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Lin Y, Shi J, Shi B, Jia Z. MMP16 as NSCL ± P Susceptible Gene in Western Han Chinese. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2023; 60:1625-1631. [PMID: 36120833 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of MMP16 in lip development is unclear. This study aimed to identify nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL ± P) susceptible loci of MMP16 in western Han Chinese. DESIGN We performed targeted sequencing around MMP16 combined with a 2-phase association analysis on common variants. Phase 2 association analysis was performed with NSCL ± P specific subphenotypes (NSCL and NSCLP). Then we used rare variants burden analysis and genotyping, accompanied by motif analysis. SETTING This study was completed in a tertiary medical center. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS Phase 1 targeted sequencing included 159 patients with NSCL ± P and 542 normal controls; phase 2 included 1626 patients with NSCL ± P (1047 NSCL and 579 NSCLP) and 2255 normal controls. INTERVENTIONS Venous blood samples were collected from patients and used to extract DNA. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES After Bonferroni correction, phase 1 significant threshold of p-value was 4.28 × 10-5 (0.05/1167 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]), and phase 2 was .00025 (0.05/200 SNPs). Burden analysis significant threshold p-value was .05. RESULTS Common variants phase 1 association analysis identified 11 statistically significant SNPs (lowest p = 1.90 × 10-9, odds ratio (OR) = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.17-0.44), phase 2 replication identified 16 SNPs in NSCL ± P (lowest p = 6.26 × 10-6, OR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.69-0.86) and 9 in NSCL (lowest p = 8.44 × 10-5, OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.66-0.87). Rare variants burden analysis showed no significant results, genotyping results showed they were maternally inherited. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified MMP16 susceptible SNPs in NSCL ± P and NSCL, emphasizing its potential role in lip development. Our study also highlighted the importance to perform association analysis with subphenotypes divided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cleft Lip and Palate, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Nonkulovski D, Sofijanova A, Spasovska T, Gorjan M, Muaremoska-Kanzoska L, Arsov T. Semilobar Holoprosencephaly Caused by a Novel and De Novo ZIC2 Pathogenic Variant. Balkan J Med Genet 2023; 25:71-76. [PMID: 37265970 PMCID: PMC10230831 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common embryonic forebrain developmental anomaly. It involves incomplete or absent division of the prosencephalon into two distinct cerebral hemispheres during the early stages of organogenesis. HPE is etiologically heterogeneous, and its clinical presentation is very variable. We report a case of a 7 month old female infant, diagnosed with non-syndromic semilobar holoprosencephaly, caused by a novel, de novo pathogenic variant in ZIC2 - one of the most commonly mutated genes in non-syndromic HPE coding for the ZIC2 transcription factor. The patient presented with microcephaly, mild facial dysmorphic features, central hypotonia and spasticity on all four extremities. Ultrasound imaging demonstrated the absence of septum pellucidum, semilobar fusion of the hemispheres and mega cisterna magna and brain MRI with confirmed the diagnosis of HPE. Early diagnosis and management are important for the prevention and treatment of complications associated with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nonkulovski
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children’s Hospital in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - A Sofijanova
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children’s Hospital in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - T Spasovska
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children’s Hospital in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Milanovski Gorjan
- Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Sts Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Lj Muaremoska-Kanzoska
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children’s Hospital in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - T Arsov
- Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University Sts Cyril and Methodius, Skopje, North Macedonia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University Goce Delchev in Shtip, Shtip, North Macedonia
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3
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Malta M, AlMutiri R, Martin CS, Srour M. Holoprosencephaly: Review of Embryology, Clinical Phenotypes, Etiology and Management. CHILDREN 2023; 10:children10040647. [PMID: 37189898 DOI: 10.3390/children10040647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common malformation of the prosencephalon in humans. It is characterized by a continuum of structural brain anomalies resulting from the failure of midline cleavage of the prosencephalon. The three classic subtypes of HPE are alobar, semilobar and lobar, although a few additional categories have been added to this original classification. The severity of the clinical phenotype is broad and usually mirrors the radiologic and associated facial features. The etiology of HPE includes both environmental and genetic factors. Disruption of sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is the main pathophysiologic mechanism underlying HPE. Aneuploidies, chromosomal copy number variants and monogenic disorders are identified in a large proportion of HPE patients. Despite the high postnatal mortality and the invariable presence of developmental delay, recent advances in diagnostic methods and improvements in patient management over the years have helped to increase survival rates. In this review, we provide an overview of the current knowledge related to HPE, and discuss the classification, clinical features, genetic and environmental etiologies and management.
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4
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Qureshi HM, Mekbib KY, Allington G, Elsamadicy AA, Duy PQ, Kundishora AJ, Jin SC, Kahle KT. Familial and syndromic forms of arachnoid cyst implicate genetic factors in disease pathogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3012-3025. [PMID: 35851401 PMCID: PMC10388392 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachnoid cysts (ACs) are the most common space-occupying lesions in the human brain and present significant challenges for clinical management. While most cases of ACs are sporadic, nearly 40 familial forms have been reported. Moreover, ACs are seen with increased frequency in multiple Mendelian syndromes, including Chudley-McCullough syndrome, acrocallosal syndrome, and autosomal recessive primary ciliary dyskinesia. These findings suggest that genetic factors contribute to AC pathogenesis. However, traditional linkage and segregation approaches have been limited in their ability to identify causative genes for ACs because the disease is genetically heterogeneous and often presents asymptomatically and sporadically. Here, we comprehensively review theories of AC pathogenesis, the genetic evidence for AC formation, and discuss a different approach to AC genomics that could help elucidate this perplexing lesion and shed light on the associated neurodevelopmental phenotypes seen in a significant subset of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanya M Qureshi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Kedous Y Mekbib
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Garrett Allington
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Aladine A Elsamadicy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Adam J Kundishora
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
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5
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Kurokawa R, Kurokawa M, Mitsutake A, Nakaya M, Baba A, Nakata Y, Moritani T, Abe O. Clinical and neuroimaging review of triplet repeat diseases. Jpn J Radiol 2023; 41:115-130. [PMID: 36169768 PMCID: PMC9889482 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-022-01343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triplet repeat diseases (TRDs) refer to a group of diseases caused by three nucleotide repeats elongated beyond a pathologic threshold. TRDs are divided into the following four groups depending on the pathomechanisms, although the pathomechanisms of several diseases remain unelucidated: polyglutamine disorders, caused by a pathologic repeat expansion of CAG (coding the amino acid glutamine) located within the exon; loss-of-function repeat disorders, characterized by the common feature of a loss of function of the gene within which they occur; RNA gain-of-function disorders, involving the production of a toxic RNA species; and polyalanine disorders, caused by a pathologic repeat expansion of GCN (coding the amino acid alanine) located within the exon. Many of these TRDs manifest through neurologic symptoms; moreover, neuroimaging, especially brain magnetic resonance imaging, plays a pivotal role in the detection of abnormalities, differentiation, and management of TRDs. In this article, we reviewed the clinical and neuroimaging features of TRDs. An early diagnosis of TRDs through clinical and imaging approaches is important and may contribute to appropriate medical intervention for patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kurokawa
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan ,Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Mariko Kurokawa
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan ,Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Akihiko Mitsutake
- Department of Neurology, International University of Health and Welfare, Mita Hospital, 1-4-3 Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8329 Japan
| | - Moto Nakaya
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Akira Baba
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Yasuhiro Nakata
- Department of Neuroradiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-0042 Japan
| | - Toshio Moritani
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
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6
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Lo HF, Hong M, Krauss RS. Concepts in Multifactorial Etiology of Developmental Disorders: Gene-Gene and Gene-Environment Interactions in Holoprosencephaly. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:795194. [PMID: 35004690 PMCID: PMC8727999 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.795194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many common developmental disorders are thought to arise from a complex set of genetic and environmental risk factors. These factors interact with each other to affect the strength and duration of key developmental signaling pathways, thereby increasing the possibility that they fail to achieve the thresholds required for normal embryonic patterning. One such disorder, holoprosencephaly (HPE), serves as a useful model system in understanding various forms of multifactorial etiology. Genomic analysis of HPE cases, epidemiology, and mechanistic studies of animal models have illuminated multiple potential ways that risk factors interact to produce adverse developmental outcomes. Among these are: 1) interactions between driver and modifier genes; 2) oligogenic inheritance, wherein each parent provides predisposing variants in one or multiple distinct loci; 3) interactions between genetic susceptibilities and environmental risk factors that may be insufficient on their own; and 4) interactions of multiple genetic variants with multiple non-genetic risk factors. These studies combine to provide concepts that illuminate HPE and are also applicable to additional disorders with complex etiology, including neural tube defects, congenital heart defects, and oro-facial clefting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Fan Lo
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mingi Hong
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Robert S Krauss
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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7
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de Castro VF, Mattos D, de Carvalho FM, Cavalcanti DP, Duenas-Roque MM, Llerena J, Cosentino VR, Honjo RS, Leite JCL, Sanseverino MT, de Souza MPA, Bernardi P, Bolognese AM, Santana da Silva LC, Barbero P, Correia PS, Bueno LSM, Savastano CP, Orioli IM. New SHH and Known SIX3 Variants in a Series of Latin American Patients with Holoprosencephaly. Mol Syndromol 2021; 12:219-233. [PMID: 34421500 DOI: 10.1159/000515044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the failure of the embryonic forebrain to develop into 2 hemispheres promoting midline cerebral and facial defects. The wide phenotypic variability and causal heterogeneity make genetic counseling difficult. Heterozygous variants with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity in the SHH, SIX3, ZIC2, and TGIF1 genes explain ∼25% of the known causes of nonchromosomal HPE. We studied these 4 genes and clinically described 27 Latin American families presenting with nonchromosomal HPE. Three new SHH variants and a third known SIX3 likely pathogenic variant found by Sanger sequencing explained 15% of our cases. Genotype-phenotype correlation in these 4 families and published families with identical or similar driver gene, mutated domain, conservation of residue in other species, and the type of variant explain the pathogenicity but not the phenotypic variability. Nine patients, including 2 with SHH pathogenic variants, presented benign variants of the SHH, SIX3, ZIC2, and TGIF1 genes with potential alteration of splicing, a causal proposition in need of further studies. Finding more families with the same SIX3 variant may allow further identification of genetic or environmental modifiers explaining its variable phenotypic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Freitas de Castro
- ECLAMC at Departamento de Genética, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Mattos
- ECLAMC at Departamento de Genética, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Flavia Martinez de Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ECLAMC at Laboratorio Epidemiol. Malformações Congênitas, IOC/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Milagros M Duenas-Roque
- ECLAMC at Servicio de Genética, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins/EsSalud, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan Llerena
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ECLAMC at Centro de Genética Médica, IFF/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pricila Bernardi
- Núcleo de Genética Clínica, Departamento de Clínica Médica/UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Bolognese
- Departamento de Ortodontia, Faculdade de Odontologia/UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Santana da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Erros Inatos de Metabolismo, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/UFP, Belém, Brazil
| | - Pablo Barbero
- RENAC, Centro Nacional de Genética Médica Dr. Eduardo E. Castilla/MS, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Iêda Maria Orioli
- ECLAMC at Departamento de Genética, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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8
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Castilla-Vallmanya L, Gürsoy S, Giray-Bozkaya Ö, Prat-Planas A, Bullich G, Matalonga L, Centeno-Pla M, Rabionet R, Grinberg D, Balcells S, Urreizti R. De Novo PORCN and ZIC2 Mutations in a Highly Consanguineous Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041549. [PMID: 33557041 PMCID: PMC7913830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a Turkish family with two cousins (OC15 and OC15b) affected with syndromic developmental delay, microcephaly, and trigonocephaly but with some phenotypic traits distinct between them. OC15 showed asymmetrical skeletal defects and syndactyly, while OC15b presented with a more severe microcephaly and semilobal holoprosencephaly. All four progenitors were related and OC15 parents were consanguineous. Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) analysis was performed on patient OC15 as a singleton and on the OC15b trio. Selected variants were validated by Sanger sequencing. We did not identify any shared variant that could be associated with the disease. Instead, each patient presented a de novo heterozygous variant in a different gene. OC15 carried a nonsense mutation (p.Arg95*) in PORCN, which is a gene responsible for Goltz-Gorlin syndrome, while OC15b carried an indel mutation in ZIC2 leading to the substitution of three residues by a proline (p.His404_Ser406delinsPro). Autosomal dominant mutations in ZIC2 have been associated with holoprosencephaly 5. Both variants are absent in the general population and are predicted to be pathogenic. These two de novo heterozygous variants identified in the two patients seem to explain the major phenotypic alterations of each particular case, instead of a homozygous variant that would be expected by the underlying consanguinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castilla-Vallmanya
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Semra Gürsoy
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Dr. Behcet Uz Children’s Hospital, Izmir 35210, Turkey;
| | - Özlem Giray-Bozkaya
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir 35340, Turkey;
| | - Aina Prat-Planas
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Gemma Bullich
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Leslie Matalonga
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (G.B.); (L.M.)
| | - Mónica Centeno-Pla
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniel Grinberg
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Susanna Balcells
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Roser Urreizti
- IBUB, IRSJD, and CIBERER (ISCIII), Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (L.C.-V.); (A.P.-P.); (M.C.-P.); (R.R.); (D.G.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Braun M, Lehmbecker A, Eikelberg D, Hellige M, Beineke A, Metzger J, Distl O. De novo ZIC2 frameshift variant associated with frontonasal dysplasia in a Limousin calf. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:1. [PMID: 33388042 PMCID: PMC7777292 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07350-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine frontonasal dysplasias like arhinencephaly, synophthalmia, cyclopia and anophthalmia are sporadic congenital facial malformations. In this study, computed tomography, necropsy, histopathological examinations and whole genome sequencing on an Illumina NextSeq500 were performed to characterize a stillborn Limousin calf with frontonasal dysplasia. In order to identify private genetic and structural variants, we screened whole genome sequencing data of the affected calf and unaffected relatives including parents, a maternal and paternal halfsibling. Results The stillborn calf exhibited severe craniofacial malformations. Nose and maxilla were absent, mandibles were upwardly curved and a median cleft palate was evident. Eyes, optic nerve and orbital cavities were not developed and the rudimentary orbita showed hypotelorism. A defect centrally in the front skull covered with a membrane extended into the intracranial cavity. Aprosencephaly affected telencephalic and diencephalic structures and cerebellum. In addition, a shortened tail was seen. Filtering whole genome sequencing data revealed a private frameshift variant within the candidate gene ZIC2 in the affected calf. This variant was heterozygous mutant in this case and homozygous wild type in parents, half-siblings and controls. Conclusions We found a novel ZIC2 frameshift mutation in an aprosencephalic Limousin calf. The origin of this variant is most likely due to a de novo mutation in the germline of one parent or during very early embryonic development. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first identified mutation in cattle associated with bovine frontonasal dysplasia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07350-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Braun
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Lehmbecker
- Department for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Deborah Eikelberg
- Department for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren Hellige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department for Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Metzger
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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10
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Narumi R, Liu S, Ikeda N, Morita O, Tasaki J. Chemical-Induced Cleft Palate Is Caused and Rescued by Pharmacological Modulation of the Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway in a Zebrafish Model. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:592967. [PMID: 33381503 PMCID: PMC7767894 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.592967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most frequent birth defects worldwide. It causes severe problems regarding eating and speaking and requires long-term treatment. Effective prenatal treatment would contribute to reducing the risk of cleft palate. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is critically involved in palatogenesis, and genetic or chemical disturbance of this signaling pathway leads to cleft palate. Presently, preventative treatment for cleft palate during prenatal development has limited efficacy, but we expect that zebrafish will provide a useful high-throughput chemical screening model for effective prevention. To achieve this, the zebrafish model should recapitulate cleft palate development and its rescue by chemical modulation of the Wnt pathway. Here, we provide proof of concept for a zebrafish chemical screening model. Zebrafish embryos were treated with 12 chemical reagents known to induce cleft palate in mammals, and all 12 chemicals induced cleft palate characterized by decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of palatal cells. The cleft phenotype was enhanced by combinatorial treatment with Wnt inhibitor and teratogens. Furthermore, the expression of tcf7 and lef1 as a readout of the pathway was decreased. Conversely, cleft palate was prevented by Wnt agonist and the cellular defects were also prevented. In conclusion, we provide evidence that chemical-induced cleft palate is caused by inhibition of the canonical Wnt pathway. Our results indicate that this zebrafish model is promising for chemical screening for prevention of cleft palate as well as modulation of the Wnt pathway as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rika Narumi
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shujie Liu
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Ikeda
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Osamu Morita
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Ichikai-machi, Japan
| | - Junichi Tasaki
- R&D, Safety Science Research, Kao Corporation, Kawasaki, Japan
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11
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Reynolds K, Zhang S, Sun B, Garland M, Ji Y, Zhou CJ. Genetics and signaling mechanisms of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1588-1634. [PMID: 32666711 PMCID: PMC7883771 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial development involves several complex tissue movements including several fusion processes to form the frontonasal and maxillary structures, including the upper lip and palate. Each of these movements are controlled by many different factors that are tightly regulated by several integral morphogenetic signaling pathways. Subject to both genetic and environmental influences, interruption at nearly any stage can disrupt lip, nasal, or palate fusion and result in a cleft. Here, we discuss many of the genetic risk factors that may contribute to the presentation of orofacial clefts in patients, and several of the key signaling pathways and underlying cellular mechanisms that control lip and palate formation, as identified primarily through investigating equivalent processes in animal models, are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Michael Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Chengji J. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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12
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Santirocco M, Plaja A, Rodó C, Valenzuela I, Arévalo S, Castells N, Abuli A, Tizzano E, Maiz N, Carreras E. Chromosomal microarray analysis in fetuses with central nervous system anomalies: An 8-year long observational study from a tertiary care university hospital. Prenat Diagn 2020; 41:123-135. [PMID: 32926442 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of DNA copy number variants (CNVs) detected with array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) in fetuses with central nervous system (CNS) anomalies. Secondary objectives were to describe the prevalence of CNV in specific CNS abnormalities, in isolated defects or associated with other malformations or fetal growth restriction (FGR). METHODS Observational cohort study in 238 fetuses with CNS anomalies in which an array-CGH had been performed between January 2009 and December 2017. Pathogenic CNV and variants of unknown significance (VUS) were reported. RESULTS Pathogenic CNVs were found in 16/238 cases (6.7%), VUS in 18/238 (7.6%), and normal result in 204/238 (85.7%) cases. Pathogenic CNVs were more frequent in posterior fossa anomalies (cerebellar hypoplasia 33%, megacisterna magna 20%), moderate ventriculomegaly (11%) and spina bifida (3.7%). Pathogenic CNVs and VUS were found in 7/182 (3.8%) and 14/182 (7.7%) cases of isolated anomalies, in 9/49 (18.4%) and 4/49 (8.2%) presenting another malformation, and in 0/7 and 0/7 cases with associated FGR (P = .001, P = .741, respectively). CONCLUSION These results provide strong evidence toward performing array in fetuses with CNS anomalies, particular in cases of posterior fossa anomalies. The prevalence of pathogenic CNVs is higher in association with other malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Santirocco
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Obstetrics Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alberto Plaja
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Rodó
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Obstetrics Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Irene Valenzuela
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Arévalo
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Obstetrics Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Neus Castells
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Abuli
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tizzano
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics and Medicine Genetics Group, VHIR, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Maiz
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Obstetrics Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Elena Carreras
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department, Obstetrics Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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13
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Yoon KH, Fox SC, Dicipulo R, Lehmann OJ, Waskiewicz AJ. Ocular coloboma: Genetic variants reveal a dynamic model of eye development. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:590-610. [PMID: 32852110 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ocular coloboma is a congenital disorder of the eye where a gap exists in the inferior retina, lens, iris, or optic nerve tissue. With a prevalence of 2-19 per 100,000 live births, coloboma, and microphthalmia, an associated ocular disorder, represent up to 10% of childhood blindness. It manifests due to the failure of choroid fissure closure during eye development, and it is a part of a spectrum of ocular disorders that include microphthalmia and anophthalmia. Use of genetic approaches from classical pedigree analyses to next generation sequencing has identified more than 40 loci that are associated with the causality of ocular coloboma. As we have expanded studies to include singleton cases, hereditability has been very challenging to prove. As such, researchers over the past 20 years, have unraveled the complex interrelationship amongst these 40 genes using vertebrate model organisms. Such research has greatly increased our understanding of eye development. These genes function to regulate initial specification of the eye field, migration of retinal precursors, patterning of the retina, neural crest cell biology, and activity of head mesoderm. This review will discuss the discovery of loci using patient data, their investigations in animal models, and the recent advances stemming from animal models that shed new light in patient diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sabrina C Fox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Renée Dicipulo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ordan J Lehmann
- Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew J Waskiewicz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women & Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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14
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Gounongbé C, Marangoni M, Gouder de Beauregard V, Delaunoy M, Jissendi P, Cassart M, Désir J. Middle interhemispheric variant of holoprosencephaly: First prenatal report of a ZIC2 missense mutation. Clin Case Rep 2020; 8:1287-1292. [PMID: 32695376 PMCID: PMC7364085 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a middle interhemispheric variant of antenatal discovery associated with a de novo missense variant (NM_007129.5: c.1109G>A p.(Cys370Tyr)) in the ZIC2 gene. Our case represents the first prenatal description of a ZIC2 missense mutation found in association with syntelencephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Marangoni
- Center of Human GeneticsHôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Mélanie Delaunoy
- Center of Human GeneticsHôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Patrice Jissendi
- Department of RadiologyHôpitaux Iris Sud and CHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Marie Cassart
- Department of Fetal MedicineCHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
- Department of RadiologyHôpitaux Iris Sud and CHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
| | - Julie Désir
- Center of Human GeneticsHôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
- Department of RadiologyHôpitaux Iris Sud and CHU Saint‐PierreBrusselsBelgium
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15
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Tekendo-Ngongang C, Owosela B, Muenke M, Kruszka P. Comorbidity of congenital heart defects and holoprosencephaly is likely genetically driven and gene-specific. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:154-158. [PMID: 32022405 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity of holoprosencephaly (HPE) and congenital heart disease (CHD) in individuals with genetic variants in known HPE-related genes has been recurrently observed. Morphogenesis of the brain and heart from very early stages are regulated by several biological pathways, some of them involved in both heart and brain development as evidenced by genetic studies on model organisms. For instance, downregulation of Hedgehog or Nodal signaling pathways, both known as major triggers of HPE, has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of CHD, including structural defects and left-right asymmetry defects. In this study, individuals with various types of HPE were investigated clinically and by genomic sequencing. Cardiac phenotypes were assessed in 434 individuals with HPE who underwent targeted sequencing. CHDs were identified in 8% (n = 33) of individuals, including 10 (30%) cases of complex heart disease. Only four individuals (4/33) had damaging variants in the known HPE genes STAG2, SIX3, and SHH. Interestingly, no CHD was identified in the 37 individuals of our cohort with pathogenic variants in ZIC2. These findings suggest that CHD occurs more frequently in HPE-affected individuals with or without identifiable genetic variants, and this co-occurrence may be genetically driven and gene-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedrik Tekendo-Ngongang
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Babajide Owosela
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institutes, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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16
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Al-Naama N, Mackeh R, Kino T. C 2H 2-Type Zinc Finger Proteins in Brain Development, Neurodevelopmental, and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Systematic Literature-Based Analysis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:32. [PMID: 32117005 PMCID: PMC7034409 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are multifaceted pathologic conditions manifested with intellectual disability, autistic features, psychiatric problems, motor dysfunction, and/or genetic/chromosomal abnormalities. They are associated with skewed neurogenesis and brain development, in part through dysfunction of the neural stem cells (NSCs) where abnormal transcriptional regulation on key genes play significant roles. Recent accumulated evidence highlights C2H2-type zinc finger proteins (C2H2-ZNFs), the largest transcription factor family in humans, as important targets for the pathologic processes associated with NDDs. In this review, we identified their significant accumulation (74 C2H2-ZNFs: ~10% of all human member proteins) in brain physiology and pathology. Specifically, we discuss their physiologic contribution to brain development, particularly focusing on their actions in NSCs. We then explain their pathologic implications in various forms of NDDs, such as morphological brain abnormalities, intellectual disabilities, and psychiatric disorders. We found an important tendency that poly-ZNFs and KRAB-ZNFs tend to be involved in the diseases that compromise gross brain structure and human-specific higher-order functions, respectively. This may be consistent with their characteristic appearance in the course of species evolution and corresponding contribution to these brain activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njoud Al-Naama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rafah Mackeh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tomoshige Kino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genomic Endocrinology, Division of Translational Medicine, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
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17
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Grinblat Y, Lipinski RJ. A forebrain undivided: Unleashing model organisms to solve the mysteries of holoprosencephaly. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:626-633. [PMID: 30993762 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary conservation and experimental tractability have made animal model systems invaluable tools in our quest to understand human embryogenesis, both normal and abnormal. Standard genetic approaches, particularly useful in understanding monogenic diseases, are no longer sufficient as research attention shifts toward multifactorial outcomes. Here, we examine this progression through the lens of holoprosencephaly (HPE), a common human malformation involving incomplete forebrain division, and a classic example of an etiologically complex outcome. We relate the basic underpinning of HPE pathogenesis to critical cell-cell interactions and signaling molecules discovered through embryological and genetic approaches in multiple model organisms, and discuss the role of the mouse model in functional examination of HPE-linked genes. We then outline the most critical remaining gaps to understanding human HPE, including the conundrum of incomplete penetrance/expressivity and the role of gene-environment interactions. To tackle these challenges, we outline a strategy that leverages new and emerging technologies in multiple model systems to solve the puzzle of HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgenya Grinblat
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.,Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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18
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Nasal fistula, epidermal cyst and hypernatremia in a girl presenting holoprosencephaly due to a rare ZIC2 point mutation. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103641. [PMID: 30894326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly is the most common brain malformation in humans and it is a complex genetic disorder. We report on a patient with holoprosencephaly caused by a rare ZIC2 mutation presenting a bifid nose associated with a nasal fistula and an epidermal cyst, besides hypernatremia. The patient was a 1 year and 4 months old girl that developed an important neuropsychomotor delay. Currently, she uses a wheelchair to move around and only emits sounds. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a semilobar holoprosencephaly and a Dandy-Walker variant. Head magnetic resonance imaging also disclosed corpus callosum agenesis and prefrontal subarachnoid space enlargement. On physical examination at 1 year and 4 months of age, we verified growth retardation, microcephaly, bilateral epicantic fold, upslanting palpebral fissures, bifid nose, and limbs spasticity secondary to hypertonia. Later, she began to present hypernatremia; however, its precise cause was not identified. At 6 years and 10 months of age, a nasal fistula was suspected. Facial CT scan showed an epidermal cyst at cartilaginous portion of the nasal septum. High resolution GTG-Banding karyotype was normal. However, molecular analysis through direct sequencing technique showed a mutation at regulatory region of the ZIC2 gene: c.1599*954T > A, a genetic variation previously described only in a Brazilian patient. Our patient presented findings still not reported in literature among patients with holoprosencephaly, including those with ZIC2 mutations. Thus, the spectrum of abnormalities associated to ZIC2 mutations may be broader and include other defects as those observed in our patient.
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19
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Abuzenadah A, Al-Saedi S, Karim S, Al-Qahtani M. Role of Overexpressed Transcription Factor FOXO1 in Fatal Cardiovascular Septal Defects in Patau Syndrome: Molecular and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113547. [PMID: 30423812 PMCID: PMC6274780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patau Syndrome (PS), characterized as a lethal disease, allows less than 15% survival over the first year of life. Most deaths owe to brain and heart disorders, more so due to septal defects because of altered gene regulations. We ascertained the cytogenetic basis of PS first, followed by molecular analysis and docking studies. Thirty-seven PS cases were referred from the Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University Hospital to the Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Jeddah during 2008 to 2018. Cytogenetic analyses were performed by standard G-band method and trisomy13 were found in all the PS cases. Studies have suggested that genes of chromosome 13 and other chromosomes are associated with PS. We, therefore, did molecular pathway analysis, gene interaction, and ontology studies to identify their associations. Genomic analysis revealed important chr13 genes such as FOXO1, Col4A1, HMGBB1, FLT1, EFNB2, EDNRB, GAS6, TNFSF1, STARD13, TRPC4, TUBA3C, and TUBA3D, and their regulatory partners on other chromosomes associated with cardiovascular disorders, atrial and ventricular septal defects. There is strong indication of involving FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1) gene-a strong transcription factor present on chr13, interacting with many septal defects link genes. The study was extended using molecular docking to find a potential drug lead for overexpressed FOXO1 inhibition. The phenothiazine and trifluoperazine showed efficiency to inhibit overexpressed FOXO1 protein, and could be potential drugs for PS/trisomy13 after validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Abuzenadah
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saad Al-Saedi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80215, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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A Requirement for Zic2 in the Regulation of Nodal Expression Underlies the Establishment of Left-Sided Identity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10439. [PMID: 29992973 PMCID: PMC6041270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ZIC2 mutation is known to cause holoprosencephaly (HPE). A subset of ZIC2 HPE probands harbour cardiovascular and visceral anomalies suggestive of laterality defects. 3D-imaging of novel mouse Zic2 mutants uncovers, in addition to HPE, laterality defects in lungs, heart, vasculature and viscera. A strong bias towards right isomerism indicates a failure to establish left identity in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), a phenotype that cannot be explained simply by the defective ciliogenesis previously noted in Zic2 mutants. Gene expression analysis showed that the left-determining NODAL-dependent signalling cascade fails to be activated in the LPM, and that the expression of Nodal at the node, which normally triggers this event, is itself defective in these embryos. Analysis of ChiP-seq data, in vitro transcriptional assays and mutagenesis reveals a requirement for a low-affinity ZIC2 binding site for the activation of the Nodal enhancer HBE, which is normally active in node precursor cells. These data show that ZIC2 is required for correct Nodal expression at the node and suggest a model in which ZIC2 acts at different levels to establish LR asymmetry, promoting both the production of the signal that induces left side identity and the morphogenesis of the cilia that bias its distribution.
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21
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Hinreiner S, Wieczorek D, Mueller D, Roedl T, Thiel G, Grasshoff U, Chaoui R, Hehr U. Further evidence for complex inheritance of holoprosencephaly: Lessons learned from pre- and postnatal diagnostic testing in Germany. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:198-205. [PMID: 30182445 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) has been defined as a distinct clinical entity with characteristic facial gestalt, which may-or may not-be associated with the true brain malformation observed postmortem in autopsy or in pre- or postnatal imaging. Affected families mainly show autosomal dominant inheritance with markedly reduced penetrance and extremely broad clinical variability even between mutation carriers within the same families. We here present advances in prenatal imaging over the last years, increasing the proportion of individuals with HPE identified prenatally including milder HPE forms and more frequently allowing to detect more severe forms already in early gestation. We report the results of diagnostic genetic testing of 344 unrelated patients for HPE at our lab in Germany since the year 2000, which currently with the application of next generation sequencing (NGS) panel sequencing identifies causal mutations for about 31% (12/38) of unrelated individuals with normal chromosomes when compared to about 15% (46/306) using conventional Sanger sequencing and Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA). More comprehensive genetic testing by our in house NGS panel sequencing of 10 HPE associated genes (MiSeq™ and NextSeq™500, Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA) not only allowed to include genes with smaller contribution to the phenotype, but may also unravel additional low frequency or more common genetic variants potentially contributing to the observed large intrafamiliar variability and may ultimately guide our understanding of the individual clinical manifestation of this complex developmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Dietmar Mueller
- Department of Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Tanja Roedl
- Center for Human Genetics Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gundula Thiel
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Grasshoff
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rabih Chaoui
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Hehr
- Center for Human Genetics Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Martinez AF, Kruszka PS, Muenke M. Extracephalic manifestations of nonchromosomal, nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 178:246-257. [PMID: 29761634 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonchromosomal, nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly (NCNS-HPE) has traditionally been considered as a condition of brain and craniofacial maldevelopment. In this review, we present the results of a comprehensive literature search supporting a wide spectrum of extracephalic manifestations identified in patients with NCNS-HPE. These manifestations have been described in case reports and in large cohorts of patients with "single-gene" mutations, suggesting that the NCNS-HPE phenotype can be more complex than traditionally thought. Likely, a complex network of interacting genetic variants and environmental factors is responsible for these systemic abnormalities that deviate from the usual brain and craniofacial findings in NCNS-HPE. In addition to the systemic consequences of pituitary dysfunction (as a direct result of brain midline defects), here we describe a number of extracephalic findings of NCNS-HPE affecting various organ systems. It is our goal to provide a guide of extracephalic features for clinicians given the important clinical implications of these manifestations for the management and care of patients with HPE and their mutation-positive relatives. The health risks associated with some manifestations (e.g., fatty liver disease) may have historically been neglected in affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel F Martinez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul S Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Aarabi M, Sniezek O, Jiang H, Saller DN, Bellissimo D, Yatsenko SA, Rajkovic A. Importance of complete phenotyping in prenatal whole exome sequencing. Hum Genet 2018; 137:175-181. [PMID: 29392406 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-017-1860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) is an emerging technique in prenatal diagnosis. In this retrospective study, we examined diagnostic utility and limitations of WES in prenatal cases with structural birth defects. DNA from 20 trios (fetal and parental), with normal karyotype and microarray findings, underwent WES and variant interpretation at a reference laboratory. The WES results were later re-evaluated in our academic center utilizing prenatal and postnatal phenotyping. Initial analysis using only prenatal ultrasound findings revealed no pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 20 pregnancies with structural birth defects. Re-analysis of WES variants and combination of prenatal and postnatal phenotyping yielded pathogenic variants in at least 20% of cases including PORCN gene in a fetus with split-hand/foot malformation, as well as variants of uncertain significance in NEB and NOTCH1 in fetuses with postnatal muscle weakness and Adams-Oliver syndrome, respectively. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing in a patient with holoprosencephaly, elucidated by postnatal MRI, revealed a pathogenic 47-base pairs deletion in ZIC2 which was missed by prenatal WES. This study suggests that incomplete prenatal phenotyping and lack of prenatal ultrasound-genotype databases are the limiting factors for current interpretation of WES data in prenatal diagnosis. Development of prenatal phenotype-genotype databases would significantly help WES interpretation in this setting. Patients who underwent prenatal clinical WES may benefit from the re-analysis based on detailed postnatal findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Aarabi
- Medical Genetics and Genomics Laboratories, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia Sniezek
- Westminster College, New Wilmington, PA, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Huaiyang Jiang
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Devereux N Saller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Bellissimo
- Medical Genetics and Genomics Laboratories, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Svetlana A Yatsenko
- Medical Genetics and Genomics Laboratories, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aleksandar Rajkovic
- Medical Genetics and Genomics Laboratories, Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Magee-Womens Research Institute, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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24
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Abstract
The ZIC2 transcription factor is one of the most commonly mutated genes in Holoprosencephaly (HPE) probands. HPE is a severe congenital defect of forebrain development which occurs when the cerebral hemispheres fail to separate during the early stages of organogenesis and is typically associated with mispatterning of the embryonic midline. Recent study of genotype-phenotype correlations in HPE cases has defined distinctive features of ZIC2-associated HPE presentation and genetics, revealing that ZIC2 mutation does not produce the craniofacial abnormalities generally thought to characterise HPE but leads to a range of non-forebrain phenotypes. Furthermore, the studies confirm the extent of ZIC2 allelic heterogeneity and that pathogenic variants of ZIC2 are associated with both classic and middle interhemispheric variant (MIHV) HPE which arise from defective ventral and dorsal forebrain patterning, respectively. An allelic series of mouse mutants has helped to delineate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which one gene leads to defects in these related but distinct embryological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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25
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Diamand KEM, Barratt KS, Arkell RM. Overview of Rodent Zic Genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1046:179-207. [PMID: 29442323 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The five murine Zic genes encode multifunctional transcriptional regulator proteins important for a large number of processes during embryonic development. The genes and proteins are highly conserved with respect to the orthologous human genes, an attribute evidently mirrored by functional conservation, since the murine and human genes mutate to give the same phenotypes. Each ZIC protein contains a zinc finger domain that participates in both protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions. The ZIC proteins are capable of interacting with the key transcriptional mediators of the SHH, WNT and NODAL signalling pathways as well as with components of the transcriptional machinery and chromatin-modifying complexes. It is possible that this diverse range of protein partners underlies characteristics uncovered by mutagenesis and phenotyping of the murine Zic genes. These features include redundant and unique roles for ZIC proteins, regulatory interdependencies amongst family members and pleiotropic Zic gene function. Future investigations into the complex nature of the Zic gene family activity should be facilitated by recent advances in genome engineering and functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koula E M Diamand
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristen S Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ruth M Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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26
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Sedykh I, Yoon B, Roberson L, Moskvin O, Dewey CN, Grinblat Y. Zebrafish zic2 controls formation of periocular neural crest and choroid fissure morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2017; 429:92-104. [PMID: 28689736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate retina develops in close proximity to the forebrain and neural crest-derived cartilages of the face and jaw. Coloboma, a congenital eye malformation, is associated with aberrant forebrain development (holoprosencephaly) and with craniofacial defects (frontonasal dysplasia) in humans, suggesting a critical role for cross-lineage interactions during retinal morphogenesis. ZIC2, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is linked to human holoprosencephaly. We have previously used morpholino assays to show zebrafish zic2 functions in the developing forebrain, retina and craniofacial cartilage. We now report that zebrafish with genetic lesions in zebrafish zic2 orthologs, zic2a and zic2b, develop with retinal coloboma and craniofacial anomalies. We demonstrate a requirement for zic2 in restricting pax2a expression and show evidence that zic2 function limits Hh signaling. RNA-seq transcriptome analysis identified an early requirement for zic2 in periocular neural crest as an activator of alx1, a transcription factor with essential roles in craniofacial and ocular morphogenesis in human and zebrafish. Collectively, these data establish zic2 mutant zebrafish as a powerful new genetic model for in-depth dissection of cell interactions and genetic controls during craniofacial complex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sedykh
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Baul Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Genetics Ph. D. Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Laura Roberson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Oleg Moskvin
- Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colin N Dewey
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yevgenya Grinblat
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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27
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Weiss K, Kruszka P, Guillen Sacoto MJ, Addissie YA, Hadley DW, Hadsall CK, Stokes B, Hu P, Roessler E, Solomon B, Wiggs E, Thurm A, Hufnagel RB, Zein WM, Hahn JS, Stashinko E, Levey E, Baldwin D, Clegg NJ, Delgado MR, Muenke M. In-depth investigations of adolescents and adults with holoprosencephaly identify unique characteristics. Genet Med 2017. [PMID: 28640243 PMCID: PMC5763157 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose With improved medical care, some individuals with holoprosencephaly (HPE) are surviving into adulthood. We investigated the clinical manifestations of adolescents and adults with HPE and explored the underlying molecular causes. Methods Participants included 20 subjects 15 years of age and older. Clinical assessments included dysmorphology exams, cognitive testing, swallowing studies, ophthalmic examination, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Genetic testing included chromosomal microarray, Sanger sequencing for SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, and TGIF, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) of 10 trios. Results Semilobar HPE was the most common subtype of HPE, seen in 50% of the participants. Neurodevelopmental disabilities were found to correlate with HPE subtype. Factors associated with long-term survival included HPE subtype not alobar, female gender, and nontypical facial features. Four participants had de novo pathogenic variants in ZIC2. WES analysis of 11 participants did not reveal plausible candidate genes, suggesting complex inheritance in these cases. Indeed, in two probands there was a history of uncontrolled maternal type 1 diabetes. Conclusion Individuals with various HPE subtypes can survive into adulthood and the neurodevelopmental outcomes are variable. Based on the facial characteristics and molecular evaluations, we suggest that classic genetic causes of HPE may play a smaller role in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Weiss
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria J Guillen Sacoto
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald W Hadley
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Casey K Hadsall
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bethany Stokes
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ping Hu
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beth Solomon
- Speech and Language Pathology Section, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edythe Wiggs
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Pediatrics and Developmental Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert B Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wadih M Zein
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jin S Hahn
- Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Elaine Stashinko
- Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Levey
- Neurology and Developmental Medicine, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Debbie Baldwin
- Department of Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nancy J Clegg
- Department of Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mauricio R Delgado
- Department of Neurology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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28
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Louryan S, Vanmuylder N, Pasture B. [Morphologic and tomodensitometric comparative analysis of two cyclotocephalic newborns]. Morphologie 2016; 100:7-11. [PMID: 26671613 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2015.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Two specimens of cyclotocephalic newborns, coming from museum collections, have been the subject of a comparative morphologic analysis. This one comprised an external examination and a CT scan exploration. If the craniofacial features were similar, one had a quasi-normal brain, while the second specimen displayed alobar holoprosencephaly. This observation relatively surprising is discussed in the light of current knowledge on the developmental genetics of this family of malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Louryan
- Laboratoire d'anatomie, biomécanique et organogenèse, faculté de médecine, université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgique.
| | - N Vanmuylder
- Laboratoire d'anatomie, biomécanique et organogenèse, faculté de médecine, université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgique
| | - B Pasture
- Service public de Wallonie, Muséum régional des sciences naturelles, 7, rue des Gaillers, 7000 Mons, Belgique
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29
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Mouden C, Dubourg C, Carré W, Rose S, Quelin C, Akloul L, Hamdi-Rozé H, Viot G, Salhi H, Darnault P, Odent S, Dupé V, David V. Complex mode of inheritance in holoprosencephaly revealed by whole exome sequencing. Clin Genet 2016; 89:659-68. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Mouden
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - C. Dubourg
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - W. Carré
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - S. Rose
- UMR1085 Institut de Recherche sur la Santé, l'Environnement et le Travail; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - C. Quelin
- Service de Génétique Clinique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - L. Akloul
- Service de Génétique Clinique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - H. Hamdi-Rozé
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - G. Viot
- Service de Génétique Médicale; Maternité Port Royal; Paris France
| | - H. Salhi
- Foetopathologie et Anatomie Pathologique Pédiatrique; Hôpital Cochin; Paris France
| | - P. Darnault
- Service de Radiologie et Imagerie Médicale; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - S. Odent
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Service de Génétique Clinique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
| | - V. Dupé
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
| | - V. David
- UMR6290 Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes; Université de Rennes 1; Rennes France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique; C.H.U. de Rennes; Rennes France
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30
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Rankin TM, Mailey B, Saad A, Biswas A, Hurst C. Early two-stage repair of clefts in holoprosencephaly. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:825-9. [PMID: 25976037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Holoprosencephaly (HPE) presents with a spectrum of severity, but in its totality is the most common malformation of the embryonic forebrain occurring 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 20,000 live births. Due to the poor prognosis, treatment of mid-face clefts in HPE patients have classically been addressed in a delayed fashion after 1-year of age. Improvements in the ability to manage medical complications associated with HPE along with an increased understanding and lower mortality rates in less severe forms have challenged these previous practiced routines. Accompanied by advances in understanding of HPE and identification of genes responsible for sporadic forms, we are able to better guide timing of surgical intervention. We present a patient with lobar HPE and a type IV facial deformity treated with early repair of the median facial cleft. We believe this treatment strategy was safe, given her relatively good prognosis. We propose that patients with HPE displaying less severe neural non-cleavage may be good candidates for earlier two-stage intervention. SUMMARY The historically poor prognosis of patients with holoprosencephaly (HPE) has led to midline facial clefts have being addressed in a delayed fashion after 1-year of age. Improvements in the ability to manage medical complications associated with HPE and lower mortality rates in less severe forms have challenged these previous practiced routines. Additionally, the identification of genes responsible for sporadic forms of HPE can better guide timing of surgical intervention and improve developmental outcomes. We present a patient with lobar HPE and a type IV facial deformity treated with an early two-stage repair of the median facial cleft. We propose patients with HPE displaying less severe neural non-cleavage may be good candidates for earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Rankin
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Room 4402, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Brian Mailey
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Diego 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8890, USA.
| | - Ahmad Saad
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Diego 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA, 92103-8890, USA.
| | - Atanu Biswas
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Room 4402, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
| | - Craig Hurst
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Arizona, 1501 N. Campbell Ave, Room 4402, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Atack E, Fairtlough H, Smith K, Balasubramanian M. A novel (paternally inherited) duplication 13q31.3q32.3 in a 12-year-old patient with facial dysmorphism and developmental delay. Mol Syndromol 2014; 5:245-50. [PMID: 25337073 PMCID: PMC4188164 DOI: 10.1159/000358538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a 12-year-old boy referred to the Clinical Genetics service in view of facial dysmorphism, learning difficulties and autistic spectrum disorder. 60K arrayCGH revealed an 8.2-Mb duplication on chromosome 13q31.3q32.3, which was paternally inherited. This specific duplication on chromosome 13 has not been previously reported in the medical literature, and there are no familial or de novo patients with the same duplication breakpoints. This region contains 24 OMIM genes, including the glypicans GPC5 and GPC6, and the ZIC2 gene. We discuss the relevance of this chromosome imbalance and discuss the impact of this duplication on our patient's phenotype. Given that the duplication on 13q was paternally inherited, and although initially thought to be of uncertain significance, on exploring the family history further, it became apparent that the father had learning difficulties as a child and previous surgery for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Here we explore the phenotype in association with this novel duplication on chromosome 13q and add to the existing literature on array findings within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Atack
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - H Fairtlough
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Smith
- Sheffield Diagnostic Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Balasubramanian
- Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
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33
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Quelin C, Spaggiari E, Khung-Savatovsky S, Dupont C, Pasquier L, Loeuillet L, Jaillard S, Lucas J, Marcorelles P, Journel H, Pluquailec-Bilavarn K, Bazin A, Verloes A, Delezoide AL, Aboura A, Guimiot F. Inversion duplication deletions involving the long arm of chromosome 13: phenotypic description of additional three fetuses and genotype-phenotype correlation. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:2504-9. [PMID: 24975584 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inversion duplication and terminal deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13 (inv dup del 13q) is a rare chromosomal rearrangement: only five patients have been reported, mostly involving a ring chromosome 13. We report on additional three fetuses with pure inv dup del 13q: Patient 1 had macrosomia, enlarged kidneys, hypersegmented lungs, unilateral moderate ventriculomegaly, and a mild form of hand and feet preaxial polydactyly; Patient 2 had intrauterine growth retardation, widely spaced eyes, left microphthalmia, right anophthalmia, short nose, bilateral absent thumbs, cutaneous syndactyly of toes 4 and 5, bifid third metacarpal, a small left kidney, hyposegmented lungs, and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum; Patient 3 had widely spaced eyes, long and smooth philtrum, low-set ears, median notch in the upper alveolar ridge, bifid tongue, cutaneous syndactyly of toes 2 and 3, enlarged kidneys and pancreas, arhinencephaly, and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. We compared the phenotypes of these patients to those previously reported for ring chromosome 13, pure 13q deletions and duplications. We narrowed some critical regions previously reported for lung, kidney and fetal growth, and for thumb, cerebral, and eye anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Quelin
- Department of Developmental Biology, AP-HP, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris and Diderot University, Paris, France; Clinical Genetics Unit, Rennes Sud University Hospital, Rennes, France
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Sarnat HB, Resch L, Flores-Sarnat L, Yu W. Precocious synapses in 13.5-week fetal holoprosencephalic cortex and cyclopean retina. Brain Dev 2014; 36:463-71. [PMID: 24529974 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic programming of cerebral development involves tissue morphogenesis and also timing of developmental processes. Precocious synaptogenesis in the neocortical plate was previously demonstrated in 5 of 6 fetuses of 20-31 weeks gestation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Neuropathological examination was performed of a 13-week-5-day fetus with trisomy-13, a lobar holoprosencephaly, hydrocephalus, cyclopia and absence of ears. Immunocytochemical demonstration of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin was performed in the brain and retina, along with other neuronal markers. RESULTS Synaptophysin reactivity in the cortical plate was patchy and precocious. Radial glial fibres, demonstrated by vimentin, were oriented parallel to the cortical plate rather than perpendicular, probably because of hydrocephalus. A corpus striatum was not identified, but the poorly formed thalamus exhibited synaptophysin reactivity around many neurones. The cyclopean eye had ocular features of maturational delay including persistent hyaloid artery; ganglion cells were reduced in number, but retinal synaptophysin reactivity was paradoxically precocious. CONCLUSIONS Holoprosencephaly exhibits abnormal patchy synapse distribution in the neocortex and retina; synaptogenesis was precocious, as we previously described in older fetuses. Too soon an onset of synapse formation may promote early epileptic circuitry, leading to severe infantile epilepsies postnatally. The visual system is the last of the special sensory systems to mature, yet in this case showed too early synapse formation. In HPE, cyclopia and in trisomy 13, total absence of external ears has not been reported; it results from faulty craniofacial induction by neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey B Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Lothar Resch
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Laura Flores-Sarnat
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Weiming Yu
- Department of Pathology (Paediatric), University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Savastano CP, El-Jaick KB, Costa-Lima MA, Abath CMB, Bianca S, Cavalcanti DP, Félix TM, Scarano G, Llerena JC, Vargas FR, Moreira MÂM, Seuánez HN, Castilla EE, Orioli IM. Molecular analysis of holoprosencephaly in South America. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:250-62. [PMID: 24764759 PMCID: PMC3983586 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014000200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a spectrum of brain and facial malformations primarily reflecting genetic factors, such as chromosomal abnormalities and gene mutations. Here, we present a clinical and molecular analysis of 195 probands with HPE or microforms; approximately 72% of the patients were derived from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC), and 82% of the patients were newborns. Alobar HPE was the predominant brain defect in almost all facial defect categories, except for patients without oral cleft and median or lateral oral clefts. Ethmocephaly, cebocephaly, and premaxillary agenesis were primarily observed among female patients. Premaxillary agenesis occurred in six of the nine diabetic mothers. Recurrence of HPE or microform was approximately 19%. The frequency of microdeletions, detected using Multiplex Ligation-dependant Probe Amplification (MLPA) was 17% in patients with a normal karyotype. Cytogenetics or QF-PCR analyses revealed chromosomal anomalies in 27% of the probands. Mutational analyses in genes SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF were performed in 119 patients, revealing eight mutations in SHH, two mutations in SIX3 and two mutations in ZIC2. Thus, a detailed clinical description of new HPE cases with identified genetic anomalies might establish genotypic and phenotypic correlations and contribute to the development of additional strategies for the analysis of new cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Pagani Savastano
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kênia Balbi El-Jaick
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sebastiano Bianca
- Centro di Consulenza Genetica e di Teratologia della Riproduzione, Dipartimento Materno Infantile, ARNAS Garibaldi Nesima, Catania, CT, Italy
| | | | - Têmis Maria Félix
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gioacchino Scarano
- Registro Campano Difetti Congeniti, Azienda Ospedaliera "Gaetano Rummo", Benevento, BN, Italy
| | - Juan Clinton Llerena
- Centro de Genética Médica, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Regla Vargas
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas, Laboratório de Epidemiologia de Defeitos Congênitos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Hector N Seuánez
- Programa de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Enrique Castilla
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Estudio Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformaciones Congenitas, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigación Clínica, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Iêda Maria Orioli
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil . ; Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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36
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Bear KA, Solomon BD, Antonini S, Arnhold IJP, França MM, Gerkes EH, Grange DK, Hadley DW, Jääskeläinen J, Paulo SS, Rump P, Stratakis CA, Thompson EM, Willis M, Winder TL, Jorge AAL, Roessler E, Muenke M. Pathogenic mutations in GLI2 cause a specific phenotype that is distinct from holoprosencephaly. J Med Genet 2014; 51:413-8. [PMID: 24744436 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-102249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in GLI2 have been associated with holoprosencephaly (HPE), a neuroanatomic anomaly resulting from incomplete cleavage of the developing forebrain, and an HPE-like phenotype involving pituitary anomalies and polydactyly. OBJECTIVE To characterise the genotypic and phenotypic findings in individuals with GLI2 variants and clarify clinical findings in individuals with loss-of-function mutations. METHODS Through the National Institutes of Health and collaborating centres, ∼400 individuals with HPE spectrum disorders, endocrine disorders or craniofacial anomalies were screened for GLI2 mutations. Results were combined with all published cases. We compared the clinical and molecular features of individuals with truncating mutations to individuals with variants of unknown significance (defined as not resulting in protein truncation, reported in normal controls and/or deemed unlikely to be pathogenic by functional prediction software). RESULTS 112 individuals with variants in GLI2 were identified, with 43 having truncating mutations. Individuals with truncating mutations were more likely to have both pituitary anomalies and polydactyly versus those with variants of unknown significance (p<0.0001 by Fisher's exact test); only 1 of 43 had frank HPE. These individuals were more likely to have recognised penetrance (polydactyly or pituitary anomalies or both) than those without truncating mutations (p=0.0036 by Fisher's exact test). A common facial phenotype was seen in individuals (with midface hypoplasia, cleft lip/palate and hypotelorism) with truncating mutations. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with truncating mutations in GLI2 typically present with pituitary anomalies, polydactyly and subtle facial features rather than HPE. This will be helpful in screening populations for GLI2 mutations and for counselling affected patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION 98-HG-0249/04-HG-0093.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Bear
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Department of Pediatrics, Tripler Army Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Benjamin D Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Division of Medical Genomics, Inova Translational Medicine Institute, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children's Hospital, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | - Sonir Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivo J P Arnhold
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcela M França
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratorio de Hormonios e Genetica Molecular LIM/42, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erica H Gerkes
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Donald W Hadley
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jarmo Jääskeläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sabrina S Paulo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Rump
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Thompson
- SA Pathology, South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mary Willis
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Genetics, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Alexander A L Jorge
- Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, LIM/25, Disciplina de Endocrinologia, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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37
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Barratt KS, Glanville-Jones HC, Arkell RM. The Zic2
gene directs the formation and function of node cilia to control cardiac situs. Genesis 2014; 52:626-35. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen S. Barratt
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Hannah C. Glanville-Jones
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Ruth M. Arkell
- Early Mammalian Development Laboratory; Research School of Biology, Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, The Australian National University; Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
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38
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Savastano CP, Bernardi P, Seuánez HN, Moreira MÂM, Orioli IM. Rare nasal cleft in a patient with holoprosencephaly due to a mutation in the ZIC2 gene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:300-6. [PMID: 24677696 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is a spectrum of midline malformations of the prosencephalon generally reflected in a continuum of midline facial anomalies. Patients with mutation in the ZIC2 gene usually present a normal or mildly dysmorphic face associated with a severe brain malformation. Here we present a rare unilateral nasal cleft (Tessier cleft n. 1) with holoprosencephaly in a patient with a ZIC2 mutation. CASE The male newborn presented with alobar HPE, microcephaly, ocular hypertelorism, upslanting palpebral fissures, a bulky nose with a left paramedian alar cleft. Mutational screening for HPE genes revealed the occurrence of a frameshift mutation in the ZIC2 gene. The mutation was inherited from the father who presented only mild ocular hypotelorism but had an affected child with HPE from his first marriage. CONCLUSION The occurrence of oral clefts is common in patients with HPE, but unusual in patients with mutation in the ZIC2 gene. To our knowledge, clefts of the nasal alae have been reported only once or twice in patients with ZIC2 mutations. In documented patients from the literature, only 2% of individuals with described pathogenic mutations in the ZIC2 gene (3/171) presented facial clefts, one of them a nasal cleft, while common oral clefts were observed in 27% of individuals (7/26) described with nonpathogenic ZIC2 mutations or presenting a concomitant mutation in another HPE gene. When compared with the general population, nasal clefts are common in ZIC2 mutations and these mutations must be searched for in undiagnosed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Pagani Savastano
- Estudo Colaborativo Latino Americano de Malformações Congênitas (ECLAMC), Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; INAGEMP - Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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39
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Teslaa JJ, Keller AN, Nyholm MK, Grinblat Y. Zebrafish Zic2a and Zic2b regulate neural crest and craniofacial development. Dev Biol 2013; 380:73-86. [PMID: 23665173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE), the most common malformation of the human forebrain, is associated with defects of the craniofacial skeleton. ZIC2, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is strongly linked to HPE and to a characteristic set of dysmorphic facial features in humans. We have previously identified important functions for zebrafish Zic2 in the developing forebrain. Here, we demonstrate that ZIC2 orthologs zic2a and zic2b also regulate the forming zebrafish craniofacial skeleton, including the jaw and neurocranial cartilages, and use the zebrafish to study Zic2-regulated processes that may contribute to the complex etiology of HPE. Using temporally controlled Zic2a overexpression, we show that the developing craniofacial cartilages are sensitive to Zic2 elevation prior to 24hpf. This window of sensitivity overlaps the critical expansion and migration of the neural crest (NC) cells, which migrate from the developing neural tube to populate vertebrate craniofacial structures. We demonstrate that zic2b influences the induction of NC at the neural plate border, while both zic2a and zic2b regulate NC migratory onset and strongly contribute to chromatophore development. Both Zic2 depletion and early ectopic Zic2 expression cause moderate, incompletely penetrant mispatterning of the NC-derived jaw precursors at 24hpf, yet by 2dpf these changes in Zic2 expression result in profoundly mispatterned chondrogenic condensations. We attribute this discrepancy to an additional role for Zic2a and Zic2b in patterning the forebrain primordium, an important signaling source during craniofacial development. This hypothesis is supported by evidence that transplanted Zic2-deficient cells can contribute to craniofacial cartilages in a wild-type background. Collectively, these data suggest that zebrafish Zic2 plays a dual role during craniofacial development, contributing to two disparate aspects of craniofacial morphogenesis: (1) neural crest induction and migration, and (2) early patterning of tissues adjacent to craniofacial chondrogenic condensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Teslaa
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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40
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Roy A, Gonzalez-Gomez M, Pierani A, Meyer G, Tole S. Lhx2 regulates the development of the forebrain hem system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 24:1361-72. [PMID: 23307637 PMCID: PMC3977624 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Early brain development is regulated by the coordinated actions of multiple signaling centers at key boundaries between compartments. Three telencephalic midline structures are in a position to play such roles in forebrain patterning: The cortical hem, the septum, and the thalamic eminence at the diencephalic–telencephalic boundary. These structures express unique complements of signaling molecules, and they also produce distinct populations of Cajal–Retzius cells, which are thought to act as “mobile patterning units,” migrating tangentially to cover the telencephalic surface. We show that these 3 structures require the transcription factor Lhx2 to delimit their extent. In the absence of Lhx2 function, all 3 structures are greatly expanded, and the Cajal–Retzius cell population is dramatically increased. We propose that the hem, septum, and thalamic eminence together form a “forebrain hem system” that defines and regulates the formation of the telencephalic midline. Disruptions in the forebrain hem system may be implicated in severe brain malformations such as holoprosencephaly. Lhx2 functions as a central regulator of this system's development. Since all components of the forebrain hem system have been identified across several vertebrate species, the mechanisms that regulate them may have played a fundamental role in driving key aspects of forebrain evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achira Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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41
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A 5q12.1-5q12.3 microdeletion in a case with a balanced exceptional complex chromosomal rearrangement. Gene 2012; 516:176-80. [PMID: 23262338 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Complex chromosomal rearrangements are very rare chromosomal abnormalities. Individuals with a complex chromosomal rearrangement can be phenotypically normal or display a clinical abnormality. It is believed that these abnormalities are due to either microdeletions or microduplications at the translocation breakpoints or as a result of disruption of the genes located in the breakpoints. In this study we describe a 2-year-old child with mental retardation and developmental delay in whom a de novo apparently balanced exceptional complex chromosomal rearrangement was found through conventional cytogenetic analysis. Using both cytogenetic and FISH analysis, the patient's karyotype was found to be: 46,XY,der(5)t(5;7)(p15.1;7q34),t(5;8)(q13.1;8q24.1)dn. A large, clinically significant deletion which encompassed 887.69kb was detected at the 5q12.1-5q12.3 (chr5:62.886.523-63.774.210) genomic region using array-CGH. This deleted region includes the HTR1A and RNF180 genes. This is the first report of an individual with an apparently balanced complex chromosomal rearrangement in conjunction with a microdeletion at 5q12.1-5q12.3 in which there are both mental-motor retardation and dysmorphia.
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42
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Abstract
Brain malformations, particularly related to early brain development, are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of fetal neurological disorders. Fetal cerebral malformation, predominantly of impaired prosencephalic development namely agenesis of the corpus callosum and septo-optic dysplasia, is the main pathological feature in fetus, and causes prominent neurodevelopmental retardation, and associated with congenital facial anomalies and visual disorders. Differential diagnosis of brain malformations can be extremely difficult even through magnetic resonance imaging. Advances in genomic and molecular genetics technologies have led to the identification of the sonic hedgehog pathways and genes critical to the normal brain development. Molecular cytogenetic and genetic studies have identified numeric and structural chromosomal abnormalities as well as mutations in genes important for the etiology of fetal neurological disorders. In this review, we update the molecular genetics findings of three common fetal neurological abnormalities, holoprosencephaly, lissencephaly and agenesis of the corpus callosum, in an attempt to assist in perinatal and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR
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43
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Ribeiro LA, Roessler E, Hu P, Pineda-Alvarez DE, Zhou N, Jones M, Chandrasekharappa S, Richieri-Costa A, Muenke M. Comparison of mutation findings in ZIC2 between microform and classical holoprosencephaly in a Brazilian cohort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 94:912-7. [PMID: 22847929 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly is the most frequent congenital malformation of the forebrain in humans. It is anatomically classified by the relative degree of abnormal formation and separation of the developing central nervous system. Mutations of ZIC2 are the second most common heterozygous variations detected in holoprosencephaly (HPE) patients. Mutations in most known HPE genes typically result in variable phenotypes that rage from classic alobar HPE to microforms represented by hypotelorism, solitary central maxillary incisor (SCMI), and cleft lip/palate, among others. Patients with HPE owing to ZIC2 mutations have recently been described by a distinct phenotype compared with mutations in other HPE causative genes. METHODS We report the comparison of ZIC2 molecular findings by Sanger bidirectional DNA sequencing and ad hoc genotyping in a cohort of 105 Brazilian patients within the clinical spectrum of HPE, including classic and microform groups. RESULTS We detected a total of five variants in the ZIC2 gene: a common histidine tract expansion c.716_718dup (p.His239dup), a rare c.1377_1391del_homozygous (p.Ala466_470del, or Ala 15 to 10 contraction), a novel intronic c.1239+18G>A variant, a novel frameshift c.1215dupC (p.Ser406Glnfs*11), and a c.1401_1406dup (p.Ala469_470dup, or alanine tract expansion to 17 residues). CONCLUSIONS From these patients, only the latter two mutations found in classic HPE are likely to be medically significant. In contrast, variants detected in the microform group are not likely to be pathogenic. We show conclusively that the histidine tract expansion is a polymorphic alteration that demonstrates considerable differences in allele frequencies across different ethnic groups. Therefore, careful population studies of rare variants can improve genotype-phenotype correlations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilene A Ribeiro
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory and Clinical Genetics Service, Hospital for Rehabilitation and Craniofacial Anomalies, University of Sao Paolo, Bauru, Sao Paolo, Brazil
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Pineda-Alvarez DE, Solomon BD, Roessler E, Balog JZ, Hadley DW, Zein WM, Brooks BP, Muenke M. Patients within the broad holoprosencephaly spectrum have distinct and subtle ophthalmologic anomalies: Response to Khan. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:1244-1245. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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45
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Roessler E, Vélez JI, Zhou N, Muenke M. Utilizing prospective sequence analysis of SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF in holoprosencephaly probands to describe the parameters limiting the observed frequency of mutant gene×gene interactions. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:658-64. [PMID: 22310223 PMCID: PMC3309119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical molecular diagnostic centers routinely screen SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 and TGIF for mutations that can help to explain holoprosencephaly and related brain malformations. Here we report a prospective Sanger sequence analysis of 189 unrelated probands referred to our diagnostic lab for genetic testing. We identified 28 novel unique mutations in this group (15%) and no instances of deleterious mutations in two genes in the same subject. Our result extends that of other diagnostic centers and suggests that among the aggregate 475 prospectively sequenced holoprosencephaly probands there is negligible evidence for direct gene-gene interactions among these tested genes. We model the predictions of the observed mutation frequency in the context of the hypothesis that gene×gene interactions are a prerequisite for forebrain malformations, i.e. the "multiple-hit" hypothesis. We conclude that such a direct interaction would be expected to be rare and that more subtle genetic and environmental interactions are a better explanation for the clinically observed inter- and intra-familial variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jorge I. Vélez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nan Zhou
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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46
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Raam MS, Solomon BD, Muenke M. Holoprosencephaly: a guide to diagnosis and clinical management. Indian Pediatr 2011; 48:457-66. [PMID: 21743112 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-011-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Holoprosencephaly affects 1 in 8,000 live births and is the most common structural anomaly of the developing forebrain, resulting in facial dysmorphism, neurologic impairment, and additional clinical sequelae. Given the increasing relative contribution of genetic diseases to perinatal morbidity and mortality in India, proper recognition and management of holoprosencephaly can improve care for a significant number of affected Indian children. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We used the PubMed database (search terms: "holoprosencephaly," "HPE," "holoprosencephaly India") and cross-referenced articles regarding holoprosencephaly, using our research group's extensive experience as a guide for identifying seminal papers in the field. RESULTS Holoprosencephaly is classified into four types based on the nature of the brain malformations as seen on neuroimaging and/or pathologic examination, with typically recognizable craniofacial phenotypes. Despite the identification of several genetic loci and other etiologic agents involved in pathogenesis, additional causes are elusive. Moreover, satisfactory explanations for phenomena such as incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are lacking. CONCLUSIONS For each patient, pediatricians should follow a diagnostic protocol including dysmorphology examination, complete family history and ascertainment of risk factors, and neuroimaging. Many medical issues, including hypothalamic dysfunction, endocrinologic dysfunction, motor impairment, respiratory issues, seizures, and hydrocephalus should be prioritized in management. Pediatricians should work with genetic specialists to identify syndromic forms and to perform cytogenetic investigation, molecular screening, and genetic counseling in order to fully characterize prognosis and recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu S Raam
- HHMI-NIH Research Scholars Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, United States
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47
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Pineda-Alvarez DE, Solomon BD, Roessler E, Balog JZ, Hadley DW, Zein WM, Hadsall CK, Brooks BP, Muenke M. A broad range of ophthalmologic anomalies is part of the holoprosencephaly spectrum. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:2713-20. [PMID: 21976454 PMCID: PMC3200498 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common disorder of the developing forebrain in humans, and is characterized by failed or incomplete cleavage of the cerebral hemispheres and deep brain structures. HPE includes wide phenotypic variability, with a continuum of both brain and craniofacial anomalies. While "classic" eye findings, including the spectrum of midline anomalies ranging from cyclopia to hypotelorism, as well as chorioretinal coloboma and microphthalmia, have been frequently described in patients with HPE, other subtle eye anomalies may also occur. In our study we prospectively analyzed a small cohort of 10 patients in whom we identified mutations in SHH, SIX3, ZIC2, or FGF8, the latter of which is a very recently described HPE-associated gene. We found that 9 of 10 patients had at least two ophthalmologic anomalies, including refractive errors, microcornea, microphthalmia, blepharoptosis, exotropia, and uveal coloboma. These findings contribute to the understanding of the phenotypic variability of the HPE spectrum, and highlight findings in one medically important but often incompletely investigated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Pineda-Alvarez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Solomon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Erich Roessler
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joan Z. Balog
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald W. Hadley
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Wadih M. Zein
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Casey K. Hadsall
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian P. Brooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Mercier S, Dubourg C, Garcelon N, Campillo-Gimenez B, Gicquel I, Belleguic M, Ratié L, Pasquier L, Loget P, Bendavid C, Jaillard S, Rochard L, Quélin C, Dupé V, David V, Odent S. New findings for phenotype-genotype correlations in a large European series of holoprosencephaly cases. J Med Genet 2011; 48:752-60. [PMID: 21940735 PMCID: PMC3386902 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Holoprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common forebrain defect in humans. It results from incomplete midline cleavage of the prosencephalon. METHODS A large European series of 645 HPE probands (and 699 relatives), consisting of 51% fetuses and 49% liveborn children, is reported. RESULTS Mutations in the four main genes involved in HPE (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, TGIF) were identified in 25% of cases. The SHH, SIX3, and TGIF mutations were inherited in more than 70% of these cases, whereas 70% of the mutations in ZIC2 occurred de novo. Moreover, rearrangements were detected in 22% of the 260 patients screened by array comparative genomic hybridisation. 15 probands had two mutations providing additional support for the 'multiple-hit process' in HPE. There was a positive correlation between the severity of the brain malformation and facial features for SHH, SIX3, and TGIF, but no such correlation was found for ZIC2 mutations. The most severe HPE types were associated with SIX3 and ZIC2 mutations, whereas microforms were associated with SHH mutations. The study focused on the associated brain malformations, including neuronal migration defects, which predominated in individuals with ZIC2 mutations, and neural tube defects, which were frequently associated with ZIC2 (rachischisis) and TGIF mutations. Extracraniofacial features were observed in 27% of the individuals in this series (up to 40% of those with ZIC2 mutations) and a significant correlation was found between renal/urinary defects and mutations of SHH and ZIC2. CONCLUSIONS An algorithm is proposed based on these new phenotype-genotype correlations, to facilitate molecular analysis and genetic counselling for HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mercier
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Nicolas Garcelon
- LIM, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale
Université de Rennes 1Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale CHU - Pontchaillou 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux 35033 RENNES,FR
| | - Boris Campillo-Gimenez
- LIM, Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale
Université de Rennes 1Laboratoire d'Informatique Médicale CHU - Pontchaillou 2, rue Henri Le Guilloux 35033 RENNES,FR
| | - Isabelle Gicquel
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Marion Belleguic
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Leslie Ratié
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Philippe Loget
- Service d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques
Hôpital PontchaillouUniversité de Rennes 1CHU Rennes2, rue Henri-le-Guilloux, 35000 Rennes,FR
| | - Claude Bendavid
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Lucie Rochard
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
| | - Valérie Dupé
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Véronique David
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
| | - Sylvie Odent
- IGDR, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes
CNRS : UMR6061Université de Rennes 1IFR140Faculté de Médecine - CS 34317 2 Av du Professeur Léon Bernard 35043 RENNES CEDEX,FR
- Service de génétique médicale
CHU RennesUniversité de Rennes 116 bd de Bulgarie BP 90437, 35203 Rennes Cedex 2,FR
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Itoh K, Ogi H, Yaoi T, Yoshifuji K, Pooh R, Yamasaki M, Fushiki S. Semilobar holoprosencephaly with a unique traversed sylvian sulcus. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:685-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Pineda-Alvarez DE, Roessler E, Hu P, Srivastava K, Solomon BD, Siple CE, Fan CM, Muenke M. Missense substitutions in the GAS1 protein present in holoprosencephaly patients reduce the affinity for its ligand, SHH. Hum Genet 2011; 131:301-10. [PMID: 21842183 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-1078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Holprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common disorder of the developing forebrain in humans, and is characterized by varying degrees of abnormal union of the cerebral hemispheres. These defects are typically co-associated with midline craniofacial anomalies. The combination of forebrain and craniofacial defects that comprise HPE can present along a broad and variable phenotypic spectrum. Both the SHH and NODAL signaling pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of this disorder. Disruption of these pathways by chromosomal rearrangements, mutations in pathway-related genes and/or biochemical alterations are proposed to contribute to HPE in a large number of patients. Additional factors that are not yet fully delineated are also very likely to be involved in the pathogenesis and phenotypic heterogeneity of the disorder. Genetic loss of GAS1, a cell membrane receptor and positive regulator of SHH, has been demonstrated to contribute to the HPE phenotypic spectrum in animal models. We have evaluated the coding and flanking sequence of GAS1 in 394 patients who have clinical findings within the HPE phenotypic spectrum, and now report five novel missense sequence variants among five unrelated HPE probands. Finally, we tested the effect of these variants (as well as previously reported GAS1 variants) on the ability of GAS1 to bind to SHH. Here, we demonstrate that sequence variants in GAS1 can impair its physical interaction with SHH, suggesting a decrease in the SHH downstream signaling cascade as a pathogenic mechanism of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Pineda-Alvarez
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3717, USA
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