions and the induction of structural distortions in the hepatic tissues in alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). This review deliberates the effects of alcohol on the activity and properties of liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), which are either residential or infiltrated into the liver from the general circulation. NPCs play a pivotal role in the regulation of organ inflammation and fibrosis, both in the context of hepatotropic infections and in non-infectious settings. Here, we overview how NPC functions in ALD are regulated by second hits, such as gender and the exposure to bacterial or viral infections. As an example of the virus-mediated trigger of liver injury, we focused on HIV infections potentiated by alcohol exposure, since this combination was only limitedly studied in relation to the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in the development of liver fibrosis. The review specifically focusses on liver macrophages, HSC, and T-lymphocytes and their regulation of ALD pathogenesis and outcomes. It also illustrates the activation of NPCs by the engulfment of apoptotic bodies, a frequent event observed when hepatocytes are exposed to ethanol metabolites and infections. As an example of such a double-hit-induced apoptotic hepatocyte death, we deliberate on the hepatotoxic accumulation of HIV proteins, which in combination with ethanol metabolites, causes intensive hepatic cell death and pro-fibrotic activation of HSCs engulfing these HIV- and malondialdehyde-expressing apoptotic hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London SE5 9NT, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Irina Tikhanovich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
| | - Steven A. Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 66160, USA
- Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Moses New-Aaron
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bisphenols, but not phthalate esters, modulate gene expression in activated human MAIT cells in vitro. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:348-356. [PMID: 36923442 PMCID: PMC10008924 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One route of human exposure to environmental chemicals is oral uptake. This is primarily true for chemicals that may leach from food packaging materials, such as bisphenols and phthalate esters. Upon ingestion, these compounds are transported along the intestinal tract, from where they can be taken up into the blood stream or distributed to mucosal sites. At mucosal sites, mucosal immune cells and in the blood stream peripheral immune cells may be exposed to these chemicals potentially modulating immune cell functions. In the present study, we investigated the impact of three common bisphenols and two phthalate esters on mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in vitro, a frequent immune cell type in the intestinal mucosae and peripheral blood of humans. All compounds were non-cytotoxic at the chosen concentrations. MAIT cell activation was only slightly affected as seen by flow cytometric analysis. Phthalate esters did not affect MAIT cell gene expression, while bisphenol-exposure induced significant changes. Transcriptional changes occurred in ∼ 25 % of genes for BPA, ∼ 22 % for BPF and ∼ 8 % for BPS. All bisphenols down-modulated expression of CCND2, CCL20, GZMB and IRF4, indicating an effect on MAIT cell effector function. Further, BPA and BPF showed a high overlap in modulated genes involved in cellular stress response, activation signaling and effector function suggesting that BPF may not be safe substitute for BPA.
Collapse
Key Words
- BPA, bisphenol A
- BPF, bisphenol F
- BPS, bisphenol S
- Bisphenols
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- DINP, diisononyl phthalate
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EFSA, European Food Safety Agency
- EU, European Union
- FCS, fetal calf serum
- IFNg, interferon gamma
- IMDM, Iscove Modified Dulbecco Medium
- Immunomodulation
- In vitro model
- MAIT cells
- MAIT cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells
- MeOH, methanol
- NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PE, phthalate ester
- Phthalate ester
- Plasticizers
- RT, room temperature
- SVHC, substance of very high concern
- TDI, tolerable daily intake
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- bpc, bacteria per cell
- bw, body weight
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang Zhou J. Innate immunity and early liver inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175147. [PMID: 37205101 PMCID: PMC10187146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate system constitutes a first-line defence mechanism against pathogens. 80% of the blood supply entering the human liver arrives from the splanchnic circulation through the portal vein, so it is constantly exposed to immunologically active substances and pathogens from the gastrointestinal tract. Rapid neutralization of pathogens and toxins is an essential function of the liver, but so too is avoidance of harmful and unnecessary immune reactions. This delicate balance of reactivity and tolerance is orchestrated by a diverse repertoire of hepatic immune cells. In particular, the human liver is enriched in many innate immune cell subsets, including Kupffer cells (KCs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) like Natural Killer (NK) cells and ILC-like unconventional T cells - namely Natural Killer T cells (NKT), γδ T cells and Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells (MAIT). These cells reside in the liver in a memory-effector state, so they respond quickly to trigger appropriate responses. The contribution of aberrant innate immunity to inflammatory liver diseases is now being better understood. In particular, we are beginning to understand how specific innate immune subsets trigger chronic liver inflammation, which ultimately results in hepatic fibrosis. In this review, we consider the roles of specific innate immune cell subsets in early inflammation in human liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Yang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Immunotherapy, Regensburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jordi Yang Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhang H, Shen H, Zhou L, Xie L, Kong D, Wang H. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Digestive System: Defender or Destroyer? Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:809-819. [PMID: 36584816 PMCID: PMC9971522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of innate T lymphocytes that express the semi-invariant T cell receptor and recognize riboflavin metabolites via the major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein. Given the abundance of MAIT cells in the human body, their role in human diseases has been increasingly studied in recent years. MAIT cells may serve as targets for clinical therapy. Specifically, this review discusses how MAIT cells are altered in gastric, esophageal, intestinal, and hepatobiliary diseases and describes their protective or pathogenic roles. A greater understanding of MAIT cells will provide a more favorable therapeutic approach for digestive diseases in the clinical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hejiao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Liangliang Zhou
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Linxi Xie
- School of Basic Medical Science, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Increased Number of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Is Associated with the Inhibition of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in High Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315309. [PMID: 36499635 PMCID: PMC9739562 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging worldwide health concern. The disease may involve immune cells including T cells, but little is known about the role(s) of the innate-like T cells in the liver. Furthermore, the most abundant innate-like T cells in the human liver are mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, but the involvement of MAIT cells in NAFLD remains largely unexplored because of their paucity in mice. In this study, we used a novel mouse line, Vα19, in which the number of MAIT cells is equivalent to or greater than that in humans. Compared with the control mice, Vα19 mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) exhibited a reduction in lipid accumulation, NAFLD activity score, and transcripts relevant to lipogenesis. In addition, serum triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acids were lower in Vα19 mice fed normal chow or HFD. In contrast, the Vα19 mice showed little or no change in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, inflammation in adipose tissues, or intestinal permeability compared with the controls, irrespective of diet. These results suggest that the presence of MAIT cells is associated with reduced lipogenesis and lipid accumulation in the liver; however, further studies are needed to clarify the role of MAIT cells in hepatic lipid metabolism.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lett MJ, Mehta H, Keogh A, Jaeger T, Jacquet M, Powell K, Meier MA, Fofana I, Melhem H, Vosbeck J, Cathomas G, Heigl A, Heim MH, Burri E, Mertz KD, Niess JH, Kollmar O, Zech CJ, Ivanek R, Duthaler U, Klenerman P, Stroka D, Filipowicz Sinnreich M. Stimulatory MAIT cell antigens reach the circulation and are efficiently metabolised and presented by human liver cells. Gut 2022; 71:2526-2538. [PMID: 35058274 PMCID: PMC9664123 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the most abundant T cells in human liver. They respond to bacterial metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex-like molecule MR1. MAIT cells exert regulatory and antimicrobial functions and are implicated in liver fibrogenesis. It is not well understood which liver cells function as antigen (Ag)-presenting cells for MAIT cells, and under which conditions stimulatory Ags reach the circulation. DESIGN We used different types of primary human liver cells in Ag-presentation assays to blood-derived and liver-derived MAIT cells. We assessed MAIT cell stimulatory potential of serum from healthy subjects and patients with portal hypertension undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent, and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). RESULTS MAIT cells were dispersed throughout healthy human liver and all tested liver cell types stimulated MAIT cells, hepatocytes being most efficient. MAIT cell activation by liver cells occurred in response to bacterial lysate and pure Ag, and was prevented by non-activating MR1 ligands. Serum derived from peripheral and portal blood, and from patients with IBD stimulated MAIT cells in MR1-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal previously unrecognised roles of liver cells in Ag metabolism and activation of MAIT cells, repression of which creates an opportunity to design antifibrotic therapies. The presence of MAIT cell stimulatory Ags in serum rationalises the observed activated MAIT cell phenotype in liver. Increased serum levels of gut-derived MAIT cell stimulatory ligands in patients with impaired intestinal barrier function indicate that intrahepatic Ag-presentation may represent an important step in the development of liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Lett
- Department of Biomedicine, Liver Immunology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Keogh
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tina Jaeger
- Department of Biomedicine, Liver Immunology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jacquet
- Department of Biomedicine, Liver Immunology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kate Powell
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Meier
- Department of Biomedicine, Hepatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clarunis University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Fofana
- Department of Biomedicine, Hepatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Melhem
- Department of Biomedicine, Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Vosbeck
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gieri Cathomas
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Andres Heigl
- Department of Surgery, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Markus H Heim
- Department of Biomedicine, Hepatology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clarunis University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emanuel Burri
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten D Mertz
- Institute of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Jan Hendrik Niess
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Clarunis University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland,Department of Biomedicine, Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Otto Kollmar
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Clarunis University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph J Zech
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Ivanek
- Department of Biomedicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,DBM Bioinformatics Core Facility, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Duthaler
- Department of Biomedicine, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah Stroka
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Magdalena Filipowicz Sinnreich
- Department of Biomedicine, Liver Immunology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland .,Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Department of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang X, Peng Y, Liu L, Wang Y, Li M, Li W, Huang F, Zheng C, Xu F, Hu Q, Wei W, Dong S, Zhao Q. MAIT cells ameliorate liver fibrosis by enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells in cholestatic murine models. Liver Int 2022; 42:2743-2758. [PMID: 36181707 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that display a critical role in various liver diseases. However, the role of MAIT cells in cholestatic liver fibrogenesis remains obscure. Our study aims to assess the contribution of MAIT cells and underlying mechanisms during this process. METHODS Cholestatic murine models using MAIT cell-deficient (MR1- /- ) and wild-type (WT) mice were established by feeding a 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)-enriched diet or bile duct ligation (BDL). Liver samples were collected to determine the severity of fibrosis. Lymphocytes of the liver were isolated for analysing the phenotype and function of MAIT cells. Cell co-culture experiments were performed to investigate the cross-talk between MAIT and NK cells. RESULTS Liver MAIT cells were more activated with increased cytokines in cholestatic mice models than in control mice, although their frequency was decreased. MAIT cell deficiency led to severe liver inflammation and fibrosis with more activated HSCs in cholestatic mice. In addition, MR1- /- mice had an increased frequency of NK cells with higher expression of stimulatory receptors relative to WT mice. Paradoxically, activated MAIT cells significantly promoted the anti-fibrotic ability of NK cells by enhancing their cytotoxicity against HSCs in co-culture experiments. Importantly, this effect depended on direct cell-cell contact and TNF-α produced by MAIT cells. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that MAIT cells ameliorate cholestatic liver fibrosis by enhancing the cytotoxicity of NK cells against HSCs. An in-depth understanding of the MAIT cell-mediated regulatory effect will provide more valuable immunotherapy strategies to treat liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanan Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Youwei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Fengxing Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhui Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shouquan Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ruiz-Cortes K, Villageliu DN, Samuelson DR. Innate lymphocytes: Role in alcohol-induced immune dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:934617. [PMID: 36105802 PMCID: PMC9464604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.934617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use is known to alter the function of both innate and adaptive immune cells, such as neutrophils, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. Immune dysfunction has been associated with alcohol-induced end-organ damage. The role of innate lymphocytes in alcohol-associated pathogenesis has become a focus of research, as liver-resident natural killer (NK) cells were found to play an important role in alcohol-associated liver damage pathogenesis. Innate lymphocytes play a critical role in immunity and homeostasis; they are necessary for an optimal host response against insults including infections and cancer. However, the role of innate lymphocytes, including NK cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, gamma delta T cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) type 1–3, remains ill-defined in the context of alcohol-induced end-organ damage. Innate-like B lymphocytes including marginal zone B cells and B-1 cells have also been identified; however, this review will address the effects of alcohol misuse on innate T lymphocytes, as well as the consequences of innate T-lymphocyte dysfunction on alcohol-induced tissue damage.
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu L, Li HD, Xu JJ, Li JJ, Cheng M, Meng XM, Huang C, Li J. Advancements in the Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease Model. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081035. [PMID: 36008929 PMCID: PMC9406170 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is an intricate disease that results in a broad spectrum of liver damage. The presentation of ALD can include simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Effective prevention and treatment strategies are urgently required for ALD patients. In previous decades, numerous rodent models were established to investigate the mechanisms of alcohol-associated liver disease and explore therapeutic targets. This review provides a summary of the latest developments in rodent models, including those that involve EtOH administration, which will help us to understand the characteristics and causes of ALD at different stages. In addition, we discuss the pathogenesis of ALD and summarize the existing in vitro models. We analyse the pros and cons of these models and their translational relevance and summarize the insights that have been gained regarding the mechanisms of alcoholic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xiao-Ming Meng
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Cheng Huang
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| | - Jun Li
- Correspondence: (X.-M.M.); (C.H.); (J.L.); Tel.: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.); Fax: +86-551-65161001 (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zafari N, Velayati M, Fahim M, Maftouh M, Pourali G, Khazaei M, Nassiri M, Hassanian SM, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Kiani MA, Avan A. Role of gut bacterial and non-bacterial microbiota in alcohol-associated liver disease: Molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic prospective. Life Sci 2022; 305:120760. [PMID: 35787997 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) comprises a spectrum of liver diseases that include: steatosis to alcohol-associated hepatitis, cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathophysiology and potential underlying mechanisms for alcohol-associated liver disease are unclear. Moreover, the treatment of ALD remains a challenge. Intestinal microbiota include bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are now known to be important in the development of ALD. Alcohol consumption can change the gut microbiota and function leading to liver disease. Given the importance of interactions between intestinal microbiota, alcohol, and liver injury, the gut microbiota has emerged as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may be involved in the pathogenesis of ALD and explains how this can be translated into clinical management. We discuss the potential of utilizing the gut microbiota signature as a biomarker in ALD patients. Additionally, we present an overview of the prospect of modulating the intestinal microbiota for the management of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Zafari
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Velayati
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fahim
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mina Maftouh
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Pourali
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Nassiri
- Recombinant Proteins Research Group, The Research Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, UK
| | - Mohammad Ali Kiani
- Department of Pediatrics, Akbar Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Basic Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Torre P, Brescia A, Giurato G, D’Auria R, Rizzo F, Motta BM, Giudice V, Selleri C, Zeppa P, Caputo A, Casolaro V, Persico M. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in T-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: A Case Series. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122921. [PMID: 35740587 PMCID: PMC9221487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subgroup of T lymphocytes whose role has recently been investigated in several types of diseases, including cancer. However, little is known about these cells in lymphomas. In this case series, we investigated the presence of MAIT cells in biopsies obtained from patients diagnosed with T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, uncommon hematological malignancies with often not clearly defined etiopathology. Abstract Background: Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a subset of unconventional T lymphocytes expressing a semi-invariant α/β T-cell receptor (TCR). The physiological functions of these cells, which are particularly abundant in normal liver and mucosal sites, have become clear only in recent years, but their role in most human diseases is still unknown. Since the cellular origin and etiopathogenesis of most T-lymphomas are still elusive, we decided to explore the presence of MAIT cells in biopsies from these neoplasms. Methods: Sixteen biopsies obtained from patients with a T-cell lymphoma diagnosis were analyzed via immunofluorescence staining using an anti-Vα7.2 antibody and the MR1-antigen tetramer. Positive cases were subjected to a polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Vα7.2–Jα33, Vα7.2–Jα20, or Vα7.2–Jα12 rearrangements, followed by sequencing of the CDR3α region. Results: CD3+/Vα7.2+ and CD3+/MR1-Ag-tetramer+ cells were found in 4 of 16 samples analyzed. The identification of specific TCR rearrangements confirmed the presence of these cells in all four samples. PCR and sequencing results documented the presence of multiple clones of MAIT cells in each positive sample. Conclusions: MAIT cells are frequently found in T-cell lymphomas. More in-depth studies and a larger number of samples are needed to better clarify the contribution of MAIT cells to this rare neoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Torre
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Brescia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Raffaella D’Auria
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Benedetta Maria Motta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Valentina Giudice
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Carmine Selleri
- Hematology and Transplant Center, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (V.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Pio Zeppa
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandro Caputo
- Pathology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy; (P.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Casolaro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (A.B.); (G.G.); (R.D.); (F.R.); (B.M.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Marcello Persico
- Internal Medicine and Hepatology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, University of Salerno, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rathod S. T cells in the peritoneum. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 371:15-41. [PMID: 35964999 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The peritoneal cavity is a fluid-packed area that houses most of the abdominal organs, including the omentum, a visceral adipose tissue with milky patches or groups of leukocytes organized in the same way to those observed in typical lymphoid tissues. A distinct population of leukocytes patrols the peritoneal cavity and travels in and out of the milky spots, facing antigens or pathogens in the peritoneal fluid and responding appropriately. T cells may play a crucial function in regulating adaptive immune responses to antigens in the peritoneal cavity to ensure tissue homeostasis and healing. When peritoneal homeostasis is interrupted by inflammation, infection, obesity, or tumor metastasis, the omentum's dedicated fibroblastic stromal cells and mesothelial cells control peritoneal leukocyte recruitment and activation in unique ways. T cells, which employ their T cell receptor to target specific antigens, are an important component of the acquired immune response since they are present in the peritoneal cavity. The peritoneum provides a different environment for T cells to respond to pathogens. This chapter outlines the anatomy relevant to T cell function and biology, such as antigen processing/presentation, T cell activation, and the many T cell subpopulations in the peritoneal cavity, as well as their role in cancer or other infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Rathod
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mehta H, Lett MJ, Klenerman P, Filipowicz Sinnreich M. MAIT cells in liver inflammation and fibrosis. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:429-444. [PMID: 35641678 PMCID: PMC9256577 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells or MAIT cells are an abundant cell type in humans and especially so in the liver. MAIT cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that sit at a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, so-called innate-like or "unconventional" T cells. The specificity of their antigen receptor (T cell receptor or TCR) is for the conserved major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-related molecule MR1, which presents a modified bacterial metabolite from the vitamin B2 biosynthesis pathway - this allows them to respond in the presence of many bacteria or yeast. MAIT cells also possess an array of cytokine receptors, which allows triggering independently of the TCR. The combination of such signals drives their functionality - this means they can respond to a range of stimuli and likely play a role not only in infection or inflammation, but also under homeostatic conditions.In this review, we will look at the question of what MAIT cells are doing in the normal liver and how they behave in the setting of disease. These questions are of relevance because MAIT cells are such a distinctive cell type enriched in the liver under normal conditions, and their modulation could be of therapeutic benefit. The recent discovery that they appear to be involved in liver fibrosis is particularly of interest in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hema Mehta
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Martin Joseph Lett
- Liver Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Magdalena Filipowicz Sinnreich
- Liver Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Basel University Medical Clinic, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zimmer CL, Filipovic I, Cornillet M, O'Rourke CJ, Berglin L, Jansson H, Sun D, Strauss O, Hertwig L, Johansson H, von Seth E, Sparrelid E, Dias J, Glaumann H, Melum E, Ellis EC, Sandberg JK, Andersen JB, Bergquist A, Björkström NK. Mucosal-associated invariant T-cell tumor infiltration predicts long-term survival in cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2022; 75:1154-1168. [PMID: 34719787 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy arising from biliary epithelial cells of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts with dismal prognosis and few nonsurgical treatments available. Despite recent success in the immunotherapy-based treatment of many tumor types, this has not been successfully translated to CCA. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are cytotoxic innate-like T cells highly enriched in the human liver, where they are located in close proximity to the biliary epithelium. Here, we aimed to comprehensively characterize MAIT cells in intrahepatic (iCCA) and perihilar CCA (pCCA). APPROACH AND RESULTS Liver tissue from patients with CCA was used to study immune cells, including MAIT cells, in tumor-affected and surrounding tissue by immunohistochemistry, RNA-sequencing, and multicolor flow cytometry. The iCCA and pCCA tumor microenvironment was characterized by the presence of both cytotoxic T cells and high numbers of regulatory T cells. In contrast, MAIT cells were heterogenously lost from tumors compared to the surrounding liver tissue. This loss possibly occurred in response to increased bacterial burden within tumors. The residual intratumoral MAIT cell population exhibited phenotypic and transcriptomic alterations, but a preserved receptor repertoire for interaction with tumor cells. Finally, the high presence of MAIT cells in livers of iCCA patients predicted long-term survival in two independent cohorts and was associated with a favorable antitumor immune signature. CONCLUSIONS MAIT cell tumor infiltration associates with favorable immunological fitness and predicts survival in CCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Zimmer
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Colm J O'Rourke
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC)Department of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Lena Berglin
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Hannes Jansson
- Division of SurgeryDepartment of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Dan Sun
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Otto Strauss
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Laura Hertwig
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Helene Johansson
- Division of Transplantation SurgeryCLINTECKarolinka Institutet and Department of TransplantationKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Erik von Seth
- Division of Upper GI DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and RheumatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Ernesto Sparrelid
- Division of SurgeryDepartment of Clinical Science, Intervention and TechnologyKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Joana Dias
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Hans Glaumann
- Department of MedicineClinical Pathology and CytologyKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Espen Melum
- Norwegian PSC Research CenterDepartment of Transplantation MedicineDivision of SurgeryInflammatory Diseases and TransplantationOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway.,Research Institute of Internal MedicineDivision of SurgeryInflammatory Diseases and TransplantationOslo University HospitalOsloNorway.,Institute of Clinical MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway.,Section of GastroenterologyDepartment of Transplantation MedicineDivision of SurgeryInflammatory Diseases and TransplantationOslo University Hospital RikshospitaletOsloNorway.,Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of ExcellenceInstitute of Basic Medical SciencesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Ewa C Ellis
- Division of Transplantation SurgeryCLINTECKarolinka Institutet and Department of TransplantationKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC)Department of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Annika Bergquist
- Division of Upper GI DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden.,Unit of Gastroenterology and RheumatologyDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska Institutet, Karolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Johnson DN, Ruan Z, Petley EV, Devi S, Holz LE, Uldrich AP, Mak JYW, Hor JL, Mueller SN, McCluskey J, Fairlie DP, Darcy PK, Beavis PA, Heath WR, Godfrey DI. Differential location of NKT and MAIT cells within lymphoid tissue. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4034. [PMID: 35260653 PMCID: PMC8904549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07704-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer T (NKT) cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that express semi-invariant αβ T cell receptors (TCRs) through which they recognise CD1d and MR1 molecules, respectively, in complex with specific ligands. These cells play important roles in health and disease in many organs, but their precise intra-organ location is not well established. Here, using CD1d and MR1 tetramer staining techniques, we describe the precise location of NKT and MAIT cells in lymphoid and peripheral organs. Within the thymus, NKT cells were concentrated in the medullary side of the corticomedullary junction. In spleen and lymph nodes, NKT cells were mainly localised within T cell zones, although following in vivo activation with the potent NKT-cell ligand α-GalCer, they expanded throughout the spleen. MAIT cells were clearly detectable in Vα19 TCR transgenic mice and were rare but detectable in lymphoid tissue of non-transgenic mice. In contrast to NKT cells, MAIT cells were more closely associated with the B cell zone and red pulp of the spleen. Accordingly, we have provided an extensive analysis of the in situ localisation of NKT and MAIT cells and suggest differences between the intra-organ location of these two cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl N Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma V Petley
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Sapna Devi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Lauren E Holz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y W Mak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jyh Liang Hor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Y, Du J, Wei W. Emerging Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819992. [PMID: 35317168 PMCID: PMC8934402 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an unconventional T cell subset expressing a semi-invariant TCR and recognize microbial riboflavin metabolites presented by major histocompatibility complex class 1-related molecule (MR1). MAIT cells serve as innate-like T cells bridging innate and adaptive immunity, which have attracted increasing attention in recent years. The involvement of MAIT cells has been described in various infections, autoimmune diseases and malignancies. In this review, we first briefly introduce the biology of MAIT cells, and then summarize their roles in rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, primary Sjögren’s syndrome, psoriatic arthritis, systemic sclerosis, vasculitis and dermatomyositis. An increased knowledge of MAIT cells will inform the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches in rheumatology.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen L, Zhu Y, Hou X, Yang L, Chu H. The Role of Gut Bacteria and Fungi in Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:840752. [PMID: 35308525 PMCID: PMC8927088 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.840752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis and liver cancer caused by alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) are serious threats to people's health. In addition to hepatic cell apoptosis and liver inflammation caused by oxidative stress during alcohol metabolism, intestinal microbiota disorders are also involved in the onset and development of ALD. Ethanol and its' oxidative and non-oxidative metabolites, together with dysbiosis-caused-inflammation, destroys the intestinal barrier. Changes of several microbial metabolites, such as bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and amino acid, are closely associated with gut dysbiosis in ALD. The alcohol-caused dysbiosis can further influence intestinal barrier-related proteins, such as mucin2, bile acid-related receptors, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and these abnormal changes also participate in the injury of the intestinal barrier and hepatic steatosis. Gut-derived bacteria, fungi, and their toxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and β-glucan translocate into the liver through the damaged intestinal barrier and promote the progression of inflammation and fibrosis of ALD. Thus, the prevention of alcohol-induced disruption of intestinal permeability has a beneficial effect on ALD. Currently, multiple therapeutic treatments have been applied to restore the gut microbiota of patients with ALD. Fecal microbial transplantation, probiotics, antibiotics, and many other elements has already shown their ability of restoring the gut microbiota. Targeted approaches, such as using bacteriophages to remove cytolytic Enterococcus faecalis, and supplement with Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, or boulardii are also powerful therapeutic options for ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Xiaohua Hou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Xiaohua Hou
| | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ling Yang
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Huikuan Chu
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rha MS, Han JW, Koh JY, Lee HS, Kim JH, Cho K, Kim SI, Kim MS, Lee JG, Park SH, Joo DJ, Park JY, Shin EC. Impaired antibacterial response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9 +Vδ2 + T cells in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2022; 71:605-615. [PMID: 33472894 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The liver acts as a frontline barrier against diverse gut-derived pathogens, and the sinusoid is the primary site of liver immune surveillance. However, little is known about liver sinusoidal immune cells in the context of chronic liver disease (CLD). Here, we investigated the antibacterial capacity of liver sinusoidal γδ T cells in patients with various CLDs. DESIGN We analysed the frequency, phenotype and functions of human liver sinusoidal γδ T cells from healthy donors and recipients with CLD, including HBV-related CLD (liver cirrhosis (LC) and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)), alcoholic LC and LC or HCC of other aetiologies, by flow cytometry and RNA-sequencing using liver perfusates obtained during living donor liver transplantation. We also measured the plasma levels of D-lactate and bacterial endotoxin to evaluate bacterial translocation. RESULTS The frequency of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells was reduced in patients with CLD. Immunophenotypic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD were persistently activated and pro-apoptotic. In addition, liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells from patients with CLD showed significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ production following stimulation with bacterial metabolites and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial IFN-γ response of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells significantly correlated with liver function, and inversely correlated with the plasma level of D-lactate in patients with CLD. Repetitive in vitro stimulation with E. coli induced activation, apoptosis and functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells. CONCLUSION Liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells are functionally impaired in patients with CLD. Bacterial translocation and decreasing liver functions are associated with functional impairment of liver sinusoidal Vγ9+Vδ2+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Rha
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Han
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Seok Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungjoo Cho
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Soo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jin Joo
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,The Research Institute for Transplantation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mucosal immunity in primary sclerosing cholangitis: from the bowel to bile ducts and back again. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2022; 38:104-113. [PMID: 35034083 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we provide a contemporary overview on PSC pathogenesis, with a specific focus on the role of mucosal immunity. RECENT FINDINGS The extent of enteric dysbiosis in PSC has been extensively quantified, with evidence of reduced bacterial diversity and enrichment of species capable of driving lymphocyte recruitment from the gut to the liver. Integrative pathway-based analysis and metagenomic sequencing indicate a reduction in butyrate-producing species, near absence of bacteria that activate the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR, and depletion of species that regulate the synthesis of vitamin B6 and branched-chain amino acids. Immunotyping of the cellular inflammatory infiltrate has identified a population of intrahepatic naive T cells, with tendency to acquire a Th17 polarisation state, paralleled by heightened responses to pathogen stimulation. Moreover, the search for antigen specificity has revealed the presence of overlapping nucleotide clonotypes across the gut and liver, highlighting the ability to recognize a common pool of epitopes bearing structural similarities across afflicted sites. SUMMARY Understanding the complex mechanisms that underpin mucosal immune responses between the liver and gut will help identify new druggable targets in PSC, centring on gut microbial manipulation, bile acid therapies, and restoration of immune homeostasis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Graham JJ, Mukherjee S, Yuksel M, Sanabria Mateos R, Si T, Huang Z, Huang X, Arbuq H, Patel V, McPhail MJ, Zen Y, Heaton ND, Longhi MS, Heneghan MA, Liberal R, Vergani D, Mieli-Vergani G, Ma Y, Hayee B. Aberrant hepatic trafficking of gut-derived T cells is not specific to primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2022; 75:518-530. [PMID: 34633679 PMCID: PMC8844147 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The "gut homing" hypothesis suggests the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is driven by aberrant hepatic expression of gut adhesion molecules and subsequent recruitment of gut-derived T cells to the liver. However, inconsistencies lie within this theory including an absence of investigations and comparisons with other chronic liver diseases (CLD). Here, we examine "the gut homing theory" in patients with PSC with associated inflammatory bowel disease (PSC-IBD) and across multiple inflammatory liver diseases. APPROACH AND RESULTS Expression of MAdCAM-1, CCL25, and E-Cadherin were assessed histologically and using RT-PCR on explanted liver tissue from patients with CLD undergoing OLT and in normal liver. Liver mononuclear cells were isolated from explanted tissue samples and the expression of gut homing integrins and cytokines on hepatic infiltrating gut-derived T cells was assessed using flow cytometry. Hepatic expression of MAdCAM-1, CCL25 and E-Cadherin was up-regulated in all CLDs compared with normal liver. There were no differences between disease groups. Frequencies of α4β7, αEβ7, CCR9, and GPR15 expressing hepatic T cells was increased in PSC-IBD, but also in CLD controls, compared with normal liver. β7 expressing hepatic T cells displayed an increased inflammatory phenotype compared with β7 negative cells, although this inflammatory cytokine profile was present in both the inflamed and normal liver. CONCLUSIONS These findings refute the widely accepted "gut homing" hypothesis as the primary driver of PSC and indicate that aberrant hepatic recruitment of gut-derived T cells is not unique to PSC, but is a panetiological feature of CLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J Graham
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sujit Mukherjee
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Metabolism Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London
| | - Muhammad Yuksel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebeca Sanabria Mateos
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Tengfei Si
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Zenlin Huang
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Xiahong Huang
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Hadil Arbuq
- Liver Histopathology Laboratory, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London
| | - Vishal Patel
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J McPhail
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Yoh Zen
- Liver Histopathology Laboratory, Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College London, London
| | - Nigel D Heaton
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Serena Longhi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael A Heneghan
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Liberal
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Vergani
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgina Mieli-Vergani
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, Mowat Labs, King’s College London Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine at King’s College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yun Ma
- Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bu’Hussain Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology, King’s College Hospital, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Osna NA, New-Aaron M, Dagur RS, Thomes P, Simon L, Levitt D, McTernan P, Molina PE, Choi HY, Machida K, Sherman KE, Riva A, Phillips S, Chokshi S, Kharbanda KK, Weinman S, Ganesan M. A review of alcohol-pathogen interactions: New insights into combined disease pathomechanisms. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:359-370. [PMID: 35076108 PMCID: PMC8920772 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Progression of chronic infections to end-stage diseases and poor treatment results are frequently associated with alcohol abuse. Alcohol metabolism suppresses innate and adaptive immunity leading to increased viral load and its spread. In case of hepatotropic infections, viruses accelerate alcohol-induced hepatitis and liver fibrosis, thereby promoting end-stage outcomes, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this review, we concentrate on several unexplored aspects of these phenomena, which illustrate the combined effects of viral/bacterial infections and alcohol in disease development. We review alcohol-induced alterations implicated in immunometabolism as a central mechanism impacting metabolic homeostasis and viral pathogenesis in Simian immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus infection. Furthermore, in hepatocytes, both HIV infection and alcohol activate oxidative stress to cause lysosomal dysfunction and leakage and apoptotic cell death, thereby increasing hepatotoxicity. In addition, we discuss the mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma and tumor signaling in hepatitis C virus infection. Finally, we analyze studies that review and describe the immune derangements in hepatotropic viral infections focusing on the development of novel targets and strategies to restore effective immunocompetency in alcohol-associated liver disease. In conclusion, alcohol exacerbates the pathogenesis of viral infections, contributing to a chronic course and poor outcomes, but the mechanisms behind these events are virus specific and depend on virus-alcohol interactions, which differ among the various infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Osna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Moses New-Aaron
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Occupational Health, and Toxicology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Raghubendra S. Dagur
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul Thomes
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Department of Physiology & Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Danielle Levitt
- Department of Physiology & Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patrick McTernan
- Department of Physiology & Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Patricia E. Molina
- Department of Physiology & Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hye Yeon Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9020, USA
| | - Keigo Machida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9020, USA
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9141, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Sherman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Disease, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Antonio Riva
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Sandra Phillips
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research, London, UK
| | - Kusum K. Kharbanda
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Steven Weinman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Murali Ganesan
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Albillos A, Martin-Mateos R, Van der Merwe S, Wiest R, Jalan R, Álvarez-Mon M. Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:112-134. [PMID: 34703031 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The term cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction (CAID) comprises the distinctive spectrum of immune alterations associated with the course of end-stage liver disease. Systemic inflammation and immune deficiency are the key components of CAID. Their severity is highly dynamic and progressive, paralleling cirrhosis stage. CAID involves two different immune phenotypes: the low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype and the high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype. The low-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype can be found in patients with compensated disease or clinical decompensation with no organ failure. In this phenotype, there is an exaggerated immune activation but the effector response is not markedly compromised. The high-grade systemic inflammatory phenotype is present in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure, a clinical situation characterized by decompensation, organ failure and high short-term mortality. Along with high-grade inflammation, this CAID phenotype includes intense immune paralysis that critically increases the risk of infections and worsens prognosis. The intensity of CAID has important consequences on cirrhosis progression and correlates with the severity of liver insufficiency, bacterial translocation and organ failure. Therapies targeting the modulation of the dysfunctional immune response are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Albillos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosa Martin-Mateos
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Schalk Van der Merwe
- Laboratory of Hepatology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Aging (CHROMETA), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Reiner Wiest
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, UCL Medical School, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.,European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Departamento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wang X, Liu Y, Wu Z, Zhang P, Zhang X. Tea Polyphenols: A Natural Antioxidant Regulates Gut Flora to Protect the Intestinal Mucosa and Prevent Chronic Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020253. [PMID: 35204136 PMCID: PMC8868443 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract of a healthy human body hosts many microorganisms that are closely linked to all aspects of people’s lives. The impact of intestinal flora on host health is no longer limited to the gut but can also affect every organ in the body through various pathways. Studies have found that intestinal flora can be altered by external factors, which provides new ideas for treating some diseases. Tea polyphenols (TP), a general term for polyphenols in tea, are widely used as a natural antioxidant in various bioactive foods. In recent years, with the progress of research, there have been many experiments that provide strong evidence for the ability of TP to regulate intestinal flora. However, there are very few studies on the use of TP to modify the composition of intestinal microorganisms to maintain health or treat related diseases, and this area has not received sufficient attention. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which TP regulates intestinal flora and the essential role in maintaining suitable health. In addition, we highlighted the protective effects of TP on intestinal mucosa by regulating intestinal flora and the preventive and therapeutic effects on certain chronic diseases, which will help further explore measures to prevent related chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Wang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zufang Wu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Student Affairs, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lotersztajn S, Riva A, Wang S, Dooley S, Chokshi S, Gao B. Inflammation in alcohol-associated liver disease progression. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:58-66. [PMID: 35042254 DOI: 10.1055/a-1714-9246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption induces stress and damage in alcohol metabolising hepatocytes, which leads to inflammatory and fibrogenic responses. Besides these direct effects, alcohol disrupts intestinal barrier functions and induces gut microbial dysbiosis, causing translocation of bacteria or microbial products through the gut mucosa to the liver and, which induce inflammation indirectly. Inflammation is one of the key drivers of alcohol-associated liver disease progression from steatosis to severe alcoholic hepatitis. The current standard of care for the treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis is prednisolone, aiming to reduce inflammation. Prednisolone, however improves only short-term but not long-term survival rates in those patients, and even increases the risk for bacterial infections. Thus, recent studies focus on the exploration of more specific inflammatory targets for the treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis. These comprise, among others interference with inflammatory cytokines, modulation of macrophage phenotypes or targeting of immune cell communication, as summarized in the present overview. Although several approaches give promising results in preclinical studies, data robustness and ability to transfer experimental results to human disease is still not sufficient for effective clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lotersztajn
- Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Antonio Riva
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research affiliated with King's College London, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sai Wang
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shilpa Chokshi
- The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology, Foundation for Liver Research affiliated with King's College London, King's College London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Laboratory of Liver Diseases, Bethesda, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Crosstalk between Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Liver Injury in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020774. [PMID: 35054960 PMCID: PMC8775426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by the injury, inflammation, and scarring in the liver owing to excessive alcohol consumption. Currently, ALD is a leading cause for liver transplantation. Therefore, extensive studies (in vitro, in experimental ALD models and in humans) are needed to elucidate pathological features and pathogenic mechanisms underlying ALD. Notably, oxidative changes in the liver have been recognized as a signature trait of ALD. Progression of ALD is linked to the generation of highly reactive free radicals by reactions involving ethanol and its metabolites. Furthermore, hepatic oxidative stress promotes tissue injury and, in turn, stimulates inflammatory responses in the liver, forming a pathological loop that promotes the progression of ALD. Accordingly, accumulating further knowledge on the relationship between oxidative stress and inflammation may help establish a viable therapeutic approach for treating ALD.
Collapse
|
44
|
Philips CA, Augustine P. Gut Barrier and Microbiota in Cirrhosis. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:625-638. [PMID: 35535069 PMCID: PMC9077238 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their homeostatic functions are central to the maintenance of the intestinal mucosal barrier. The gut barrier functions as a structural, biological, and immunological barrier, preventing local and systemic invasion and inflammation of pathogenic taxa, resulting in the propagation or causation of organ-specific (liver disease) or systemic diseases (sepsis) in the host. In health, commensal bacteria are involved in regulating pathogenic bacteria, sinister bacterial products, and antigens; and help control and kill pathogenic organisms by secreting antimicrobial metabolites. Gut microbiota also participates in the extraction, synthesis, and absorption of nutrient metabolites, maintains intestinal epithelial integrity and regulates the development, homeostasis, and function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Cirrhosis is associated with local and systemic immune, vascular, and inflammatory changes directly or indirectly linked to perturbations in quality and quantity of intestinal microbiota and intestinal mucosal integrity. Dysbiosis and gut barrier dysfunction are directly involved in the pathogenesis of compensated cirrhosis and the type and severity of complications in decompensated cirrhosis, such as bacterial infections, encephalopathy, extrahepatic organ failure, and progression to acute on chronic liver failure. This paper reviews the normal gut barrier, gut barrier dysfunction, and dysbiosis-associated clinical events in patients with cirrhosis. The role of dietary interventions, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and healthy donor fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to modulate the gut microbiota for improving patient outcomes is further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyriac A. Philips
- Department of Translational Hepatology, Monarch Liver Laboratory, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence. Cyriac Abby, The Liver Institute, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Ground Floor, Phase II, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, 683 112, India.
| | - Philip Augustine
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced GI Endoscopy, Center of Excellence in GI Sciences, Rajagiri Hospital, Chunangamvely, Aluva, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Maccioni L, Leclercq IA, Schnabl B, Stärkel P. Host Factors in Dysregulation of the Gut Barrier Function during Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12687. [PMID: 34884492 PMCID: PMC8657823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic alcohol consumption and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) represent a major public health problem worldwide. Only a minority of patients with an alcohol-use disorder (AUD) develop severe forms of liver disease (e.g., steatohepatitis and fibrosis) and finally progress to the more advanced stages of ALD, such as severe alcohol-associated hepatitis and decompensated cirrhosis. Emerging evidence suggests that gut barrier dysfunction is multifactorial, implicating microbiota changes, alterations in the intestinal epithelium, and immune dysfunction. This failing gut barrier ultimately allows microbial antigens, microbes, and metabolites to translocate to the liver and into systemic circulation. Subsequent activation of immune and inflammatory responses contributes to liver disease progression. Here we review the literature about the disturbance of the different host defense mechanisms linked to gut barrier dysfunction, increased microbial translocation, and impairment of liver and systemic inflammatory responses in the different stages of ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Unversité Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.M.); (I.A.L.)
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Unversité Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.M.); (I.A.L.)
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, UCLouvain, Unversité Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (L.M.); (I.A.L.)
- Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Petagine L, Zariwala MG, Patel VB. Alcoholic liver disease: Current insights into cellular mechanisms. World J Biol Chem 2021; 12:87-103. [PMID: 34630912 PMCID: PMC8473419 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) due to chronic alcohol consumption is a significant global disease burden and a leading cause of mortality. Alcohol abuse induces a myriad of aberrant changes in hepatocytes at both the cellular and molecular level. Although the disease spectrum of ALD is widely recognized, the precise triggers for disease progression are still to be fully elucidated. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, gut dysbiosis and altered immune system response plays an important role in disease pathogenesis, triggering the activation of inflammatory pathways and apoptosis. Despite many recent clinical studies treatment options for ALD are limited, especially at the alcoholic hepatitis stage. We have therefore reviewed some of the key pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ALD and highlighted current trials for treating patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Petagine
- Center for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Gulrez Zariwala
- Center for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| | - Vinood B Patel
- Center for Nutraceuticals, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Healy K, Pavesi A, Parrot T, Sobkowiak MJ, Reinsbach SE, Davanian H, Tan AT, Aleman S, Sandberg JK, Bertoletti A, Sällberg Chen M. Human MAIT cells endowed with HBV specificity are cytotoxic and migrate towards HBV-HCC while retaining antimicrobial functions. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100318. [PMID: 34377970 PMCID: PMC8327138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Virus-specific T cell dysfunction is a common feature of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). Conventional T (ConT) cells can be redirected towards viral antigens in HBV-HCC when they express an HBV-specific receptor; however, their efficacy can be impaired by liver-specific physical and metabolic features. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are the most abundant innate-like T cells in the liver and can elicit potent intrahepatic effector functions. Here, we engineered ConT and MAIT cells to kill HBV expressing hepatoma cells and compared their functional properties. METHODS Donor-matched ConT and MAIT cells were engineered to express an HBV-specific T cell receptor (TCR). Cytotoxicity and hepatocyte homing potential were investigated using flow cytometry, real-time killing assays, and confocal microscopy in 2D and 3D HBV-HCC cell models. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related molecule (MR1)-dependent and MR1-independent activation was evaluated in an Escherichia coli THP-1 cell model and by IL-12/IL-18 stimulation, respectively. RESULTS HBV TCR-MAIT cells demonstrated polyfunctional properties (CD107a, interferon [IFN] γ, tumour necrosis factor [TNF], and IL-17A) with strong HBV target sensitivity and liver-homing chemokine receptor expression when compared with HBV TCR-ConT cells. TCR-mediated lysis of hepatoma cells was comparable between the cell types and augmented in the presence of inflammation. Coculturing with HBV+ target cells in a 3D microdevice mimicking aspects of the liver microenvironment demonstrated that TCR-MAIT cells migrate readily towards hepatoma targets. Expression of an ectopic TCR did not affect the ability of the MAIT cells to be activated via MR1-presented bacterial antigens or IL-12/IL-18 stimulation. CONCLUSIONS HBV TCR-MAIT cells demonstrate anti-HBV functions without losing their endogenous antimicrobial mechanisms or hepatotropic features. Our results support future exploitations of MAIT cells for liver-directed immunotherapies. LAY SUMMARY Chronic HBV infection is a leading cause of liver cancer. T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells are patients' immune cells that have been modified to recognise virus-infected and/or cancer cells. Herein, we evaluated whether mucosal-associated invariant T cells, a large population of unconventional T cells in the liver, could recognise and kill HBV infected hepatocytes when engineered with an HBV-specific TCR. We show that their effector functions may exceed those of conventional T cells currently used in the clinic, including antimicrobial properties and chemokine receptor profiles better suited for targeting liver tumours.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-OP-RU, 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-6-d-ribitylaminouracil
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Adoptive cell transfer
- CAR, chimeric antigen receptor
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CXCL, chemokine (CXC) ligand
- CXCR, CXC chemokine receptor
- ConT, conventional T
- DCI, dead cell index
- FMO, fluorescence minus one
- FSC, forward scatter
- HBV
- HCC
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IFN, interferon
- IR, irrelevant peptide
- MAIT cells
- MAIT, mucosal-associated invariant T
- MFI, mean fluorescence intensity
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MR1, MHC class I-related molecule
- PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PMA, phorbol myristate acetate
- RT, room temperature
- SSC, side scatter
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCR-T cells
- TNF, tumour necrosis function
- UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- VLA-4, very late antigen-4
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie Healy
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Susanne E. Reinsbach
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Haleh Davanian
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anthony T. Tan
- Programme of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang Y, Fan Y, He W, Han Y, Bao H, Yang R, Wang B, Kong D, Wang H. Persistent deficiency of mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells during alcohol-related liver disease. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:148. [PMID: 34321090 PMCID: PMC8320031 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00664-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. Inflammatory response is a basic pathological feature of ALD. Mucosal-associated invariant T(MAIT) cells are a novel population of innate immune cells, which may be depleted in various inflammatory diseases. However, the changes of MAIT cell in ALD remains unclear. RESULTS In this study, the levels of MAIT cell were significantly decreased in patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic cirrhosis, and mixed cirrhosis (alcoholic + viral). Furthermore, the reduction of circulating MAIT cells was correlated with liver function in patients with cirrhosis. Functional changes among circulating MAIT cells in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis, including increased production of IL-17A and perforin, and reduced production of TNF-α. Plasma cytokine and chemokine levels were quantified using multiple immunoassays and ELISA. Serum levels of chemokine IL-8 were correlated with MAIT cell frequency in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Moreover, no differences were observed in the expression of CCR6, CXCR6, and PD-1 in circulating MAIT cells of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The MAIT cells in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were prone to apoptosis, which was promoted by IL-12, IL-18, and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate persistent MAIT cell loss during alcohol-related liver disease and suggest that MAIT cells can be promising indicator and therapeutic targets in ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fan
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Huarui Bao
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Renjun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Derun Kong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Fuyang Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Fuyang, 236000, Anhui, P.R. China.
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China. .,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Czaja AJ. Incorporating mucosal-associated invariant T cells into the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:3705-3733. [PMID: 34321839 PMCID: PMC8291028 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i25.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have been described in liver and non-liver diseases, and they have been ascribed antimicrobial, immune regulatory, protective, and pathogenic roles. The goals of this review are to describe their biological properties, indicate their involvement in chronic liver disease, and encourage investigations that clarify their actions and therapeutic implications. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms, and bibliographies were developed. MAIT cells are activated by restricted non-peptides of limited diversity and by multiple inflammatory cytokines. Diverse pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and immune regulatory cytokines are released; infected cells are eliminated; and memory cells emerge. Circulating MAIT cells are hyper-activated, immune exhausted, dysfunctional, and depleted in chronic liver disease. This phenotype lacks disease-specificity, and it does not predict the biological effects. MAIT cells have presumed protective actions in chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and decompensated cirrhosis. They have pathogenic and pro-fibrotic actions in autoimmune hepatitis and mixed actions in primary biliary cholangitis. Local factors in the hepatic microenvironment (cytokines, bile acids, gut-derived bacterial antigens, and metabolic by-products) may modulate their response in individual diseases. Investigational manipulations of function are warranted to establish an association with disease severity and outcome. In conclusion, MAIT cells constitute a disease-nonspecific, immune response to chronic liver inflammation and infection. Their pathological role has been deduced from their deficiencies during active liver disease, and future investigations must clarify this role, link it to outcome, and explore therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| |
Collapse
|