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Rochowski MT, Jayathilake K, Balcerak JM, Tamil Selvan M, Gunasekara S, Rudd J, Miller C, Lacombe VA. Alterations of whole body glucose metabolism in a feline SARS-CoV-2 infection model. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 326:R499-R506. [PMID: 38574344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00228.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been especially devastating to patients with comorbidities, including metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Elevated blood glucose during SARS-CoV-2 infection increased mortality of patients with COVID-19, although the mechanisms are not well understood. It has been previously demonstrated that glucose transport and utilization is a crucial pathway for other highly infectious RNA viruses. Thus, we hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 infection could lead to alterations in cellular and whole body glucose metabolism. Specific pathogen-free domestic cats were intratracheally inoculated with USA-WA1/2020 (wild-type) SARS-CoV-2 or vehicle-inoculated, then euthanized at 4- and 8-days postinoculation (dpi). Blood glucose and cortisol concentrations were elevated at 4 and 8 dpi. Blood ketones, insulin, and angiotensin II concentrations remained unchanged throughout the experimental timeline. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the lung and heart, without changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) RNA expression. In the lung, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) protein levels at 4 and 8 dpi, whereas GLUT4 level was only upregulated at 8 dpi. In the heart, GLUT-1 and -4 protein levels remained unchanged. Furthermore, GLUT1 level was upregulated in the skeletal muscle at 8 dpi, and AMPK was activated in the hearts of infected cats. SARS-CoV-2 infection increased blood glucose concentration and pulmonary GLUT protein levels. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces metabolic reprogramming primarily in the lung to support viral replication. Furthermore, this translational feline model mimicked human COVID-19 and could be used to explore novel therapeutic targets to treat metabolic disease during SARS-CoV-2 infection.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study on a feline model of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, mirroring human COVID-19, revealed alterations in whole body and cellular glucose metabolism. Infected cats developed mild hyperglycemia, increased protein levels of glucose transporters in the lung, and AMPK activation in the heart. These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces metabolic reprogramming in the cardiorespiratory system to support viral replication. Understanding these mechanisms could lead to novel antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Rochowski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Kaushalya Jayathilake
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - John-Michael Balcerak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Miruthula Tamil Selvan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Sachithra Gunasekara
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Jennifer Rudd
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Craig Miller
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Véronique A Lacombe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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2
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Yahalomi T, Pikkel YS, Arnon R, Kinori M, Wood K, Pikkel J. Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Outbreak during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pilot Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:122. [PMID: 38256383 PMCID: PMC10818957 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aims to investigate the potential association between the COVID-19 pandemic and a new presentation of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, comparing the incidence of new-onset CSCR cases among ophthalmology patients in a regional medical facility in southern Israel between two distinct periods: the COVID-19 pandemic era in Israel, which occurred from 27 February 2020 to 20 December 2020, and the non-pandemic period from calendar years 2018 to 2021, excluding the specific epidemic phase mentioned. Disease severity was evaluated based on recovery time, visual acuity loss, and central macular thickness via OCT. Results: Over the four-year period, 35 new cases of CSCR were recorded. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 17 new cases (0.005% per population) were identified, compared with 18 new cases (0.002% per population) in the preceding three years. The odds ratio for acute CSCR during the pandemic was 2.83 (95% CI, 1.46-5.50) with a p-value of 0.02. CSCR cases during the pandemic seemed to exhibit worse clinical characteristics, though not statistically significant. Additionally, 22.2% of the COVID-19 pandemic group had confirmed COVID-19 cases, which was statistically significantly higher than the general population's reported cases (6%). Conclusion: The study revealed a statistically significant increase of over 2.5 times in acute CSCR incidence during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with non-pandemic periods. The findings suggest that the pandemic's stressful changes may have unintended consequences on the occurrence of CSCR, highlighting the importance of mental health support and psychoeducation for affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Yahalomi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.A.); (M.K.); (K.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Yael Sara Pikkel
- Rambam Health Care Campus and Faculty of Medicine, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3109601, Israel;
| | - Roee Arnon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.A.); (M.K.); (K.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Michael Kinori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.A.); (M.K.); (K.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Keren Wood
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.A.); (M.K.); (K.W.); (J.P.)
| | - Joseph Pikkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Samson Assuta Ashdod Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva 8410501, Israel; (R.A.); (M.K.); (K.W.); (J.P.)
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3
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Maeda R, Seki N, Uwamino Y, Wakui M, Nakagama Y, Kido Y, Sasai M, Taira S, Toriu N, Yamamoto M, Matsuura Y, Uchiyama J, Yamaguchi G, Hirakawa M, Kim YG, Mishima M, Yanagita M, Suematsu M, Sugiura Y. Amino acid catabolite markers for early prognostication of pneumonia in patients with COVID-19. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8469. [PMID: 38123556 PMCID: PMC10733290 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective early-stage markers for predicting which patients are at risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection have not been fully investigated. Here, we performed comprehensive serum metabolome analysis of a total of 83 patients from two cohorts to determine that the acceleration of amino acid catabolism within 5 days from disease onset correlated with future disease severity. Increased levels of de-aminated amino acid catabolites involved in the de novo nucleotide synthesis pathway were identified as early prognostic markers that correlated with the initial viral load. We further employed mice models of SARS-CoV2-MA10 and influenza infection to demonstrate that such de-amination of amino acids and de novo synthesis of nucleotides were associated with the abnormal proliferation of airway and vascular tissue cells in the lungs during the early stages of infection. Consequently, it can be concluded that lung parenchymal tissue remodeling in the early stages of respiratory viral infections induces systemic metabolic remodeling and that the associated key amino acid catabolites are valid predictors for excessive inflammatory response in later disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rae Maeda
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Natsumi Seki
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Uwamino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Wakui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Nakagama
- Department of Virology & Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Virology & Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miwa Sasai
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shu Taira
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoya Toriu
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jun Uchiyama
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Yamaguchi
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hirakawa
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yun-Gi Kim
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayo Mishima
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoko Yanagita
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- WPI-Bio2Q Research Center, Keio University, and Central Institute for Experimental Medicine and Life Science, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunobiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kuznetsov D, Kalyuzhin O, Mironov A, Neschisliaev V, Kuznetsova A. A case of vitiligo after COVID-19 vaccination: a possible role of thymic dysfunction. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2023; 24:1141-1150. [PMID: 38057270 PMCID: PMC10710914 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, vaccines help control the spread of infection. To date, 47 vaccines have been approved, with another 227 candidates in various stages of development. In the short period of time since the beginning of their use, evidence has begun to emerge of complications following vaccination in the form of the development or exacerbation of a number of pathological conditions (Block et al., 2022; Haseeb et al., 2022). For example, a population-based study in France identified 1612 cases of myocarditis and 1613 cases of pericarditis requiring hospital treatment within five months of vaccination (le Vu et al., 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Kuznetsov
- G N. Gabrichevsky Scientific and Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 125212, Russia.
| | - Oleg Kalyuzhin
- I M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey Mironov
- G N. Gabrichevsky Scientific and Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow 125212, Russia
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Szabo S. The post-COVID stress syndrome: from the three-stage stress response of Hans Selye to COVID-19. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2799-2806. [PMID: 37184668 PMCID: PMC10183685 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it, as defined by Hans Selye more than 80 years ago, based on his animal experiments at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. By emphasizing 'nonspecificity' he tried to underline that stress response is elicited my several factors, like nowadays in COVID-19, e.g., fear of infection, social isolation, death in family, loss of employment, etc. Thus, COVID-19 has been the largest new human stressor in the twenty-first century. Selye's studies in rats also revealed 3 stages of stress response: the short initial "alarm reaction" is followed by a longer "stage of resistance", associated with increased levels of corticosterone that is often terminated by a "stage of exhaustion", referring to an exhausted adrenal cortex when the secretion of glucocorticoids drops. Fast forward, that is exactly what has been documented in severe cases of infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus: in hospitalized COVID-19 patients initially the blood levels of cortisol not only have been elevated, but only those with high concentration of this natural anti-inflammatory corticosteroid survived vs. those who had low levels of cortisol, suggesting diminished adrenocortical functions. Furthermore, patients with very severe cases of COVID-19 who ended up in intensive care units had significantly low cortisol blood levels, compared to patients with equal severity of diseases due to other causes. Thus, these 'natural phenomena' in clinical medicine, unfortunately confirmed Selye's studies in experimental animals several decades ago. Still, the good news is that astute clinicians empirically recognized this and started to give potent synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone to severe COVD-19 patients and this beneficial effect of exogenous corticoids has been extensively confirmed in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Szabo
- School of Medicine, American University of Health Sciences, 1600 East Hill St., Signal Hill/Long Beach, CA, 90755, USA.
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6
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Naik R, Avula S, Palleti SK, Gummadi J, Ramachandran R, Chandramohan D, Dhillon G, Gill AS, Paiwal K, Shaik B, Balachandran M, Patel B, Gurugubelli S, Mariswamy Arun Kumar AK, Nanjundappa A, Bellamkonda M, Rathi K, Sakhamuri PL, Nassar M, Bali A. From Emergence to Endemicity: A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19. Cureus 2023; 15:e48046. [PMID: 37916248 PMCID: PMC10617653 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), later renamed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was first identified in Wuhan, China, in early December 2019. Initially, the China office of the World Health Organization was informed of numerous cases of pneumonia of unidentified etiology in Wuhan, Hubei Province at the end of 2019. This would subsequently result in a global pandemic with millions of confirmed cases of COVID-19 and millions of deaths reported to the WHO. We have analyzed most of the data published since the beginning of the pandemic to compile this comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2. We looked at the core ideas, such as the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, histopathologic findings, consequences, therapies, and vaccines. We have also included the long-term effects and myths associated with some therapeutics of COVID-19. This study presents a comprehensive assessment of the SARS-CoV-2 virology, vaccines, medicines, and significant variants identified during the course of the pandemic. Our review article is intended to provide medical practitioners with a better understanding of the fundamental sciences, clinical treatment, and prevention of COVID-19. As of May 2023, this paper contains the most recent data made accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Naik
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
- Internal Medicine/Hospital Medicine, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes Barre, USA
| | - Sreekant Avula
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Sujith K Palleti
- Nephrology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Jyotsna Gummadi
- Internal Medicine, MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | | | | | - Gagandeep Dhillon
- Physician Executive MBA, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
- Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore Washington Medical Center, Glen Burnie, USA
| | | | - Kapil Paiwal
- Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Daswani Dental College & Research Center, Kota, IND
| | - Bushra Shaik
- Internal Medicine, Onslow Memorial Hospital, Jacksonville, USA
| | | | - Bhumika Patel
- Oral Medicine and Radiology, Howard University, Washington, D.C., USA
| | | | | | | | - Mahita Bellamkonda
- Hospital Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Kanika Rathi
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
| | | | - Mahmoud Nassar
- Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, USA
| | - Atul Bali
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, USA
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Geisinger Health System, Wilkes-Barre, USA
- Medicine, Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Scranton, USA
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7
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Schwartz L, Aparicio-Alonso M, Henry M, Radman M, Attal R, Bakkar A. Toxicity of the spike protein of COVID-19 is a redox shift phenomenon: A novel therapeutic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 206:106-110. [PMID: 37392949 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that most diseases display a form of anabolism due to mitochondrial impairment: in cancer, a daughter cell is formed; in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques; in inflammation cytokines and lymphokines. The infection by Covid-19 follows a similar pattern. Long-term effects include redox shift and cellular anabolism as a result of the Warburg effect and mitochondrial dysfunction. This unrelenting anabolism leads to the cytokine storm, chronic fatigue, chronic inflammation or neurodegenerative diseases. Drugs such as Lipoic acid and Methylene Blue have been shown to enhance the mitochondrial activity, relieve the Warburg effect and increase catabolism. Similarly, coMeBining Methylene Blue, Chlorine dioxide and Lipoic acid may help reduce long-term Covid-19 effects by stimulating the catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marc Henry
- Institut Lebel, Faculté de chimie, Université de Strasbourg, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Miroslav Radman
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences (MedILS), 21000, Split, Croatia
| | - Romain Attal
- Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie, 30 avenue Corentin-Cariou, 75019, Paris, France
| | - Ashraf Bakkar
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza, Egypt
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8
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Badawy AB. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism: a neglected therapeutic target of COVID-19 pathophysiology and immunotherapy. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230595. [PMID: 37486805 PMCID: PMC10407158 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) exerts profound changes in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism that may underpin its pathophysiology. The KP is the main source of the vital cellular effector NAD+ and intermediate metabolites that modulate immune and neuronal functions. Trp metabolism is the top pathway influenced by COVID-19. Sixteen studies established virus-induced activation of the KP mediated mainly by induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) in most affected tissues and of IDO2 in lung by the increased release of proinflammatory cytokines but could additionally involve increased flux of plasma free Trp and induction of Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) by cortisol. The major Kyn metabolite targeted by COVID-19 is kynurenic acid (KA), the Kyn metabolite with the greatest affinity for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is also activated by COVID-19. AhR activation initiates two important series of events: a vicious circle involving IDO1 induction, KA accumulation and further AhR activation, and activation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) leading to NAD+ depletion and cell death. The virus further deprives the host of NAD+ by inhibiting its main biosynthetic pathway from quinolinic acid, while simultaneously acquiring NAD+ by promoting its synthesis from nicotinamide in the salvage pathway. Additionally, the protective effects of sirtuin 1 are minimised by the PARP activation. KP dysfunction may also underpin the mood and neurological disorders acutely and during 'long COVID'. More studies of potential effects of vaccination therapy on the KP are required and exploration of therapeutic strategies involving modulation of the KP changes are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Abu-Bakr Badawy
- Formerly School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, U.K
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Abstract
There is increased interest related to the impact of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) on the endocrine system and in particular on the pituitary gland. Over the course of the severe infection with acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there are both acute and delayed effects on the pituitary, related to infection and/or treatment. Hypopituitarism, pituitary apoplexy and hypophysitis have been all reported, as well as arginine vasopressin deficiency (diabetes insipidus) and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Furthermore, patients with acromegaly, Cushing's disease and hypopituitarism are theoretically at increased risk of complications with COVID-19 and require close monitoring. Evidence regarding pituitary dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 continues to be gathered, as the breadth and depth of knowledge also continues to rapidly evolve. This review summarizes data analysis to date on the possible effects of COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination on patients with normal pituitary function and patients with known pituitary pathology. Though clinical systems were significantly affected, it seems there is no overall loss of biochemical control in patients with certain pituitary pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Capatina
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, and Department of Pituitary and Neuroendocrine Pathology, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalina Poiana
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Carol Davila" Bucharest, and Department of Pituitary and Neuroendocrine Pathology, C.I. Parhon National Institute of Endocrinology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Fleseriu
- Departments of Medicine (Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition) and Neurological Surgery, and Pituitary Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Ouranos K, Tsakiri K, Massa E, Dourliou V, Mouratidou C, Soundoulounaki S, Mouloudi E. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: A single-center observational study from Greece. Ann Thorac Med 2023; 18:116-123. [PMID: 37663880 PMCID: PMC10473063 DOI: 10.4103/atm.atm_14_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) is a serious complication affecting patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, and is associated with increased mortality. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate potential risk factors, and to estimate the incidence and mortality in patients diagnosed with CAPA. METHODS A single-center retrospective observational study was conducted on patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with severe COVID-19 from October 2020 to May 2022. Patients with deterioration of their clinical status were evaluated with serum galactomannan (GM) for probable CAPA. Baseline demographic patient characteristics, vaccination status, and time period during which each patient was infected with SARS-CoV-2 were obtained, and risk stratification according to underlying comorbidities was performed in an effort to assess various risk factors for CAPA. The incidence of CAPA in the entire cohort was measured, and mortality rates in the CAPA and non-CAPA groups were calculated and compared. RESULTS Of 488 patients admitted to the ICU, 95 (19.4%) had deterioration of their clinical status, which prompted testing with serum GM. Positive serum testing was observed in 39/95 patients, with an overall CAPA incidence in the entire study cohort reaching 7.9% (39/488). The mortality rate was 75% (42/56) in the non-CAPA group that was tested for serum GM, and 87.2% (34/39) in the CAPA group (P = 0.041). Multivariable Cox regression hazard models were tested for 28- and 90-day survival from ICU admission. An invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) risk-stratified cox regression model corrected for the SARS-CoV-2 variant of the patient identified the diagnosis of probable CAPA and elevated procalcitonin (PCT) levels measured at least 10 days after ICU admission, as significantly associated with death in the IPA-risk subgroup only, with hazard ratio (HR): 3.687 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.030-13.199, P = 0.045) for the diagnosis of probable CAPA, and HR: 1.022 (95% CI, 1.003-1.042, P = 0.026) for every 1 ng/mL rise in PCT. CONCLUSIONS Patients in the IPA-risk subgroup that were diagnosed with CAPA had a lower 90-day survival when compared to patients in the same group without a CAPA diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ouranos
- Department of Medicine, Hippokratio General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Tsakiri
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Massa
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Dourliou
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Mouratidou
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stella Soundoulounaki
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Mouloudi
- Department of Adult Intensive Care Unit, Hippokratio General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Ilias I, Vassiliou AG, Keskinidou C, Vrettou CS, Orfanos S, Kotanidou A, Dimopoulou I. Changes in Cortisol Secretion and Corticosteroid Receptors in COVID-19 and Non COVID-19 Critically Ill Patients with Sepsis/Septic Shock and Scope for Treatment. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1801. [PMID: 37509441 PMCID: PMC10376106 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is associated with dysregulated cortisol secretion, leading to abnormal levels of cortisol in the blood. In the early stages of the condition, cortisol levels are typically elevated due to increased secretion from the adrenal glands. However, as the disease progresses, cortisol levels may decline due to impaired adrenal function, leading to relative adrenal insufficiency. The latter is thought to be caused by a combination of factors, including impaired adrenal function, decreased production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, and increased breakdown of cortisol. The dysregulation of cortisol secretion in sepsis is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of the disease by impairing the body's ability to mount an appropriate inflammatory response. Given the dysregulation of cortisol secretion and corticosteroid receptors in sepsis, there has been considerable interest in the use of steroids as a treatment. However, clinical trials have yielded mixed results and corticosteroid use in sepsis remains controversial. In this review, we will discuss the changes in cortisol secretion and corticosteroid receptors in critically ill patients with sepsis/septic shock. We will also make special note of COVID-19 patients, who presented a recent challenge for ICU management, and explore the scope for corticosteroid administration in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ilias
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, GR-11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Alice G Vassiliou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi Keskinidou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Charikleia S Vrettou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Orfanos
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Dimopoulou
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Evangelismos Hospital, GR-10676 Athens, Greece
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12
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Walter LO, Cardoso CC, Santos-Pirath ÍM, Costa HZ, Gartner R, Werle I, Mohr ETB, da Rosa JS, Lubschinski TL, Felisberto M, Kretzer IF, Masukawa II, Vanny PDA, Luiz MC, de Moraes ACR, Dalmarco EM, Santos-Silva MC. T cell maturation is significantly affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunology 2023. [PMID: 36855300 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory tract infection caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An adequate T cell response is essential not only for fighting disease but also for the creation of immune memory. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the T cells of patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 not only at the time of illness but also 2 months after diagnosis to observe whether changes in this compartment persist. In this study, 166 COVID-19 patients were stratified into moderate/severe and critical disease categories. The maturation and activation of T cells were evaluated through flow cytometry. In addition, Treg cells were analysed. Until 15 days after diagnosis, patients presented a reduction in absolute and relative T lymphocyte counts. After 2 months, in moderate/severe patients, the counts returned to a similar level as that of the control group. In convalescent patients who had a critical illness, absolute T lymphocyte values increased considerably. Patients with active disease did not show differentiation of T cells. Nonetheless, after 2 months, patients with critical COVID-19 showed a significant increase in CD4+ EMRA (CD45RA+ effector memory) T lymphocytes. Furthermore, COVID-19 patients showed delayed T cell activation and reduced CD8+ suppressor T cells even 2 months after diagnosis. A reduction in CD4+ Treg cells was also observed, and their numbers returned to a similar level as that of healthy controls in convalescent patients. The results demonstrate that COVID-19 patients have a delayed activation and differentiation of T cells. In addition, these patients have a great reduction of T cells with a suppressor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otto Walter
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Chandra Chiappin Cardoso
- Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Íris Mattos Santos-Pirath
- Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Zorzi Costa
- Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Gartner
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Isabel Werle
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Julia Salvan da Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Mariano Felisberto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Iara Fabricia Kretzer
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ivete Ioshiko Masukawa
- Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Infectious Disease Service, Nereu Ramos Hospital, State Health Department, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Almeida Vanny
- Infectious Disease Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Magali Chaves Luiz
- Infectious Disease Service, Nereu Ramos Hospital, State Health Department, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Rabello de Moraes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Monguilhott Dalmarco
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Santos-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Analysis, Flow Cytometry Service, University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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13
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Abstract
The multifaceted interaction between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the endocrine system has been a major area of scientific research over the past two years. While common endocrine/metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes have been recognized among significant risk factors for COVID-19 severity, several endocrine organs were identified to be targeted by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). New-onset endocrine disorders related to COVID-19 were reported while long-term effects, if any, are yet to be determined. Meanwhile, the "stay home" measures during the pandemic caused interruption in the care of patients with pre-existing endocrine disorders and may have impeded the diagnosis and treatment of new ones. This review aims to outline this complex interaction between COVID-19 and endocrine disorders by synthesizing the current scientific knowledge obtained from clinical and pathophysiological studies, and to emphasize considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Hanife Oguz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Bulent Okan Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey;
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14
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Afzali A, Hatef B, Sahraei H, Meftahi GH, Khaleghi A, Jahromi GP. Changes in psychological and cognitive variables as well as cortisol levels in recovered Covid-19 patients: a longitudinal study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36713617 PMCID: PMC9875175 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreased psychological and cognitive functioning is one of the complications of Covid-19 disease. We aimed to evaluate mental health, cognitive functioning, and salivary cortisol levels in Covid-19 patients with different disease severities in three 45-day intervals after recovery. METHODS 258 Covid-19 patients were assigned into three groups based on their disease severity: 112 patients in mild group, 67 patients in moderate group and 79 patients in severe group. The participants underwent psychological evaluations (including Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory, SpeilBerger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory), cognitive assessments (The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test) and salivary cortisol level evaluation in three 45-day periods. Non-parametric statistical methods were applied for psychological and cognitive indicators, while two-way mixed model ANOVA was used to evaluate the cortisol concentration in three replications. RESULTS The group of mild patients became more anxious and the group of moderate patients became more anxious and depressed. But all three groups of patients developed severe sleep disorders over time. For cognitive functioning, although the results showed a decrease in the correct response rate, a significant increase in the correct response rate was observed in all three groups in all three measurements. However, the response speed not only did not increase, but also decreased in severe group. Cortisol level had a markedly increasing trend in all three groups. CONCLUSION Improvement of cognitive functioning was in line with the increase in cortisol. Besides, the decrease in mental health had no effect on the cognitive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Afzali
- Student Research Committee, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Boshra Hatef
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Sahraei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Khaleghi
- Psychiatry and Psychology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gila Pirzad Jahromi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Dufrusine B, Valentinuzzi S, Bibbò S, Damiani V, Lanuti P, Pieragostino D, Del Boccio P, D’Alessandro E, Rabottini A, Berghella A, Allocati N, Falasca K, Ucciferri C, Mucedola F, Di Perna M, Martino L, Vecchiet J, De Laurenzi V, Dainese E. Iron Dyshomeostasis in COVID-19: Biomarkers Reveal a Functional Link to 5-Lipoxygenase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:15. [PMID: 36613462 PMCID: PMC9819889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. After acute infection, some subjects develop a post-COVID-19 syndrome known as long-COVID. This study aims to recognize the molecular and functional mechanisms that occur in COVID-19 and long-COVID patients and identify useful biomarkers for the management of patients with COVID-19 and long-COVID. Here, we profiled the response to COVID-19 by performing a proteomic analysis of lymphocytes isolated from patients. We identified significant changes in proteins involved in iron metabolism using different biochemical analyses, considering ceruloplasmin (Cp), transferrin (Tf), hemopexin (HPX), lipocalin 2 (LCN2), and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Moreover, our results show an activation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in COVID-19 and in long-COVID possibly through an iron-dependent post-translational mechanism. Furthermore, this work defines leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2) as possible markers of COVID-19 and long-COVID and suggests novel opportunities for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Dufrusine
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Silvia Valentinuzzi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Sandra Bibbò
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Verena Damiani
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Paola Lanuti
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Ersilia D’Alessandro
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Rabottini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandro Berghella
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Nerino Allocati
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Katia Falasca
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Ucciferri
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Mucedola
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Di Perna
- Pneumology Department, “SS Annunziata” Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Laura Martino
- Pneumology Department, “SS Annunziata” Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Jacopo Vecchiet
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, S.S. Annunziata Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Vincenzo De Laurenzi
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Enrico Dainese
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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16
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Asghari A, Jafari F, Jameshorani M, Chiti H, Naseri M, Ghafourirankouhi A, Kooshkaki O, Abdshah A, Parsamanesh N. Vitamin D role in hepatitis B: focus on immune system and genetics mechanism. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Is SARS-CoV-2 a Risk Factor of Bipolar Disorder?-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206060. [PMID: 36294388 PMCID: PMC9604904 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
For 2.5 years we have been facing the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its health, social and economic effects. One of its known consequences is the development of neuropsychiatric diseases such as anxiety and depression. However, reports of manic episodes related to COVID-19 have emerged. Mania is an integral part of the debilitating illness-bipolar disorder (BD). Due to its devastating effects, it is therefore important to establish whether SARS-CoV-2 infection is a causative agent of this severe mental disorder. In this narrative review, we discuss the similarities between the disorders caused by SARS-CoV-2 and those found in patients with BD, and we also try to answer the question of whether SARS-CoV-2 infection may be a risk factor for the development of this affective disorder. Our observation shows that disorders in COVID-19 showing the greatest similarity to those in BD are cytokine disorders, tryptophan metabolism, sleep disorders and structural changes in the central nervous system (CNS). These changes, especially intensified in severe infections, may be a trigger for the development of BD in particularly vulnerable people, e.g., with family history, or cause an acute episode in patients with a pre-existing BD.
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18
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Boyuk B, Akin S, Aladag N, Isik A, Erman H, Ozgur Y, Topal M, Karademir N, Tomar Uysal B, Ozbilgehan B, Kabaca D, Kalmaz C, Arslan S, Keskin O. COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with impaired fasting glucose, newly diagnosed diabetes and pre-existing diabetes: a tertiary center experience. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1481-1487. [PMID: 35654475 PMCID: PMC9195151 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2022-002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection is known to increase mortality in patients with diabetes. We aim to demonstrate the differences in disease course and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 regarding the presence of impaired fasting glucose, pre-existing diabetes mellitus (DM) or new-onset DM. 236 patients with positive reverse transcription-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 were included in this single-center, retrospective observational study between March 2020 and May 2021. Laboratory results, comorbidities, medications and imaging findings were noted. Logistic regression was used to estimate associated factors for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). 43 patients with normal glucose, 53 with impaired fasting glucose, 60 with newly diagnosed DM, and 80 with pre-existing DM were classified. Patients with pre-existing DM had higher fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin than the other groups (p<0.001 for all). Patients with newly diagnosed DM were more likely to need dexamethasone 6 mg (p=0.001). In both newly diagnosed diabetes and impaired fasting glucose groups, 250 mg methylprednisolone was needed at higher rates (p=0.002). Newly diagnosed DM had higher rates of intubation (21.6%) and more mortality (20.0%) (p=0.045 and p=0.028, respectively). Mortality and hospitalization in the ICU were lower in the group receiving antidiabetic treatment. The risk of ICU attendance was higher in patients with impaired fasting glucose (HR=1.71, 95% CI: 0.48 to 6.08) and newly diagnosed DM (HR=1.88, 95% CI: 0.57 to 6.17), compared with pre-existing DM and non-diabetics. Newly diagnosed DM and impaired fasting glucose are associated with increased mortality and intubation in inpatients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banu Boyuk
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seydahmet Akin
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazire Aladag
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Isik
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hande Erman
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Ozgur
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Topal
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nevra Karademir
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Tomar Uysal
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahar Ozbilgehan
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilan Kabaca
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Kalmaz
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyma Arslan
- Public Health, Istanbul Universitesi Istanbul Tip Fakultesi, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Keskin
- Internal Medicine, Istanbul Kartal Dr Lufti Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Cuypers Q, Vandebergh V, Stessel B, Callebaut I, Depauw I, Saldien V, Vrancken D. Worsening COVID-19 Disease Course After Surgical Trauma: A Case Series. Anesth Pain Med 2022; 12:e127356. [PMID: 36937174 PMCID: PMC10016109 DOI: 10.5812/aapm-127356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current guidelines from the American Society of Anesthesiologists recommend postponing elective surgery on COVID-19-positive patients for a minimum of four to twelve weeks. However, literature focusing on the outcomes of COVID-19-positive patients undergoing surgery is scarce. In this case series, the outcome of asymptomatic COVID-19 patients undergoing acute or semi-urgent surgery was evaluated. Case Presentation A case series of four patients between 32 and 82 years old with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection undergoing acute or semi-urgent surgery was presented here. All four patients were asymptomatic for COVID-19, developing severe respiratory failure following endo CABG, caesarian section, a thyroidectomy, or abdominal surgery. ICU admission, together with invasive ventilation, was necessary for all patients. Two patients required venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment. A mortality of 50% was observed. Conclusions In conclusion, the present case series suggests that elective surgery in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients might elicit an exacerbated COVID-19 disease course. This study endorses the current international guidelines recommending postponing elective surgery for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients for seven weeks, depending on the severity of the surgery and perioperative morbidities, to minimize postoperative mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten Cuypers
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium
- Emergency Department, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vandebergh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Stessel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Limburg Clinical Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Corresponding Author: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Ina Callebaut
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Limburg Clinical Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ilse Depauw
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Vera Saldien
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vrancken
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Jessa Ziekenhuis Vzw, Hasselt, Belgium
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20
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Is There Any Correlation between Baseline Serum Cortisol Levels and Disease Severity in PCR-Positive COVID-19 Patients with and without Diabetes Mellitus? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081361. [PMID: 36016249 PMCID: PMC9416748 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 has caused a pandemic and is associated with significant mortality. The pathophysiology of COVID-19, affecting many organs and systems, is still being investigated. The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and possibly adrenal glands are the targets of SARS-CoV-2 because of its angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors expression. Hypocortisolemia can be seen in the postinfection period. COVID-19 infection tends to be severe in diabetic patients due to immune dysfunction. In this study, our aim was to investigate the relationship between basal cortisol levels and the course of COVID-19 infection in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods: Our retrospective study included 311 PCR-positive COVID-19 patients over the age of 18 who were hospitalized in Ankara City Hospital Infectious Diseases Department or Intensive Care Unit (ICU) between 15 March 2020 and 15 May 2020. Serum basal cortisol, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbA1c values, and diabetes history were recorded within the first 24 h of hospitalization. The presence of pulmonary involvement was noted from the patients’ imaging records. Pregnant and breastfeeding women, patients with chronic liver disease or chronic kidney disease, and patients who were already using steroids or had started COVID-19 infection treatment within the 72 h before blood collection were excluded from the study. Results: Of the 311 patients, 100 had Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2D), while 211 did not. The age, serum basal cortisol, and glucose levels of the patients with T2D (64.51 ± 12.29, 19.5 ± 13.12, and 143.5 (77−345)) were higher than those of the patients without T2D (46.67 ± 16.38, 15.26 ± 8.75, and 96 (65−202)), and the differences were statistically significant (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, and p < 0.001, respectively). The basal cortisol values of the ICU patients (27.89 (13.91−75)) were significantly higher than those of the ward patients (13.68 (1.48−51.93)) and patients who were transferred to the ICU from the ward due to worsening conditions (19.28 (7.74−55.21)) (p < 0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively). The factors affecting ICU admission were determined to be age, T2D history, basal cortisol, and elevation in FPG using univariate logistic regression analysis. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, age, basal cortisol level, and infiltrative involvement in thorax CT were determined to be the risk factors affecting intensive care admission. Conclusion: High basal cortisol levels in patients with T2D may predict the severity of COVID-19 infection or mortality. Although high basal cortisol levels are among the risk factors affecting ICU admission, patients with COVID-19 should also be evaluated in terms of clinical and laboratory findings and relative adrenal insufficiency.
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Yılmaz GE, Saylan Y, Göktürk I, Yılmaz F, Denizli A. Selective Amplification of Plasmonic Sensor Signal for Cortisol Detection Using Gold Nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070482. [PMID: 35884285 PMCID: PMC9313393 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, gold nanoparticles (AuNP)-modified cortisol-imprinted (AuNP-MIP) plasmonic sensor was developed for signal amplification and real-time cortisol determination in both aqueous and complex solutions. Firstly, the sensor surfaces were modified with 3-(trimethoxylyl)propyl methacrylate and then pre-complex was prepared using the functional monomer N-methacryloyl-L-histidine methyl ester. The monomer solution was made ready for polymerization by adding 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate to ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. In order to confirm the signal enhancing effect of AuNP, only cortisol-imprinted (MIP) plasmonic sensor was prepared without AuNP. To determine the selectivity efficiency of the imprinting process, the non-imprinted (AuNP-NIP) plasmonic sensor was also prepared without cortisol. The characterization studies of the sensors were performed with atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. The kinetic analysis of the AuNP-MIP plasmonic sensor exhibited a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.97) for a wide range (0.01–100 ppb) with a low detection limit (0.0087 ppb) for cortisol detection. Moreover, the high imprinting efficiency (k′ = 9.67) of the AuNP-MIP plasmonic sensor was determined by comparison with the AuNP-NIP plasmonic sensor. All kinetic results were validated and confirmed by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaye Ezgi Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Ilgım Göktürk
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Fatma Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry Technology, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14900, Turkey;
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (G.E.Y.); (Y.S.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Cortisol as an Independent Predictor of Unfavorable Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071527. [PMID: 35884833 PMCID: PMC9313159 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cases of COVID-19 are non-severe, but some patients require urgent hospital care. In the past, it has been established that adrenal hyperactivity predicts poorer prognosis in severely ill patients. We wanted to verify if cortisol levels can be tied to clinical outcomes and the degree of inflammation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. We recruited 180 adult patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19. The group was divided into smaller subgroups based on the glucocorticoid treatment status; the subgroups were evaluated in three separate time points. The assessment involved hormonal function (cortisol, ACTH), inflammatory markers, and occurrence of the pre-selected endpoints (death, hospitalization ≥10 days, non-invasive ventilation or high-flow oxygenation, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors). In the evaluated group, 121 patients showed signs of abnormal adrenal function. There was a clear correlation between cortisol and IL-6 concentrations in all three time points regardless of glucocorticoid treatment. A total of 71.1% of patients displaying abnormal cortisol production met the preselected endpoints. Our analysis showed that a cutoff cortisol concentration prognosing endpoint occurrence could be set at 15.45 μg/dL for patients not treated with glucocorticoids. Cortisol concentration can be seen as an independent prognostic factor for unfavorable outcomes in selected adults hospitalized with COVID-19.
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Fnu G, Hudock K, Powers-Fletcher M, Huang RP, Weber GF. Induction of a Cytokine Storm Involves Suppression of the Osteopontin-Dependent TH1 Response. Immunol Suppl 2022; 167:165-180. [PMID: 35752943 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine release syndromes represent a severe turn in certain disease states, which may be caused by several infections, including those with the virus SARS-CoV-2. This inefficient, even harmful, immune response has been associated with a broad release of chemokines. Although a cellular (type I) immune reaction is efficacious against viral infections, we noted a type I deficit in the cytokine patterns produced by cytokine storms of all reported etiologies. Agents including lipopolysaccharide (LPS, bacterial), anti-CD3 (antibody) and a version of the prominent SARS-CoV-2 viral surface molecule, Spike Glycoprotein, were individually sufficient to induce IL-6 and multiple chemokines in mice. They failed to upregulate the TH1 inducer cytokine Osteopontin, and the pathophysiologic triggers actually suppressed the PMA-induced Osteopontin secretion from monocytic cells. Osteopontin administration partially reversed the chemokine elevation, more effectively so in a mouse strain with TH1 bias. Corroboration was obtained from the inverse correlation in the levels of IL-6 and Osteopontin in plasma samples from acute COVID-19 patients. We hypothesize that the inhibition of Osteopontin by SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein or LPS represents an immune evasion mechanism employed by the pathogens of origin. The ensuing dysfunctional inflammatory response promotes a vicious cycle of amplification, resulting in a cytokine storm. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulimirerouzi Fnu
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kristin Hudock
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine; Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
| | | | | | - Georg F Weber
- University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Kooshkaki O, Asghari A, Mahdavi R, Azarkar G, Parsamanesh N. Potential of MicroRNAs As Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Respiratory Viruses: A Literature Review. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:544-563. [PMID: 35699380 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression through recognition of cognate sequences and interference of transcriptional, translational, or epigenetic processes. Hundreds of miRNA genes have been found in diverse viruses, and many of these are phylogenetically conserved. Respiratory viruses are the most frequent causative agents of disease in humans, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, the role of miRNAs in respiratory viral gene regulation, as well as host gene regulation during disease progression, has become a field of interest. This review highlighted the importance of various miRNAs and their potential role in fighting with respiratory viruses as therapeutic molecules with a focus on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Kooshkaki
- Department of Hematology, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Arghavan Asghari
- Department of Hematology, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Hematology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Department of Hematology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ghodsiyeh Azarkar
- Department of Hematology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Department of Hematology, Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
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Leta V, Boura I, van Wamelen DJ, Rodriguez-Violante M, Antonini A, Chaudhuri KR. Covid-19 and Parkinson's disease: Acute clinical implications, long-COVID and post-COVID-19 parkinsonism. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 165:63-89. [PMID: 36208907 PMCID: PMC9357514 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to unprecedented challenges for the delivery of healthcare and has had a clear impact on people with chronic neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Acute worsening of motor and non-motor symptoms and long-term sequalae have been described during and after SARS-CoV-2 infections in people with Parkinson's (PwP), which are likely to be multifactorial in their origin. On the one hand, it is likely that worsening of symptoms has been related to the viral infection itself, whereas social restrictions imposed over the course of the Covid-19 pandemic might also have had such an effect. Twenty cases of post-Covid-19 para-infectious or post-infectious parkinsonism have been described so far where a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms seem to be involved; however, a Covid-19-induced wave of post-viral parkinsonism seems rather unlikely at the moment. Here, we describe the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and PD in the short- and long-term and summarize the clinical features of post-Covid-19 cases of parkinsonism observed so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Leta
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Iro Boura
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Daniel J. van Wamelen
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom,Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson & Movement Disorders, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases (ERN-RND), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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