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Akter S, Rahman MM, Rouyard T, Aktar S, Nsashiyi RS, Nakamura R. A systematic review and network meta-analysis of population-level interventions to tackle smoking behaviour. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-02002-7. [PMID: 39375543 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-02002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
This preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD 42022311392) aimed to synthesize the effectiveness of all available population-level tobacco policies on smoking behaviour. Our search across 5 databases and leading organizational websites resulted in 9,925 records, with 476 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. In our narrative summary and both pairwise and network meta-analyses, we identified anti-smoking campaigns, health warnings and tax increases as the most effective tobacco policies for promoting smoking cessation. Flavour bans and free/discounted nicotine replacement therapy also showed statistically significant positive effects on quit rates. The network meta-analysis results further indicated that smoking bans, anti-tobacco campaigns and tax increases effectively reduced smoking prevalence. In addition, flavour bans significantly reduced e-cigarette consumption. Both the narrative summary and the meta-analyses revealed that smoking bans, tax increases and anti-tobacco campaigns were associated with reductions in tobacco consumption and sales. On the basis of the available evidence, anti-tobacco campaigns, smoking bans, health warnings and tax increases are probably the most effective policies for curbing smoking behaviour.
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Grants
- Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant 20FA1022 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan)
- Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant 20FA1022 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan)
- Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant 20FA1022 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan)
- Health and Labour Sciences Research Grant 20FA1022 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan)
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Akter
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Rouyard
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarmin Aktar
- Global Public Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Ryota Nakamura
- Hitotsubashi Institute for Advanced Study, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Economics, Hitotsubashi University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Frost K, Graham-DeMello A, Ball J, Pettie (Ngāti Pūkenga) M, Hoek J. A Qualitative Analysis of How Underage Adolescents Access Nicotine Vaping Products in Aotearoa New Zealand. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:1370-1376. [PMID: 38642909 PMCID: PMC11417153 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite policies setting a minimum legal sales age, youth continue to access electronic cigarettes (ECs). Evidence of rising youth vaping prevalence in many countries suggests existing measures have serious loopholes and raise important questions about how youth source vaping products. AIMS AND METHODS We explored how youth source ECs using in-depth interviews with 30 adolescents aged 16-17 who vaped at least once a month and lived in Aotearoa New Zealand. Our semistructured interview guide probed participants' vaping experiences and how they developed and used social, quasi-commercial, and commercial supply routes to access ECs. We used an inductive reflexive thematic analysis approach to interpret the data. RESULTS Nearly all participants shared ECs with peers and sharing was the sole access route for some. Many used proxies, often older relatives or people they knew socially, to purchase ECs on their behalf; however, others recruited proxies by approaching previously unknown people they identified on social media. Participants also sourced ECs via quasi-commercial networks that existed within schools and on social media, and some purchased in their own right, usually from smaller retail outlets that did not ask for ID. CONCLUSIONS Disrupting social supply will be challenging, though reducing ECs' availability, appeal, and affordability could make social supply, including sharing and proxy purchasing, more difficult. Reports that youth purchase ECs from commercial retailers known to waive age verification suggest stronger monitoring and enforcement, along with escalating retailer penalties, are required. IMPLICATIONS Vaping access routes sit on a continuum from informal, spontaneous sharing to carefully planned commercial purchases. While supply via friends, siblings and other social contacts is an important means of access, nicotine dependence drives some to use riskier access routes, including approaching unknown people to act as proxy purchasers. Evidence young people identify noncompliant retailers suggests policy makers should monitor and enforce existing measures more stringently and consider additional penalties for recidivist underage suppliers. A more comprehensive response that reduces the appeal, addictiveness, affordability, and availability of vaping products would address factors fostering and maintaining youth vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Frost
- Otago School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna Graham-DeMello
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jude Ball
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Malone RE, McAfee T. Birthdate-based commercial tobacco sales restrictions: will 'tobacco-free generation' policies advance or delay the endgame? Tob Control 2024:tc-2024-058716. [PMID: 38897727 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2024-058716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Endgame thinking means transitioning from merely trying to 'control' the tobacco epidemic to developing plans and measures to bring it to an end within a specific time, by changing the underlying dynamics that have created and perpetuated it for more than a century. Among the innovative policies characterised as 'endgame' policies are so-called 'tobacco-free generation' or 'smoke-free generation' policies, which prohibit sales of some or all tobacco products to individuals born on or after a particular date. Such birthdate-based sales restrictions (BSR) have intuitive appeal, largely because they do not appreciably disrupt the status quo of retail sales, which continue unchanged for all those born before the designated cut-off date. They also hold the potential for further denormalising tobacco use and sales by anticipating the long-term end of tobacco sales. In this Special Communication, we analyse BSR policies through an endgame lens and propose questions that should be discussed in jurisdictions considering them. We suggest that this policy has potential underexamined pitfalls, particularly related to equity, and that if enacted, it should include policy guardrails and be part of a package of endgame measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Malone
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tim McAfee
- Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco School of Nursing, San Francisco, California, USA
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Askwith Z, Grignon J, Ismail M, Martin G, McEachern LW, Seabrook JA, Gilliland JA. Environmental influences on E-cigarette use among young people: A systematic review. Health Place 2024; 87:103212. [PMID: 38493658 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2024.103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are a popular mode of delivery for nicotine, tobacco and cannabis. The prevalence of vaping among youth is increasing and this review aims to identify features of the neighbourhood environment, e.g., retailers, advertisements, and policies, that are associated with youth vaping. We included 48 studies. Of these, approximately 40% and 60% reported that presence of e-cigarette retailers, and advertisements, was associated with statistically higher odds of e-cigarette use in youth, respectively. Approximately 30% of studies reported that policies affecting e-cigarette availability were associated with statistically lower odds of vaping. Identifying these influential features of the neighbourhood environment will help formulate appropriate policies to reduce e-cigarette use among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Askwith
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, Canada
| | - Josh Grignon
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, Canada
| | - Mariam Ismail
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, Canada
| | - Gina Martin
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, Canada; Faculty of Health Disciplines, Athabasca University, Canada
| | - Louise W McEachern
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie A Seabrook
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Western University, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason A Gilliland
- Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, Canada; Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Western University, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Reiter A, Hébert-Losier A, Mylocopos G, Filion KB, Windle SB, O'Loughlin JL, Grad R, Eisenberg MJ. Regulatory Strategies for Preventing and Reducing Nicotine Vaping Among Youth: A Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med 2024; 66:169-181. [PMID: 37553038 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many jurisdictions have implemented different regulatory strategies to reduce vaping among youth. The objective of this systematic review is to synthesize the evidence of the effectiveness of different regulatory strategies for preventing and reducing nicotine vaping among youth. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched from January 1, 2004 to July 17, 2022 for primary studies examining state/provincial or national regulations targeting vaping among youth (aged 12-21 years) in high-income countries. The primary outcome was vaping prevalence. Included studies were qualitatively synthesized through systematic review. RESULTS The systematic review included 30 studies. There was insufficient evidence to recommend age restrictions (n=16), restrictions on location of use (n=1), and mixed/combined regulations (n=3). Flavor bans (n=4), sales licenses (n=2), and taxation (n=2) were generally shown to be associated with decreased rates of youth vaping. Warning labels (n=2) were associated with a decreased desire to initiate vaping. Included studies had moderate-to-serious risks of bias. DISCUSSION Although several regulatory interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing vaping among youth, evidence is insufficient to recommend a specific type of regulation. Regulatory authorities could implement various regulations targeting the price, accessibility, and desirability (i.e., flavors and packaging) of E-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reiter
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Clinical Epidemiology (CCE), Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andréa Hébert-Losier
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology (CCE), Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Genevieve Mylocopos
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Clinical Epidemiology (CCE), Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kristian B Filion
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Clinical Epidemiology (CCE), Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah B Windle
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology (CCE), Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennifer L O'Loughlin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roland Grad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mark J Eisenberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Center for Clinical Epidemiology (CCE), Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Cardiology, Jewish General Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Ali A, Barker DC, Vishwakarma M, Schleicher NC, Johnson TO, Henriksen L. Underage sales signage in vape shops: Comparison of stores near and far from California colleges. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2023; 71:2305-2308. [PMID: 34788557 PMCID: PMC9110560 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1978457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Two-thirds of U.S. colleges are near vape shops, where higher rates of underage sales exist. This study examined vape shop compliance with state-mandated age-of-sale signs, the presence of age-of-entry signs and the tobacco industry's "We Card" sign. Participants: Random sample of 614 California vape shops, stratified by distance to community colleges or 4-year universities/colleges; visited June-August, 2019. Methods: Logistic regressions examined whether signage varied by distance to colleges and whether stores sold other tobacco products (OTP). Results: Compliance with the state-mandated age-of-sale sign was 69.4%; vape-only stores were less compliant than vape + OTP (AOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.22,0.70). Age-of-entry signs were more common in vape-only (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.07,3.28) than vape + OTP stores. However, this difference was greater for vape-only stores near community colleges and attenuated for vape-only stores near 4-year universities/colleges. Conclusion: Improved enforcement and retailer education regarding age-of-sale signage are needed, particularly near colleges where greater potential for underage sales presumably exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Ali
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Dianne C. Barker
- Public Health Institute, 555 – 12 Street, Oakland, CA, 94607 USA
- Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc., 20 Ellery Rd, Newport, RI 02840, USA
| | - Monika Vishwakarma
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Nina C. Schleicher
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Trent O. Johnson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3300 Hillview Ave, Suite 120, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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7
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Graham-DeMello A, Hoek J, Drew J. How do underage youth access e-cigarettes in settings with minimum age sales restriction laws? A scoping review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1809. [PMID: 37723457 PMCID: PMC10506222 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16755-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite measures to reduce young people's access to electronic cigarettes (ECs), or "vapes", many countries have recorded rising youth vaping prevalence. We summarised studies documenting how underage youth in countries with minimum age sales restrictions (or where sales are banned) report accessing ECs, and outline research and policy implications. METHODS We undertook a focused literature search across multiple databases to identify relevant English-language studies reporting on primary research (quantitative and qualitative) and EC access sources among underage youth. RESULTS Social sourcing was the most prevalent EC access route, relative to commercial or other avenues; however, social sourcing dynamics (i.e., who is involved in supplying product and why) remain poorly understood, especially with regard to proxy purchasing. While less prevalent, in-person retail purchasing (mainly from vape shops) persists among this age group, and appears far more common than online purchasing. CONCLUSIONS Further research examining how social supply routes operate, including interaction and power dynamics, is crucial to reducing youth vaping. Given widespread access via schools and during social activities and events, exploring how supply routes operate and evolve in these settings should be prioritized. Inadequate compliance with existing sales regulations suggest greater national and local policy enforcement, including fines and licence confiscation for selling to minors, is required at the retailer level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Graham-DeMello
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23 Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Janet Hoek
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, 23 Mein Street, Newtown, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Drew
- Te Whatu Ora Southern, Health New Zealand, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Yan D, Wang Z, Laestadius L, Mosalpuria K, Wilson FA, Yan A, Lv X, Zhang X, Bhuyan SS, Wang Y. A systematic review for the impacts of global approaches to regulating electronic nicotine products. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04076. [PMID: 37622721 PMCID: PMC10451104 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid increase in electronic nicotine product (ENP) use among young people has been a global public health challenge, given the potential harm of ENPs and nicotine dependence. Many countries have recently introduced legislations to regulate ENPs, but the impacts of these policies are poorly understood. This systematic review aims to critically synthesise empirical studies on the effects of global regulations regarding ENPs on the prevalence of use, health outcomes and their determinants, using the 4A marketing mix framework (acceptability, affordability, accessibility and awareness). Methods Following the PRISMA guideline, we searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Academic Search Complete, Business Source Complete, and APA PsycINFO databases from inception until June 14, 2022 and performed citation searches on the included studies. Reviewed literature was restricted to peer-reviewed, English-language articles. We included all pre-post and quasi-experimental studies that evaluated the impacts of e-cigarette policies on the prevalence of ENP use and other health outcomes. A modified Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal checklist for quasi-experimental studies was used for quality assessment. Due to heterogeneity of the included studies, we conducted a narrative synthesis of evidence. Results Of 3991 unduplicated records screened, 48 (1.2%) met the inclusion criteria, most were from high-income countries in North America and Europe and 26 studies measured self-reported ENPs use. Flavour restrictions significantly decreased youth ENP use and taxation reduced adult use; mixed results were found for the impacts of age restrictions. Indoor vaping restrictions and the European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) did not seem to reduce ENP use based on existing studies. Changes in determinants such as sales and perceptions corroborated our conclusions. Few studies assessed the impacts of other regulations such as advertising restrictions and retail licensing requirements. Conclusions Flavour restrictions and taxes have the strongest evidence to support effective control of ENPs, while others need powerful enforcement and meaningful penalties to ensure their effectiveness. Future research should focus on under-examined policies and differential impacts across sociodemographic characteristics and countries. Registration PROSPERO CRD42022337361.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Yan
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zicheng Wang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Linnea Laestadius
- Joseph J. Zilber College of Public Health, University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin USA
| | - Kavita Mosalpuria
- Matheson Center for Health Care Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Fernando A Wilson
- Matheson Center for Health Care Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Alice Yan
- Department of Research Patient Care Service, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Lv
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Soumitra S Bhuyan
- Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Smith MJ, Hilton S. Youth's exposure to and engagement with e-cigarette marketing on social media: a UK focus group study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071270. [PMID: 37612101 PMCID: PMC10450076 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electronic-cigarettes (e-cigarette) are promoted creatively through social media and considering the potential influence of social media marketing on young people, we explored young people's exposure to and engagement with social media marketing of e-cigarettes. DESIGN Semistructured discussion groups. SUBJECTS Twenty focus groups with 82 young people aged 11-16 living in the Central belt of Scotland. METHODS Youths were asked about smoking and vaping behaviours, social media use, vaping advertisement exposure and were shown illustrative examples of social media content (eg, images and videos) about different messages, presentations and contextual features. Transcripts were imported into NVivo V.12, coded thematically and analysed. RESULTS Youths highlighted a variety of tactics e-cigarette companies use, including influencer or celebrity endorsement, attractive youth flavours, bright colours and emotional appeal to advertise and promote their products directly to young people. Social media influencers who advertise e-cigarettes were described as portraying e-cigarettes as 'cool' and 'fashionable' to entice viewers to try the products. Youths considered that there is a need for more restrictions on social media content to protect youths while also still allowing smokers to purchase them as a cessation device. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights that the e-cigarette industry is using previously employed tactics similar to the tobacco industry to advertise and promote its products on social media. These findings suggest the growing need for governments to work together to develop and implement policies to restrict the advertising and marketing of e-cigarettes on social media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Smith
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shona Hilton
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Romm KF, Wang Y, Schleicher NC, Pannel A, Williams R, Berg CJ, Henriksen L. Rates of Age Verification for Cigarette and E-cigarette Purchases as a Function of State T21 Laws Before and After Implementation of the Federal T21 Law in the United States. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1386-1390. [PMID: 36943250 PMCID: PMC10256877 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the US, having a 21 minimum legal sales age for tobacco (T21) at the state level may have impacted age verification of cigarette and e-cigarette purchases among U.S. young adults (ages 18-26), before and/or after federal T21 implementation. AIMS AND METHODS This study examined this by analyzing data from cigarette and/or e-cigarette users (n = 618 and n = 864) in six metropolitan areas in six states. Participants reported frequency of being age verified ("almost always" vs. less frequently) for cigarette and/or e-cigarette purchases across 3 timepoints (ie, wave 1 [w1]: September-December 2018, w2: September-December 2019, and w3: September-December 2020). Multilevel modeling examined time-varying state T21 status and time (reflecting federal T21 implementation) in relation to age verification of cigarette and e-cigarette purchases, respectively. RESULTS The proportions almost always age verified for cigarette purchases in states with T21 versus without were: W1: 38.5% versus 37.7%, w2: 33.0% versus 39.1%, and w3: 45.4% versus 30.6%. For e-cigarettes, the proportions were: W1: 30.6% versus 40.3%, w2: 42.3% versus 50.5%, and w3: 56.0% versus 58.3%. In multilevel modeling, state T21 status was associated with greater likelihood of age verification for e-cigarettes (aOR = 1.67, CI = 1.13 to 2.45), but not for cigarettes. Age verification increased over time for e-cigarettes-both accounting for and not accounting for state T21 status. There were no changes for cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS State T21 status and time correlated with age verification for e-cigarettes, but not cigarettes. These self-reported age verification data contribute to evidence from compliance checks, indicating that retailers require additional prompts and enforcement to enhance compliance with T21 laws. IMPLICATIONS Current findings suggest that variations in regulations and gaps in enforcement may hinder the potential impact of increasing the minimum legal sales age, which ultimately may undermine the promise of such policies, specifically with regard to preventing tobacco use among the underage. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor retailer compliance with T21 laws and evaluate their efficacy to increase ID checks, minimize illegal sales, and curb underage use of tobacco. Relatedly, particular attention to enforcement efforts that may promote compliance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Univeristy of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nina C Schleicher
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Alexandria Pannel
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - River Williams
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Pastrana A, Baum CF, Hawkins SS. Associations between e-cigarette policies and adolescent use and access to e-cigarettes. DRUG AND ALCOHOL DEPENDENCE REPORTS 2023; 7:100157. [PMID: 37123432 PMCID: PMC10130058 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Tobacco control policies have been adapted to address rising levels of adolescent e-cigarette use. Despite new restrictions, adolescents are continuing to access e-cigarettes. Methods We linked 2015-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data on 503,154 14-18-year-olds from 40 states with state-level e-cigarette minimum legal sales age (MLSA) laws, taxes, and smoke-free legislation. Using two-way fixed effects probit regression models, we first examined the associations between these statewide e-cigarette policies and adolescent use and, second, with access to e-cigarettes. We subsequently tested interactions between age and each policy and present average marginal effects as percentage point (pp) changes. Results While MLSA laws for e-cigarettes were associated with slight increases in e-cigarette use (2.72 pp; 1.29, 4.15), associations were no longer significant after at least 1-year post-implementation. MLSA laws were also associated with decreases in e-cigarette purchases in stores (-9.50 pp; -18.21, -0.79) and increases in acquiring them from someone else (13.26 pp; 4.10, 22.42), particularly among 18-year-olds. E-cigarette taxes were associated with decreases in use (-9.18 pp; -11.63, -6.73), but there were limited associations with e-cigarette access. While smoke-free legislation prohibiting e-cigarettes was associated with slight increases in use (1.87 pp; 0.23, 3.50), after at least 1-year post-implementation, they were associated with decreases in use. Smoke-free legislation was also associated with decreases in purchases in stores by 14-year-olds, but increases in online purchases by 18-year-olds. Conclusion Understanding the immediate and longer-term consequences of e-cigarette policies is essential to influence adolescent e-cigarette use. Adolescents will continue acquiring e-cigarettes across varying sources if measures are not taken to address access alongside policies aimed at reducing use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pastrana
- Morrissey College of Arts and Sciences, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States of America
| | - Christopher F. Baum
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Economics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Macroeconomics, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Berlin, Germany
| | - Summer Sherburne Hawkins
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Corresponding author.
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Reid JL, Burkhalter R, Kasza K, Seo YS, East K, Hyland A, Hammond D. Minimum legal age laws and perceived access to cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and other substances among youth in Canada, England, and the United States: 2017-2021. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 115:104003. [PMID: 36965305 PMCID: PMC10370475 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimum legal age (MLA) restrictions are a core policy to reduce youth use of tobacco, e-cigarettes, and other substances. We examined trends in perceived ease of access to tobacco and other substances across three countries with differing MLA policies, including the United States (US), which increased the federal MLA for tobacco products from 18 to 21 in 2019. METHODS Repeat cross-sectional data were analyzed from seven waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Youth Tobacco and Vaping Survey conducted between 2017 and 2021. Online surveys were conducted with non-probability samples of 91,647 youth aged 16-19 in Canada, England, and the US. Regression models were used to examine differences in perceived ease of accessing each of 7 substances (analyzed as "very easy" or "fairly easy" versus else), and differences between countries and over time (including before and after any MLA changes) for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and alcohol; additional models examined sub-national variation in MLA. RESULTS Perceived access varied by substance and across countries: in August/September 2021, perceived ease of accessing cigarettes and e-cigarettes was greater in Canada where MLA was 18-19 (61.7% cigarettes, 66.4% e-cigarettes) and England where MLA was 18 (66.9%, 69.6%), compared to the US where MLA was 21 (48.0%, 60.9%; p < 0.001 for all). Perceived ease of accessing cannabis was greatest in Canada (53.3%), followed by the US (44.1%) and England (34.0%; p < 0.001 for all). Following the federal MLA increase for tobacco products in the US, perceived ease of access decreased significantly for cigarettes (65.1% in 2019Aug to 59.7% in 2020Feb; aOR=0.80 (95%CI=0.71-0.89)) and e-cigarettes (72.4% in 2019Aug to 69.4% in 2020Feb; aOR=0.87 (95%CI=0.77-0.98)). CONCLUSIONS Higher MLA was strongly associated with fewer youth perceiving easy access to substances: perceived access varied between countries with differing MLA, as well as within-country before and after changes to MLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Reid
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Robin Burkhalter
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Karin Kasza
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Young Sik Seo
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Katherine East
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1; National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, Addictions Sciences Building, 4 Windsor Walk, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8BB, UK
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1.
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Wharton MK, Islam S, Abadi MH, Pokhrel P, Lipperman-Kreda S. COVID-19 Restrictions and Adolescent Cigarette and E-cigarette Use in California. Am J Prev Med 2023; 64:385-392. [PMID: 36347663 PMCID: PMC9636984 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2022.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shelter-in-place orders altered facilitators and barriers to tobacco use (e.g., outlet closures, restricted social gatherings). This study examined whether the duration of time in shelter in place and compliance with different shelter-in-place orders influenced adolescent cigarette and E-cigarette use and how the use may differ by demographic characteristics. METHODS Shelter-in-place policy data obtained from government websites were merged with cross-sectional 2020 survey data on adolescents in California. Treatment variables included the proportion of time in shelter in place and self-reported compliance with shelter-in-place orders (for essential businesses and retail spaces and social and outdoor contexts). Multilevel logit models for dichotomous past 6-month cigarette and E-cigarette use and multilevel negative binomial regression models for past 6-month frequency of use were used. Moderation analyses were conducted on demographic measures. The sample included 1,196 adolescents (mean age=15.8 years, age range=13-19 years, 49.2% female, 50.0% White). Analyses were conducted in 2022. RESULTS No associations were found between the proportion of time in shelter in place and outcomes. Shelter-in-place compliance with essential business and retail space orders was associated with lower odds of using cigarettes and E-cigarettes in the past 6 months. Compliance with social and outdoor context-related orders were associated with lower odds of using E-cigarettes and fewer days using cigarettes and E-cigarettes. Being aged ≥18 years moderated the associations between essential business/retail space and social/outdoor context-related shelter-in-place compliance orders and past 6-month frequency of cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS Findings support tailored interventions for less compliant and older adolescents for future pandemic mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kristina Wharton
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Sabrina Islam
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California; School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Melissa H Abadi
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Pallav Pokhrel
- University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
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Lee H, Weerakoon SM, Harrell MB, Messiah SE, Rao DR. Neighborhood Characteristics and the Burden of E-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury: An Ecological Comparison Study. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2023; 36:16-22. [PMID: 36930825 DOI: 10.1089/ped.2022.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: E-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) is a severe consequence of vaping first described in 2019. Investigating associations between neighborhood-level characteristics and EVALI cases is an important step in identifying at-risk communities to implement future targeted prevention programs. Methods: We retrospectively identified 41 adolescents <19 years hospitalized for treatment for EVALI at Children's Medical Center Dallas from December 2018 to June 2021. Patient ZIP codes were extracted from the electronic medical record and were compared with Dallas area ZIP codes containing no EVALI cases. Socioeconomic status (SES) characteristics were obtained from the 2019 American Community Survey, and they were mapped for ZIP codes using ESRI ArcMap geospatial processing software. A parallel analysis was conducted utilizing data of adolescents hospitalized with appendicitis. Results: Ninety-five percent of our cohort used tetrahydrocannabinol-containing products, and 66% obtained their vaping products from informal sources. EVALI cases were less likely to reside in higher SES ZIP codes as measured by the proportion of the population with at least a high school education (odds ratio [OR]: 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-0.99), access to broadband access (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99), and private health insurance (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99). Alternatively, they were more likely to reside in lower SES ZIP codes as measured by proportion of the population without any health insurance (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01-1.12). No neighborhood level low SES characteristics were associated with appendicitis hospitalizations. Conclusions: Although small in magnitude, EVALI cases were associated with lower SES ZIP codes but not with vape shop density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harin Lee
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sitara M Weerakoon
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa B Harrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Sarah E Messiah
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Devika R Rao
- Division of Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Children's Health System of Texas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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15
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Harlow AF, McConnell RS, Barrington-Trimis JL. Underage E-Cigarette Purchasing and Vaping Progression Among Young Adults. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:260-266. [PMID: 36404243 PMCID: PMC10484047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite laws prohibiting sale of e-cigarettes to individuals aged less than 21 years, many underage young adults purchase e-cigarettes from retail stores, which may increase likelihood of continued use due to a greater access to vaping products and exposure to point-of-sale marketing. METHODS Data are from a prospective cohort of young adults aged 18-20 years in Los Angeles who had ever used e-cigarettes at baseline (N = 1,029). We evaluated the association of underage e-cigarette purchasing behavior (owned and purchased vs. owned but never purchased vs. never owned an e-cigarette) with subsequent vaping frequency, intensity, and dependence symptoms one year later, adjusting for vaping behaviors prior to baseline; additional models evaluated whether associations differed by purchase location or product type. RESULTS At baseline, 332 (32%) had purchased e-cigarettes while underage, 227 (22%) owned but never purchased e-cigarettes themselves, and 470 (46%) never owned an e-cigarette. Compared to never owning e-cigarettes, those who had purchased their own e-cigarettes vaped more days in the past month (rate ratio [RR] = 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15-4.09), had more vaping episodes per day (RR: 2.58; 95% CI: 2.12-3.14), vaped more puffs per vaping episode (RR: 1.90; 95% CI: 1.61-2.23), and had greater odds of dependence (odds ratio: 3.68; 95% CI: 2.51-5.40); elevated estimates were also observed for those who owned but never purchased e-cigarettes (vs. never owned). Vaping dependence was greatest among participants who purchased JUULs or other pod-mods. DISCUSSION Participants who purchased e-cigarettes underage subsequently vaped more intensely and had greater vaping dependence. Regulations that reduce underage retail access to e-cigarettes may help prevent vaping progression among those most at risk of dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa F Harlow
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Rob S McConnell
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jessica L Barrington-Trimis
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
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Kelsh S, Ottney A, Young M, Kelly M, Larson R, Sohn M. Young Adults' Electronic Cigarette Use and Perceptions of Risk. Tob Use Insights 2023; 16:1179173X231161313. [PMID: 36911177 PMCID: PMC9996725 DOI: 10.1177/1179173x231161313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the United States, 18.6% of college students between 19-and 22-years old report e-cigarette use in the last 30 days. Information regarding e-cigarette use and perceptions in this age group may assist in understanding how to decrease initiation of e-cigarettes in a population that may otherwise not use nicotine. The purpose of this survey was to determine current e-cigarette use and how e-cigarette use history relates to a college student's perceptions of health risks associated with e-cigarettes. A 33-item questionnaire was sent to students at a Midwestern university in Fall 2018. Overall, 3754 students completed the questionnaire. More than half of the respondents (55.2%) had used e-cigarettes and 23.2% identified as current users of e-cigarettes. Current e-cigarette users were more likely to agree that e-cigarettes are a safe and effective option to quit smoking, while never users were more likely to disagree (safe P < .001, effective P < .001). Current users were less likely to agree that e-cigarettes may harm a person's overall health than never users (P < .001). Young adults continue to be frequent users of e-cigarettes. There are significant differences in perceptions of e-cigarettes associated with use history. Additional research is needed to see how perceptions and use of e-cigarettes have changed considering lung injury reports and increased regulations in the U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby Kelsh
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Anne Ottney
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Mark Young
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michelle Kelly
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rodney Larson
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Minji Sohn
- Ferris State University College of Pharmacy, Big Rapids, MI, USA
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Dove MS, Gee K, Tong EK. Flavored Tobacco Sales Restrictions and Teen E-cigarette Use: Quasi-experimental Evidence From California. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:127-134. [PMID: 35983929 PMCID: PMC9717361 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Flavored tobacco sales restrictions (FTSRs) are implemented to reduce access to flavored tobacco products. We examined the association between seven cities with local FTSRs implemented in 2018/2019 and e-cigarette use among high school students in the California Bay Area. AIMS AND METHODS We analyzed data from the California Healthy Kids Survey using a difference-in-differences (D-I-D) strategy. We compared pre- and post-policy changes one year after implementation in current and ever e-cigarette use among students attending school in a city with a FTSR (exposed) (n = 20 832) versus without (unexposed) (n = 66 126). Other outcomes included ever marijuana use in an e-cigarette and ease of access to e-cigarettes. RESULTS Pre- to post-policy, the adjusted odds of current and ever e-cigarette use did not significantly change among students exposed and unexposed to a FTSR. In the adjusted D-I-D analysis, the odds of current (aOR: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.95, 1.65) and ever e-cigarette use (aOR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.89, 1.26) did not significantly change by exposure group. However, one year post-implementation, the odds of ease of access to e-cigarettes significantly increased among exposed (aOR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.95) and unexposed students (aOR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.39, 1.70). Similarly, the odds of ever using marijuana in an e-cigarette significantly increased among exposed (aOR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.19, 1.53) and unexposed students (aOR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.20, 1.39). CONCLUSIONS Local FTSRs in the California Bay Area were not associated with a change in e-cigarette use one year post-implementation. Increased ease of access and marijuana use may be explanatory factors. IMPLICATIONS FTSRs were not associated with a decrease in current or ever e-cigarette use among high school students in the California Bay Area one-year post-implementation. Potential explanatory factors are that ease of access to e-cigarettes and using marijuana in an e-cigarette increased. More research is needed to understand the influence of these factors on youth access and behaviors. To address the youth e-cigarette epidemic, a comprehensive approach is needed, including policies, media campaigns, education programs, and cessation tools targeted to youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Dove
- Division of Health Policy and Management, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Kevin Gee
- School of Education, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Elisa K Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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Sax JK, Doran N. Evaluation of Risk Perception of Smoking after the Implementation of California's Tobacco 21 Law. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16971. [PMID: 36554853 PMCID: PMC9779434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing smoking initiation remains a public health priority. In 2016, California, in the United States, enacted the Tobacco 21 law, which raised the minimum age for the purchase of tobacco products from age 18 to age 21. This paper evaluates whether the enactment and implementation of the Tobacco 21 law changed how young adults perceive the risk(s) of smoking. Data were drawn from a cohort of emerging adults (n = 575) in California who were non-daily smokers at enrollment and followed quarterly for 3 years. Data were collected during 2015-2019. Piecewise multilevel regression models were used to test for changes in smoking status and perceived risks of cigarettes after Tobacco 21 enforcement began. Findings indicated that the prevalence of current smoking and perceived risks of smoking both declined following Tobacco 21 implementation (ps < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses suggested that post-implementation changes in perceived risk occurred primarily among ongoing smokers. Findings suggest that Tobacco 21 and associated public health measures have been effective, but additional research is needed to disentangle the effects of specific components. Understanding the impact and efficacy of tobacco laws provides great social value to research and implement policies that create intervention(s) on reducing tobacco use initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K. Sax
- California Western School of Law, 225 Cedar St., San Diego, CA 92101, USA
| | - Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Dai H, Henriksen L, Xu Z, Rathnayake N. Using place-based characteristics to inform FDA tobacco sales inspections: results from a multilevel propensity score model. Tob Control 2022; 31:e148-e155. [PMID: 34697089 PMCID: PMC9726945 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conducting routine inspections for compliance with age-of-sale laws is essential to reducing underage access to tobacco. We seek to develop a multilevel propensity score model (PSM) to predict retail violation of sales to minors (RVSM). METHODS The Food and Drug Administration compliance check of tobacco retailers with minor-involved inspections from 2015 to 2019 (n=683 741) was linked with multilevel data for demographics and policies. Generalised estimating equation was used to develop the PSM using 2015-2016 data to predict the 2017 RVSM. The prediction accuracy of the PSM was validated by contrasting PSM deciles against 2018-2019 actual violation data. RESULTS In 2017, 44.3% of 26 150 zip codes with ≥1 tobacco retailer had 0 FDA underage sales inspections, 11.0% had 1 inspection, 13.5% had 2-3, 15.3% had 4-9, and 15.9% had 10 or more. The likelihood of having an RVSM in 2017 was higher in zip codes with a lower number of inspections (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.988, 95% CI (0.987 to 0.990)) and penalties (aOR=0.97, 95% CI (0.95 to 0.99)) and a higher number of violations (aOR=1.07, 95% CI (1.06 to 1.08)) in the previous 2 years. Urbanicity, socioeconomic status, smoking prevalence and tobacco control policies at multilevels also predicted retail violations. Prediction accuracy was validated with zip codes with the highest 10% of the PSM 3.4 times more likely to have retail violations in 2019 than zip codes in the bottom decile. CONCLUSION The multilevel PSM predicts the RVSM with a good rank order of retail violations. The model-based approach can be used to identify hot spots of retail violations and improve the sampling plan for future inspections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Dai
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Nirosha Rathnayake
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Agaku IT, Nkosi L, Agaku QD, Gwar J, Tsafa T. A Rapid Evaluation of the US Federal Tobacco 21 (T21) Law and Lessons From Statewide T21 Policies: Findings From Population-Level Surveys. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E29. [PMID: 35653765 PMCID: PMC9165472 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.210430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND On December 20, 2019, the minimum age for purchasing tobacco in the US was raised nationally to 21 years. We evaluated this law (Tobacco 21 [T21]) 1 year after implementation. We also compared states with versus without T21 policies during 2019 to explore potential equity impacts of T21 policies. METHODS We examined shifts in tobacco access among 6th through 12th graders using the National Youth Tobacco Survey. To explore equity of state T21 policies among youths and young adults, the associations with tobacco use were explored separately for race and ethnicity by using data from the 2019 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (for persons aged 18 to 20 years) and the 2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (for high school students). RESULTS The overall percentage of 6th to 12th graders perceiving that it was easy to buy tobacco products from a store decreased from 2019 (67.2%) to 2020 (58.9%). However, only 17.0% of students who attempted buying cigarettes in 2020 were unsuccessful because of their age. In the 2019 BRFSS, those aged 18 to 20 years living in a state with T21 policies had a lower likelihood of being a current cigarette smoker (adjusted prevalence ratio [APR], 0.58) or smoking cigarettes daily (APR, 0.41). Similar significant associations were seen when analyses were restricted to only non-Hispanic White participants but not for participants who were non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Asian, Hispanic, or of other races or ethnicities. Consistent findings were seen among high school students. CONCLUSION Greater compliance with the federal T21 law is needed as most youth who attempted buying cigarettes in 2020 were successful. Comparative analysis of states with versus states without statewide T21 policies in 2019 suggest the policies were differentially more protective of non-Hispanic White participants than other participants. Equitable and intensified enforcement of T21 policies can benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel T Agaku
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115.
| | - Lungile Nkosi
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Joy Gwar
- Federal Medical Center, Makurdi, Benue, Nigeria
| | - Tina Tsafa
- Federal Medical Center, Makurdi, Benue, Nigeria
- Benue State University, Makurdi, Benue, Nigeria
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Puff Bars, a brand of disposable e-cigarettes, have skyrocketed in popularity recently, presenting significant health and safety risks to adolescents. Puff Bars and other disposable e-cigarette products are attractive to children and teenagers because of their vibrant colors and flavors, low cost, and ease of access. This review examines the rise in Puff Bar popularity, describes notable health and safety concerns, and provides advice for parents and pediatricians in identifying and preventing adolescent Puff Bar use. RECENT FINDINGS Puff Bars have increased in popularity as their product design evaded strict regulations imposed on alternate e-cigarette products, such as Juul. In addition, Puff Bars' sweet and fruit flavors and marketing on social media have made their use pervasive among youth. Puff Bar use can lead to increased risk of e-cigarette product use-associated lung injury (EVALI) and potential exposure to carcinogens. Furthermore, the developmental risks of nicotine use during adolescence include negative effects on cognitive function and detriments to short-term memory. SUMMARY Puff Bars present a significant danger to adolescents, and it is imperative that parents and pediatricians are aware of the health risks involved with vaping. Pediatricians should explore e-cigarette use during patient visits, and parents must communicate these dangers to their children and be able to identify these products to regulate their use.
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Colston DC, Xie Y, Patrick ME, Thrasher JF, Titus AR, Elliott MR, Levy DT, Fleischer NL. Tobacco 21 laws may reduce smoking and tobacco-related health disparities among youth in the U.S. Prev Med Rep 2022; 27:101762. [PMID: 35340271 PMCID: PMC8943436 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of our study is to understand the impact of Tobacco 21 (T21) laws on youth smoking and health equity. We conducted modified Poisson regression models using 2014-2019 Monitoring the Future data to measure the impact of attending school in a county 100% covered by a T21 law versus counties with <100% T21 coverage on past 30-day smoking participation (n = 262,632), first cigarette smoking initiation (n = 189,698), and daily smoking initiation among 8th, 10th, and 12th graders (n = 214,496), separately. Additive interactions were tested between T21 coverage and sex, race/ethnicity, parental education, and college plans. T21 coverage was associated with a lower likelihood of smoking participation among 12th graders. T21 coverage was most strongly associated with a lower likelihood of smoking participation among: Hispanic and NH (Non-Hispanic) Other/Multiracial individuals; respondents with parents who had less than a college education; and respondents who were not definitely planning on attending college. T21 laws were associated with a lower likelihood of smoking participation among 12th graders. T21 policies were most impactful for individuals disproportionately impacted by tobacco, indicating T21 laws might help reduce tobacco-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Colston
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Corresponding author at: 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Yanmei Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Biostatistics Core of the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F. Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA,Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Andrea R. Titus
- Department of Population Health, NYU Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David T. Levy
- Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Sabado-Liwag M, Zamora M, El-Toukhy S. Current state of unhealthy living characteristics in Black/African American and Latino populations: Tobacco use. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 71:27-36. [PMID: 35490867 PMCID: PMC10699915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the past six decades, the United States has significantly improved tobacco-related health outcomes through mass efforts in policies, research, and behavioral and clinical interventions. Disparities persist, however, among communities of color who continue to suffer disproportionate rates of cardiovascular disease and other tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. In this review, we synthesize and discuss the tobacco use lifecycle across the lifespan, with special attention paid to socioecological determinants of tobacco-use behavior among Blacks and Latinos. This review summarizes the permeability of tobacco use and tobacco-related determinants across multiple levels of influence, from the individual to the societal, and highlights gaps in the tobacco control and prevention landscape. Given its continued evolution and impact on socially disadvantaged communities, we conclude with recommendations for improving current tobacco research and treatment and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sabado-Liwag
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Mayra Zamora
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Sherine El-Toukhy
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
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24
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Fang J, Ren J, Ren L, Max W, Yao T, Zhao F. Electronic cigarette knowledge, attitudes and use among
students at a university in Hangzhou, China. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:09. [PMID: 35125992 PMCID: PMC8796848 DOI: 10.18332/tid/144230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes are increasingly popular worldwide, especially among youth. There is growing evidence of the negative health consequences of vaping. Our objective was to assess university students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), their use, as well as the associated influencing factors for their use. METHODS The study involved an online cross-sectional survey conducted between November 2019 and March 2020 in a university in Hangzhou, China. A total of 563 students completed the questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to assess characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes; t-tests, χ2-tests and logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with ever e-cigarette use. RESULTS In all, 59.9% of respondents were female and the average age was 20.38 years (SD=1.32). Only 42.6% of the respondents thought that e-cigarettes contain nicotine, 31.1% thought e-cigarettes are tobacco products, and 8.2% of the students reported being ever e-cigarettes users. In regard to attitude, the average score of the students in the Safety dimension was 3.34 (SD=0.64), followed by the Restriction dimension (Mean=2.66, SD=0.83). Correlates of ever use included regions, friends’ and roommates’ ever e-cigarette use, and higher attitude score in the Supervision dimension. CONCLUSIONS The university students’ level of knowledge regarding e-cigarettes was not high, and their attitudes regarding e-cigarettes were not that supportive. Students’ ever use of e-cigarettes at a university in Hangzhou was higher than for university students in other cities in China, but lower than for those in foreign countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Ren
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixian Ren
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wendy Max
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tingting Yao
- Institute for Health and Aging, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Falin Zhao
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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25
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D'Angelo H, Patel M, Rose SW. Convenience Store Access and E-cigarette Advertising Exposure Is Associated With Future E-cigarette Initiation Among Tobacco-Naïve Youth in the PATH Study (2013-2016). J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:794-800. [PMID: 33039271 PMCID: PMC8317228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between e-cigarette marketing exposure and youth e-cigarette initiation is not well understood. This study examines whether convenience store access, exposure to retail e-cigarette marketing, and having a favorite e-cigarette ad before e-cigarette use is associated with susceptibility to use and future e-cigarette initiation in a national longitudinal study of youth. METHODS A nationally representative longitudinal cohort of youth in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study (12-17 years) was followed up over three waves of annual data collection (2013-2016). Tobacco-naïve (wave 1) and e-cigarette-naïve (wave 2) youth (n = 6,470) were included. Marketing exposure at wave 2 was examined in association with e-cigarette susceptibility (wave 2) and e-cigarette initiation (wave 3) using adjusted logistic regression models. Analysis occurred in 2019. RESULTS Youth visiting convenience stores at least weekly (vs. never) had 1.51 times the odds of e-cigarette susceptibility (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25, 1.81) and 1.79 times the odds of e-cigarette initiation (95% CI: 1.29, 2.48). Noticing a retail e-cigarette ad (vs. not noticing) was associated with e-cigarette susceptibility (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.36, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.57), but not initiation. Youth reporting a favorite branded e-cigarette ad had greater odds of both susceptibility (AOR 1.31, 95% CI, 1.10, 1.56) and e-cigarette initiation (AOR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.17) compared to youth without a favorite ad. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco-naïve youth with frequent convenience store access and exposure to e-cigarette marketing were at greater risk of e-cigarette susceptibility and progression to e-cigarette initiation over a 2-year period. Policies to restrict retailer locations and e-cigarette marketing could enhance youth e-cigarette use prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D'Angelo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. heather.d'
| | - Minal Patel
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- College of Medicine, Department of Behavioral Science, and Center for Health Equity Transformation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky
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26
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King JL, Wagoner KG, Reboussin BA, Sutfin EL. Youth and Young Adult Convenience Store Behaviors: Findings From Intercept Surveys. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:2092-2097. [PMID: 32484515 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To inform tobacco policy and prevention efforts, we examined youth and young adult behaviors at gas-station-convenience stores and whether these behaviors varied by demographics or tobacco use. AIMS AND METHODS Between June and July 2017, we conducted 990 intercept surveys at convenience stores in North Carolina among 16- to 25-year olds who were susceptible to or used tobacco. We used logistic regression to examine whether demographics or tobacco use predicted pumping gas, entering the store, or purchasing tobacco, gas, food, lottery tickets, or other items inside the store. RESULTS Most participants (85.3%) reported ever using tobacco. Most visited that store at least once per week (40.3%) or once within the past month (41.2%). Just over half (55.0%) reported pumping gas at the store. Of those who went or planned to go inside (68.8%), 43.2% purchased food, 39.2% purchased gas, 33.1% purchased tobacco, and 6.8% purchased lottery tickets. Those who were aged 21-25, visited the store two to three times a week, and went inside already were more likely to purchase tobacco (all p < .05). Past 30-day cigarette, cigar, smokeless, and other tobacco uses were positively associated with purchasing tobacco (all p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Our sample of young people who were susceptible to or ever used tobacco regularly visited gas-station-convenience stores, and one-third purchased or planned to purchase tobacco during their visit. Convenience stores appear to be an important access point for young people. Practitioners and policy makers should consider a comprehensive set of strategies to reduce access among youth and young adults. IMPLICATIONS We conducted 990 intercept surveys among youth and young adults at gas-station-convenience stores. Among our sample of those who had ever used tobacco or were susceptible to use, most visited the store frequently and one-third purchased tobacco, particularly those who used cigarettes and cigars. Tobacco companies heavily market in convenience stores, and our results show tobacco is a product often purchased by susceptible young adults. Practitioners and policy makers should consider prioritizing efforts at convenience stores to reduce product purchase and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L King
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kimberly G Wagoner
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Erin L Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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27
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Edwards R. Has the Time Come to Focus on (Young Adult) Smoking Uptake Prevention? NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON NICOTINE AND TOBACCO 2020; 22:1061-1062. [PMID: 32392294 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Edwards
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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