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Wang Y, Yang B, Wang C. The association between fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases: A mendelian randomization study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2024; 63:447-456. [PMID: 39003732 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current observational studies have disputed the relationship between various fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases, and the causal relationship between the two is still unclear. METHODS In this study, we utilized the available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data on fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases from the IEU OpenGWAS project. After identifying the appropriate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables, we employed the MR-PRESSO outlier test to remove extreme values. Subsequently, we conducted a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and performed sensitivity analyses to ensure the reliability of the results. RESULTS The results of MR analysis suggest that ratio of saturated fatty acids to total fatty acids is positively correlated with the incidence rate of coronary heart disease (OR = 1.341, 95% CI = 1.016-1.769, P value = 0.038), monounsaturated fatty acid levels is negatively correlated with the incidence of stroke (OR = 0.800, 95% CI = 0.642-0.996, P value = 0.046), and docosahexaenoic acid levels is negatively correlated with the incidence of peripheral artery disease (OR = 0.747, 95% CI = 0.572-0.976, P value = 0.033). All results showed no heterogeneity or pleiotropy, but leave-one-out tests showed that the analysis results of some fatty acids were driven by a single SNP. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the existence of causal relationships between fatty acids and atherosclerotic diseases at the genetic level. These findings provide valuable insights for potential prevention measures and therapeutic targets for the three atherosclerotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinyu Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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2
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Wenderoth T, Feldotto M, Hernandez J, Schäffer J, Leisengang S, Pflieger FJ, Bredehöft J, Mayer K, Kang JX, Bier J, Grimminger F, Paßlack N, Rummel C. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on the Formation of Adipokines, Cytokines, and Oxylipins in Retroperitoneal Adi-Pose Tissue of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9904. [PMID: 39337391 PMCID: PMC11432517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mediators that coordinate an active process of inflammation resolution. While these mediators have potential as circulating biomarkers for several disease states with inflammatory components, the source of plasma oxylipins/SPMs remains a matter of debate but may involve white adipose tissue (WAT). Here, we aimed to investigate to what extent high or low omega (n)-3 PUFA enrichment affects the production of cytokines and adipokines (RT-PCR), as well as oxylipins/SPMs (liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) in the WAT of mice during lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced systemic inflammation (intraperitoneal injection, 2.5 mg/kg, 24 h). For this purpose, n-3 PUFA genetically enriched mice (FAT-1), which endogenously synthesize n-3 PUFAs, were compared to wild-type mice (WT) and combined with n-3 PUFA-sufficient or deficient diets. LPS-induced systemic inflammation resulted in the decreased expression of most adipokines and interleukin-6 in WAT, whereas the n-3-sufficient diet increased them compared to the deficient diet. The n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid was decreased in WAT of FAT-1 mice, while n-3 derived PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid) and their metabolites (oxylipins/SPMs) were increased in WAT by genetic and nutritional n-3 enrichment. Several oxylipins/SPMs were increased by LPS treatment in WAT compared to PBS-treated controls in genetically n-3 enriched FAT-1 mice. Overall, we show that WAT may significantly contribute to circulating oxylipin production. Moreover, n-3-sufficient or n-3-deficient diets alter adipokine production. The precise interplay between cytokines, adipokines, and oxylipins remains to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Wenderoth
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Feldotto
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Hernandez
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Schäffer
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stephan Leisengang
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior (CMMB), Universities Giessen and Marburg, 34032 Marburg, Germany
- Translational Neuroscience Network Giessen (TNNG), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian Johannes Pflieger
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Janne Bredehöft
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jens Bier
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nadine Paßlack
- Small Animal Clinic, Internal Medicine and Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rummel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind Brain and Behavior (CMMB), Universities Giessen and Marburg, 34032 Marburg, Germany
- Translational Neuroscience Network Giessen (TNNG), Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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3
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Son SE, Koh JM, Im DS. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4) activation attenuates obese asthma by suppressing adiposity and resolving metaflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116509. [PMID: 38574615 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Obese asthma is recognized to have different asthma phenotypes. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have shown beneficial effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4, also known as GPR120) is a receptor for n-3 PUFAs. In the present study, we investigated whether FFA4 activation ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese asthma. We investigated whether FFA4 activation ameliorates obese asthma using an FFA4 agonist, compound A (CpdA), in combination with FFA4 wild-type (WT) and knock-out (KO) mice. Administration of an FFA4 agonist, compound A (CpdA, 30 mg/kg), suppressed HFD-induced weight gain, adiposity, and airway hypersensitivity (AHR), and increased immune cell infiltration in an FFA4-dependent manner. Histological analysis revealed that CpdA treatment suppressed HFD-induced mucus hypersecretion, inflammation, and fibrosis in an FFA4-dependent manner. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed an HFD-induced increase in the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs and gonadal white adipose tissue, whereas CpdA inhibited this increase in an FFA4-dependent manner. In the fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, HFD induced an increase in the lung innate lymphoid cells (ILC) ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3; however, CpdA reversed this increase. In addition, HFD induced an increase in the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage population and a decrease in the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage population in the lungs, whereas CpdA treatment reversed these changes. The present study suggests that FFA4 activation may have therapeutic potential in obese asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Eun Son
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Koh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Abdalla MMI. Therapeutic potential of adiponectin in prediabetes: strategies, challenges, and future directions. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2024; 15:20420188231222371. [PMID: 38250316 PMCID: PMC10798122 DOI: 10.1177/20420188231222371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipose-derived hormone, plays a pivotal role in glucose regulation and lipid metabolism, with a decrease in circulating adiponectin levels being linked to insulin resistance and prediabetes. This review examines the therapeutic potential of adiponectin in managing prediabetes, elucidating on multiple aspects including its role in glucose and lipid metabolism, influence on insulin sensitivity, and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, the paper highlights the latest strategies to augment adiponectin levels, such as gene therapy, pharmacological interventions, dietary modifications, and lifestyle changes. It also addresses the challenges encountered in translating preclinical findings into clinical practice, primarily related to drug delivery, safety, and efficacy. Lastly, the review proposes future directions, underlining the need for large-scale human trials, novel adiponectin analogs, and personalized treatment strategies to harness adiponectin's full therapeutic potential in preventing the transition from prediabetes to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla
- Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, International Medical University, 126, Jln Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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5
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Michaeloudes C, Christodoulides S, Christodoulou P, Kyriakou TC, Patrikios I, Stephanou A. Variability in the Clinical Effects of the Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids DHA and EPA in Cardiovascular Disease-Possible Causes and Future Considerations. Nutrients 2023; 15:4830. [PMID: 38004225 PMCID: PMC10675410 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) that includes myocardial infarction and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, the primary underlying cause of CVD, can be controlled by pharmacological and dietary interventions, including n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) supplementation. n-3 PUFA supplementation, primarily consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has shown promise in reducing atherosclerosis by modulating risk factors, including triglyceride levels and vascular inflammation. n-3 PUFAs act by replacing pro-inflammatory fatty acid types in cell membranes and plasma lipids, by regulating transcription factor activity, and by inducing epigenetic changes. EPA and DHA regulate cellular function through shared and differential molecular mechanisms. Large clinical studies on n-3 PUFAs have reported conflicting findings, causing confusion among the public and health professionals. In this review, we discuss important factors leading to these inconsistencies, in the context of atherosclerosis, including clinical study design and the differential effects of EPA and DHA on cell function. We propose steps to improve clinical and basic experimental study design in order to improve supplement composition optimization. Finally, we propose that understanding the factors underlying the poor response to n-3 PUFAs, and the development of molecular biomarkers for predicting response may help towards a more personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos Michaeloudes
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus; (S.C.); (P.C.); (T.-C.K.); (I.P.); (A.S.)
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Chronic docosahexaenoic acid supplementation improves metabolic plasticity in subcutaneous adipose tissue of aged obese female mice. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 111:109153. [PMID: 36150680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the potential beneficial effects of chronic docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on restoring subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) plasticity in obese aged female mice. Two-month-old female C57BL/6J mice received a control (CT) or a high fat diet (HFD) for 4 months. Then, 6-month-old diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were distributed into the DIO and the DIOMEG group (fed with a DHA-enriched HFD) up to 18 months. In scWAT, the DHA-enriched diet reduced the mean adipocyte size and reversed the upregulation of lipogenic genes induced by the HFD, reaching values even lower than those observed in CT animals. DIO mice exhibited an up-regulation of lipolytic and fatty oxidation gene expressions that was reversed in DHA-supplemented mice except for Cpt1a mRNA levels, which were higher in DIOMEG as compared to CT mice. DHA restored the increase of proinflammatory genes observed in scWAT of DIO mice. While no changes were observed in total macrophage F4/80+/CD11b+ content, the DHA treatment switched scWAT macrophages profile by reducing the M1 marker Cd11c and increasing the M2 marker CD206. These events occurred alongside with a stimulation of beige adipocyte specific genes, the restoration of UCP1 and pAKT/AKT ratio, and a recovery of the HFD-induced Fgf21 upregulation. In summary, DHA supplementation induced a metabolic remodeling of scWAT to a healthier phenotype in aged obese mice by modulating genes controlling lipid accumulation in adipocytes, reducing the inflammatory status, and inducing beige adipocyte markers in obese aged mice.
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7
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Docosahexaenoic Acid Counteracts the Hypoxic-Induced Inflammatory and Metabolic Alterations in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214600. [PMID: 36364860 PMCID: PMC9659308 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hypoxia is caused by the excessive expansion of the white adipose tissue (AT) and is associated with obesity-related conditions such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid reported to have beneficial health effects. However, the effects of DHA in AT against hypoxia-induced immune-metabolic perturbations in adipocytes exposed to low O2 tension are not well known. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of DHA on markers of inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in 3T3-L1 cell adipocytes exposed to low O2 tension (1% O2) induced hypoxia. Methods: The apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) rates were evaluated. Metabolic parameters such as lactate, FFA, glycerol release, glucose uptake, and ATP content were assessed by a fluorometer. The expression of HIF-1, GLUT1 and the secretion of adipocytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and pro-inflammatory markers was evaluated. Results: DHA-treated hypoxic cells showed significantly decreased basal free fatty acid release, lactate production, and enhanced glucose consumption. In addition, DHA-treatment of hypoxic cells caused a significant reduction in the apoptosis rate and ROS production with decreased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, DHA-treatment of hypoxic cells caused a decreased secretion of pro-inflammatory markers (IL-6, MCP-1) and leptin and increased adiponectin secretion compared with hypoxic cells. Furthermore, DHA-treatment of hypoxic cells caused significant reductions in the expression of genes related to hypoxia (HIF-1, HIF-2), anaerobic metabolism (GLUT1 and Ldha), ATP production (ANT2), and fat metabolism (FASN and PPARY). Conclusion: This study suggests that DHA can exert potential anti-obesity effects by reducing the secretion of inflammatory adipokines, oxidative stress, lipolysis, and apoptosis.
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8
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Chen J, Cui H, Liu X, Li J, Zheng J, Li X, Wang L. Effects of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and related gene expression in PPARγ signaling in finishing pigs. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:730-739. [PMID: 34727639 PMCID: PMC9065778 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study investigated the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and the gene expression in finishing pigs. Methods Seventy-two crossbred ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire) barrows (68.5±1.8 kg) were fed one of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 8:1. Results Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The concentrations of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and interleukin 6 were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, while that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to decrease (p = 0.062), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and leptin concentration were linearly decreased (p<0.05). The concentration of serum adiponectin had a quadratic response but the measurement was decreased and then increased (quadratic, p<0.05). The proportion of C18:3n-3 was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, while the proportion of C18:2n-6 and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were linearly increased (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase in the LT and SCAT, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the SCAT had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The expression of HSL in the LT was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Conclusion Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio could regulate lipid and fatty acid metabolism in blood and tissue. Reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (3:1) could appropriately suppress expression of related genes in PPARγ signaling, and result in improved growth performance and n-3 PUFA deposition in muscle and adipose tissue in finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Hongze Cui
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Xianjun Liu
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Jiantao Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.,Shenyang Wise Diligence Agriculture-Technology Company Limited, Xinmin, Liaoning, 110300, China
| | - Jiaxing Zheng
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- College of Animal Science & Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
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The Glitazars Paradox: Cardiotoxicity of the Metabolically Beneficial Dual PPARα and PPARγ Activation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:514-526. [PMID: 33165133 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common complications in patients with type-2 diabetes are hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia that can lead to cardiovascular disease. Alleviation of these complications constitutes the major therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and PPARγ are used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, respectively. PPARs belong to the nuclear receptors superfamily and regulate fatty acid metabolism. PPARα ligands, such as fibrates, reduce circulating triglyceride levels, and PPARγ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones, improve insulin sensitivity. Dual-PPARα/γ agonists (glitazars) were developed to combine the beneficial effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonism. Although they improved metabolic parameters, they paradoxically aggravated congestive heart failure in patients with type-2 diabetes via mechanisms that remain elusive. Many of the glitazars, such as muraglitazar, tesaglitazar, and aleglitazar, were abandoned in phase-III clinical trials. The objective of this review article pertains to the understanding of how combined PPARα and PPARγ activation, which successfully targets the major complications of diabetes, causes cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, it aims to suggest interventions that will maintain the beneficial effects of dual PPARα/γ agonism and alleviate adverse cardiac outcomes in diabetes.
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10
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Adiponectin: Structure, Physiological Functions, Role in Diseases, and Effects of Nutrition. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041180. [PMID: 33918360 PMCID: PMC8066826 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (a protein consisting of 244 amino acids and characterized by a molecular weight of 28 kDa) is a cytokine that is secreted from adipose tissues (adipokine). Available evidence suggests that adiponectin is involved in a variety of physiological functions, molecular and cellular events, including lipid metabolism, energy regulation, immune response and inflammation, and insulin sensitivity. It has a protective effect on neurons and neural stem cells. Adiponectin levels have been reported to be negatively correlated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, and shown to be affected (i.e., significantly increased) by proper healthy nutrition. The present review comprehensively overviews the role of adiponectin in a range of diseases, showing that it can be used as a biomarker for diagnosing these disorders as well as a target for monitoring the effectiveness of preventive and treatment interventions.
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11
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Li J, Zhang H, Dong Y, Wang X, Wang G. Omega-3FAs Can Inhibit the Inflammation and Insulin Resistance of Adipose Tissue Caused by HHcy Induced Lipids Profile Changing in Mice. Front Physiol 2021; 12:628122. [PMID: 33643070 PMCID: PMC7907609 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.628122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipose Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome initiates insulin resistance; however, the mechanism of inflammasome activation in adipose tissue remains elusive. In this study, homocysteine (Hcy) was found to participate in insulin resistance via a NLRP3 inflammasome-related process. Hcy-induced activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes were observed in adipose tissue during the generation of insulin resistance in vivo. This animal model suggests that diets high in omega-3 fatty acids alter serum and adipose lipid profiles, and in this way, omega-3 fatty acids may reduce adipose tissue inflammation and attenuate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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12
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Ogundipe E, Samuelson S, Crawford MA. Gestational diabetes mellitus prediction? A unique fatty acid profile study. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:36. [PMID: 32999269 PMCID: PMC7528007 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To elucidate whether women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) have a unique fatty acid profile compared to women considered normal healthy controls (NHC). Methods Three hundred pregnant women were randomized to a control group (NHC) (n = 50) and to one of three high risk groups (n = 250), one of which was GDM (n = 50). At recruitment participants’ booking bloods were taken and analyzed for lipid profiles. The GDM group’s fatty acid profile is reported here. Results GDM women compared to NHC had elevated levels of omega 6 (n-6) fatty acids compared to omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids (p = 0.01), of linoleic acid (LA) to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) p = 0.001, sequentially distorted levels of n-6 fatty acids LA and arachidonic acid (ArA) p = 0.035, as well as significantly depressed levels of n-3 DHA (p = 0.01). Conclusion This paper shows that GDM women have a unique fatty acid profile with elevated levels of n-6 fats, depressed levels of n-3 fats and an abnormal pattern of sequential n-6 metabolism. This profile probably results from a combination of factors including underexpression and or poor utilization of desaturase enzymes, suboptimal dietary fatty acids intake, poor micronutrient status or dysbiosis of the microbiome. These results help inform development of a clinical predictive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enitan Ogundipe
- Neonatal Unit, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital & Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Road, SW10 9NH, London, UK.
| | - Saidee Samuelson
- Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 3rd Floor, 369 Fulham Road, SW10 9NH, London, UK
| | - Michael A Crawford
- Academic Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Lipid Biochemistry), Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus, 3rd Floor, 369 Fulham Road, SW10 9NH, London, UK
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13
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Mostoli R, Goudarzi F, Mohammadalipour A, Khodadadi I, Goodarzi MT. Evaluating the effect of arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid on induction of adipogenesis in human adipose-derived stem cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1028-1034. [PMID: 32952949 PMCID: PMC7478257 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.41557.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Adipose tissue is one of the most important endocrine organs that liberates many metabolic mediators such as hormones, cytokines, and chemokines. Different types of fatty acids have key roles in adipogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two essential fatty acids, including Arachidonic acid (AA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), on the process of adipogenicity in human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (hADSCs). Materials and Methods: After immunophenotyping of hADSCs by flowcytometry, they were differentiated into adipocytes and simultaneously exposed to 30 μM and 60 μM of AA and 25 μM and 50 μM of EPA. Further, along with the MTS assay, the activity of glycalaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was also measured. In addition, expression of lipid markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) was evaluated, and the neutral lipid contents were determined using Oil red O staining. Results: MTS evaluation showed a significant decrease in proliferation in all treatment groups compared to the control group. Based on oil red O staining, fat droplets in the AA treatment groups were higher than in controls. The expression of PPARγ2 and GLUT4 genes and proteins increased in almost all AA and EPA groups compared to control. In addition, GAPDH activity was higher in AA groups than in the control group. In general, while different concentrations of EPA did not increase the adipogenic process compared to the control group, stimulation of differentiation to adipocytes was largely determined by the AA. Conclusion: The result indicates a positive effect of omega-6 versus omega-3 in stimulating the pathways of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezvan Mostoli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farjam Goudarzi
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Adel Mohammadalipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Iraj Khodadadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Goodarzi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Liddle DM, Hutchinson AL, Monk JM, DeBoer AA, Ma DWL, Robinson LE. Dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs mitigate CD4 + T cell/adipocyte inflammatory interactions in co-culture models of obese adipose tissue. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 86:108488. [PMID: 32827664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obese adipose tissue (AT) inflammation is partly driven by accumulation of CD4+ T helper (Th)1 cells and reduced Th2 and T regulatory subsets, which promotes macrophage chemotaxis and ensuing AT metabolic dysfunction. This study investigated CD4+ T cell/adipocyte cytokine-mediated paracrine interactions (cross talk) as a target for dietary intervention to mitigate obese AT inflammation. Using an in vitro co-culture model designed to recapitulate CD4+ T cell accumulation in obese AT (5% of stromal vascular cellular fraction), 3T3-L1 adipocytes were co-cultured with purified splenic CD4+ T cells from C57Bl/6 mice consuming one of two isocaloric diets containing either 10% w/w safflower oil (control, CON) or 7% w/w safflower oil+3% w/w fish oil (FO) for 4 weeks (n=8-11/diet). The FO diet provided 1.9% kcal from the long-chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, a dose that can be achieved by supplementation. Co-cultures were stimulated for 48 h with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic in vivo obese endotoxin levels or with conditioned media collected from LPS-stimulated visceral AT isolated from CON-fed mice. In both stimulation conditions, FO reduced mRNA expression and/or secreted protein levels of Th1 markers (T-bet, IFN-γ) and increased Th2 markers (GATA3, IL-4), concomitant with reduced inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, TNF-α), macrophage chemokines (MCP-1, MCP-3, MIP-1α, MIP-2) and levels of activated central regulators of inflammatory signaling (NF-κB, STAT-1, STAT-3) (P<.05). Therefore, CD4+ T cell/adipocyte cross talk represents a potential target for LC n-3 PUFAs to mitigate obese AT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle M Liddle
- Department of Hsuman Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Amber L Hutchinson
- Department of Hsuman Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jennifer M Monk
- Department of Hsuman Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Anna A DeBoer
- Department of Hsuman Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Hsuman Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Hsuman Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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15
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Brown LH, Mutch DM. Mechanisms underlying N3-PUFA regulation of white adipose tissue endocrine function. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 52:40-46. [PMID: 32504953 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (N3-PUFA) are widely reported to improve obesity-associated metabolic impairments, in part, through the regulation of adipokine and cytokine secretion from white adipose tissue (WAT). However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms by which N3-PUFA influence WAT endocrine function remain poorly described. Available evidence supports that N3-PUFA and related bioactive lipid mediators regulate several intracellular pathways that converge on two important transcription factors: PPAR-γ and NF-κB. Further, N3-PUFA signaling through GPR120 appears integral for the regulation of adipokine and cytokine production. This review collates insights from in vitro and in vivo studies using genetic and chemical inhibition of key signaling proteins to describe the pathways by which N3-PUFA regulate WAT endocrine function. Existing gaps in knowledge and opportunities to advance our understanding in this area are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam H Brown
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Liddle DM, Kavanagh ME, Wright AJ, Robinson LE. Apple Flavonols Mitigate Adipocyte Inflammation and Promote Angiogenic Factors in LPS- and Cobalt Chloride-Stimulated Adipocytes, in Part by a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Dependent Mechanism. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051386. [PMID: 32408695 PMCID: PMC7284758 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) expansion induces local hypoxia, a key contributor to the chronic low-grade inflammation that drives obesity-associated disease. Apple flavonols phloretin (PT) and phlorizin (PZ) are suggested anti-inflammatory molecules but their effectiveness in obese AT is inadequately understood. Using in vitro models designed to reproduce the obese AT microenvironment, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were cultured for 24 h with PT or PZ (100 μM) concurrent with the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 ng/mL) and/or the hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride (CoCl2; 100 μM). Within each condition, PT was more potent than PZ and its effects were partially mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ (p < 0.05), as tested using the PPAR-γ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE). In LPS-, CoCl2-, or LPS + CoCl2-stimulated adipocytes, PT reduced mRNA expression and/or secreted protein levels of inflammatory and macrophage chemotactic adipokines, and increased that of anti-inflammatory and angiogenic adipokines, which was consistent with reduced mRNA expression of M1 polarization markers and increased M2 markers in RAW 264.7 macrophages cultured in media collected from LPS + CoCl2-simulated adipocytes (p < 0.05). Further, within LPS + CoCl2-stimulated adipocytes, PT reduced reactive oxygen species accumulation, nuclear factor-κB activation, and apoptotic protein expression (p < 0.05). Overall, apple flavonols attenuate critical aspects of the obese AT phenotype.
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Caviar Extract and Its Constituent DHA Inhibits UVB-Irradiated Skin Aging by Inducing Adiponectin Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093383. [PMID: 32403430 PMCID: PMC7246982 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, caviar (sturgeon eggs) was used to elucidate its roles in adiponectin production and skin anti-aging. Recently, caviar has been largely used not only as a nutritional food, but also in cosmetic products. In particular, it has been reported that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), as one of the main phospholipid components of caviar extract, induces intracellular lipid accumulation and the expression of adiponectin in adipocytes. Although adipocytes are well known to be associated with the skin dermis by secreting various factors (e.g., adiponectin), the effects of caviar extract and DHA on the skin are not well studied. Here, we demonstrate the effects of caviar extract and DHA on adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin production, resulting in a preventive role in UV-irradiated skin aging. Caviar extract and DHA enhanced adipocyte differentiation and promoted the synthesis of transcription factors controlling adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) were decreased in UVB-irradiated Hs68 fibroblasts that were cultured in conditioned medium from caviar extract or DHA-treated differentiated adipocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that caviar extract and DHA induce adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin production, thereby inhibiting UVB-induced premature skin aging via the suppression of MMP-1 production.
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Dewhurst-Trigg R, Hulston CJ, Markey O. The effect of quantity and quality of dietary fat intake on subcutaneous white adipose tissue inflammatory responses. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:1-15. [PMID: 32063233 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity and obesity-associated cardiometabolic diseases is a significant public health burden. Chronic low-grade inflammation in metabolic tissues such as white adipose tissue (WAT) is linked to obesity and may play a role in disease progression. The overconsumption of dietary fat has been suggested to modulate the WAT inflammatory environment. It is also recognised that fats varying in degree of fatty acid saturation may elicit differential WAT inflammatory responses. This information has originated predominantly from animal or cell models and translation into human participants in vivo remains limited. This review will summarise human intervention studies investigating the effect of dietary fat quantity and quality on subcutaneous WAT inflammation, with a specific focus on the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/NF-κB and nucleotide-binding and oligomerisation domain-like receptor, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome molecular signalling pathways. Overall, firm conclusions are hard to draw regarding the effect of dietary fat quantity and quality on WAT inflammatory responses due to the heterogeneity of study designs, diet composition and participant cohorts recruited. Previous studies have predominantly focused on measures of WAT gene expression. It is suggested that future work includes measures of WAT total content and phosphorylation of proteins involved in TLR4/NF-κB and NLRP3 signalling as this is more representative of alterations in WAT physiological function. Understanding pathways linking the intake of total fat and specific fatty acids with WAT metabolic-inflammatory responses may have important implications for public health by informing dietary guidelines aimed at cardiometabolic risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dewhurst-Trigg
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, UK
| | - C J Hulston
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, UK
| | - O Markey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, UK
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AP, UK
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Mak IL, Lavery P, Agellon S, Rauch F, Murshed M, Weiler HA. Arachidonic acid exacerbates diet-induced obesity and reduces bone mineral content without impacting bone strength in growing male rats. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 73:108226. [PMID: 31520815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate bone mass and adipocyte metabolism. Arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4 n-6) is elevated in obesity and postulated to stimulate bone resorption. This study aimed to determine the effect of AA on bone mass, quality, and adiposity in diet-induced obesity during growth. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=42, 4-week) were randomized into groups fed a control diet (CTRL, AIN-93G), high-fat diet (HFD, 35% kcal fat) or HFD + AA (1% w/w diet) for 6 weeks. Body composition, bone mineral density and microarchitecture were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and micro-computed tomography. Red blood cell fatty acid profile was measured with gas chromatography. Group differences were evaluated using repeated measures two-way analysis of variance with Tukey-Kramer post hoc testing. Total energy intake did not differ among diet groups. At week 6, HFD + AA had significantly greater body fat % (12%), body weight (6%) and serum leptin concentrations (125%) than CTRL, whereas visceral fat (mass and %, assessed with micro-computed tomography) was increased in both HFD and HFD + AA groups. HFD + AA showed reduced whole body bone mineral content and femur mid-diaphyseal cortical bone cross-sectional area than HFD and CTRL, without impairment in bone strength. Contrarily, HFD + AA had greater femur metaphyseal trabecular vBMD (35%) and bone volume fraction (5%) compared to controls. Inclusion of AA elevated leptin concentrations in male rats. The early manifestations of diet-induced obesity on bone mass were accelerated with AA. Studies of longer duration are needed to clarify the effect of AA on peak bone mass following growth cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L Mak
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Paula Lavery
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Sherry Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners' Hospital for Children, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 0A9
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Shriners' Hospital for Children, 1003 Decarie Boulevard, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 0A9; Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 rue University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0C7
| | - Hope A Weiler
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada H9X 3V9.
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21
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Abbott KA, Burrows TL, Thota RN, Alex A, Acharya S, Attia J, McEvoy M, Garg ML. Association between plasma phospholipid omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and type 2 diabetes is sex dependent: The Hunter Community Study. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:1059-1066. [PMID: 31023487 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic inflammation drives the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn-3PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, c20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, c22:6n-3) may protect against type 2 diabetes development. The aim of this current study is to determine whether LCn-3PUFA status is associated with type 2 diabetes in the Hunter Community Study. METHODS Men and women aged 55-85 years were randomly selected from the electoral roll and invited to participate. Participants were included in the current study if they had plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition data available and diabetes status could be determined. LCn-3PUFA status was determined by fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipids (EPA + DHA, %,w/w). Diabetes was determined according to World Health Organisation criteria. Insulin was measured in n = 251 participants and HOMA-IR calculated. RESULTS In total, n = 2092 (diabetes: n = 249) participants were included. After adjusting for confounders of diabetes, LCn-3PUFA status was inversely associated with diabetes in overweight/obese females (OR [95%CI]: 0.90 [0.80, 1.00], p = 0.045) but not males (p-interactionsex = 0.041). Overweight/obese females with diabetes had significantly lower levels of DHA than those without diabetes (mean difference [95%CI]: -0.53 [-0.87, -0.20], p = 0.002), with no difference in EPA. LCn-3PUFA was inversely associated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.175, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS This study provides further evidence of a sex-dependent association between LCn-3PUFA and type 2 diabetes. Causal pathways between LCn-3PUFA and type 2 diabetes merits delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Abbott
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anu Alex
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Shamasunder Acharya
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Program, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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Selenscig D, Ferreira MDR, Chicco A, Lombardo YB. Dietary fish oil ameliorates adipose tissue dysfunction in insulin-resistant rats fed a sucrose-rich diet improving oxidative stress, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and uncoupling protein 2. Food Funct 2018; 9:2496-2507. [PMID: 29645025 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to assess the possible beneficial effects of dietary fish oil (FO) on the pre-existing adipose tissue dysfunction through the improvement or reversion of the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines in dyslipemic insulin-resistant rats. Wistar rats were fed a sucrose rich diet (SRD) for 6 months. After that half of the animals continued with the SRD until month 8 while in the other half corn oil was replaced by FO for 2 months (SRD + FO). A reference group consumed a control diet all the time. In an epididymal fat pad, we analyzed antioxidant and oxidant enzyme activities, ROS content, glutathione redox state, the protein level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and the expression and protein levels of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) as well as oxidative stress biomarkers and TNF-α and IL-6 plasma levels. Besides these, insulin sensitivity and the composition of fatty acid phospholipids of adipose tissue were measured. Compared with the SRD the SRD + FO fed group showed a decrease of fat pad weight and the antioxidant and oxidant enzyme activities and ROS content returned to control values along with normal plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels. FO normalized both the decrease of PPARγ protein and the increase of protein and expression of UCP2. Furthermore, FO increased the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio in the adipose tissue phospholipids and normalized dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Finally, these findings reinforce the view that dietary FO may exert a beneficial effect in ameliorating the dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante Selenscig
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biochemistry, University of Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, CC 242 (3000) Santa Fe and (CONICET) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Mazaki-Tovi M, Bolin SR, Schenck PA. Dietary Fatty Acids Differentially Regulate Secretion of Adiponectin and Interleukin-6 in Primary Canine Adipose Tissue Culture. Lipids 2018; 53:205-216. [PMID: 29573267 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on canine adipose tissue secretion of adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). Subcutaneous and omental visceral adipose tissue samples were collected from 16 healthy intact female dogs. Concentrations of adiponectin were measured in mature adipocyte cultures, and concentrations of IL6 and TNFα were measured in undifferentiated stromovascular cell (SVC) cultures following treatment with eicosapentaenic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), or palmitic acid (PAM, 16:0) at 25, 50, or 100 μM. Secretion of adiponectin from mature adipocytes was higher (p < 0.001) following EPA treatment at 50 μM compared to control in subcutaneous tissue, and higher following EPA treatment compared to PAM treatment at 25 μM in both subcutaneous (p < 0.001) and visceral tissues (p = 0.010). Secretion of IL6 from SVC derived from subcutaneous tissue was lower following EPA treatment and higher following PAM treatment compared to control both at 50 μM (p = 0.001 and p = 0.041, respectively) and 100 μM (p = 0.013 and p < 0.001, respectively). These findings of stimulation of adiponectin secretion and inhibition of IL6 secretion by EPA, and stimulation of IL6 secretion by PAM, are consistent with findings of increased circulating concentrations of adiponectin and decreased circulating concentration of IL6 in dogs supplemented with dietary fish oil, and show that the effect of fish oil on circulating concentrations of adiponectin and IL6 is, at least partially, the result of local effects of EPA and PAM on adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mazaki-Tovi
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Steven R Bolin
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Patricia A Schenck
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Albracht-Schulte K, Kalupahana NS, Ramalingam L, Wang S, Rahman SM, Robert-McComb J, Moustaid-Moussa N. Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:1-16. [PMID: 29621669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Strategies to reduce obesity have become public health priorities as the prevalence of obesity has risen in the United States and around the world. While the anti-inflammatory and hypotriglyceridemic properties of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) are well known, their antiobesity effects and efficacy against metabolic syndrome, especially in humans, are still under debate. In animal models, evidence consistently suggests a role for n-3 PUFAs in reducing fat mass, particularly in the retroperitoneal and epididymal regions. In humans, however, published research suggests that though n-3 PUFAs may not aid weight loss, they may attenuate further weight gain and could be useful in the diet or as a supplement to help maintain weight loss. Proposed mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs may work to improve body composition and counteract obesity-related metabolic changes include modulating lipid metabolism; regulating adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin; alleviating adipose tissue inflammation; promoting adipogenesis and altering epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kembra Albracht-Schulte
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Nishan Sudheera Kalupahana
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Latha Ramalingam
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jacalyn Robert-McComb
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Department of Kinesiology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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Effects of docosahexanoic acid supplementation on inflammatory and subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression in HIV-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). A sub-study of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cytokine 2018; 105:73-79. [PMID: 29471285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega-3 fatty acids have the potential to decrease inflammation and modify gene transcription. Whether docosahexanoic acid (DHA) supplementation can modify systemic inflammatory and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) gene expression in HIV-infected patients is unknown. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 84 antiretroviral-treated patients who had fasting TG levels from 2.26 to 5.65 mmol/l and received DHA or placebo for 48 weeks was performed (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02005900). Systemic inflammatory and SAT gene expression was assessed at baseline and at week 48 in 39 patients. RESULTS Patients receiving DHA had a 43.9% median decline in fasting TG levels at week 4 (IQR: -31% to -56%), compared with -2.9% (-18.6% to 16.5%) in the placebo group (P < 0.0001). High sensitivity C reactive protein (hsCRP) and arachidonic acid levels significantly decreased in the DHA group. Adipogenesis-related and mitochondrial-related gene expression did not experience significant changes. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) significantly decreased in the placebo group. SAT inflammation-related gene expression (Tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1]) significantly decreased in the DHA group. CONCLUSIONS DHA supplementation down-regulated inflammatory gene expression in SAT. DHA impact on markers of systemic inflammation was restricted to hsCRP and arachidonic acid.
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Jamilian M, Samimi M, Mirhosseini N, Afshar Ebrahimi F, Aghadavod E, Taghizadeh M, Asemi Z. A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial Investigating the Effect of Fish Oil Supplementation on Gene Expression Related to Insulin Action, Blood Lipids, and Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Fish Oil Supplementation and Gestational Diabetes. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020163. [PMID: 29385062 PMCID: PMC5852739 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication of pregnancy, and it is mostly associated with postpartum diabetes, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Fish oil (omega-3) supplementation has been shown to reduce the risk of different chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancers, though the evidence of its impact on gestational diabetes is scarce. Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of fish oil administration on gene expression related to insulin action, blood lipids, and inflammation in women with GDM. Participants with GDM (n = 40), aged 18–40 years, were randomized to take either 1000 mg fish oil capsules, containing 180 mg eicosapentaenoic acid and 120 mg docosahexaenoic acid (n = 20), or placebo (n = 20) twice a day for 6 weeks. Gene expression related to insulin, lipids, and inflammation was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of GDM women using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method. Results of RT-PCR indicated that omega-3 supplementation upregulated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) (P = 0.04) in PBMCs of patients with GDM, compared with the placebo. In addition, gene expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) (P < 0.001), interleukin-1 (IL-1) (P = 0.007), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P = 0.01) was downregulated in PBMCs of women with GDM, following omega-3 supplementation. No significant effect of omega-3 supplementation was indicated on gene expression of IL-8 in PBMCs of patients with GDM. Overall, fish oil supplementation for 6 weeks in women with GDM significantly improved gene expression of PPAR-γ, IL-1, and TNF-α, but not gene expression of IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Jamilian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak 6618634683, Iran.
| | - Mansooreh Samimi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
| | | | - Faraneh Afshar Ebrahimi
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
| | - Esmat Aghadavod
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan 8715988141, Iran.
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Effect of different levels of feed restriction and fish oil fatty acid supplementation on fat deposition by using different techniques, plasma levels and mRNA expression of several adipokines in broiler breeder hens. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191121. [PMID: 29364913 PMCID: PMC5783386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reproductive hens are subjected to a restricted diet to limit the decline in fertility associated with change in body mass. However, endocrine and tissue responses to diet restriction need to be documented. Objective We evaluated the effect of different levels of feed restriction, with or without fish oil supplementation, on metabolic parameters and adipokine levels in plasma and metabolic tissues of reproductive hens. Methods We designed an in vivo protocol involving 4 groups of hens; RNS: restricted (Rt) unsupplemented, ANS: ad libitum (Ad, receiving an amount of feed 1.7 times greater than animals on the restricted diet) unsupplemented, RS: Rt supplemented, and AS: Ad supplemented. The fish oil supplement was used at 1% of the total diet composition. Results Hens fed with the Rt diet had a significantly (P < 0.0001) lower growth than Ad hens, while the fish oil supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Furthermore, the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and the fat ultrasonographic examinations produced similar results to the other methods that required animals to be killed (carcass analysis and weight of adipose tissue). In addition, the Rt diet significantly (P < 0.05) decreased plasma levels of triglycerides, phospholipids, glucose and ADIPOQ, and fish oil supplementation decreased plasma levels of RARRES2. We also showed a positive correlation between insulin values and ADIPOQ or NAMPT or RARRES2 values, and a negative correlation of fat percentage to RARRES2 values. Moreover, the effects of the Rt diet and fish oil supplementation on the mRNA expression depended on the factors tested and the hen age. Conclusions Rt diet and fish oil supplementation are able to modulate metabolic parameters and the expression of adipokines and their receptors in metabolic tissue.
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Bahreini M, Ramezani AH, Shishehbor F, Mansoori A. The Effect of Omega-3 on Circulating Adiponectin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Can J Diabetes 2018; 42:553-559. [PMID: 29567080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Whether consumption of omega-3 affects circulating adiponectin has not been established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of omega-3 (food or supplement) on circulating adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes through a systematic review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for relevant studies through May 2016. Two researchers screened and abstracted the literature independently. Pooled estimates were obtained using the random-effects models. Overall, omega-3 increased adiponectin by 0.57 µg/mL (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15 to 1.31; p=0.01, I-square=74.2% p for heterogeneity <0.001). The source of observed heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analyses. In subgroup analyses, adiponectin levels increased only in those who had consumed omega-3 for more than 8 weeks. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials suggests that omega-3 in patients with type 2 diabetes increases circulating adiponectin. These findings support the potentially beneficial effects of dietary omega-3 in patients with type 2 diabetes on pathways related to adiponectin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Bahreini
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir-Hossein Ramezani
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farideh Shishehbor
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Mansoori
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Nutrition, School of Para-Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Rodríguez M, García-García RM, Arias-Álvarez M, Formoso-Rafferty N, Millán P, López-Tello J, Lorenzo PL, González-Bulnes A, Rebollar PG. A diet supplemented with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids influences the metabomscic and endocrine response of rabbit does and their offspring. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:2690-2700. [PMID: 28727047 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the productive, endocrine, and metabomscic responses as well as oxidative stress of rabbit does and their offspring when fed a diet supplemented with -3 PUFA during their first productive cycle. To this aim, a total of 105 rabbit does were fed ad mscibitum from d 60 to 172 of age 2 isoenergetic and isoproteic diets differing in fatty acid composition. The control diet ( = 52 does) contained 45.9 g/kg of -3 of the total fatty acids and the enriched diet ( = 53 does) contained 149.2 g/kg of -3 of the total fatty acids. Both experimental groups had similar feed intake during rearing, pregnancy, and lactation. The enrichment of diet had no effect on ultrasonographic assessment of does on d 9 and 16 of pregnancy, with an embryonic vesicle number and fetus and placenta size similar between groups ( > 0.05). Even though there were no major effects ( > 0.05) on fertimscity, duration of gestation, and number born amscive and stillborn kits at parturition, mscive kits from enriched does were longer (71.6 ± 2.42 vs. 79.5 ± 2.13 mm; < 0.05) and tended to be heavier (42.5 ± 3.94 vs. 50.8 ± 3.47 g; = 0.07) than those from control does ( < 0.05). The 2 groups had similar milk production and mortamscity values during lactation; consequently, there were no differences between diets in ADG, mscitter weight, and number of weaned kits ( > 0.05). In enriched does, higher plasma leptin and estradiol concentrations than in control does ( < 0.05) were observed. In addition, enriched females also had lower total and high-density mscipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) than control females during lactation ( < 0.05). Regarding offspring, the enrichment of diet with PUFA caused a hypermscipidemic status (greater values of plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL-c; < 0.05) at 1 d postpartum (dpp), compared with the control group, that disappeared at 32 dpp. Supplemented does before parturition and their offspring at 1 dpp had greater oxidative stress than those in the control group. In conclusion, an increase of -3 PUFA concentration in the diet of rabbit does and, consequently, of their offspring during a productive cycle alters their mscipid profile and the indicators of oxidative stress, without major endocrine modifications or improvements in the productive variables.
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Integrated Immunomodulatory Mechanisms through which Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Attenuate Obese Adipose Tissue Dysfunction. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121289. [PMID: 29186929 PMCID: PMC5748740 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global health concern with rising prevalence that increases the risk of developing other chronic diseases. A causal link connecting overnutrition, the development of obesity and obesity-associated co-morbidities is visceral adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, characterized by changes in the cellularity of various immune cell populations, altered production of inflammatory adipokines that sustain a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and, ultimately, dysregulated AT metabolic function. Therefore, dietary intervention strategies aimed to halt the progression of obese AT dysfunction through any of the aforementioned processes represent an important active area of research. In this connection, fish oil-derived dietary long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been demonstrated to attenuate obese AT dysfunction through multiple mechanisms, ultimately affecting AT immune cellularity and function, adipokine production, and metabolic signaling pathways, all of which will be discussed herein.
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Maternal consumption of fish oil programs reduced adiposity in broiler chicks. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13129. [PMID: 29030616 PMCID: PMC5640664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13519-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) has been associated with reduced adiposity in children, suggesting the possibility to program adipose development through dietary fatty acids before birth. This study determined if enriching the maternal diet in fish oil, the primary source of EPA and DHA, affected adipose development in offspring. Broiler chickens were used because they are obesity-prone, and because fatty acids provided to the embryo can be manipulated through the hen diet. Hens were fed diets supplemented (2.8% wt:wt) with corn oil (CO; n-6) or fish oil (FO; n-3) for 28 d. Chicks from both maternal diet groups were fed the same diet after hatch. Maternal FO consumption enriched chick adipose tissue in EPA and DHA and reduced adiposity by promoting more, but smaller, adipocytes. This adipocyte profile was paralleled by lower expression of the adipogenic regulator PPARG and its co-activator PPARGC1B, and elevated expression of LPL. Proteomics identified 95 differentially abundant proteins between FO and CO adipose tissue, including components of glucose metabolism, lipid droplet trafficking, and cytoskeletal organization. These results demonstrate that the maternal dietary fatty acid profile programs offspring adipose development.
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Ralston JC, Lyons CL, Kennedy EB, Kirwan AM, Roche HM. Fatty Acids and NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Inflammation in Metabolic Tissues. Annu Rev Nutr 2017; 37:77-102. [PMID: 28826373 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide obesity rates have reached epidemic proportions and significantly contribute to the growing prevalence of metabolic diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation, a hallmark of obesity, involves immune cell infiltration into expanding adipose tissue. In turn, obesity-associated inflammation can lead to complications in other metabolic tissues (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas) through lipotoxicity and inflammatory signaling networks. Importantly, although numerous signaling pathways are known to integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes, the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is now noted to be a key regulator of metabolic inflammation. The NLRP3 inflammasome can be influenced by various metabolites, including fatty acids. Specifically, although saturated fatty acids may promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation, monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids have recently been shown to impede NLRP3 activity. Therefore, the NLRP3 inflammasome and associated metabolic inflammation have key roles in the relationships among fatty acids, metabolites, and metabolic disease. This review focuses on the ability of fatty acids to influence inflammation and the NLRP3 inflammasome across numerous metabolic tissues in the body. In addition, we explore some perspectives for the future, wherein recent work in the immunology field clearly demonstrates that metabolic reprogramming defines immune cell functionality. Although there is a paucity of information about how diet and fatty acids modulate this process, it is possible that this will open up a new avenue of research relating to nutrient-sensitive metabolic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Ralston
- Nutrigenomics Research Group; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science; and Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; , , , ,
| | - Claire L Lyons
- Nutrigenomics Research Group; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science; and Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; , , , ,
| | - Elaine B Kennedy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science; and Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; , , , ,
| | - Anna M Kirwan
- Nutrigenomics Research Group; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science; and Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; , , , ,
| | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group; UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science; and Institute of Food and Health; University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; , , , ,
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Song J, Li C, Lv Y, Zhang Y, Amakye WK, Mao L. DHA increases adiponectin expression more effectively than EPA at relative low concentrations by regulating PPARγ and its phosphorylation at Ser273 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:52. [PMID: 28811832 PMCID: PMC5553905 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enhancing circulating adiponectin is considered as a potential approach for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were reported to increase adiponectin by previous studies using a mixture of them. However, their individual effects on adiponectin and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. In the present study, we observed and compared the individual effect of DHA and EPA on adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and further tested whether DHA or EPA regulated adiponectin by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its phosphorylation at Ser273 to provide a plausible explanation for their distinct actions. METHODS Firstly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with different doses of DHA or EPA for 24 h. Secondly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with DHA or EPA in the presence or absence of GW9662. Thirdly, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with DHA or EPA for 24 h, followed by being respectively co-incubated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) or roscovitine for another 2 h. Bovine serum albumin treatment served as the control. After treatments, cellular and secreted adiponectin, cellular PPARγ and its phosphorylation at Ser273 were determined. RESULTS Compared with the control, DHA increased cellular and secreted adiponectin at 50 and 100 μmol/L, while EPA increased them at 100 and 200 μmol/L. Adiponectin expressions in DHA treated groups were significantly higher than those in EPA treated groups at 50 and 100 μmol/L. Both DHA and EPA enhanced PPARγ expression, but DHA was more effective. GW9662 blocked DHA- and EPA-induced increases in PPARγ as well as adiponectin. Remarkably, an opposite regulation of PPARγ phosphorylation was detected after fatty acids treatment: DHA inhibited it but EPA stimulated it. TNF-α blocked DHA-induced decrease in PPARγ phosphorylation, which eventually led to a decrease in adiponectin. Roscovitine blocked EPA-induced increase in PPARγ phosphorylation, but the corresponding increase in adiponectin was non-significant. CONCLUSION DHA compared with EPA led to a greater increase in cellular and secreted adiponectin at relative low concentrations by increasing PPARγ expression and inhibiting its phosphorylation at Ser273. DHA may be more beneficial than EPA in reducing risks of NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Song
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yushan Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - William Kwame Amakye
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Limei Mao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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Allam-Ndoul B, Guénard F, Barbier O, Vohl MC. Effect of different concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids on stimulated THP-1 macrophages. GENES & NUTRITION 2017; 12:7. [PMID: 28250850 PMCID: PMC5320777 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-017-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation plays a central role in chronic diseases occurring in the contemporary society. The health benefits of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs), mostly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been reported. However, their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. We explored dose and time effects of EPA, DHA, and a mixture of EPA + DHA on the expression of inflammatory genes in stimulated macrophages. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide was used to stimulate human THP-1 macrophages. Cells were incubated in different conditions in the presence of n-3 FAs and LPS, and mRNA levels of inflammatory genes were measured by real-time PCR. Cytokine levels in culture media were measured. RESULTS The mixture of EPA + DHA had a more effective inhibitory effect than either DHA or EPA alone, DHA being more potent than EPA. For both EPA and DHA, 75 μM of FAs had a more important anti-inflammatory effect than 10 or 50 μM. For gene expression, EPA had the greater action during the post-incubation (after LPS treatment) condition while DHA and EPA + DHA were more potent during the co-incubation (n-3 FAs and LPS). Cytokine concentrations decreased more markedly in the co-incubation condition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in stimulated macrophages, expression levels of genes involved in inflammation are influenced by the dose, the type of n-3 FAs, and the time of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Allam-Ndoul
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Pavillon des Services, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - F. Guénard
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Pavillon des Services, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - O. Barbier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, CHU de Québec Research Center, 2705 Laurier Blvd, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - M-C Vohl
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Pavillon des Services, 2440 Hochelaga Blvd, Québec, Québec Canada
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Thota RN, Acharya SH, Abbott KA, Garg ML. Curcumin and long-chain Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for Prevention of type 2 Diabetes (COP-D): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016; 17:565. [PMID: 27894336 PMCID: PMC5126844 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle interventions, including increase in physical activity and dietary counselling, have shown the ability to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D) in high-risk state individuals, but the prevalence is still skyrocketing in Australia, in line with global prevalence. Currently, no medicines are approved by the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia for the management of prediabetes. Therefore, there is a need of developing a safer, biologically efficacious and cost-effective alternative for delaying the transition of individual health state from prediabetes into T2D. In the current trial we propose to evaluate the effects of curcumin and/or long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on improving glycosylated haemoglobin as a primary outcome, along with secondary outcomes of glycaemic indices, lipid profile and inflammatory parameters. Methods/design Eighty individuals diagnosed with prediabetes, aged between 30 and 70 years, will be randomly assigned to double placebo, curcumin alone, fish oil alone or double active groups according to a computer-generated randomisation sequence for 12 weeks. At baseline and post-intervention visits participants will be asked to provide blood samples and undergo body composition measurements. A blood sample is used for estimating glycaemic profiles, lipid profiles and inflammatory parameters (C-reactive protein, whole blood cell count, adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6). The interim visit includes review on compliance with supplements based on capsule log and capsule count, adverse events and anthropometric measurements. In addition to these procedures, participants provide self-reported questionnaires on dietary intake (using a 3-day food record), a physical activity questionnaire and medical history. Discussion This trial aims to determine whether curcumin and/or long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids affect surrogate markers of glycaemic control which is relevant to delaying T2D. To date 38 participants completed the trial. No changes have been made to the clinical protocol post recruitment. If successful, this trial will provide considerable evidence for performing a larger trial to investigate whether this combination can be administered for preventing or delaying the onset of T2D in high-risk individuals. Trial registration ACTRN12615000559516, registered on 29 May 2015). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1702-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith N Thota
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Shamasunder H Acharya
- Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Kylie A Abbott
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Manohar L Garg
- Nutraceuticals Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, 305C Medical Sciences Building, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
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Prostek A, Gajewska M, Bałasińska B. The influence of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on expression of genes connected with metabolism and secretory functions of ageing 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:48-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Fish-oil-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduce NLRP3 inflammasome activity and obesity-related inflammatory cross-talk between adipocytes and CD11b+ macrophages. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 34:61-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Khatib SA, Rossi EL, Bowers LW, Hursting SD. Reducing the burden of obesity-associated cancers with anti-inflammatory long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2016; 125:100-7. [PMID: 27448716 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Today's world population has an unprecedented risk of dying from the consequences of being overweight and obese. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer are often accelerated because of excessive adiposity. Various biological mechanisms are implicated in the obesity-cancer link, particularly local and systemic inflammation as well as altered growth factor signaling pathways. In order to combat obesity-induced inflammation and the resulting increases in cancer risk and progression, the identification of safe and effective mechanism-based interventions is imperative. Notably, long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) modulate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators, restore insulin sensitivity, and can prevent or delay tumorigenesis. Delineating the precise mechanisms by which omega-3 PUFAs suppress obesity-induced inflammation will help identify promising key mechanistic targets and intervention strategies to break the obesity-cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subreen A Khatib
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Emily L Rossi
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Laura W Bowers
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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Ramos-Romero S, Molinar-Toribio E, Pérez-Jiménez J, Taltavull N, Dasilva G, Romeu M, Medina I, Torres JL. The combined action of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and grape proanthocyanidins on a rat model of diet-induced metabolic alterations. Food Funct 2016; 7:3516-23. [PMID: 27418399 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00679e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that food components such as ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) and (poly)phenols counteract diet-induced metabolic alterations by common or complementary mechanisms. To examine the effects of a combination of ω-3 PUFAs and (poly)phenols on such alterations, adult Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed an obesogenic high-fat high-sucrose diet supplemented, or not, for 24 weeks with: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 1 : 1 (16.6 g kg(-1) feed); proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (GSE, 0.8 g kg(-1) feed); or EPA/DHA 1 : 1 + GSE. Body weight, feed intake, and plasma glucose were evaluated every 6 weeks, while adipose tissue weight, insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated at the end of the experiment. ω-3 PUFAs reduced plasma leptin and cholesterol levels, but did not modify diet-induced perigonadal fat or plasma insulin levels; while GSE increased plasma triglyceride levels. The combined action of ω-3 PUFAs and the proanthocyanidins reduced plasma insulin and leptin, as well as partially prevented perigonadal fat accumulation. While separate supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs or grape proanthocyanidins may not counteract all the key metabolic changes induced by a high-energy-dense diet, the combination of both supplements reverts altered insulin, leptin and triglyceride levels to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos-Romero
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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Muhlhausler BS, Yelland LN, McDermott R, Tapsell L, McPhee A, Gibson RA, Makrides M. DHA supplementation during pregnancy does not reduce BMI or body fat mass in children: follow-up of the DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 103:1489-96. [PMID: 27030533 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.126714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has proven effective at reducing fat storage in animal studies. However, a systematic review of human trials showed a lack of quality data to support or refute this hypothesis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether maternal DHA supplementation during the second half of pregnancy results in a lower body mass index (BMI) and percentage of body fat in children. DESIGN We conducted a follow-up at 3 and 5 y of age of children who were born to mothers enrolled in the DOMInO (DHA to Optimize Mother Infant Outcome) double-blind, randomized controlled trial, in which women with a singleton pregnancy were provided with DHA-rich fish-oil capsules (800 mg DHA/d) or vegetable-oil capsules (control group) in the second half of pregnancy. Primary outcomes were the BMI z score and percentage of body fat at 3 and 5 y of age. Potential interactions between prenatal DHA and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) genotype as a measure of the genetic predisposition to obesity were investigated. RESULTS A total of 1614 children were eligible for the follow-up. Parent or caregiver consent was obtained for 1531 children (95%), and these children were included in the analysis. BMI z scores and percentages of body fat of children in the DHA group did not differ from those of children in the control group at either 3 y of age [BMI z score adjusted mean difference: 0.03 (95% CI: -0.07, 0.13; P = 0.61); percentage of body fat adjusted mean difference: -0.26 (95% CI: -0.99, 0.46; P = 0.47)] or 5 y of age [BMI z score adjusted mean difference: 0.02 (95% CI: -0.08, 0.12; P = 0.66); percentage of body fat adjusted mean difference: 0.11 (95% CI: -0.60, 0.82; P = 0.75)]. No treatment effects were modified by the PPARγ genotype of the child. CONCLUSION Independent of a genetic predisposition to obesity, maternal intake of DHA-rich fish oil during the second half of pregnancy does not affect the growth or body composition of children at 3 or 5 y of age. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN1260500056906 and ACTRN12611001127998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly S Muhlhausler
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia; FOODplus Research Centre, Department of Wine and Food Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and Schools of
| | - Lisa N Yelland
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia; Public Health and
| | - Robyn McDermott
- School of Public Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; College of Public Health, Medical & Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Linda Tapsell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Andrew McPhee
- Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; and
| | - Robert A Gibson
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia; FOODplus Research Centre, Department of Wine and Food Science, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine and Schools of
| | - Maria Makrides
- Child Nutrition Research Centre, Women's and Children's Health Research Institute, Women's and Children's Hospital and Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia; Pediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
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Luo X, Jia R, Yao Q, Xu Y, Luo Z, Luo X, Wang N. Docosahexaenoic acid attenuates adipose tissue angiogenesis and insulin resistance in high fat diet-fed middle-aged mice via a sirt1-dependent mechanism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:871-85. [PMID: 26750093 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22: 6, n-3), one of PUFAs, exerts beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases, obesity and diabetes. Angiogenesis in adipose tissue has a major role in the development of obesity and its related metabolic complications. Inhibition of angiogenesis is an emerging strategy for the novel treatment for obesity. Thus, we examined the effect of DHA on angiogenesis in adipose tissues and investigated the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS In high-fat diet (HFD) fed middle-aged mice, DHA inhibited the macrophage-derived inflammation and angiogenesis in adipose tissues, reduced adipocyte size and body fat composition and improved insulin sensitivity. Moreover, DHA reversed the HFD-induced reduction of Sirt1 in adipose tissues. Interestingly, the effects of DHA were attenuated by lentivirus-mediated Sirt1 knockdown with increasing expression of markers of macrophage-derived inflammation and angiogenesis, associated with impaired insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrated that DHA reduced angiogenesis of adipose tissues and attenuated insulin resistance in HFD-induced obese mice via the activation of Sirt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Luo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, PR China
| | - Qinyu Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yirui Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Luo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Nanping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Komprda T, Sládek Z, Škultéty O, Křížková S, Rozíková V, Němcová B, Šustrová T, Valová M. Effect of dietarySchizochytriummicroalga oil on selected markers of low-grade inflammation in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:1169-1178. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Komprda
- Department of Food Technology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Z. Sládek
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - O. Škultéty
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - S. Křížková
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - V. Rozíková
- Department of Food Technology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - B. Němcová
- Department of Food Technology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - T. Šustrová
- Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
| | - M. Valová
- Department of Food Technology; Mendel University in Brno; Brno Czech Republic
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Björk C, Wilhelm U, Mandrup S, Larsen BD, Bordoni A, Hedén P, Rydén M, Arner P, Laurencikiene J. Effects of selected bioactive food compounds on human white adipocyte function. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:4. [PMID: 26788115 PMCID: PMC4717570 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggest that intake of specific bioactive compounds may have beneficial clinical effects on adipose tissue partly due to their anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing properties. With the overall aim to contribute to better understanding of the mechanisms of selected bioactive nutrients on fat metabolism, we investigated their role on human white adipocyte function. Methods The influence of the omega-3-fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the anthocyanin (AC) cyanidin-3-glucoside and its metabolite protocatechuic acid, and the beta-glucan metabolite propionic acid (PI) on adipokine secretion, fatty acid metabolism (lipolysis/lipogenesis) and adipocyte differentiation (lipid accumulation) was studied in human fat cells differentiated in vitro. To investigate possible synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects, DHA was also combined with AC or PI. Results Each compound, alone or together with DHA, suppressed basal adipocyte lipolysis compared to control treated cells. DHA alone attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines such as chemerin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), whereas AC suppressed only the latter two. Treatment with PI decreased IL-6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and adiponectin secretion. A combination of DHA and AC decreased TNFα secretion and increased insulin-stimulated lipogenesis. No effect was found on adipocyte differentiation. At the selected concentrations, none of the compounds was found to be cytotoxic. Conclusion The studied bioactive food compounds or their metabolites have beneficial effects in human primary fat cells measured as decreased basal lipolytic activity and secretion of inflammatory markers. A minor effect was also observed on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake albeit only with the combination of DHA and AC. Taken together, our results may link the reported health benefits of the selected bioactives on metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia to effects on white adipocytes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0064-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Björk
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden ; Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Lipid Laboratory, Novum, NVS D4, Hälsovägen 7, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Uta Wilhelm
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Bjørk Ditlev Larsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Bordoni
- Department of Agro-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Per Hedén
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Akademikliniken, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jurga Laurencikiene
- Lipid Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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Dietary docosahexaenoic acid reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis caused by conjugated linoleic acid supplementation in mice. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Todorčević M, Hodson L. The Effect of Marine Derived n-3 Fatty Acids on Adipose Tissue Metabolism and Function. J Clin Med 2015; 5:jcm5010003. [PMID: 26729182 PMCID: PMC4730128 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue function is key determinant of metabolic health, with specific nutrients being suggested to play a role in tissue metabolism. One such group of nutrients are the n-3 fatty acids, specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). Results from studies where human, animal and cellular models have been utilised to investigate the effects of EPA and/or DHA on white adipose tissue/adipocytes suggest anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects. We review here evidence for these effects, specifically focusing on studies that provide some insight into metabolic pathways or processes. Of note, limited work has been undertaken investigating the effects of EPA and DHA on white adipose tissue in humans whilst more work has been undertaken using animal and cellular models. Taken together it would appear that EPA and DHA have a positive effect on lowering lipogenesis, increasing lipolysis and decreasing inflammation, all of which would be beneficial for adipose tissue biology. What remains to be elucidated is the duration and dose required to see a favourable effect of EPA and DHA in vivo in humans, across a range of adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Todorčević
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK.
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PPARs: Protectors or Opponents of Myocardial Function? PPAR Res 2015; 2015:835985. [PMID: 26713088 PMCID: PMC4680114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 5 million people in the United States suffer from the complications of heart failure (HF), which is a rapidly expanding health complication. Disorders that contribute to HF include ischemic cardiac disease, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. There are three PPAR isoforms: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. They can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as fatty acids, as well as by pharmacologic agents. Activators of PPARs are used for treating several metabolic complications, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia that are directly or indirectly associated with HF. However, some of these drugs have adverse effects that compromise cardiac function. This review article aims to summarize the current basic and clinical research findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of PPAR biology on myocardial function.
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Maintinguer Norde M, Oki É, de Castro IA, Pacheco Souza JM, Teixeira Damasceno NR, Mara Fisberg R, Lobo Marchioni DM, Macedo Rogero M. Influence of adiponectin
gene variants and plasma fatty acids on systemic inflammation state association-A cross-sectional population-based study, São Paulo, Brazil. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:278-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Érica Oki
- Nutrition Department; School of Public Health of University of São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Inar Alves de Castro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science; University of São Paulo; Brazil
| | | | | | - Regina Mara Fisberg
- Nutrition Department; School of Public Health of University of São Paulo; Brazil
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De Boer AA, Monk JM, Liddle DM, Power KA, Ma DWL, Robinson LE. Fish Oil-Derived Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduce Expression of M1-Associated Macrophage Markers in an ex vivo Adipose Tissue Culture Model, in Part through Adiponectin. Front Nutr 2015; 2:31. [PMID: 26528480 PMCID: PMC4602148 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2015.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) macrophages (ATM) play a key role in obesity-associated pathologies, and their phenotype can be influenced by the local tissue microenvironment. Interestingly, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) and the LC n-3 PUFA-upregulated adipokine, adiponectin (Ad), may mitigate excessive ATM inflammatory M1-polarization responses. However, to what extent LC n-3 PUFA and Ad work in concert to affect macrophage phenotype has not been examined. Thus, we used an established ex vivo AT organ culture model using visceral AT from mice fed a control (CON; 10% w/w safflower oil) n-6 PUFA-rich diet or an isocaloric fish oil (FO; 3% w/w menhaden oil + 7% w/w safflower oil)-derived LC n-3 PUFA-rich diet to generate AT conditioned media (ACM). We then evaluated if CON or FO ACM affected macrophage polarization markers in a model designed to mimic acute [18 h ACM plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for the last 6 h] or chronic (macrophages treated with LPS-challenged CON or FO ACM for 24 h) inflammation ± Ad-neutralizing antibody and the LPS-neutralizing agent, polymyxin B. In the acute inflammation model, macrophages treated with FO ACM had decreased lipid uptake and mRNA expression of M1 markers (Nos2, Nfκb, Il6, Il18, Ccl2, and Ccl5) compared with CON ACM (p ≤ 0.05); however, these effects were largely attenuated when Ad was neutralized (p > 0.05). Furthermore, in the chronic inflammation model, macrophages treated with FO ACM had decreased mRNA expression of M1 markers (Nos2, Tnfα, Ccl2, and Il1β) and IL-6 and CCL2 secretion (p ≤ 0.05); however, some of these effects were lost when Ad was neutralized, and were further exacerbated when both Ad and LPS were neutralized. Taken together, this work shows that LC n-3 PUFA and Ad work in concert to suppress certain M1 macrophage responses. Thus, future strategies to modulate the ATM phenotype should consider the role of both LC n-3 PUFA and Ad in mitigating obese AT inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A De Boer
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON , Canada
| | - Jennifer M Monk
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON , Canada ; Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph, ON , Canada
| | - Danyelle M Liddle
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON , Canada
| | - Krista A Power
- Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Guelph, ON , Canada
| | - David W L Ma
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON , Canada
| | - Lindsay E Robinson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph , Guelph, ON , Canada
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Bargut TCL, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. A high-fish-oil diet prevents adiposity and modulates white adipose tissue inflammation pathways in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:960-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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DeClercq V, d'Eon B, McLeod RS. Fatty acids increase adiponectin secretion through both classical and exosome pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1123-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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