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Heley K, D'Angelo H, Oh A, Vanderpool RC, McQueen A, Kreuter MW, Everson NS. Understanding Associations of Personal Values With Support for Tobacco and Alcohol Control Policies. Am J Prev Med 2023; 65:448-457. [PMID: 36933752 PMCID: PMC10505251 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This cross-sectional analysis of the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (N=3,604) examines the associations of personal values with tobacco and alcohol control policy support, which may inform policy-related communication efforts. METHODS Respondents selected which of 7 value options they considered most important in their daily life and rated their support for 8 proposed tobacco and alcohol control policies (1=strongly oppose, 5=strongly support). Weighted proportions for each value were described across sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status, and alcohol use. Weighted bivariate and multivariable regressions tested the associations of values with mean policy support (alpha=0.89). Analyses occurred from 2021 to 2022. RESULTS The most frequently selected values were assuring my family is safe and secure (30.2%), being happy (21.1%), and making my own decisions (13.6%). Selected values varied across sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics. For example, people with lower education and incomes were overrepresented among those selecting making my own decisions and keeping myself in good health. After adjusting for sociodemographics, smoking, and alcohol use, people selecting family safety (β=0.20, 95% CI=0.06, 0.33) or religious connection (β=0.34, 95% CI=0.14, 0.54) as most important reported higher policy support than those selecting making their own decisions, the value associated with the lowest mean policy support. Mean policy support did not significantly differ across any other value comparisons. CONCLUSIONS Personal values are associated with support for alcohol and tobacco control policies, with making my own decisions associated with the lowest policy support. Future research and communication efforts may consider aligning tobacco and alcohol control policies with the idea of supporting autonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Heley
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch (HCIRB), Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland.
| | - Heather D'Angelo
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch (HCIRB), Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - April Oh
- Implementation Science, Office of the Director, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Robin C Vanderpool
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch (HCIRB), Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Amy McQueen
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew W Kreuter
- Health Communication Research Laboratory, Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nicole Senft Everson
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch (HCIRB), Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control & Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
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Kim M, Neilands TB, Gregorich SE, Jordan JW, Ling PM. Young Adult Responses to Peer Crowd-Based Targeting in E-cigarette Advertisements: An Experimental Study. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1125-1134. [PMID: 37101413 PMCID: PMC10202626 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effects of psychographically targeted e-cigarette advertisements on young adults. METHODS A total of 2100 young adults (18-29 years old) representing five peer crowds (groups with shared values, interests, and lifestyle: Mainstream, Young Professional, Hip Hop, Hipster, and Partier) were recruited from a nationwide opt-in online panel. Participants were randomly assigned to view e-cigarette advertisements featuring characters that either did or did not match their own peer crowd affiliation and evaluated advertising effectiveness using Likert-type and semantic differential scales. Participants also reported their attitudes toward using e-cigarettes. RESULTS No significant overall effect of peer crowd matching was observed. However, significant two-way interaction effects emerged where matching advertisements yielded higher evaluations than mismatching advertisements among those who currently do not use tobacco and nicotine products and among Mainstream participants. Advertisements featuring Mainstream characters were in general rated more highly than other advertisements. Additional analyses found significant effects of peer crowd matching among those who viewed advertisements featuring non-Mainstream characters. CONCLUSIONS Peer crowd-based targeting can increase the effectiveness of e-cigarette advertisements which may impact initiation among current nonusers, requiring stricter marketing regulations. More research is needed to determine if anti-tobacco messaging tailored by peer crowds may effectively counteract targeted e-cigarette marketing. IMPLICATIONS E-cigarette advertisements often use psychographic targeting strategies, using lifestyles, attitudes, and values. Low-risk young adults (eg, those who currently do not use tobacco and nicotine products) are susceptible to psychographically targeted e-cigarette advertisements. This may result in the initiation of e-cigarette use among young adults who would otherwise be less likely to use tobacco and nicotine products. Stricter marketing regulations for emerging tobacco and nicotine products are required to reduce marketing exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kim
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Division of Prevention Science, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven E Gregorich
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Pamela M Ling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Silver N, Rahman B, Folger S, Bertrand A, Khatib B, Gbenro M, Schillo B. A content analysis of promotional features in US direct-mail from ads across tobacco products from 2018-2020. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1627-1634. [PMID: 35417549 PMCID: PMC9759106 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Direct-mail advertising is a crucial channel through which tobacco companies deliver price incentives that lower the barrier to tobacco use while promoting tobacco products via thematic appeals not legally permitted on other marketing channels. We examine the prevalence of price incentives and ad characteristics used in tobacco product ads mailed directly to US consumers. METHODS We analyzed the content of direct-mail tobacco advertisements (N= 1047) in circulation between January 2018 and December 2020 as captured by Mintel Comperemedia Direct. These ads were coded for product type, manufacturer/brand type, model characteristics, price incentives, and themes known to appeal to vulnerable subgroups. RESULTS Ads across all tobacco products included price incentives (96%) and contained themes that appealed to rural white (40%) and black audiences (15%). Themes known to appeal to youth and young adults were present in 40% of ads across all products, including 78% of ads promoting electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). Moreover, among the ENDS ads featuring youth appealing themes (51%), also featured young models. DISCUSSION Expanding on previous research which focused on combustible and smokeless tobacco products, this analysis examines direct-mail ads across the full range of tobacco products. Our findings highlight the need for regulations to address 1) the high prevalence of price incentives which undermine the effectiveness of excise taxes on tobacco use, and 2) ad themes and characteristics that appeal to groups vulnerable to tobacco use, both of which have the potential to further exacerbate tobacco related health disparities. IMPLICATIONS This study reinforces the importance of examining direct-mail as the dominant medium for tobacco advertising, particularly by including coupons and discount codes that reduce product price and thus circumventing the effect of tobacco-related tax legislation.Direct-mail encourages continued product loyalty and use and engages new consumers using price incentives and advertising strategies likely to appeal to price-sensitive consumers and other vulnerable populations.Substantial use of youth-appealing elements in ENDS ads contradict the tobacco industry's mandate to not appeal to youth, warranting highlighting the gaps in current regulations that allows them to continue appealing to this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Silver
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Basmah Rahman
- Evidence Synthesis Program, U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, Washington, DC USA
| | - Shanell Folger
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Bushraa Khatib
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Said ZK. Fables of scarcity in IP. Front Res Metr Anal 2022; 7:974154. [PMID: 36960307 PMCID: PMC10029601 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2022.974154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this chapter, I use methods drawn from literary analysis to bear on artificial scarcity and explore how literary and legal storytelling engages in scarcity mongering. I find three particular narrative strategies calculated to compel a conclusion in favor of propertization: the spectacle of need, the diversionary tactic, and the rallying cry. First, I unpack the spectacle of need and its diversionary aspects through several literary accounts of scarcity and starvation. I juxtapose Franz Kafka's "A Hunger Artist," a story explicitly centered on a wasting body, with J.M. Coetzee's The Life and Times of Michael K. Second, to explore how scarcity fables offer diversionary tactics that redirect attention away from actual scarcity, I consider NFTs, or non-fungible tokens. NFTs reflect the arbitrary value scarcity can produce, especially when artificially generated. Yet NFTs offer a spectacle of need that distracts from actual scarcity, riding a wave of expansionist property logic that suggests that more ownership is the answer. Third, to consider the scarcity fable's propertarian rallying cry, I offer an extended close reading of a copyright dispute, Leonard v. Stemtech, involving a pair of microscopic stem cell photographs deemed so scarce they were valued at 100 times their past licensing history. Leonard illustrates how a scarcity fable may look in the context of intellectual property ("IP"). The nature of this chapter is necessarily conceptual and speculative, designed to raise questions rather than attempting conclusively to answer them. Through juxtaposition of literary accounts and one legal case study, fables of scarcity emerge as a genre whose very appearance in certain contexts ought to give scholars and policymakers pause. In copyright litigation, in which expansionist property narratives may be especially harmful to the public domain and subsequent creators, scarcity fables may be made to provide apparent support for potentially dangerous changes. Identifying scarcity fables as such when they appear in copyright cases could trigger review of the asserted scarcity and a more searching inquiry into whether the proposed solution could worsen actual scarcity.
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Czaplicki L, Welding K, Cohen JE, Smith KC. Feminine Appeals on Cigarette Packs Sold in 14 Countries. Int J Public Health 2021; 66:1604027. [PMID: 34475810 PMCID: PMC8406490 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2021.1604027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Limited research has examined feminine marketing appeals on cigarette packs in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). We reviewed a systematically collected sample of cigarette packs sold across 14 LMICs in 2013 (Wave 1) and 2015–2017 (Wave 2). Methods: Packs in Wave 1 (n = 3,240) and Wave 2 (n = 2,336) were coded for feminine imagery and descriptors (flowers, fashion, women/girls, color “pink”). We examined trends in feminine appeals over time, including co-occurrence with other pack features (slim or lipstick shape, flavor, reduced harm, and reduced odor claims). Results: The proportion of unique feminine cigarette packs significantly decreased from 8.6% (n = 278) in Wave 1 to 5.9% (n = 137) in Wave 2 (p < 0.001). Among all feminine packs, flower-and fashion-related features were most common; a substantial proportion also used flavor and reduced odor appeals. Conclusion: While there was a notable presence of feminine packs, the decline observed may reflect global trends toward marketing gender-neutral cigarettes to women and a general contempt for using traditional femininity to market products directly to women. Plain packaging standards may reduce the influence of branding on smoking among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Czaplicki
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin Welding
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Katherine Clegg Smith
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Nguyen N, Holmes LM, Kim M, Ling PM. Using Peer Crowd Affiliation to Address Dual Use of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes among San Francisco Bay Area Young Adults: A Cross Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E7643. [PMID: 33092106 PMCID: PMC7588881 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the emerging tobacco landscape, dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes has increased among young adults, but little is known about its associated factors. Peer crowds, defined as macro-level connections between individuals with similar core values (e.g., "Hip Hop" describing a group that prefers hip hop music and values strength, honor, and respect), are a promising way to understand tobacco use patterns. We examined associations between peer crowds and tobacco use patterns by using data from a cross sectional survey of 1340 young adults in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2014. Outcomes were the past 30-day use of: neither cigarettes nor e-cigarettes; cigarettes but not e-cigarettes; e-cigarettes but not cigarettes; and both cigarettes and e-cigarettes. Peer crowds included Hipster, Hip Hop, Country, Partier, Homebody, and Young Professional. Multinomial regression analysis indicated that peer crowds were significantly associated with different tobacco use patterns. Compared to Young Professionals, Hip Hop and Hipster crowds were more likely to dual use; Hipsters were more likely to use e-cigarettes only, and Country participants were more likely to smoke cigarettes only. These findings suggest that tobacco control campaigns and cessation interventions should be tailored to different young adult peer crowds and address poly-tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (M.K.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Louisa M. Holmes
- Departments of Geography & Demography, and the Social Science Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Minji Kim
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (M.K.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Pamela M. Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; (M.K.); (P.M.L.)
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Moran MB, Soneji S, Tan ASL, Choi K. Associations Between Exposure and Receptivity to Branded Cigarette Advertising and Subsequent Brand Preference Among US Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1030-1035. [PMID: 31180120 PMCID: PMC7249918 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposure and receptivity to cigarette advertising are well-established predictors of cigarette use overall. However, less is known about whether exposure and receptivity to advertising for specific brands of cigarettes (ie, Marlboro, Camel, and Newport) are longitudinally associated with any subsequent cigarette use and subsequent use of those specific brands. METHODS We analyzed data from a US sample of 7325 young adults aged 18-24 years who completed both Wave 1 and Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Weighted logistic regression models were used to examine (1) among Wave 1 never-smokers, associations between Wave 1 exposure and receptivity to advertising for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport and subsequent overall and brand-specific smoking initiation at Wave 2, and (2) among Wave 1 ever-smokers, associations between Wave 1 exposure and receptivity to advertising for Marlboro, Camel, and Newport and subsequent preference of those brands at Wave 2. RESULTS Among Wave 1 young-adult never-smokers, exposure to Camel advertising, but not Marlboro or Newport, was associated with smoking initiation with any brand of cigarettes at Wave 2. Among Wave 1 young-adult ever-smokers, receptivity to Marlboro, Camel, and Newport advertising was associated with subsequent preference for each brand, respectively, at Wave 2. CONCLUSIONS This study found evidence for the association between receptivity to branded cigarette marketing and subsequent use of that brand. These findings provide evidence regarding the pathways through which cigarette marketing attracts young adults to use cigarettes and can inform tobacco prevention and counter-marketing efforts. IMPLICATIONS This study extends prior work on the effects of cigarette advertising exposure and receptivity by illustrating the brand specificity of this advertising. These findings provide evidence that receptivity to branded cigarette advertising is longitudinally associated with preference for those specific cigarette brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Bridgid Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Samir Soneji
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH
| | - Andy S L Tan
- Center for Community-Based Research, McGraw/Patterson Division of Population Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Kelvin Choi
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD
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Ling PM, Lisha NE, Neilands TB, Jordan JW. Join the Commune: A Controlled Study of Social Branding Influencers to Decrease Smoking Among Young Adult Hipsters. Am J Health Promot 2020; 34:754-761. [PMID: 32077305 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120904917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the impact of a Social Branding intervention in bars and nightclubs on smoking behavior. DESIGN Quasi-experimental controlled study. SETTING Bars and nightclubs in San Diego and San Francisco (intervention) and Los Angeles (control). PARTICIPANTS "Hipster" young adults (age 18-26) attending bars and nightclubs. INTERVENTION Anti-tobacco messages delivered through monthly anti-tobacco music/social events, opinion leaders, original art, direct mail, promotional activities, and online media. MEASURES A total of 7240 surveys were collected in 3 cities using randomized time location sampling at baseline (2012-2013) and follow-up (2015-2016); data were analyzed in 2018. The primary outcome was current smoking. ANALYSIS Multivariable logistic regression assessed correlates of smoking, adjusting for covariates including electronic cigarette use; differences between cities were evaluated using location-by-time interactions. RESULTS Smoking in San Francisco decreased at a significantly faster rate (51.1%-44.1%) than Los Angeles (45.2%-44.5%) (P = .034). Smoking in San Diego (mean: 39.6%) was significantly lower than Los Angeles (44.8%, P < .001) at both time points with no difference in rate of change. Brand recall was not associated with smoking behavior, but recall was associated with anti-tobacco attitudes that were associated with smoking. CONCLUSION This is the first controlled study of Social Branding interventions. Intervention implementation was accompanied by decreases in smoking (San Francisco) and sustained lower smoking (San Diego) among young adult bar patrons over 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Ling
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, 8785University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadra E Lisha
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, Department of Medicine, 8785University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, 8785University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Stalgaitis CA, Navarro MA, Wagner DE, Walker MW. Who Uses Tobacco Products? Using Peer Crowd Segmentation to Identify Youth at Risk for Cigarettes, Cigar Products, Hookah, and E-Cigarettes. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1045-1053. [PMID: 32024418 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1722698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Understanding which adolescents are at greatest risk for cigarettes and other tobacco products is critical to inform tailored and targeted interventions. Objectives: We used peer crowds (macro-level subcultures) to identify subgroups of adolescents at-risk for using and being open to using cigarettes; cigars, cigarillos, and little cigars (cigar products); hookah; e-cigarettes; any tobacco product; and multiple products. Methods: In 2017, youth ages 12-17 in five U.S. states completed cross-sectional surveys (n = 1,167). Participants provided data on cigarette use (experimentation) and openness to use (susceptibility); cigar product, hookah, and e-cigarette use (ever use) and openness to use (curiosity); and identification with five peer crowds (Alternative, Country, Hip Hop, Mainstream, Popular). We used chi-square tests to compare rates by peer crowd, and multivariate logistic regressions to assess odds of use and openness for each crowd (reference: Mainstream). Results: Risk differed by peer crowd. Hip Hop youth reported high rates of use, ranging from 12.8% (cigarettes) to 33.4% (e-cigarettes). Regressions revealed increased odds of use for Hip Hop compared to Mainstream for all products, especially cigar products and multi-product use. Popular (cigar products, e-cigarettes) and Alternative (cigarettes) demonstrated increased odds of use compared to Mainstream. We also observed elevated odds of cigarette openness among Alternative, Country, and Hip Hop youth, and of hookah openness among Hip Hop and Popular youth compared to Mainstream. Conclusions/Importance: Peer crowd-tailored cigarette education campaigns can be extended to address other tobacco product risk, especially for higher-risk peer crowds such as Hip Hop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario A Navarro
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Matthew W Walker
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Nguyen N, Lisha NE, Neilands TB, Jordan JW, Ling PM. Differential Associations Between Anti-Tobacco Industry Attitudes and Intention to Quit Smoking Across Young Adult Peer Crowds. Am J Health Promot 2019; 33:876-885. [PMID: 30754982 PMCID: PMC6625858 DOI: 10.1177/0890117119829676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the relationship between anti-tobacco industry attitudes and intention and attempts to quit smoking across 6 young adult peer crowds. DESIGN A cross-sectional bar survey in 2015. SETTING Seven US cities (Albuquerque, Los Angeles, Nashville, Oklahoma City, San Diego, San Francisco, and Tucson). PARTICIPANTS Two thousand eight hundred seventeen young adult bar patrons who were currently smoking. MEASURES Intention to quit in the next 6 months and having made a quit attempt in the last 12 months were binary outcomes. Anti-industry attitudes were measured by 3 items indicating support for action against the tobacco industry. Peer crowd affiliation was measured using the I-Base Survey. ANALYSIS Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between anti-industry attitudes and the outcomes for the total sample and for each peer crowd. RESULTS Overall, anti-industry attitudes were positively associated with both intention to quit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-1.52) and attempt to quit (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.27). Intriguingly, the relationship between anti-industry attitudes and intention to quit differed by peer crowd affiliation, with significant associations for Homebody, Partier, Hipster, and Hip Hop, but not for Young Professional and Country. CONCLUSIONS Developing health communication messages that resonate with unique peer crowd values can enhance the relevance of public health campaigns. Tobacco control practitioners should tailor anti-industry messages to promote intention to quit smoking among the highest risk young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadra E. Lisha
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Torsten B. Neilands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Pamela M. Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Moran MB, Villanti AC, Johnson A, Rath J. Patterns of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Substance Use Among Young Adult Peer Crowds. Am J Prev Med 2019; 56:e185-e193. [PMID: 31104724 PMCID: PMC6538284 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between peer crowd identification and substance use is well documented among adolescents, but less is known about substance use among young adult peer crowds. METHODS This study leverages data from the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study (Wave 8, June-July 2015), a nationally representative cohort sample of young adults aged 18-34 years. The current cross-sectional analyses (conducted in 2018) focused on 1,341 individuals aged 18-24 years in this sample. Participants reported their peer crowd identification and current use of alcohol, marijuana, other drugs, and tobacco (cigarettes, little cigars/cigarillos, e-cigarettes, hookah, smokeless tobacco). Adjusted logistic regression models assessed associations between peer crowd identification and substance use. RESULTS In general, young adults who identified as homebody, young professional, or religious had lower odds of substance use than their counterparts. Young adults who identified as social/partier were more likely to be current users of alcohol, marijuana, any tobacco, cigarettes, and e-cigarettes than those who did not identify as social/partier. Those who identified as alternative were more likely to be current users of marijuana and other drugs than those not identified as alternative. Those who identified as country were more likely than those not identified as country to be current users of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco. Those who identified as hip hop were more likely to be current users of marijuana and e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Peer crowd identification is associated with substance use among young adults. These findings can help identify target populations for prevention and cessation interventions and inform intervention design and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Bridgid Moran
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Andrea C Villanti
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont; Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Amanda Johnson
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jessica Rath
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
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From Apple to Werewolf: A content analysis of marketing for e-liquids on Instagram. Addict Behav 2019; 91:119-127. [PMID: 30253933 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the growing popularity of refillable e-cigarettes and recent FDA regulatory action on e-liquid warning labels, e-liquids are an increasingly important area of study. At present, however, little is known about how e-liquids are marketed. This study examined e-liquid marketing on the visual social media platform Instagram, on which users have created significant amounts of e-cigarette related content. METHODS A systematic, random sample of Instagram posts with either #eliquid or #ejuice was collected from the Instagram API during one week in May 2017 and in October 2017 using the Netlytic application. A final sample of 1000 posts was analyzed using qualitative content analysis to discern e-liquid themes, claims, promotions, and products promoted. RESULTS Of the 1000 posts, 61.1% promoted e-liquid. These posts were most frequently made by vape shops and ambassadors/representatives. Almost 80% of promotional posts featured a flavored e-liquid. Posts focused largely on e-liquids tasting good (35.4%) or being cool/edgy (19.0%). Many posts made use of Instagram's visual nature to share creative label designs. Just over a third of posts made some claim about e-liquid benefits or quality, with smokeless tobacco claims being most common. Although posts most commonly originated from the United States, posts made from Indonesia and the United Kingdom were also common. CONCLUSIONS E-liquid marketing on Instagram emphasizes positive experiences, personalization, and aspirational identities rather than explicit health and cessation claims. Appeal to youth is a significant concern based both on marketing strategies and the demographics of Instagram users.
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Hendlin YH. I am a fake loop: The effects of advertising-based artificial selection. BIOSEMIOTICS 2019; 12:131-156. [PMID: 31217829 PMCID: PMC6582976 DOI: 10.1007/s12304-018-9341-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mimicry is common among animals, plants, and other kingdoms of life. Humans in late capitalism, however, have devised an unique method of mimicking the signs that trigger evolutionarily-programmed instincts of their own species in order to manipulate them. Marketing and advertising are the most pervasive and sophisticated forms of known human mimicry, deliberately hijacking our instincts in order to select on the basis of one dimension only: profit. But marketing and advertising also strangely undermines their form of mimicry deceiving both the intended targets and the signaler simultaneously. Human forms of mimicry have the regular consequence of deceiving the imitator, reducing meta-cognitive awareness of the act and intentions surrounding such deception. Therefore, the deceiver in the end deceives himself as well as intended targets. Drawing on scholarship applying Niko Tinbergen's the ethological discovery of supernormal stimuli in animals to humans, this article analyzes sophisticated mass mimicry in contemporary culture, in both intended and unintended forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogi Hale Hendlin
- Assistant Professor, School of Philosophy, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands
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14
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van der Eijk Y, Lee JK, Ling P. How Menthol Is Key to the Tobacco Industry's Strategy of Recruiting and Retaining Young Smokers in Singapore. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:347-354. [PMID: 30392860 PMCID: PMC6493328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Singapore has a strong and well-established tobacco control policy, but smoking rates among young Singaporeans remain relatively high. In other countries, tobacco companies have used menthol to encourage smoking among young people. Singapore still permits the sale of menthol tobacco products and little is known about the tobacco industry's internal strategy and motivation for marketing menthol tobacco in Singapore. METHODS Tobacco industry documents analysis using the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents Library. Findings were triangulated with Euromonitor market data on menthol tobacco in Singapore, and trend data on smoking prevalence in Singapore from the First National Morbidity Survey, Labour Force Survey, National Health Survey, and National Health Surveillance Survey. RESULTS Menthol tobacco products became popular among young Singaporeans in the early 1980s, largely due to a health-consciousness trend among young people and the misperception that menthol tobacco products were "safer." Philip Morris, in an attempt to compete with R.J. Reynolds for starter smokers, developed and launched several menthol brands designed to appeal to youth. While many brands initially failed, as of February 2018, menthol tobacco products comprise 48% of Singapore's total tobacco market. CONCLUSIONS Menthol is key to the tobacco industry's strategy of recruiting and retaining young smokers in Singapore. Banning the sale of menthol tobacco products will be an important part of preventing smoking in Singapore's younger generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van der Eijk
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue #366, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
| | - Jeong Kyu Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | - Pamela Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue #366, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
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15
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Moodie C, Gendall P, Hoek J, MacKintosh AM, Best C, Murray S. The Response of Young Adult Smokers and Nonsmokers in the United Kingdom to Dissuasive Cigarettes: An Online Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:227-233. [PMID: 29190398 PMCID: PMC6329397 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The cigarette stick is an important communications tool as well as the object of consumption. We explored young adults' responses to cigarettes designed to be dissuasive. Methods Data come from a cross-sectional online survey, conducted in September 2015, with 16- to 24-year-old smokers and nonsmokers (N = 997) in the United Kingdom. Participants were shown images of a standard cigarette (white cigarette paper with imitation cork filter), a standard cigarette displaying the warning "Smoking kills" on the cigarette paper, and an unattractively colored cigarette (green cigarette paper and filter). They were asked to rate each of the three cigarettes, shown individually, on eight perception items, and to rate the three cigarettes, shown together, on how likely they would be to try them. Ordering of the cigarettes and questions, with the exception of the question on trial, was randomized. Results The eight perception items were combined to form a composite measure of cigarette perceptions. For smokers and nonsmokers, the two dissuasive cigarettes (cigarette with warning, green cigarette) were rated significantly less favorably than the standard cigarette, and less likely to encourage trial. For cigarette perceptions, no significant interaction was detected between cigarette style and smoking status or susceptibility to smoke among never smokers. A significant interaction was found for likelihood of trying the cigarettes, with dissuasive cigarettes having a greater impact with smokers than nonsmokers. Conclusions This study suggests that dissuasive cigarettes may help to reduce the desirability of cigarettes. Implications The cigarette stick is the object of tobacco consumption, which is seen every time a cigarette is smoked. It is also an increasingly important promotional tool for tobacco companies. In this study, young adults rated two dissuasive cigarettes (a green colored cigarette and a cigarette displaying a health warning) more negatively than a standard cigarette, and considered them less likely to encourage product trial. Our findings suggest that it may be possible to reduce the desirability of cigarette sticks by altering their design, for example, with the addition of a warning or use of an unattractive color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| | - Philip Gendall
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Marketing, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anne Marie MacKintosh
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| | - Catherine Best
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
| | - Susan Murray
- Institute for Social Marketing, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland
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16
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Lisha NE, Thrul J, Ling PM. Latent Class Analysis to Examine Patterns of Smoking and Other Tobacco Products in Young Adult Bar Patrons. J Adolesc Health 2019; 64:93-98. [PMID: 30254010 PMCID: PMC6309635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Use of multiple tobacco products is increasing, particularly among young adults. Latent class analysis of substance-use patterns provides a framework for understanding the heterogeneity of use. We sought to identify different patterns of cigarette, e-cigarette, hookah, cigarillo, and smokeless tobacco use among young adult bar patrons. METHODS We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of randomized time location samples of young adult California bar patrons in 2013 and 2014. Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of use among current (past 30-day) tobacco users. Classes were compared on demographic characteristics and tobacco use correlates. RESULTS Overall 84.4% of the current tobacco users were cigarette smokers, 38.7% used electronic cigarettes, 35.9% used hookah, 30.1% smoked cigars/cigarillos, and 15.4% used smokeless tobacco in the past 30 days. We extracted six latent classes: "Cigarette only" (n = 1690), "Hookah mostly" (n = 479), "High overall use" (n = 528), "Smokeless mostly" (n = 95), "E-cigarette mostly" (n = 439), "Cigars mostly" (n = 435). These classes differed in their risk profiles on both current use compared to no use, and number of days they used each tobacco product. Differences between classes emerged on demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity) and tobacco correlates including perceived peer smoking, antitobacco industry attitudes, prioritizing social activities, and advertising receptivity. CONCLUSIONS Understanding different patterns of multiple tobacco product use may inform both prevention and cessation programming for young adults. It may be efficient to tailor messages to different latent classes and address the distinct demographic and attitudinal profiles of groups of multiple tobacco product users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra E Lisha
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Public versus internal conceptions of addiction: An analysis of internal Philip Morris documents. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002562. [PMID: 29715300 PMCID: PMC5929514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco addiction is a complex, multicomponent phenomenon stemming from nicotine's pharmacology and the user's biology, psychology, sociology, and environment. After decades of public denial, the tobacco industry now agrees with public health authorities that nicotine is addictive. In 2000, Philip Morris became the first major tobacco company to admit nicotine's addictiveness. Evolving definitions of addiction have historically affected subsequent policymaking. This article examines how Philip Morris internally conceptualized addiction immediately before and after this announcement. METHODS AND FINDINGS We analyzed previously secret, internal Philip Morris documents made available as a result of litigation against the tobacco industry. We compared these documents to public company statements and found that Philip Morris's move from public denial to public affirmation of nicotine's addictiveness coincided with pressure on the industry from poor public approval ratings, the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA), the United States government's filing of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) suit, and the Institute of Medicine's (IoM's) endorsement of potentially reduced risk products. Philip Morris continued to research the causes of addiction through the 2000s in order to create successful potentially reduced exposure products (PREPs). While Philip Morris's public statements reinforce the idea that nicotine's pharmacology principally drives smoking addiction, company scientists framed addiction as the result of interconnected biological, social, psychological, and environmental determinants, with nicotine as but one component. Due to the fragmentary nature of the industry document database, we may have missed relevant information that could have affected our analysis. CONCLUSIONS Philip Morris's research suggests that tobacco industry activity influences addiction treatment outcomes. Beyond nicotine's pharmacology, the industry's continued aggressive advertising, lobbying, and litigation against effective tobacco control policies promotes various nonpharmacological determinants of addiction. To help tobacco users quit, policy makers should increase attention on the social and environmental dimensions of addiction alongside traditional cessation efforts.
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18
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Jordan JW, Stalgaitis CA, Charles J, Madden PA, Radhakrishnan AG, Saggese D. Peer Crowd Identification and Adolescent Health Behaviors: Results From a Statewide Representative Study. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1090198118759148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. Peer crowds are macro-level subcultures that share similarities across geographic areas. Over the past decade, dozens of studies have explored the association between adolescent peer crowds and risk behaviors, and how they can inform public health efforts. However, despite the interest, researchers have not yet reported on crowd size and risk levels from a representative sample, making it difficult for practitioners to apply peer crowd science to interventions. The current study reports findings from the first statewide representative sample of adolescent peer crowd identification and health behaviors. Methods. Weighted data were analyzed from the 2015 Virginia Youth Survey of Health Behaviors ( n = 4,367). Peer crowds were measured via the I-Base Survey™, a photo-based peer crowd survey instrument. Frequencies and confidence intervals of select behaviors including tobacco use, substance use, nutrition, physical activity, and violence were examined to identify high- and low-risk crowds. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for each crowd and behavior. Results. Risky behaviors clustered in two peer crowds. Hip Hop crowd identification was associated with substance use, violence, and some depression and suicidal behaviors. Alternative crowd identification was associated with increased risk for some substance use behaviors, depression and suicide, bullying, physical inactivity, and obesity. Mainstream and, to a lesser extent, Popular, identities were associated with decreased risk for most behaviors. Conclusions. Findings from the first representative study of peer crowds and adolescent behavior identify two high-risk groups, providing critical insights for practitioners seeking to maximize public health interventions by targeting high-risk crowds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel Saggese
- Virginia Foundation for Healthy Youth, Richmond, VA, USA
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19
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Ganz O, Rose SW, Cantrell J. Swisher Sweets 'Artist Project': using musical events to promote cigars. Tob Control 2018; 27:e93-e95. [PMID: 29439208 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ollie Ganz
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Jennifer Cantrell
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Lisha NE, Jordan JW, Ling PM. Peer crowd affiliation as a segmentation tool for young adult tobacco use. Tob Control 2018; 25:i83-i89. [PMID: 27697952 PMCID: PMC5099219 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In California, young adult tobacco prevention is of prime importance; 63% of smokers start by the age of 18 years, and 97% start by the age of 26 years. We examined social affiliation with 'peer crowd' (eg, Hipsters) as an innovative way to identify high-risk tobacco users. METHODS Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 2014 (N=3368) among young adult bar patrons in 3 California cities. We examined use rates of five products (cigarettes, e-cigarettes, hookah, cigars and smokeless tobacco) by five race/ethnicity categories. Peer crowd affiliation was scored based on respondents' selecting pictures of young adults representing those most and least likely to be in their friend group. Respondents were classified into categories based on the highest score; the peer crowd score was also examined as a continuous predictor. Logistic regression models with each tobacco product as the outcome tested the unique contribution of peer crowd affiliation, controlling for race/ethnicity, age, sex, sexual orientation and city. RESULTS Respondents affiliating with Hip Hop and Hipster peer crowds reported significantly higher rates of tobacco use. As a categorical predictor, peer crowd was related to tobacco use, independent of associations with race/ethnicity. As a continuous predictor, Hip Hop peer crowd affiliation was also associated with tobacco use, and Young Professional affiliation was negatively associated, independent of demographic factors. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco product use is not the same across racial/ethnic groups or peer crowds, and peer crowd predicts tobacco use independent of race/ethnicity. Antitobacco interventions targeting peer crowds may be an effective way to reach young adult tobacco users. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01686178, Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra E Lisha
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Pamela M Ling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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21
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Schillinger D, Ling PM, Fine S, Boyer CB, Rogers E, Vargas RA, Bibbins-Domingo K, Chou WYS. Reducing Cancer and Cancer Disparities: Lessons From a Youth-Generated Diabetes Prevention Campaign. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:S103-S113. [PMID: 28818240 PMCID: PMC8491805 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence and young adulthood, a period essential for determining exposures over the life-course, is an ideal time to intervene to lower cancer risk. This demographic group can be viewed as both the target audience and generator of messages for cancer prevention, such as skin cancer, obesity-, tobacco-, and human papillomavirus-related cancers. The purpose of this paper is to encourage innovative health communications that target youth; youth behavior; and the structural, environmental, and social determinants of youth behavior as critical areas of focus for cancer prevention and disparities reduction. The authors describe the rationale, processes, products, and early impacts of an award-winning youth diabetes prevention communication campaign model (The Bigger Picture) that harnesses spoken-word messages in school-based and social media presentations. The campaign supports minority adolescent and young adult artists to create content that aligns with values held closely by youth-values likely to resonate and affect change, such as defiance against authority, inclusion, and social justice. This campaign can be leveraged to prevent obesity, which is a cancer risk factor. Then, the authors propose concrete ways that The Bigger Picture's pedagogical model could be adapted for broader cancer prevention messaging for youth of color and youth stakeholders regarding tobacco-related cancers, skin cancers, and human papillomavirus-related cancers. The goal is to demonstrate how a youth-generated and youth-targeted prevention campaign can: (1) reframe conversations about cancer prevention, (2) increase awareness that cancer prevention is about social justice and health equity, and (3) catalyze action to change social norms and confront the social and environmental drivers of cancer disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Schillinger
- University of California San Francisco Center for Vulnerable Populations at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California; University of California San Francisco Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah Fine
- University of California San Francisco Center for Vulnerable Populations at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cherrie B Boyer
- Department of Medicine and Division of Adolescent Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elizabeth Rogers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Roberto Ariel Vargas
- Community Engagement and Health Policy Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo
- University of California San Francisco Center for Vulnerable Populations at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California; Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Wen-Ying Sylvia Chou
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
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Bars, Nightclubs, and Cancer Prevention: New Approaches to Reduce Young Adult Cigarette Smoking. Am J Prev Med 2017; 53:S78-S85. [PMID: 28818250 PMCID: PMC5835447 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco contributes to multiple cancers, and it is largely preventable. As overall smoking prevalence in California declines, smoking has become concentrated among high-risk groups. Targeting social/cultural groups (i.e., "peer crowds") that share common values, aspirations, and activities in social venues like bars and nightclubs may reach high-risk young adult smokers. Lack of population data on young adult peer crowds limits the ability to assess the potential reach of such interventions. METHODS This multimodal population-based household survey included young adults residing in San Francisco and Alameda counties. Data were collected in 2014 and analyzed in 2016. Multivariable logistic regressions assessed smoking by sociodemographic factors, attitudes, self-rated health, peer crowd affiliation, and bar/nightclub attendance. RESULTS Smoking prevalence was 15.1% overall; 35.3% of respondents sometimes or frequently attended bars. In controlled analyses, bar attendance (AOR=2.13, 95% CI=1.00, 4.53) and binge drinking (AOR=3.17, 95% CI=1.59, 6.32) were associated with greater odds of smoking, as was affiliation with "Hip Hop" (AOR=4.32, 95% CI=1.48, 12.67) and "Country" (AOR=3.13, 95% CI=1.21, 8.09) peer crowds. Multivariable models controlling for demographics estimated a high probability of smoking among bar patrons affiliating with Hip Hop (47%) and Country (52%) peer crowds. CONCLUSIONS Bar attendance and affiliation with certain peer crowds confers significantly higher smoking risk. Interventions targeting Hip Hop and Country peer crowds could efficiently reach smokers, and peer crowd-tailored interventions have been associated with decreased smoking and binge drinking. Targeted interventions in bars and nightclubs may be an efficient way to address these cancer risks.
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Moran MB, Walker MW, Alexander TN, Jordan JW, Wagner DE. Why Peer Crowds Matter: Incorporating Youth Subcultures and Values in Health Education Campaigns. Am J Public Health 2017; 107:389-395. [PMID: 28103067 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Grounded on research showing that peer crowds vary in risk behavior, several recent health behavior interventions, including the US Food and Drug Administration's Fresh Empire campaign, have targeted high-risk peer crowds. We establish the scientific foundations for using this approach. We introduce peer crowd targeting as a strategy for culturally targeting health behavior interventions to youths. We use social identity and social norms theory to explicate the theoretical underpinnings of this approach. We describe Fresh Empire to demonstrate how peer crowd targeting functions in a campaign and critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of this approach. By replacing unhealthy behavioral norms with desirable, healthy lifestyles, peer crowd-targeted interventions can create a lasting impact that resonates in the target audience's culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan B Moran
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Matthew W Walker
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Tesfa N Alexander
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Jeffrey W Jordan
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
| | - Dana E Wagner
- Meghan B. Moran is with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Matthew W. Walker and Tesfa N. Alexander are with the Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Jeffrey W. Jordan and Dana E. Wagner are with Rescue, San Diego, CA
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Hess CA, Antin TMJ, Annechino R, Hunt G. Perceptions of E-Cigarettes among Black Youth in California. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E60. [PMID: 28085031 PMCID: PMC5295311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that Black youth are less likely to use e-cigarettes than their white counterparts, yet little is known as to why. We examined perceptions of e-cigarettes among Black young adults (ages 18-25) to explore the meanings these youth ascribe to e-cigarettes and the role that identity plays in how these devices are viewed. Analysis of in-depth interviews with 36 Black smokers and non-smokers in the San Francisco Bay Area suggests that Black youth perceive e-cigarettes as serving distinct, yet overlapping roles: a utilitarian function, in that they are recognized as legitimate smoking cessation tools, and a social function, insofar as they serve to mark social identity, specifically a social identity from which our participants disassociated. Participants described e-cigarette users in highly racialized and classed terms and generally expressed disinterest in using e-cigarettes, due in part perhaps to the fact that use of these devices would signal alignment with a middle class, hipster identity. This analysis is discussed within a highly charged political and public health debate about the benefits and harms associated with e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Hess
- Prevention Research Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue., Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Tamar M J Antin
- Prevention Research Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue., Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
- Institute for Scientific Analysis, 1150 Ballena Blvd., Suite 211, Alameda, CA 94501, USA.
| | - Rachelle Annechino
- Prevention Research Institute, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, 180 Grand Avenue., Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
| | - Geoffrey Hunt
- Institute for Scientific Analysis, 1150 Ballena Blvd., Suite 211, Alameda, CA 94501, USA.
- Center for Alcohol and Drug Research, Aarhus University, Bartholins Allé 10, Building 1322, 334, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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25
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Dupont P, Tack V, Blecha L, Reynaud M, Benyamina A, Amirouche A, Aubin HJ. Smoker's identity scale: Measuring identity in tobacco dependence and its relationship with confidence in quitting. Am J Addict 2015; 24:607-12. [DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Dupont
- Centre d'Enseignement, de Recherche et de Traitement des Addictions, AP-HP; Paris-Sud University Hospital Group, Paul Brousse site; 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier; 94804 Villejuif Cedex France
- Paris-Sud University, INSERMU669; Villejuif France
| | | | - Lisa Blecha
- Centre d'Enseignement, de Recherche et de Traitement des Addictions, AP-HP; Paris-Sud University Hospital Group, Paul Brousse site; 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier; 94804 Villejuif Cedex France
- Paris-Sud University, INSERMU669; Villejuif France
| | - Michel Reynaud
- Centre d'Enseignement, de Recherche et de Traitement des Addictions, AP-HP; Paris-Sud University Hospital Group, Paul Brousse site; 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier; 94804 Villejuif Cedex France
- Paris-Sud University, INSERMU669; Villejuif France
| | - Amine Benyamina
- Centre d'Enseignement, de Recherche et de Traitement des Addictions, AP-HP; Paris-Sud University Hospital Group, Paul Brousse site; 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier; 94804 Villejuif Cedex France
- Paris-Sud University, INSERMU669; Villejuif France
| | - Ammar Amirouche
- Centre d'Enseignement, de Recherche et de Traitement des Addictions, AP-HP; Paris-Sud University Hospital Group, Paul Brousse site; 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier; 94804 Villejuif Cedex France
- Paris-Sud University, INSERMU669; Villejuif France
| | - Henri-Jean Aubin
- Centre d'Enseignement, de Recherche et de Traitement des Addictions, AP-HP; Paris-Sud University Hospital Group, Paul Brousse site; 12 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier; 94804 Villejuif Cedex France
- Paris-Sud University, INSERMU669; Villejuif France
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Lewis MJ, Ling PM. "Gone are the days of mass-media marketing plans and short term customer relationships": tobacco industry direct mail and database marketing strategies. Tob Control 2015; 25:430-6. [PMID: 26243810 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As limitations on traditional marketing tactics and scrutiny by tobacco control have increased, the tobacco industry has benefited from direct mail marketing which transmits marketing messages directly to carefully targeted consumers utilising extensive custom consumer databases. However, research in these areas has been limited. This is the first study to examine the development, purposes and extent of direct mail and customer databases. METHODS We examined direct mail and database marketing by RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris utilising internal tobacco industry documents from the Legacy Tobacco Document Library employing standard document research techniques. RESULTS Direct mail marketing utilising industry databases began in the 1970s and grew from the need for a promotional strategy to deal with declining smoking rates, growing numbers of products and a cluttered media landscape. Both RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris started with existing commercial consumer mailing lists, but subsequently decided to build their own databases of smokers' names, addresses, brand preferences, purchase patterns, interests and activities. By the mid-1990s both RJ Reynolds and Philip Morris databases contained at least 30 million smokers' names each. These companies valued direct mail/database marketing's flexibility, efficiency and unique ability to deliver specific messages to particular groups as well as direct mail's limited visibility to tobacco control, public health and regulators. CONCLUSIONS Database marketing is an important and increasingly sophisticated tobacco marketing strategy. Additional research is needed on the prevalence of receipt and exposure to direct mail items and their influence on receivers' perceptions and smoking behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jane Lewis
- Center for Tobacco Studies Rutgers School of Public Health, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- University of California, San Francisco, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, San Francisco, California, USA
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Fallin A, Neilands TB, Jordan JW, Hong JS, Ling PM. Wreaking "havoc" on smoking: social branding to reach young adult "partiers" in Oklahoma. Am J Prev Med 2015; 48:S78-85. [PMID: 25528713 PMCID: PMC4292932 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 25% of young adult Oklahomans smoked cigarettes in 2012. Tobacco marketing campaigns target young adults in social environments like bars/nightclubs. Social Branding interventions are designed to compete directly with this marketing. PURPOSE To evaluate an intervention to reduce smoking among young adult "Partiers" in Oklahoma. The Partier peer crowd was described as follows: attendance at large nightclubs, fashion consciousness, valuing physical attractiveness, and achieving social status by exuding an image of confidence and financial success. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional study with three time points. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Randomized time location survey samples of young adult Partier bar and club patrons in Oklahoma City (Time 1 [2010], n=1,383; Time 2 [2011], n=1,292; and Time 3 [2012], n=1,198). Data were analyzed in 2013. INTERVENTION The "HAVOC" Social Branding intervention was designed to associate a smoke-free lifestyle with Partiers' values, and included events at popular clubs, brand ambassador peer leaders who transmit the anti-tobacco message, social media, and tailored anti-tobacco messaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Daily and nondaily smoking rates, and binge drinking rates (secondary). RESULTS Overall, smoking rates did not change (44.1% at Time 1, 45.0% at Time 2, and 47.4% at Time 3; p=0.17), but there was a significant interaction between intervention duration and brand recall. Partiers reporting intervention recall had lower odds of daily smoking (OR=0.30 [0.10, 0.95]) and no difference in nondaily smoking, whereas Partiers who did not recall the intervention had increased odds of smoking (daily AOR=1.74 [1.04, 2.89]; nondaily AOR=1.97 [1.35, 2.87]). Among non-Partiers, those who recalled HAVOC reported no difference in smoking, and those who did not recall HAVOC reported significantly increased odds of smoking (daily AOR=1.53 [1.02, 2.31]; nondaily AOR=1.72 [1.26, 2.36]). Binge drinking rates were significantly lower (AOR=0.73 [0.59, 0.89]) overall. CONCLUSIONS HAVOC has the potential to affect smoking behavior among Oklahoma Partiers without increasing binge drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juliette S Hong
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education; Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco.
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Lee YO, Jordan JW, Djakaria M, Ling PM. Using peer crowds to segment Black youth for smoking intervention. Health Promot Pract 2014; 15:530-7. [PMID: 23628591 PMCID: PMC3795790 DOI: 10.1177/1524839913484470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies of peer crowds show promise for enhancing public health promotion and practice through targeting. Distinct images, role models, and social norms likely influence health behaviors of different peer crowds within health disparity groups. We describe peer crowds identified by Black young people and determine whether identification with them is associated with smoking. Data from Black young people aged 13 to 20 years in Richmond, Virginia, were collected via interview and online survey (N = 583). We identified the number and type of peer crowds using principal components analysis; associations with smoking were analyzed using Pearson chi-square tests and logistic regression. Three peer crowds were identified--"preppy," "mainstream," and "hip hop." Youth who identify with the hip hop peer crowd were more likely to smoke and have friends who smoke and less likely to hold antitobacco attitudes than those identifying with preppy or mainstream crowds. Identifying with the hip hop crowd significantly increased the odds of smoking, controlling for demographic factors (odds ratio = 1.97; 95% confidence interval = 1.03-3.76). Tobacco prevention efforts for Black youth and young adults should prioritize the hip hop crowd. Crowd identity measures can aid in targeting public health campaigns to effectively engage those at highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ok Lee
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Abstract
In a growing number of countries tobacco companies are severely restricted in how they can legally market their products. In these 'dark' markets the role of packaging as a promotional and communications tool becomes more pronounced. How packaging is used for the most expensive cigarette brands in dark markets has received limited attention however, even though these 'premium' cigarette brands significantly impact upon the profitability of tobacco companies. We outline, using retail trade press journals, how packaging was used for premium brand 'Silk Cut' in the UK from 2004 to 2011, following a comprehensive ban on tobacco advertising, promotions and sponsorship. From 2004 to 2008 packaging was used to help launch two new variants and during this period Silk Cut market share of the premium sector grew by 1.1%. Overall share of the cigarette market for the Silk Cut house (brand family) fell however due to the continuing decline of the premium sector. From 2008 to 2011 changes to the packaging were much more frequent, including the repeated use of limited-edition designs, and modifications to pack shape, texture, style of opening, cellophane, foil and inner frame. Silk Cut's share of the premium sector grew a further 2.9% from 2008 to 2011, and overall cigarette market share increased. That a premium brand can report any level of growth within such a hostile market, where most advertising, promotion and sponsorship is banned, taxation is among the highest in the world, and in the midst of a recession, is testament to the value of packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crawford Moodie
- Centre for Tobacco Control Research, Institute for Social Marketing, University of Stirling, , Stirling, Scotland
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Ling PM, Lee YO, Hong J, Neilands TB, Jordan JW, Glantz SA. Social branding to decrease smoking among young adults in bars. Am J Public Health 2014; 104:751-60. [PMID: 24524502 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2013.301666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated a Social Branding antitobacco intervention for "hipster" young adults that was implemented between 2008 and 2011 in San Diego, California. METHODS We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of random samples of young adults going to bars at baseline and over a 3-year follow-up. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate changes in daily smoking, nondaily smoking, and binge drinking, controlling for demographic characteristics, alcohol use, advertising receptivity, trend sensitivity, and tobacco-related attitudes. RESULTS During the intervention, current (past 30 day) smoking decreased from 57% (baseline) to 48% (at follow-up 3; P = .002), and daily smoking decreased from 22% to 15% (P < .001). There were significant interactions between hipster affiliation and alcohol use on smoking. Among hipster binge drinkers, the odds of daily smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.63) and nondaily smoking (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.42, 0.77) decreased significantly at follow-up 3. Binge drinking also decreased significantly at follow-up 3 (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.53, 0.78). CONCLUSIONS Social Branding campaigns are a promising strategy to decrease smoking in young adult bar patrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela M Ling
- Pamela M. Ling, Youn Ok Lee, and Stanton A. Glantz are with Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco. Juliette Hong is with the Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Torsten B. Neilands is with the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California San Francisco. Jeffrey W. Jordan is with the Rescue Social Change Group, San Diego, CA
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Moran MB, Sussman S. Translating the link between social identity and health behavior into effective health communication strategies: An experimental application using antismoking advertisements. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2014; 29:1057-66. [PMID: 24447056 PMCID: PMC4105014 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2013.832830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Social identity is a construct that has been linked to health behavior. Yet, limited research has attempted to translate this relationship into health communication strategies. The current study addresses this gap by examining the efficacy of social identity targeting (constructing ads so that they target a specific group with which an individual identifies) to increase anti-cigarette smoking beliefs among adolescents. Two hundred and fifty one adolescents aged 12-15, randomly selected from a nationally representative sample, completed an online survey. Participants indicated which of 11 peer groups (determined in pre-testing) they most identified with. Each participant was then randomly assigned to view an ad that either did or did not target that group. One week later participants reported level of agreement with two key antismoking beliefs presented in the ad. Multiple regression analyses indicated that if an individual identified with the group targeted by the ad, antismoking beliefs were more strongly endorsed. Based on these findings, we conclude that social identity targeting has the potential to increase the effectiveness of antismoking messages and should be considered when designing antismoking campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steve Sussman
- Institute of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Research, Departments of Preventive Medicine and Psychology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Rath JM, Villanti AC, Rubenstein RA, Vallone DM. Tobacco use by sexual identity among young adults in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1822-31. [PMID: 23680918 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION National surveillance data are needed for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender population, a group which has been shown to have unique health needs. METHODS This study uses data from Legacy's Young Adult Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample collected in the summer of 2011 to examine patterns of tobacco use by sexual identity. RESULTS Homosexual and bisexual past 30-day cigarette use (35% and 27%, respectively) was higher than heterosexual past 30-day cigarette use (18%; p = .004). The prevalence of any current tobacco use among heterosexuals was 22% compared with 35% in homosexuals and 31% in bisexuals (p = .04). Prevalence of dual use was 30% among heterosexuals, 43% among homosexuals, and 35% among bisexuals. High school education (OR = 4.27), current alcohol use (OR = 12.64), and current other drug use (OR = 9.67) were significant predictors of current cigarette use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual respondents. Strong predictors of other tobacco product use were Black race (OR = 6.95), current alcohol use (OR = 11.70), and current other drug use (OR = 7.42). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence estimates for tobacco use were higher among young adults who self-identify as sexual minorities compared with those who identify as heterosexuals. Tobacco use is strongly associated with alcohol and other drug use in this population. This study highlights the significant disparities in tobacco use behaviors among sexual minority populations and the critical need to conduct surveillance among these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rath
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Legacy, Washington, DC
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Richardson A, Rath J, Ganz O, Xiao H, Vallone D. Primary and dual users of little cigars/cigarillos and large cigars: demographic and tobacco use profiles. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1729-36. [PMID: 23645607 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cigarettes are regulated through the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, cigars are currently not regulated and tend to be lower in price. Despite the rising use of cigars in the United States, little is known about the prevalence of use of little cigars/cigarillos (LCCs) versus large cigars (LCs) and the profile of these distinct cigar users. METHODS This study uses data from Legacy's Young Adult Cohort, a nationally representative study of 4,215 young adults, ages 18-34. Cigar use was divided into three groups: ever use of LCCs only, ever use of LCs only, and ever dual users. Multinomial regression was used to determine the differential demographic characteristics and tobacco use behaviors associated with the three cigar-use groups. RESULTS Ever cigar use was reported by 37.9% (n = 1,596) of the young adult cohort. Of the cigar smokers, 21.5% (n = 344) had used only LCCs, 32.3% (n = 515) had used only LCs, and 46.2% (n = 737) were dual users of both. In comparison with LC-only users, LCC-only users were more like to be younger (relative risk ratio [RRR] = 0.40, p < .001 for 25-34 vs. 18-24 years), female (RRR = 4.92, p < .001), non-Hispanic Black (RRR = 2.91, p < .001), and smoke cigarettes daily. Dual users were more likely than LC-only users to be female (RRR = 1.61, p = .03), non-Hispanic Black (RRR = 2.06, p = .04), and use a higher numbers of tobacco products (RRR = 4.44, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Cigar use is prevalent among young adults with the highest proportion using both LCCs and LCs. Interventions to curb use should consider the differential demographic and tobacco use patterns of cigar users.
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Shadel WG, Martino SC, Setodji C, Scharf D. Momentary effects of exposure to prosmoking media on college students' future smoking risk. Health Psychol 2012; 31:460-6. [PMID: 22353027 DOI: 10.1037/a0027291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study used ecological momentary assessment to examine acute changes in college students' future smoking risk as a function of their exposure to prosmoking media (e.g., smoking in movies, paid advertising, point-of-sale displays). METHOD A sample of 135 college students ("ever" and "never" smokers) carried handheld computers for 21 days, recording their exposures to all forms of prosmoking media during the assessment period. They also responded to three investigator-initiated control prompts during each day of the assessment period (i.e., programmed to occur randomly). After each prosmoking media exposure and after each random control prompt they answered questions that measured their risk of future smoking. Responses between prosmoking media encounters were compared (within subjects) to responses made during random control prompts. RESULTS Compliance with the study protocol was high, with participants responding to over 83% of all random prompts. Participants recorded nearly three encounters with prosmoking media each week. Results of linear mixed modeling indicated that all participants had higher future smoking risk following exposure to prosmoking media compared with control prompts (p < .05); this pattern of response did not differ between ever and never smokers (p = .769). Additional modeling of the variances around participants' risk of future smoking revealed that the response of never smokers to prosmoking media was significantly more variable than the response of ever smokers. CONCLUSION Exposure to prosmoking media is associated with acute changes in future smoking risk, and never smokers and ever smokers respond differently to these exposures.
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Cruz TB, Wright LT, Crawford G. The menthol marketing mix: targeted promotions for focus communities in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 12 Suppl 2:S147-53. [PMID: 21177371 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study analyzes tobacco industry menthol marketing strategies aimed at urban predominantly Black populations. METHODS Data are drawn from an interview with a former Brown & Williamson Tobacco Company trade marketing manager, tobacco industry documents on Kool promotions in urban areas, and public health literature on tobacco marketing. RESULTS Tobacco companies recognize the growth potential for the menthol segment in these urban communities. They have higher levels of price discounts and signage, exert tight controls over the retail environment, and use hip-hop lifestyle to associate menthol products with urban nightlife, music, fame, and cultural edginess among younger smokers. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco companies regard the urban Black menthol segment as one of the few markets in which they can grow sales despite declines elsewhere in the United States. Consequently, this population is surrounded by intense and integrated levels of marketing. We need strong monitoring, regulation, and enforcement efforts that will counter the industry's use of menthol at multiple levels in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Boley Cruz
- Insitute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA.
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Stanton CR, Chu A, Collin J, Glantz SA. Promoting tobacco through the international language of dance music: British American Tobacco and the Ministry of Sound. Eur J Public Health 2010; 21:21-8. [PMID: 20159772 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckq009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco companies target young adults through marketing strategies that use bars and nightclubs to promote smoking. As restrictions increasingly limit promotions, music marketing has become an important vehicle for tobacco companies to shape brand image, generate brand recognition and promote tobacco. METHODS Analysis of previously secret tobacco industry documents from British American Tobacco, available at http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu. RESULTS In 1995, British American Tobacco (BAT) initiated a partnership with London's Ministry of Sound (MOS) nightclub to promote Lucky Strike cigarettes to establish relevance and credibility among young adults in the UK. In 1997, BAT extended their MOS partnership to China and Taiwan to promote State Express 555. BAT sought to transfer values associated with the MOS lifestyle brand to its cigarettes. The BAT/MOS partnership illustrates the broad appeal of international brands across different regions of the world. CONCLUSION Transnational tobacco companies like BAT are not only striving to stay contemporary with young adults through culturally relevant activities such as those provided by MOS but they are also looking to export their strategies to regions across the world. Partnerships like this BAT/MOS one skirt marketing restrictions recommended by the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The global scope and success of the MOS program emphasizes the challenge for national regulations to restrict such promotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin R Stanton
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1390, USA
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