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Wang P, Su L, Cao L, Hu H, Wan H, Wu C, Zheng Y, Bao C, Liu X. AtSRT1 regulates flowering by regulating flowering integrators and energy signals in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 213:108841. [PMID: 38879987 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications, such as histone alterations, play crucial roles in regulating the flowering process in Arabidopsis, a typical long-day model plant. Histone modifications are notably involved in the intricate regulation of FLC, a key inhibitor of flowering. Although sirtuin-like protein and NAD+-dependent deacetylases play an important role in regulating energy metabolism, plant stress responses, and hormonal signal transduction, the mechanisms underlying their developmental transitions remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to reveal how Arabidopsis NAD + -dependent deacetylase AtSRT1 affects flowering by regulating the expression of flowering integrators. Genetic and molecular evidence demonstrated that AtSRT1 mediates histone deacetylation by directly binding near the transcriptional start sites (TSS) of the flowering integrator genes FT and SOC1 and negatively regulating their expression by modulating the expression of the downstream gene LFY to inhibit flowering. Additionally, AtSRT1 directly down-regulates the expression of TOR, a glucose-driven central hub of energy signaling, which controls cell metabolism and growth in response to nutritional and environmental factors. This down-regulation occurs through binding near the TSS of TOR, facilitating the addition of H3K27me3 marks on FLC via the TOR-FIE-PRC2 pathway, further repressing flowering. These results uncover a multi-pathway regulatory network involving deacetylase AtSRT1 during the flowering process, highlighting its interaction with TOR as a hub for the coordinated regulation of energy metabolism and flowering initiation. These findings significantly enhance understanding of the complexity of histone modifications in the regulation of flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Lufang Su
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Lan Cao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Hanbing Hu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Heping Wan
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Chunhong Wu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Chun Bao
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Protection and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Hanjiang River Basin, College of Life Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, PR China.
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2
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Li G, Zhao Y. The critical roles of three sugar-related proteins (HXK, SnRK1, TOR) in regulating plant growth and stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2024; 11:uhae099. [PMID: 38863993 PMCID: PMC11165164 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhae099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Sugar signaling is one of the most critical regulatory signals in plants, and its metabolic network contains multiple regulatory factors. Sugar signal molecules regulate cellular activities and organism development by combining with other intrinsic regulatory factors and environmental inputs. HXK, SnRK1, and TOR are three fundamental proteins that have a pivotal role in the metabolism of sugars in plants. HXK, being the initial glucose sensor discovered in plants, is renowned for its multifaceted characteristics. Recent investigations have unveiled that HXK additionally assumes a significant role in plant hormonal signaling and abiotic stress. SnRK1 serves as a vital regulator of growth under energy-depleted circumstances, whereas TOR, a large protein, acts as a central integrator of signaling pathways that govern cell metabolism, organ development, and transcriptome reprogramming in response to diverse stimuli. Together, these two proteins work to sense upstream signals and modulate downstream signals to regulate cell growth and proliferation. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of research on these three proteins, particularly on TOR and SnRK1. Furthermore, studies have found that these three proteins not only regulate sugar signaling but also exhibit certain signal crosstalk in regulating plant growth and development. This review provides a comprehensive overview and summary of the basic functions and regulatory networks of these three proteins. It aims to serve as a reference for further exploration of the interactions between these three proteins and their involvement in co-regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuo Li
- College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ying Zhao
- College of Enology and Horticulture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
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3
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Shanks CM, Rothkegel K, Brooks MD, Cheng CY, Alvarez JM, Ruffel S, Krouk G, Gutiérrez RA, Coruzzi GM. Nitrogen sensing and regulatory networks: it's about time and space. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1482-1503. [PMID: 38366121 PMCID: PMC11062454 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
A plant's response to external and internal nitrogen signals/status relies on sensing and signaling mechanisms that operate across spatial and temporal dimensions. From a comprehensive systems biology perspective, this involves integrating nitrogen responses in different cell types and over long distances to ensure organ coordination in real time and yield practical applications. In this prospective review, we focus on novel aspects of nitrogen (N) sensing/signaling uncovered using temporal and spatial systems biology approaches, largely in the model Arabidopsis. The temporal aspects span: transcriptional responses to N-dose mediated by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the role of the master NLP7 transcription factor as a nitrate sensor, its nitrate-dependent TF nuclear retention, its "hit-and-run" mode of target gene regulation, and temporal transcriptional cascade identified by "network walking." Spatial aspects of N-sensing/signaling have been uncovered in cell type-specific studies in roots and in root-to-shoot communication. We explore new approaches using single-cell sequencing data, trajectory inference, and pseudotime analysis as well as machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches. Finally, unveiling the mechanisms underlying the spatial dynamics of nitrogen sensing/signaling networks across species from model to crop could pave the way for translational studies to improve nitrogen-use efficiency in crops. Such outcomes could potentially reduce the detrimental effects of excessive fertilizer usage on groundwater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Shanks
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Karin Rothkegel
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo-Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500565 Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331010 Santiago, Chile
| | - Matthew D Brooks
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chia-Yi Cheng
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10663, Taiwan
| | - José M Alvarez
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo-Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500565 Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370035 Santiago, Chile
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Rodrigo A Gutiérrez
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo-Millennium Science Initiative Program, Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500565 Santiago, Chile
- Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331010 Santiago, Chile
| | - Gloria M Coruzzi
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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4
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Ohama N, Yanagisawa S. Role of GARP family transcription factors in the regulatory network for nitrogen and phosphorus acquisition. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2024; 137:331-341. [PMID: 38190030 PMCID: PMC11082045 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The GARP (Golden2, ARR-B, Psr1) family proteins with a conserved DNA-binding domain, called the B-motif, are plant-specific transcription factors involved in the regulation of various physiological processes. The GARP family proteins are divided into members that function as monomeric transcription factors, and members that function as transcription factors in the dimeric form, owing to the presence of a coiled-coil dimerization domain. Recent studies revealed that the dimer-forming GARP family members, which are further divided into the PHR1 and NIGT1 subfamilies, play critical roles in the regulation of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) acquisition. In this review, we present a general overview of the GARP family proteins and discuss how several members of the PHR1 and NIGT1 subfamilies are involved in the coordinated acquisition of P and N in response to changes in environmental nutrient conditions, while mainly focusing on the recent findings that enhance our knowledge of the roles of PHR1 and NIGT1 in phosphate starvation signaling and nitrate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Ohama
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Plant Functional Biotechnology, Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
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5
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Chen M, Dai Y, Liao J, Wu H, Lv Q, Huang Y, Liu L, Feng Y, Lv H, Zhou B, Peng D. TARGET OF MONOPTEROS: key transcription factors orchestrating plant development and environmental response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2214-2234. [PMID: 38195092 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Plants have an incredible ability to sustain root and vascular growth after initiation of the embryonic root and the specification of vascular tissue in early embryos. Microarray assays have revealed that a group of transcription factors, TARGET OF MONOPTEROS (TMO), are important for embryonic root initiation in Arabidopsis. Despite the discovery of their auxin responsiveness early on, their function and mode of action remained unknown for many years. The advent of genome editing has accelerated the study of TMO transcription factors, revealing novel functions for biological processes such as vascular development, root system architecture, and response to environmental cues. This review covers recent achievements in understanding the developmental function and the genetic mode of action of TMO transcription factors in Arabidopsis and other plant species. We highlight the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of TMO transcription factors in relation to their function, mainly in Arabidopsis. Finally, we provide suggestions for further research and potential applications in plant genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yani Dai
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiamin Liao
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lichang Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hongxuan Lv
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, 438107, Huaihua, Hunan, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Applied Technology for Forestry and Ecology in Southern China, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Forestry Biotechnology Hunan Key Laboratories, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Huitong National Field Station for Scientific Observation and Research of Chinese Fir Plantation Ecosystem in Hunan Province, 438107, Huaihua, Hunan, China
- Forestry Biotechnology Hunan Key Laboratories, Hunan, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, 410004, Changsha, Hunan, China
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6
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Cheng YJ, Wang JW, Ye R. Histone dynamics responding to internal and external cues underlying plant development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1980-1997. [PMID: 38124490 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants necessitate a refined coordination of growth and development to effectively respond to external triggers for survival and successful reproduction. This intricate harmonization of plant developmental processes and adaptability hinges on significant alterations within their epigenetic landscapes. In this review, we first delve into recent strides made in comprehending underpinning the dynamics of histones, driven by both internal and external cues. We encapsulate the prevailing working models through which cis/trans elements navigate the acquisition and removal of histone modifications, as well as the substitution of histone variants. As we look ahead, we anticipate that delving deeper into the dynamics of epigenetic regulation at the level of individual cells or specific cell types will significantly enrich our comprehension of how plant development unfolds under the influence of internal and external cues. Such exploration holds the potential to provide unprecedented resolution in understanding the orchestration of plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Juan Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ruiqiang Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics (NKLPMG), CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences (CEMPS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology (SIPPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200032, China
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7
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Semenova MG, Petina AN, Fedorova EE. Autophagy and Symbiosis: Membranes, ER, and Speculations. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2918. [PMID: 38474164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction of plants and soil bacteria rhizobia leads to the formation of root nodule symbiosis. The intracellular form of rhizobia, the symbiosomes, are able to perform the nitrogen fixation by converting atmospheric dinitrogen into ammonia, which is available for plants. The symbiosis involves the resource sharing between two partners, but this exchange does not include equivalence, which can lead to resource scarcity and stress responses of one of the partners. In this review, we analyze the possible involvement of the autophagy pathway in the process of the maintenance of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria intracellular colony and the changes in the endomembrane system of the host cell. According to in silico expression analysis, ATG genes of all groups were expressed in the root nodule, and the expression was developmental zone dependent. The analysis of expression of genes involved in the response to carbon or nitrogen deficiency has shown a suboptimal access to sugars and nitrogen in the nodule tissue. The upregulation of several ER stress genes was also detected. Hence, the root nodule cells are under heavy bacterial infection, carbon deprivation, and insufficient nitrogen supply, making nodule cells prone to autophagy. We speculate that the membrane formation around the intracellular rhizobia may be quite similar to the phagophore formation, and the induction of autophagy and ER stress are essential to the success of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Semenova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alekandra N Petina
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena E Fedorova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Science, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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8
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Hang T, Lin C, Asim M, Ramakrishnan M, Deng S, Yang P, Zhou M. Low phosphorus impact on Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) root morphological polymorphism and expression pattern of the related genes. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad138. [PMID: 38035777 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Moso bamboo typically grows in phosphorus (P)-deficient soil that limits its growth and development. In this study, 10 Moso bamboo genotypes (Ph-1 to Ph-10) were evaluated for their responses to P deficiency during the seedling stage by growing them in both P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. Adaptive responses to low P (LP) conditions were observed in the majority of genotypes. Under P deficiency conditions, the total biomass decreased in several genotypes, but at the same time, the root-to-shoot ratio increased. Principal component analysis identified two main comprehensive traits (PC1 and PC2) related to the root volume and surface area and P concentration and accumulation. Based on the analysis, two genotypes (Ph-6 and Ph-10) were identified with significantly different levels of tolerance to P deficiency. The results revealed that the genotype Ph-10 responded to P deficiency by significantly increasing the root surface area and volume, while simultaneously reducing the number of root cortex cells when compared with the genotype Ph-6, which showed the lowest tolerance (intolerant). The genotype Ph-10 exhibited a robust response to external LP conditions, marked by elevated expression levels of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTERs and SYG1/PHO81/XPR1s. In situ Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis also revealed distinct tissue-specific expression patterns of the genes in the roots, particularly highlighting the differences between Ph-6 and Ph-10. The results provide a foundation for elucidating the mechanism of LP tolerance, thus potentially contributing to developing high P-use efficiency in Moso bamboo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Chenjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Muhammad Asim
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Muthusamy Ramakrishnan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Subtropical Forest Biodiversity Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Shixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Ping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
| | - Mingbing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Bamboo Industry Institute, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311300, China
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9
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Li W, Liu J, Li Z, Ye R, Chen W, Huang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang Y, Hu H, Zheng P, Fang Z, Tao Z, Song S, Pan R, Zhang J, Tu J, Sheen J, Du H. Mitigating growth-stress tradeoffs via elevated TOR signaling in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:240-257. [PMID: 38053337 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Rice production accounts for approximately half of the freshwater resources utilized in agriculture, resulting in greenhouse gas emissions such as methane (CH4) from flooded paddy fields. To address this challenge, environmentally friendly and cost-effective water-saving techniques have become widely adopted in rice cultivation. However, the implementation of water-saving treatments (WSTs) in paddy-field rice has been associated with a substantial yield loss of up to 50% as well as a reduction in nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). In this study, we discovered that the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is compromised in rice under WST. Polysome profiling-coupled transcriptome sequencing (polysome-seq) analysis unveiled a substantial reduction in global translation in response to WST associated with the downregulation of TOR activity. Molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses revealed new insights into the impact of the positive TOR-S6K-RPS6 and negative TOR-MAF1 modules on translation repression under WST. Intriguingly, ammonium exhibited a greater ability to alleviate growth constraints under WST by enhancing TOR signaling, which simultaneously promoted uptake and utilization of ammonium and nitrogen allocation. We further demonstrated that TOR modulates the ammonium transporter AMT1;1 as well as the amino acid permease APP1 and dipeptide transporter NPF7.3 at the translational level through the 5' untranslated region. Collectively, these findings reveal that enhancing TOR signaling could mitigate rice yield penalty due to WST by regulating the processes involved in protein synthesis and NUE. Our study will contribute to the breeding of new rice varieties with increased water and fertilizer utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Ruiqiang Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenzhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yuqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huayi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Zhongming Fang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Agricultural Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zeng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ronghui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Jumim Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road No. 866, Hangzhou 310058, China; ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311215, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China.
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10
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Houmani H, Corpas FJ. Can nutrients act as signals under abiotic stress? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108313. [PMID: 38171136 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are in constant communication to coordinate development processes and environmental reactions. Under stressful conditions, such communication allows the plant cells to adjust their activities and development. This is due to intercellular signaling events which involve several components. In plant development, cell-to-cell signaling is ensured by mobile signals hormones, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), or hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as well as several transcription factors and small RNAs. Mineral nutrients, including macro and microelements, are determinant factors for plant growth and development and are, currently, recognized as potential signal molecules. This review aims to highlight the role of nutrients, particularly calcium, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron as signaling components with special attention to the mechanism of response against stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayet Houmani
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain; Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, PO Box 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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11
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Cerda A, Alvarez JM. Insights into molecular links and transcription networks integrating drought stress and nitrogen signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:560-566. [PMID: 37974513 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought and the availability of nitrate, the predominant source of nitrogen (N) in agriculture, are major factors limiting plant growth and crop productivity. The dissection of the transcriptional networks' components integrating droght stress and nitrate responses provides valuable insights into how plants effectively balance stress response with growth programs. Recent evidence in Arabidopsis thaliana indicates that transcription factors (TFs) involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling affect N metabolism and nitrate responses, and reciprocally, components of nitrate signaling might affect ABA and drought gene responses. Advances in understanding regulatory circuits of nitrate and drought crosstalk in plant tissues empower targeted genetic modifications to enhance plant development and stress resistance, critical traits for optimizing crop yield and promoting sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Cerda
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - José M Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, 8370186, Chile
- Millennium Science Initiative - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, 8331150, Chile
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12
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Park K, Kim S, Jung J. Analysis of temperature effects on the protein accumulation of the FT-FD module using newly generated Arabidopsis transgenic plants. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e552. [PMID: 38116182 PMCID: PMC10727963 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis flowering is dependent on interactions between a component of the florigens FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor FD. These proteins form a complex that activates the genes required for flowering competence and integrates environmental cues, such as photoperiod and temperature. However, it remains largely unknown how FT and FD are regulated at the protein level. To address this, we created FT transgenic plants that express the N-terminal FLAG-tagged FT fusion protein under the control of its own promoter in ft mutant backgrounds. FT transgenic plants complemented the delayed flowering of the ft mutant and exhibited similar FT expression patterns to wild-type Col-0 plants in response to changes in photoperiod and temperature. Similarly, we generated FD transgenic plants in fd mutant backgrounds that express the N-terminal MYC-tagged FD fusion protein under the FD promoter, rescuing the late flowering phenotypes in the fd mutant. Using these transgenic plants, we investigated how temperature regulates the expression of FT and FD proteins. Temperature-dependent changes in FT and FD protein levels are primarily regulated at the transcript level, but protein-level temperature effects have also been observed to some extent. In addition, our examination of the expression patterns of FT and FD in different tissues revealed that similar to the spatial expression pattern of FT, FD mRNA was expressed in both the leaf and shoot apex, but FD protein was only detected in the apex, suggesting a regulatory mechanism that restricts FD protein expression in the leaf during the vegetative growth phase. These transgenic plants provided a valuable platform for investigating the role of the FT-FD module in flowering time regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung‐Ho Park
- Department of Biological SciencesSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Sol‐Bi Kim
- Department of Biological SciencesSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
| | - Jae‐Hoon Jung
- Department of Biological SciencesSungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonSouth Korea
- Research Centre for Plant PlasticitySeoul National UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeonSouth Korea
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13
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Olukayode T, Chen J, Zhao Y, Quan C, Kochian LV, Ham BK. Phloem-Mobile MYB44 Negatively Regulates Expression of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER 1 in Arabidopsis Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3617. [PMID: 37896080 PMCID: PMC10610484 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant macronutrient; however, its availability is often limited in soils. Plants have evolved complex mechanisms for efficient phosphate (Pi) absorption, which are responsive to changes in external and internal Pi concentration, and orchestrated through local and systemic responses. To explore these systemic Pi responses, here we identified AtMYB44 as a phloem-mobile mRNA, an Arabidopsis homolog of Cucumis sativus MYB44, that is responsive to the Pi-starvation stress. qRT-PCR assays revealed that AtMYB44 was up-regulated and expressed in both shoot and root in response to Pi-starvation stress. The atmyb44 mutant displayed higher shoot and root biomass compared to wild-type plants, under Pi-starvation conditions. Interestingly, the expression of PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER1;2 (PHT1;2) and PHT1;4 was enhanced in atmyb44 in response to a Pi-starvation treatment. A split-root assay showed that AtMYB44 expression was systemically regulated under Pi-starvation conditions, and in atmyb44, systemic controls on PHT1;2 and PHT1;4 expression were moderately disrupted. Heterografting assays confirmed graft transmission of AtMYB44 transcripts, and PHT1;2 and PHT1;4 expression was decreased in heterografted atmyb44 rootstocks. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that mobile AtMYB44 mRNA serves as a long-distance Pi response signal, which negatively regulates Pi transport and utilization in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluwase Olukayode
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada; (T.O.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.Q.); (L.V.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Jieyu Chen
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada; (T.O.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.Q.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Yang Zhao
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada; (T.O.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.Q.); (L.V.K.)
| | - Chuanhezi Quan
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada; (T.O.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.Q.); (L.V.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Leon V. Kochian
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada; (T.O.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.Q.); (L.V.K.)
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Byung-Kook Ham
- Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada; (T.O.); (J.C.); (Y.Z.); (C.Q.); (L.V.K.)
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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14
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Agbemafle W, Wong MM, Bassham DC. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of plant autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6006-6022. [PMID: 37358252 PMCID: PMC10575704 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In response to changing environmental conditions, plants activate cellular responses to enable them to adapt. One such response is autophagy, in which cellular components, for example proteins and organelles, are delivered to the vacuole for degradation. Autophagy is activated by a wide range of conditions, and the regulatory pathways controlling this activation are now being elucidated. However, key aspects of how these factors may function together to properly modulate autophagy in response to specific internal or external signals are yet to be discovered. In this review we discuss mechanisms for regulation of autophagy in response to environmental stress and disruptions in cell homeostasis. These pathways include post-translational modification of proteins required for autophagy activation and progression, control of protein stability of the autophagy machinery, and transcriptional regulation, resulting in changes in transcription of genes involved in autophagy. In particular, we highlight potential connections between the roles of key regulators and explore gaps in research, the filling of which can further our understanding of the autophagy regulatory network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Agbemafle
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Min May Wong
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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15
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Zhang Z, Zhong Z, Xiong Y. Sailing in complex nutrient signaling networks: Where I am, where to go, and how to go? MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1635-1660. [PMID: 37740490 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
To ensure survival and promote growth, sessile plants have developed intricate internal signaling networks tailored in diverse cells and organs with both shared and specialized functions that respond to various internal and external cues. A fascinating question arises: how can a plant cell or organ diagnose the spatial and temporal information it is experiencing to know "where I am," and then is able to make the accurate specific responses to decide "where to go" and "how to go," despite the absence of neuronal systems found in mammals. Drawing inspiration from recent comprehensive investigations into diverse nutrient signaling pathways in plants, this review focuses on the interactive nutrient signaling networks mediated by various nutrient sensors and transducers. We assess and illustrate examples of how cells and organs exhibit specific responses to changing spatial and temporal information within these interactive plant nutrient networks. In addition, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which plants employ posttranslational modification codes to integrate different upstream nutrient signals, thereby conferring response specificities to the signaling hub proteins. Furthermore, we discuss recent breakthrough studies that demonstrate the potential of modulating nutrient sensing and signaling as promising strategies to enhance crop yield, even with reduced fertilizer application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhaochen Zhong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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16
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Caldana C, Carrari F, Fernie AR, Sampathkumar A. How metabolism and development are intertwined in space and time. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:347-359. [PMID: 37433681 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Developmental transitions, occurring throughout the life cycle of plants, require precise regulation of metabolic processes to generate the energy and resources necessary for the committed growth processes. In parallel, the establishment of new cells, tissues, and even organs, alongside their differentiation provoke profound changes in metabolism. It is increasingly being recognized that there is a certain degree of feedback regulation between the components and products of metabolic pathways and developmental regulators. The generation of large-scale metabolomics datasets during developmental transitions, in combination with molecular genetic approaches has helped to further our knowledge on the functional importance of metabolic regulation of development. In this perspective article, we provide insights into studies that elucidate interactions between metabolism and development at the temporal and spatial scales. We additionally discuss how this influences cell growth-related processes. We also highlight how metabolic intermediates function as signaling molecules to direct plant development in response to changing internal and external conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Arun Sampathkumar
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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17
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Liang XG, Gao Z, Fu XX, Chen XM, Shen S, Zhou SL. Coordination of carbon assimilation, allocation, and utilization for systemic improvement of cereal yield. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1206829. [PMID: 37731984 PMCID: PMC10508850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1206829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The growth of yield outputs is dwindling after the first green revolution, which cannot meet the demand for the projected population increase by the mid-century, especially with the constant threat from extreme climates. Cereal yield requires carbon (C) assimilation in the source for subsequent allocation and utilization in the sink. However, whether the source or sink limits yield improvement, a crucial question for strategic orientation in future breeding and cultivation, is still under debate. To narrow the knowledge gap and capture the progress, we focus on maize, rice, and wheat by briefly reviewing recent advances in yield improvement by modulation of i) leaf photosynthesis; ii) primary C allocation, phloem loading, and unloading; iii) C utilization and grain storage; and iv) systemic sugar signals (e.g., trehalose 6-phosphate). We highlight strategies for optimizing C allocation and utilization to coordinate the source-sink relationships and promote yields. Finally, based on the understanding of these physiological mechanisms, we envisage a future scenery of "smart crop" consisting of flexible coordination of plant C economy, with the goal of yield improvement and resilience in the field population of cereals crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Gui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Province/The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education and Jiangxi Province/The Laboratory for Phytochemistry and Botanical Pesticides, College of Agriculture, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xian-Min Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si Shen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shun-Li Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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18
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Saile J, Wießner-Kroh T, Erbstein K, Obermüller DM, Pfeiffer A, Janocha D, Lohmann J, Wachter A. SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN control light-responsive splicing events and developmental characteristics in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3413-3428. [PMID: 37338062 PMCID: PMC10473197 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The kinases SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) are central sensors of the energy status, linking this information via diverse regulatory mechanisms to plant development and stress responses. Despite the well-studied functions of SnRK1 and TOR under conditions of limited or ample energy availability, respectively, little is known about the extent to which the 2 sensor systems function and how they are integrated in the same molecular process or physiological context. Here, we demonstrate that both SnRK1 and TOR are required for proper skotomorphogenesis in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, light-induced cotyledon opening, and regular development in light. Furthermore, we identify SnRK1 and TOR as signaling components acting upstream of light- and sugar-regulated alternative splicing events, expanding the known action spectra for these 2 key players in energy signaling. Our findings imply that concurring SnRK1 and TOR activities are required throughout various phases of plant development. Based on the current knowledge and our findings, we hypothesize that turning points in the activities of these sensor kinases, as expected to occur upon illumination of etiolated seedlings, instead of signaling thresholds reflecting the nutritional status may modulate developmental programs in response to altered energy availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Saile
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (imP), University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresa Wießner-Kroh
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Erbstein
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (imP), University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik M Obermüller
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne Pfeiffer
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Denis Janocha
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lohmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wachter
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (imP), University of Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Han C, Wang L, Lyu J, Shi W, Yao L, Fan M, Bai MY. Brassinosteroid signaling and molecular crosstalk with nutrients in plants. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:541-553. [PMID: 36914050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to optimize their growth and development in response to fluctuating nutrient levels. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of plant steroid hormones that play critical roles in plant growth and developmental processes as well as plant responses to environmental stimuli. Recently, multiple molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain the integration of BRs with different nutrient signaling processes to coordinate gene expression, metabolism, growth, and survival. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the molecular regulatory mechanisms of the BR signaling pathway and the multifaceted roles of BR in the intertwined sensing, signaling, and metabolic processes of sugar, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron. Further understanding and exploring these BR-related processes and mechanisms will facilitate advances in crop breeding for higher resource efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lingyan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Jinyang Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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20
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Barbier F, Fichtner F, Beveridge C. The strigolactone pathway plays a crucial role in integrating metabolic and nutritional signals in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1191-1200. [PMID: 37488268 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are rhizosphere signals and phytohormones that play crucial roles in plant development. They are also well known for their role in integrating nitrate and phosphate signals to regulate shoot and root development. More recently, sugars and citrate (an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle) were reported to inhibit the strigolactone response, with dramatic effects on shoot architecture. This Review summarizes the discoveries recently made concerning the mechanisms through which the strigolactone pathway integrates sugar, metabolite and nutrient signals. We highlight here that strigolactones and MAX2-dependent signalling play crucial roles in mediating the impacts of nutritional and metabolic cues on plant development and metabolism. We also discuss and speculate concerning the role of these interactions in plant evolution and adaptation to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Barbier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Franziska Fichtner
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christine Beveridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Jezek M, Allan AC, Jones JJ, Geilfus CM. Why do plants blush when they are hungry? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:494-505. [PMID: 36810736 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Foliar anthocyanins, as well as other secondary metabolites, accumulate transiently under nutritional stress. A misconception that only nitrogen or phosphorus deficiency induces leaf purpling/reddening has led to overuse of fertilizers that burden the environment. Here, we emphasize that several other nutritional imbalances induce anthocyanin accumulation, and nutrient-specific differences in this response have been reported for some deficiencies. A range of ecophysiological functions have been attributed to anthocyanins. We discuss the proposed functions and signalling pathways that elicit anthocyanin synthesis in nutrient-stressed leaves. Knowledge from the fields of genetics, molecular biology, ecophysiology and plant nutrition is combined to deduce how and why anthocyanins accumulate under nutritional stress. Future research to fully understand the mechanisms and nuances of foliar anthocyanin accumulation in nutrient-stressed crops could be utilized to allow these leaf pigments to act as bioindicators for demand-oriented application of fertilizers. This would benefit the environment, being timely due to the increasing impact of the climate crisis on crop performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Jezek
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrew C Allan
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd (Plant & Food Research), Mt Albert, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jeffrey J Jones
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
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22
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Wang S, Chen H, Huang Y, Zhang X, Chen Y, Du H, Wang H, Qin F, Ding S. Ubiquitin E3 ligase AtCHYR2 functions in glucose regulation of germination and post-germinative growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:989-1002. [PMID: 36991149 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Cytoplasm-localized RING ubiquitin E3 ligase AtCHYR2 involved in plant glucose responses during germination and post-germinative growth. CHY ZINC FINGER AND RING PROTEIN (CHYR) containing both a CHY zinc finger and a C3H2C3-type RING domain plays important roles in plant drought tolerance and the abscisic acid (ABA) response; however, their functions in sugar signaling pathways are less studied. Here, we report a glucose (Glc) response gene AtCHYR2, a homolog of RZFP34/CHYR1, which is induced by various abiotic stresses, ABA, and sugar treatments. In vitro, we demonstrated that AtCHYR2 is a cytoplasm-localized RING ubiquitin E3 ligase. Overexpression of AtCHYR2 led to hypersensitivity to Glc and enhanced Glc-mediated inhibition of cotyledon greening and post-germinative growth. Contrastingly, AtCHYR2 loss-of-function plants were insensitive to Glc-regulated seed germination and primary root growth, suggesting that AtCHYR2 is a positively regulator of the plant glucose response. Additionally, physiological analyses showed that overexpression AtCHYR2 increased stomata aperture and photosynthesis under normal condition, and promoted accumulation of endogenous soluble sugar and starch in response to high Glc. Genome-wide RNA sequencing analysis showed that AtCHYR2 affects a major proportion of Glc-responsive genes. Particularly, sugar marker gene expression analysis suggested that AtCHYR2 enhances the Glc response via a signaling pathway dependent on glucose metabolism. Taken together, our findings show that a novel RING ubiquitin E3 ligase, AtCHYR2, plays an important role in glucose responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Huili Chen
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yujie Huang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Hewei Du
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Qin
- Center for Crop Functional Genomics and Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shuangcheng Ding
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-Construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 1 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
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23
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Liao HS, Chen YJ, Hsieh WY, Li YC, Hsieh MH. Arabidopsis ACT DOMAIN REPEAT9 represses glucose signaling pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:1532-1547. [PMID: 36843191 PMCID: PMC10231364 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and signaling are critical for plants to coordinate growth and development in response to nutrient availability. Plant ACT DOMAIN REPEAT (ACR) proteins have been proposed to serve as nutrient sensors, but their functions remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ACR9 might function as a repressor in glucose (Glc) signaling pathways. ACR9 was highly expressed in the leaves, and its expression was downregulated by sugars. Interestingly, the acr9-1 and acr9-2 T-DNA insertion mutants were hypersensitive to Glc during seedling growth, development, and anthocyanin accumulation. Nitrogen deficiency increased the mutants' sensitivity to Glc. The expression of sugar-responsive genes was also significantly enhanced in the acr9 mutants. By contrast, the 35S:ACR9 and 35S:ACR9-GFP overexpression (OE) lines were insensitive to Glc during early seedling development. The Glc signaling pathway is known to interact with the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). Notably, the acr9 mutants were also hypersensitive to ABA during early seedling development. The Glc sensor HEXOKINASE1 (HXK1) and the energy sensor SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1 (SNF1)-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE1 (SnRK1) are key components of the Glc signaling pathways. The acr9-1/hxk1-3 and acr9-1/snrk1 double mutants were no longer hypersensitive to Glc, indicating that functional HXK1 and SnRK1 were required for the acr9-1 mutant to be hypersensitive to Glc. Together, these results suggest that ACR9 is a repressor of the Glc signaling pathway, which may act independently or upstream of the HXK1-SnRK1 signaling module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Liao
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jhu Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiou Li
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
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24
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Trivellini A, Toscano S, Romano D, Ferrante A. The Role of Blue and Red Light in the Orchestration of Secondary Metabolites, Nutrient Transport and Plant Quality. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2026. [PMID: 37653943 PMCID: PMC10223693 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Light is a fundamental environmental parameter for plant growth and development because it provides an energy source for carbon fixation during photosynthesis and regulates many other physiological processes through its signaling. In indoor horticultural cultivation systems, sole-source light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have shown great potential for optimizing growth and producing high-quality products. Light is also a regulator of flowering, acting on phytochromes and inducing or inhibiting photoperiodic plants. Plants respond to light quality through several light receptors that can absorb light at different wavelengths. This review summarizes recent progress in our understanding of the role of blue and red light in the modulation of important plant quality traits, nutrient absorption and assimilation, as well as secondary metabolites, and includes the dynamic signaling networks that are orchestrated by blue and red wavelengths with a focus on transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming, plant productivity, and the nutritional quality of products. Moreover, it highlights future lines of research that should increase our knowledge to develop tailored light recipes to shape the plant characteristics and the nutritional and nutraceutical value of horticultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefania Toscano
- Department of Science Veterinary, Università degli Studi di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Daniela Romano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95131 Catania, Italy;
| | - Antonio Ferrante
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences—Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
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25
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Wang F, Wang Y, Ying L, Lu H, Liu Y, Liu Y, Xu J, Wu Y, Mo X, Wu Z, Mao C. Integrated transcriptomic analysis identifies coordinated responses to nitrogen and phosphate deficiency in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1164441. [PMID: 37223782 PMCID: PMC10200874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1164441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two primary components of fertilizers for crop production. Coordinated acquisition and utilization of N and P are crucial for plants to achieve nutrient balance and optimal growth in a changing rhizospheric nutrient environment. However, little is known about how N and P signaling pathways are integrated. We performed transcriptomic analyses and physiological experiments to explore gene expression profiles and physiological homeostasis in the response of rice (Oryza sativa) to N and P deficiency. We revealed that N and P shortage inhibit rice growth and uptake of other nutrients. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) suggested that N and Pi deficiency stimulate specific different physiological reactions and also some same physiological processes in rice. We established the transcriptional regulatory network between N and P signaling pathways based on all DEGs. We determined that the transcript levels of 763 core genes changed under both N or P starvation conditions. Among these core genes, we focused on the transcription factor gene NITRATE-INDUCIBLE, GARP-TYPE TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSOR 1 (NIGT1) and show that its encoded protein is a positive regulator of P homeostasis and a negative regulator of N acquisition in rice. NIGT1 promoted Pi uptake but inhibited N absorption, induced the expression of Pi responsive genes PT2 and SPX1 and repressed the N responsive genes NLP1 and NRT2.1. These results provide new clues about the mechanisms underlying the interaction between plant N and P starvation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luying Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yijian Liu
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunrong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuanzao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Sanya, Hainan, China
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26
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Yan W, Qin J, Jian Y, Liu J, Bian C, Jin L, Li G. Analysis of Potato Physiological and Molecular Adaptation in Response to Different Water and Nitrogen Combined Regimes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1671. [PMID: 37111894 PMCID: PMC10145361 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Water and nitrogen are essential for potato growth and development. We aim to understand how potato adapts to changes in soil water and nitrogen content. Potato plant adaptations to changes in soil moisture and nitrogen levels were analyzed at the physiological and transcriptomic levels in four treatment groups: adequate nitrogen under drought, adequate nitrogen under sufficient irrigation, limited nitrogen under drought, and limited nitrogen under sufficient irrigation. Many light-capture pigment complex genes and oxygen release complex genes were differentially expressed in leaves when nitrogen levels were increased under drought conditions, and several genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle were up-regulated; furthermore, leaf stomatal conductance decreased, whereas the saturated vapor pressure difference and relative chlorophyll content in the chloroplasts increased. StSP6A, a key gene in potato tuber formation, was down-regulated in response to increased nitrogen application, and the stolon growth time was prolonged. Genes related to root nitrogen metabolism were highly expressed, and protein content in the tuber increased. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed 32 gene expression modules that responded to changes in water and nitrogen levels. A total of 34 key candidate genes were identified, and a preliminary molecular model of potato responses to alterations in soil water and nitrogen content was constructed.
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27
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Ahmad N, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Hussain I, Yang X. Insights on Phytohormonal Crosstalk in Plant Response to Nitrogen Stress: A Focus on Plant Root Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043631. [PMID: 36835044 PMCID: PMC9958644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a vital mineral component that can restrict the growth and development of plants if supplied inappropriately. In order to benefit their growth and development, plants have complex physiological and structural responses to changes in their nitrogen supply. As higher plants have multiple organs with varying functions and nutritional requirements, they coordinate their responses at the whole-plant level based on local and long-distance signaling pathways. It has been suggested that phytohormones are signaling substances in such pathways. The nitrogen signaling pathway is closely associated with phytohormones such as auxin (AUX), abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinins (CKs), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroid (BR), strigolactones (SLs), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Recent research has shed light on how nitrogen and phytohormones interact to modulate physiology and morphology. This review provides a summary of the research on how phytohormone signaling affects root system architecture (RSA) in response to nitrogen availability. Overall, this review contributes to identifying recent developments in the interaction between phytohormones and N, as well as serving as a foundation for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazir Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengjie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Iqbal Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Science Education, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Correspondence:
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28
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Characterization and evolutionary analysis of phosphate starvation response genes in wheat and other major gramineous plants. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 225:63-78. [PMID: 36481332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developing cultivars with improved Pi use efficiency is essential for the sustainability of agriculture as well as the environment. Phosphate starvation response (PHR) regulators have not yet been systematically studied in wheat. This study provides the detailed characteristics of PHRs in hexaploid wheat as well as other major gramineous plants at the genome-wide level. The identified PHR proteins were divided into six subfamilies through phylogeny analysis, and a total of 63 paralogous TaPHR pairs were designated as arising from duplication events, with strong purifying selection. The promoters of TaPHRs were identified as stations for many transcription factors. Protein-protein interaction network and gene ontology enrichment analysis indicated a core biological process of cellular response to phosphate starvation. The three-dimensional structures of core PHR proteins showed a high phylogenetic relationship, but amino acid deletions in core protein domains may cause functional differentiation between rice and wheat. TaPHR3 could interact with TaSPX1 and TaSPX5 proteins, which is regarded as a novel interaction mode. Under different Pi gradient treatments, TaPHRs showed low inducible expression patterns among all subfamilies. Our study is the first to comprehensively clarify the basic properties of TaPHR proteins and might accumulate basic data for improving grain yield and environmental homeostasis.
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29
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Zirngibl ME, Araguirang GE, Kitashova A, Jahnke K, Rolka T, Kühn C, Nägele T, Richter AS. Triose phosphate export from chloroplasts and cellular sugar content regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during high light acclimation. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100423. [PMID: 35962545 PMCID: PMC9860169 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with rapid changes in the environment. During high light (HL) acclimation, the biosynthesis of photoprotective flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, is induced. However, the exact nature of the signal and downstream factors for HL induction of flavonoid biosynthesis (FB) is still under debate. Here, we show that carbon fixation in chloroplasts, subsequent export of photosynthates by triose phosphate/phosphate translocator (TPT), and rapid increase in cellular sugar content permit the transcriptional and metabolic activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during HL acclimation. In combination with genetic and physiological analysis, targeted and whole-transcriptome gene expression studies suggest that reactive oxygen species and phytohormones play only a minor role in rapid HL induction of the anthocyanin branch of FB. In addition to transcripts of FB, sugar-responsive genes showed delayed repression or induction in tpt-2 during HL treatment, and a significant overlap with transcripts regulated by SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) was observed, including a central transcription factor of FB. Analysis of mutants with increased and repressed SnRK1 activity suggests that sugar-induced inactivation of SnRK1 is required for HL-mediated activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our study emphasizes the central role of chloroplasts as sensors for environmental changes as well as the vital function of sugar signaling in plant acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Emanuel Zirngibl
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Galileo Estopare Araguirang
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kitashova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jahnke
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Rolka
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Kühn
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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30
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Chen T, Ma J, Xu C, Jiang N, Li G, Fu W, Feng B, Wang D, Wu Z, Tao L, Fu G. Increased ATPase activity promotes heat-resistance, high-yield, and high-quality traits in rice by improving energy status. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1035027. [PMID: 36600923 PMCID: PMC9806274 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1035027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress during the reproductive stage results in major losses in yield and quality, which might be mainly caused by an energy imbalance. However, how energy status affected heat response, yield and quality remains unclear. No relationships were observed among the heat resistance, yield, and quality of the forty-nine early rice cultivars under normal temperature conditions. However, two cultivars, Zhuliangyou30 (ZLY30) and Luliangyou35 (LLY35), differing in heat resistance, yield, and quality were detected. The yield was higher and the chalkiness degree was lower in ZLY30 than in LLY35. Decreases in yields and increases in the chalkiness degree with temperatures were more pronounced in LLY35 than in ZLY30. The accumulation and allocation (ratio of the panicle to the whole plant) of dry matter weight and non-structural carbohydrates were higher in ZLY30 than in LLY35 across all sowing times and temperatures. The accumulation and allocation of dry matter weight and non-structural carbohydrates in panicles were higher in ZLY30 than in LLY35. Similar patterns were observed in the relative expression levels of sucrose unloading related genes SUT1 and SUT2 in grains. The ATP content was higher in the grains of LLY35 than in ZLY30, whereas the ATPase activity, which determined the energy status, was significantly lower in the former than in the latter. Thus, increased ATPase activity, which improved the energy status of rice, was the factor mediating the balance among heat-resistance, high-yield, and high-quality traits in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangyan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weimeng Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baohua Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danying Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Longxing Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guanfu Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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31
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Li Z, Wu Y, Hu J, Yang G, Wang Z, Sun J. Dissection of the response mechanism of alfalfa under phosphite stress based on metabolomic and transcriptomic data. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:35-49. [PMID: 36206705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphite, a reduced form of phosphate, inhibits the growth and even has toxic effect on plants. To learn more about the mechanism of alfalfa responses to phosphite, the morphological and physiological characteristics, and the metabolites and transcript levels were comprehensively analyzed following the exposure of alfalfa seedlings to phosphite and phosphate under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that phosphite inhibited seedling growth and photosynthesis. However, the absorption efficiency of phosphite was higher than that of phosphate in roots, which was supported by increased total phosphorus concentration of 16.29% and 52.30% on days 8 and 12. Moreover, phosphite stress affected the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates, which were reflected in enhanced glycolipid and sulfolipid in roots and amylose in shoots. Phosphite stress resulted in a decrease in indole acetic acid (IAA) in the whole plant and zeatin in the shoots, which could enable alfalfa to adapt to the phosphite environment. Some genes involved in phosphate starvation response included SPX, phosphate response regulator2, and inorganic phosphate transporter 1-4 (PHT1;4) in roots were affected by phosphite stress. In addition, some genes that are involved in stress responses and DNA repair were induced by phosphite stress. These observations together suggest that alfalfa responds to phosphite stress by inhibiting growth, regulating the genes induced by phosphate starvation, improving oxidative protection, promoting DNA repair, and adjusting the IAA and zeatin signaling transductions. Our findings provide novel insights into the molecular response to phosphite stress in alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyun Hu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zengyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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32
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Araguirang GE, Richter AS. Activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in high light - what is the initial signal? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:2037-2043. [PMID: 36110042 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants cannot escape adverse environmental conditions and evolved mechanisms to cope with sudden environmental changes. The reaction to variations in abiotic factors, also summarized as acclimation response, affects all layers of cellular functions and involves rapid modification of enzymatic activities, the metabolome, proteome and transcriptome on different timescales. One trait of plants acclimating to high light (HL) is the rapid transcriptional activation of the flavonoid biosynthesis (FB) pathway resulting in the accumulation of photoprotective and antioxidative flavonoids, such as flavonols and anthocyanins, in the leaf tissue. Although enormous progress has been made in identifying enzymes and transcriptional regulators of FB by forward and reverse genetic approaches in the past, the signals and signalling pathways permitting the conditional activation of FB in HL are still debated. With this Tansley Insight, we summarize the current knowledge on the proposed signals and downstream factors involved in regulating FB and will discuss their contribution to, particularly, HL-induced accumulation of anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galileo Estopare Araguirang
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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33
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Kendrick R, Chotewutmontri P, Belcher S, Barkan A. Correlated retrograde and developmental regulons implicate multiple retrograde signals as coordinators of chloroplast development in maize. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4897-4919. [PMID: 36073948 PMCID: PMC9709983 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Signals emanating from chloroplasts influence nuclear gene expression, but roles of retrograde signals during chloroplast development are unclear. To address this gap, we analyzed transcriptomes of non-photosynthetic maize mutants and compared them to transcriptomes of stages of normal leaf development. The transcriptomes of two albino mutants lacking plastid ribosomes resembled transcriptomes at very early stages of normal leaf development, whereas the transcriptomes of two chlorotic mutants with thylakoid targeting or plastid transcription defects resembled those at a slightly later stage. We identified ∼2,700 differentially expressed genes, which fall into six major categories based on the polarity and mutant-specificity of the change. Downregulated genes were generally expressed late in normal development and were enriched in photosynthesis genes, whereas upregulated genes act early and were enriched for functions in chloroplast biogenesis and cytosolic translation. We showed further that target-of-rapamycin (TOR) signaling was elevated in mutants lacking plastid ribosomes and declined in concert with plastid ribosome buildup during normal leaf development. Our results implicate three plastid signals as coordinators of photosynthetic differentiation. One signal requires plastid ribosomes and activates photosynthesis genes. A second signal reflects attainment of chloroplast maturity and represses chloroplast biogenesis genes. A third signal, the consumption of nutrients by developing chloroplasts, represses TOR, promoting termination of cell proliferation during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rennie Kendrick
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | | | - Susan Belcher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Alice Barkan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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34
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Fu YF, Xie LB, Yang XY, Zhang ZW, Yuan S. Whether do plant cells sense nitrate changes without a sensor? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083594. [PMID: 36507373 PMCID: PMC9731675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
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35
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Caldana C, Fernie AR. Plant biology: Identification of the connecTOR linking metabolism, epigenetics and development. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1272-R1274. [PMID: 36413970 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While metabolism has been recognized as a key regulator of plant development, exactly how this is achieved is unknown. A new study identifies a component of the Polycomb repressor complex 2 as linking these processes via histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Caldana
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14467 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14467 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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36
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Jamsheer K M, Awasthi P, Laxmi A. The social network of target of rapamycin complex 1 in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7026-7040. [PMID: 35781571 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a highly conserved serine-threonine protein kinase crucial for coordinating growth according to nutrient availability in eukaryotes. It works as a central integrator of multiple nutrient inputs such as sugar, nitrogen, and phosphate and promotes growth and biomass accumulation in response to nutrient sufficiency. Studies, especially in the past decade, have identified the central role of TORC1 in regulating growth through interaction with hormones, photoreceptors, and stress signaling machinery in plants. In this review, we comprehensively analyse the interactome and phosphoproteome of the Arabidopsis TORC1 signaling network. Our analysis highlights the role of TORC1 as a central hub kinase communicating with the transcriptional and translational apparatus, ribosomes, chaperones, protein kinases, metabolic enzymes, and autophagy and stress response machinery to orchestrate growth in response to nutrient signals. This analysis also suggests that along with the conserved downstream components shared with other eukaryotic lineages, plant TORC1 signaling underwent several evolutionary innovations and co-opted many lineage-specific components during. Based on the protein-protein interaction and phosphoproteome data, we also discuss several uncharacterized and unexplored components of the TORC1 signaling network, highlighting potential links for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India
| | - Prakhar Awasthi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ashverya Laxmi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi 110067, India
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Mallén-Ponce MJ, Pérez-Pérez ME, Crespo JL. Deciphering the function and evolution of the target of rapamycin signaling pathway in microalgae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6993-7005. [PMID: 35710309 PMCID: PMC9664231 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute a highly diverse group of photosynthetic microorganisms that are widely distributed on Earth. The rich diversity of microalgae arose from endosymbiotic events that took place early in the evolution of eukaryotes and gave rise to multiple lineages including green algae, the ancestors of land plants. In addition to their fundamental role as the primary source of marine and freshwater food chains, microalgae are essential producers of oxygen on the planet and a major biotechnological target for sustainable biofuel production and CO2 mitigation. Microalgae integrate light and nutrient signals to regulate cell growth. Recent studies identified the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase as a central regulator of cell growth and a nutrient sensor in microalgae. TOR promotes protein synthesis and regulates processes that are induced under nutrient stress such as autophagy and the accumulation of triacylglycerol and starch. A detailed analysis of representative genomes from the entire microalgal lineage revealed that the highly conserved central components of the TOR pathway are likely to have been present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, and the loss of specific TOR signaling elements at an early stage in the evolution of microalgae. Here we examine the evolutionary conservation of TOR signaling components in diverse microalgae and discuss recent progress of this signaling pathway in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Mallén-Ponce
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Scarpin MR, Simmons CH, Brunkard JO. Translating across kingdoms: target of rapamycin promotes protein synthesis through conserved and divergent pathways in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7016-7025. [PMID: 35770874 PMCID: PMC9664230 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
mRNA translation is the growth rate-limiting step in genome expression. Target of rapamycin (TOR) evolved a central regulatory role in eukaryotes as a signaling hub that monitors nutrient availability to maintain homeostasis and promote growth, largely by increasing the rate of translation initiation and protein synthesis. The dynamic pathways engaged by TOR to regulate translation remain debated even in well-studied yeast and mammalian models, however, despite decades of intense investigation. Recent studies have firmly established that TOR also regulates mRNA translation in plants through conserved mechanisms, such as the TOR-LARP1-5'TOP signaling axis, and through pathways specific to plants. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of mRNA translation in plants by TOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Regina Scarpin
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley,CA, USA
- Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Carl H Simmons
- Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Meng Y, Zhang N, Li J, Shen X, Sheen J, Xiong Y. TOR kinase, a GPS in the complex nutrient and hormonal signaling networks to guide plant growth and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:7041-7054. [PMID: 35781569 PMCID: PMC9664236 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To survive and sustain growth, sessile plants have developed sophisticated internal signalling networks that respond to various external and internal cues. Despite the central roles of nutrient and hormone signaling in plant growth and development, how hormone-driven processes coordinate with metabolic status remains largely enigmatic. Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved master regulator that integrates energy, nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and stress signals to promote growth in all eukaryotes. Inspired by recent comprehensive systems, chemical, genetic, and genomic studies on TOR in plants, this review discusses a potential role of TOR as a 'global positioning system' that directs plant growth and developmental programs both temporally and spatially by integrating dynamic information in the complex nutrient and hormonal signaling networks. We further evaluate and depict the possible functional and mechanistic models for how a single protein kinase, TOR, is able to recognize, integrate, and even distinguish a plethora of positive and negative input signals to execute appropriate and distinct downstream biological processes via multiple partners and effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jiatian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xuehong Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Plant Synthetic Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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40
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Nguyen V, Gutzat R. Epigenetic regulation in the shoot apical meristem. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102267. [PMID: 35985107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms form the basis of cellular memory, developmental decisions, and the cellular immune system that defends against transposons and viruses. Organs develop from the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to shape the plant's areal phenotype, and stem cells in the SAM serve as a functional germline. While many details on the regulation of stem cell pool size, organ initiation, and patterning at the meristem periphery are known, we know surprisingly little about the molecular characteristics of SAM cells, including their epigenome and how it changes during development. Here, we summarize information on epigenetic regulation of selected genes necessary for stem cell maintenance. As recent evidence suggests that SAM stem cells might be a hotspot of transposon activation, we discuss this aspect of epigenetic control in the meristem and speculate on mechanisms that maintain the flexibility of SAM stem cells in response to developmental or environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Nguyen
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Ruben Gutzat
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, 1030, Austria.
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41
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Target of Rapamycin Regulates Photosynthesis and Cell Growth in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911309. [PMID: 36232611 PMCID: PMC9569773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa is an efficient photosynthetic microalga with autotrophic growth and reproduction, which has the advantages of rich nutrition and high protein content. Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a conserved protein kinase in eukaryotes both structurally and functionally, but little is known about the TOR signalling in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. Here, we found a conserved ApTOR protein in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa, and the key components of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) were present, while the components RICTOR and SIN1 of the TORC2 were absent in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. Drug sensitivity experiments showed that AZD8055 could effectively inhibit the growth of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa, whereas rapamycin, Torin1 and KU0063794 had no obvious effect on the growth of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosaa. Transcriptome data results indicated that Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa TOR (ApTOR) regulates various intracellular metabolism and signaling pathways in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. Most genes related to chloroplast development and photosynthesis were significantly down-regulated under ApTOR inhibition by AZD8055. In addition, ApTOR was involved in regulating protein synthesis and catabolism by multiple metabolic pathways in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. Importantly, the inhibition of ApTOR by AZD8055 disrupted the normal carbon and nitrogen metabolism, protein and fatty acid metabolism, and TCA cycle of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa cells, thus inhibiting the growth of Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa. These RNA-seq results indicated that ApTOR plays important roles in photosynthesis, intracellular metabolism and cell growth, and provided some insights into the function of ApTOR in Auxenochlorella pyrenoidosa.
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42
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Liu KH, Liu M, Lin Z, Wang ZF, Chen B, Liu C, Guo A, Konishi M, Yanagisawa S, Wagner G, Sheen J. NIN-like protein 7 transcription factor is a plant nitrate sensor. Science 2022; 377:1419-1425. [PMID: 36137053 DOI: 10.1126/science.add1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate is an essential nutrient and signaling molecule for plant growth. Plants sense intracellular nitrate to adjust their metabolic and growth responses. Here we identify the primary nitrate sensor in plants. We found that mutation of all seven Arabidopsis NIN-like protein (NLP) transcription factors abolished plants' primary nitrate responses and developmental programs. Analyses of NIN-NLP7 chimeras and nitrate binding revealed that NLP7 is derepressed upon nitrate perception via its amino terminus. A genetically encoded fluorescent split biosensor, mCitrine-NLP7, enabled visualization of single-cell nitrate dynamics in planta. The nitrate sensor domain of NLP7 resembles the bacterial nitrate sensor NreA. Substitutions of conserved residues in the ligand-binding pocket impaired the ability of nitrate-triggered NLP7 to control transcription, transport, metabolism, development, and biomass. We propose that NLP7 represents a nitrate sensor in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Institute of Future Agriculture, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.,Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Menghong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ziwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zi-Fu Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Binqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Aping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mineko Konishi
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Gerhard Wagner
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Silva FMDO, Bulgarelli RG, Mubeen U, Caldana C, Andrade SAL, Mazzafera P. Low phosphorus induces differential metabolic responses in eucalyptus species improving nutrient use efficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:989827. [PMID: 36186027 PMCID: PMC9520260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a vital nutrient for plant growth. P availability is generally low in soils, and plant responses to low P availability need to be better understood. In a previous study, we studied the growth and physiological responses of 24 species to low P availability in the soil and verified of eucalypts, five (Eucalyptus acmenoides, E. grandis, E. globulus, E. tereticornis, and Corymbia maculata) contrasted regarding their efficiency and responsiveness to soil P availability. Here, we obtained the metabolomic and lipidomic profile of leaves, stems, and roots from these species growing under low (4.5 mg dm-3) and sufficient (10.8 mg dm-3) P in the soil. Disregarding the level of P in the soils, P allocation was always higher in the stems. However, when grown in the P-sufficient soil, the stems steadily were the largest compartment of the total plant P. Under low P, the relative contents of primary metabolites, such as amino acids, TCA cycle intermediates, organic acids and carbohydrates, changed differently depending on the species. Additionally, phosphorylated metabolites showed enhanced turnover or reductions. While photosynthetic efficiencies were not related to higher biomass production, A/Ci curves showed that reduced P availability increased the eucalypt species' Vcmax, Jmax and photosynthetic P-use efficiency. Plants of E. acmenoides increased galactolipids and sulfolipids in leaves more than other eucalypt species, suggesting that lipid remodelling can be a strategy to cope with the P shortage in this species. Our findings offer insights to understand genotypic efficiency among eucalypt species to accommodate primary metabolism under low soil P availability and eventually be used as biochemical markers for breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Umarah Mubeen
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Camila Caldana
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sara Adrian L. Andrade
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Crop Production, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Glucose-driven TOR-FIE-PRC2 signalling controls plant development. Nature 2022; 609:986-993. [PMID: 36104568 PMCID: PMC9530021 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05171-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients and energy have emerged as central modulators of developmental programmes in plants and animals1-3. The evolutionarily conserved target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a master integrator of nutrient and energy signalling that controls growth. Despite its key regulatory roles in translation, proliferation, metabolism and autophagy2-5, little is known about how TOR shapes developmental transitions and differentiation. Here we show that glucose-activated TOR kinase controls genome-wide histone H3 trimethylation at K27 (H3K27me3) in Arabidopsis thaliana, which regulates cell fate and development6-10. We identify FERTILIZATION-INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM (FIE), an indispensable component of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), which catalyses H3K27me3 (refs. 6-8,10-12), as a TOR target. Direct phosphorylation by TOR promotes the dynamic translocation of FIE from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Mutation of the phosphorylation site on FIE abrogates the global H3K27me3 landscape, reprogrammes the transcriptome and disrupts organogenesis in plants. Moreover, glucose-TOR-FIE-PRC2 signalling modulates vernalization-induced floral transition. We propose that this signalling axis serves as a nutritional checkpoint leading to epigenetic silencing of key transcription factor genes that specify stem cell destiny in shoot and root meristems and control leaf, flower and silique patterning, branching and vegetative-to-reproduction transition. Our findings reveal a fundamental mechanism of nutrient signalling in direct epigenome reprogramming, with broad relevance for the developmental control of multicellular organisms.
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Wang H, Han C, Wang JG, Chu X, Shi W, Yao L, Chen J, Hao W, Deng Z, Fan M, Bai MY. Regulatory functions of cellular energy sensor SnRK1 for nitrate signalling through NLP7 repression. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:1094-1107. [PMID: 36050463 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated metabolism of carbon and nitrogen is essential for optimal plant growth and development. Nitrate is an important molecular signal for plant adaptation to a changing environment, but how nitrate regulates plant growth under carbon deficiency conditions remains unclear. Here we show that the evolutionarily conserved energy sensor SnRK1 negatively regulates the nitrate signalling pathway. Nitrate promoted plant growth and downstream gene expression, but such effects were repressed when plants were grown under carbon deficiency conditions. Mutation of KIN10, the α-catalytic subunit of SnRK1, partially suppressed the inhibitory effects of carbon deficiency on nitrate-mediated plant growth. KIN10 phosphorylated NLP7, the master regulator of the nitrate signalling pathway, to promote its cytoplasmic localization and degradation. Furthermore, nitrate depletion induced KIN10 accumulation, whereas nitrate treatment promoted KIN10 degradation. Such KIN10-mediated NLP7 regulation allows carbon and nitrate availability to control optimal nitrate signalling and ensures the coordination of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jia-Gang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xiaoqian Chu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crops Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiping Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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Tsuji Y, Kinoshita A, Tsukahara M, Ishikawa T, Shinkawa H, Yamano T, Fukuzawa H. A YAK1-type protein kinase, triacylglycerol accumulation regulator 1, in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a potential regulator of cell division and differentiation into gametes during photoautotrophic nitrogen deficiency. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2022. [PMID: 36002293 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Yet another kinase (YAK) 1 is a conserved eukaryotic protein kinase coordinating growth and development. We previously isolated a mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii defective in the YAK1 ortholog triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation regulator 1 (TAR1). The mutant tar1-1 displayed higher levels of chlorophyll, starch, TAG, and biomass than the parental strain C9 (renamed as C9-3) in photoautotrophic nitrogen (N)-deficient conditions. However, we found that the parental C9-3 showed faster chlorosis upon N-deficiency than the original C9 (C9-1) freshly recovered from cryopreservation, suggesting that C9-3 had acquired particular characteristics during long-term subculturing. To exclude phenotypes dependent on a particular parental strain, we newly created tar1 mutants from two wild-types, C9-1 and CC 125. Like tar1-1, the new tar1 mutants showed higher levels of chlorophyll and TAG/starch than the parental strain. Upon removal of N, Chlamydomonas cells divide once before ceasing further division. Previously, the single division after N-removal was arrested in tar1-1 in photomixotrophic conditions, but this phenotype was not observed in photoautotrophic conditions because of the particular characteristics of the parental C9-3. However, using C9- 1 and CC-125 as parental strains, we showed that cell division after N-removal was impaired in new tar1 mutants in photoautotrophic conditions. Consistent with the view that the division under N-deficiency is necessary for gametic differentiation, new tar1 mutants showed lower mating efficiency than the parental strains. Taken together, TAR1 was suggested to promote differentiation into gametes through the regulation of cell division in response to N-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Haruka Shinkawa
- Graduate Study of Biostudies, Kyoto University.,Present address: Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University
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García MJ, Angulo M, Lucena C, Pérez-Vicente R, Romera FJ. To grow or not to grow under nutrient scarcity: Target of rapamycin-ethylene is the question. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968665. [PMID: 36035680 PMCID: PMC9412941 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To cope with nutrient scarcity, plants generally follow two main complementary strategies. On the one hand, they can slow down growing, mainly shoot growth, to diminish the demand of nutrients. We can call this strategy as "stop growing." On the other hand, plants can develop different physiological and morphological responses, mainly in their roots, aimed to facilitate the acquisition of nutrients. We can call this second strategy as "searching for nutrients." Both strategies are compatible and can function simultaneously but the interconnection between them is not yet well-known. In relation to the "stop growing" strategy, it is known that the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) system is a central regulator of growth in response to nutrients in eukaryotic cells. TOR is a protein complex with kinase activity that promotes protein synthesis and growth while some SnRK (Sucrose non-fermenting 1-Related protein Kinases) and GCN (General Control Non-derepressible) kinases act antagonistically. It is also known that some SnRKs and GCNs are activated by nutrient deficiencies while TOR is active under nutrient sufficiency. In relation to the "searching for nutrients" strategy, it is known that the plant hormone ethylene participates in the activation of many nutrient deficiency responses. In this Mini Review, we discuss the possible role of ethylene as the hub connecting the "stop growing" strategy and the "searching for nutrients" strategy since very recent results also suggest a clear relationship of ethylene with the TOR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José García
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Macarena Angulo
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos Lucena
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Pérez-Vicente
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Romera
- Department of Agronomy, (DAUCO-María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Zhao Y, Wang XQ. VvTOR interacts with VvSnRK1.1 and regulates sugar metabolism in grape. PLANTA 2022; 256:56. [PMID: 35932402 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
VvTOR interacts with VvSnRK1.1 and regulates sugar accumulation and sugar-related genes expression in grape. Target of rapamycin (TOR) and sucrose-non-fermenting-related protein kinase 1.1 (SnRK1.1) both are critical proteins in plant sugar metabolism. Glucose-TOR signaling dictates transcriptional reprogramming of gene sets involved in central and secondary metabolism, cell cycle, transcription, signaling, transport and folding. SnRK1.1 is involved in sucrose-induced hypocotyl elongation. However, the relationship of TOR and SnRK1.1 in regulating sugar metabolism is unclear. In the study, we utilized grape (Vitis vinifera) calli to explore the relationship between TOR and SnRK1.1 in the sugar metabolism. We found that VvTOR interacted with VvSnRK1.1. By subcellular localization, VvTOR was found in the nucleus and cell membrane. Transgenic grape calli achieved by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation contained less glucose compared to WT calli. The fructose contents were markedly increased in the overexpressing VvTOR (OE-VvTOR), OE-VvTOR + RNAi-VvSnRK1.1 and RNAi-VvTOR + OE-VvSnRK1.1 transgenic calli. Sucrose contents were significantly increased in the OE-VvTOR transgenic calli and reduced in the OE-VvTOR + RNAi-VvSnRK1.1 transgenic calli, which implied that the pathway of VvTOR improving sucrose content might need the expression of VvSnRK1.1. VvTOR interacted with VvSnRK1.1 and regulated sugar metabolism in grape. These results suggest that there is a crosstalk between TOR and SnRK1.1 in plant sugar metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Qin Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Pereyra ME, Murcia MG, Borniego MB, Assuero SG, Casal JJ. EARLY FLOWERING 3 represses the nighttime growth response to sucrose in Arabidopsis. PHOTOCHEMICAL & PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN PHOTOCHEMISTRY ASSOCIATION AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIETY FOR PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 21:1869-1880. [PMID: 35867260 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00264-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth depends on the supply of carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. Exogenously applied sucrose promotes the growth of the hypocotyl in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown under short days. Whether this effect of sucrose is stronger under the environmental conditions where the light input for photosynthesis is limiting remains unknown. We characterised the effects of exogenous sucrose on hypocotyl growth rates under light compared to simulated shade, during different portions of the daily cycle. The strongest effects of exogenous sucrose occurred under shade and during the night; i.e., the conditions where there is reduced or no photosynthesis. Conversely, a faster hypocotyl growth rate, predicted to enhance the demand of carbohydrates, did not associate to a stronger sucrose effect. The early flowering 3 (elf3) mutation strongly enhanced the impact of sucrose on hypocotyl growth during the night of a white-light day. This effect occurred under short, but not under long days. The addition of sucrose enhanced the fluorescence intensity of ELF3 nuclear speckles. The elf3 mutant showed increased abundance of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR4 (PIF4), which is a transcription factor required for a full response to sucrose. Sucrose increased PIF4 protein abundance by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Under shade, elf3 showed enhanced daytime and reduced nighttime effects of sucrose. We conclude that ELF3 modifies the responsivity to sucrose according to the time of the daily cycle and the prevailing light or shade conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Ezequiel Pereyra
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro Germán Murcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Borniego
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Graciela Assuero
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge José Casal
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated mechanism to sense and utilize nutrients from the environment, and modulate their growth and development according to the nutrient availability. Research in the past two decades revealed that nutrient assimilation is not occurring spontaneously, but nutrient signaling networks are complexly regulated and integrate sensing and signaling, gene expression, and metabolism to ensure homeostasis and coordination with plant energy conversion and other processes. Here, we review the importance of the macronutrient sulfur (S) and compare the knowledge of S signaling with other important macronutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We focus on key advances in understanding sulfur sensing and signaling, uptake and assimilation, and we provide new analysis of published literature, to identify core genes regulated by the key transcriptional factor in S starvation response, SLIM1/EIL3, and compare the impact on other nutrient deficiency and stresses on S-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ristova
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- University of Cologne, Institute for Plant Sciences, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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