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Shen J, Jiang Y, Pan J, Sun L, Li Q, He W, Sun P, Zhao B, Zhao H, Ke X, Guo Y, Yang T, Li Z. The GRAS transcription factor CsTL regulates tendril formation in cucumber. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:2818-2833. [PMID: 38630900 PMCID: PMC11289639 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus, Cs) tendrils are slender vegetative organs that typically require manual removal to ensure orderly growth during greenhouse cultivation. Here, we identified cucumber tendril-less (tl), a Tnt1 retrotransposon-induced insertion mutant lacking tendrils. Map-based cloning identified the mutated gene, CsaV3_3G003590, which we designated as CsTL, which is homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (AtLAS). Knocking out CsTL repressed tendril formation but did not affect branch initiation, whereas overexpression (OE) of CsTL resulted in the formation of two or more tendrils in one leaf axil. Although expression of two cucumber genes regulating tendril formation, Tendril (CsTEN) and Unusual Floral Organs (CsUFO), was significantly decreased in CsTL knockout lines, these two genes were not direct downstream targets of CsTL. Instead, CsTL physically interacted with CsTEN, an interaction that further enhanced CsTEN-mediated expression of CsUFO. In Arabidopsis, the CsTL homolog AtLAS acts upstream of REVOLUTA (REV) to regulate branch initiation. Knocking out cucumber CsREV inhibited branch formation without affecting tendril initiation. Furthermore, genomic regions containing CsTL and AtLAS were not syntenic between the cucumber and Arabidopsis genomes, whereas REV orthologs were found on a shared syntenic block. Our results revealed not only that cucumber CsTL possesses a divergent function in promoting tendril formation but also that CsREV retains its conserved function in shoot branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Shen
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanxin Jiang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jian Pan
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China
| | - Linhan Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Qingqing Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenjing He
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Piaoyun Sun
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bosi Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongjiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xubo Ke
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tongwen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Yang Q, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhan Y, Shen J, Chang F. ARF3-Mediated Regulation of SPL in Early Anther Morphogenesis: Maintaining Precise Spatial Distribution and Expression Level. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11740. [PMID: 37511499 PMCID: PMC10380544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Early anther morphogenesis is a crucial process for male fertility in plants, governed by the transcription factor SPL. While the involvement of AGAMOUS (AG) in SPL activation and microsporogenesis initiation is well established, our understanding of the mechanisms governing the spatial distribution and precise expression of SPL during anther cell fate determination remains limited. Here, we present novel findings on the abnormal phenotypes of two previously unreported SPL mutants, spl-4 and spl-5, during anther morphogenesis. Through comprehensive analysis, we identified ARF3 as a key upstream regulator of SPL. Our cytological experiments demonstrated that ARF3 plays a critical role in restricting SPL expression specifically in microsporocytes. Moreover, we revealed that ARF3 directly binds to two specific auxin response elements on the SPL promoter, effectively suppressing AG-mediated activation of SPL. Notably, the arf3 loss-of-function mutant exhibits phenotypic similarities to the SPL overexpression mutant (spl-5), characterized by defective adaxial anther lobes. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differential expression of the genes involved in the morphogenesis pathway in both arf3 and spl mutants, with ARF3 and SPL exhibited opposing regulatory effects on this pathway. Taken together, our study unveils the precise role of ARF3 in restricting the spatial expression and preventing aberrant SPL levels during early anther morphogenesis, thereby ensuring the fidelity of the critical developmental process in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianzheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shiting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuyuan Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Fang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Sciences and Ecological Engineering and Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Hao J, Yang J, Liu X, Pan G, Li Y, Zhang X, Han Y, Fan S, Zhou Z. Molecular basis of high temperature-induced bolting in lettuce revealed by multi-omics analysis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:580. [PMID: 35953780 PMCID: PMC9373282 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High temperature induces early bolting in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), which affects both quality and production. However, the molecular mechanism underlying high temperature-induced bolting is still limited. RESULTS We performed systematical analysis of morphology, transcriptome, miRNAs and methylome in lettuce under high temperature treatment. Through a comparison of RNA-Seq data between the control and the high temperature treated lettuces at different time points totally identified 2944 up-regulated genes and 2203 down-regulated genes, which cover three floral pathways including photoperiod, age and gibberellin (GA) pathways. Genome wide analysis of miRNAs and methylome during high temperature treatment indicated miRNAs and DNA methylation might play a role controlling gene expression during high temperature-induced bolting. miRNA targets included some protein kinase family proteins, which potentially play crucial roles in this process. CONCLUSIONS Together, our results propose a possible regulation network involved in high temperature-induced bolting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Gaoyang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingyan Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuangxi Fan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Plant Production Education, Plant Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Bollier N, Gonzalez N, Chevalier C, Hernould M. Zinc Finger-Homeodomain and Mini Zinc Finger proteins are key players in plant growth and responses to environmental stresses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4662-4673. [PMID: 35536651 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ZINC FINGER-HOMEODOMAIN (ZHD) protein family is a plant-specific family of transcription factors containing two conserved motifs: a non-canonical C5H3 zinc finger domain (ZF) and a DNA-binding homeodomain (HD). The MINI ZINC FINGER (MIF) proteins belong to this family, but were possibly derived from the ZHDs by losing the HD. Information regarding the function of ZHD and MIF proteins is scarce. However, different studies have shown that ZHD/MIF proteins play important roles not only in plant growth and development, but also in response to environmental stresses, including drought and pathogen attack. Here we review recent advances relative to ZHD/MIF functions in multiple species, to provide new insights into the diverse roles of these transcription factors in plants. Their mechanism of action in relation to their ability to interact with other proteins and DNA is also discussed. We then propose directions for future studies to understand better their important roles and pinpoint strategies for potential applications in crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Bollier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Michel Hernould
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Genomewide Identification and Characterization of the Genes Involved in the Flowering of Cotton. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147940. [PMID: 35887288 PMCID: PMC9323069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowering is a prerequisite for flowering plants to complete reproduction, and flowering time has an important effect on the high and stable yields of crops. However, there are limited reports on flowering-related genes at the genomic level in cotton. In this study, genomewide analysis of the evolutionary relationship of flowering-related genes in different cotton species shows that the numbers of flowering-related genes in the genomes of tetraploid cotton species Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense were similar, and that these numbers were approximately twice as much as the number in diploid cotton species Gossypium arboretum. The classification of flowering-related genes shows that most of them belong to the photoperiod and circadian clock flowering pathway. The distribution of flowering-related genes on the chromosomes of the At and Dt subgenomes was similar, with no subgenomic preference detected. In addition, most of the flowering-related core genes in Arabidopsis thaliana had homologs in the cotton genome, but the copy numbers and expression patterns were disparate; moreover, flowering-related genes underwent purifying selection throughout the evolutionary and selection processes. Although the differentiation and reorganization of many key genes of the cotton flowering regulatory network occurred throughout the evolutionary and selection processes, most of them, especially those involved in the important flowering regulatory networks, have been relatively conserved and preferentially selected.
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Aslam M, She Z, Jakada BH, Fakher B, Greaves JG, Yan M, Chen Y, Zheng P, Cheng Y, Qin Y. Interspecific complementation-restoration of phenotype in Arabidopsis cuc2cuc3 mutant by sugarcane CUC2 gene. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:47. [PMID: 35065620 PMCID: PMC8783490 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, a critical balance between differentiation and proliferation of stem cells at the shoot apical meristem zone is essential for proper growth. The spatiotemporal regulation of some crucial genes dictates the formation of a boundary within and around budding organs. The boundary plays a pivotal role in distinguishing one tissue type from another and provides a defined shape to the organs at their developed stage. NAM/CUC subfamily of the NAC transcription factors control the boundary formation during meristematic development. RESULTS Here, we have identified the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON (CUC) genes in sugarcane and named SsCUC2 (for the orthologous gene of CUC1 and CUC2) and SsCUC3. The phylogenetic reconstruction showed that SsCUCs occupy the CUC2 and CUC3 clade together with monocots, whereas eudicot CUC2 and CUC3 settled separately in the different clade. The structural analysis of CUC genes showed that most of the CUC3 genes were accompanied by an intron gain during eudicot divergence. Besides, the study of SsCUCs expression in the RNA-seq obtained during different stages of ovule development revealed that SsCUCs express in developing young tissues, and the expression of SsCUC2 is regulated by miR164. We also demonstrate that SsCUC2 (a monocot) could complement the cuc2cuc3 mutant phenotype of Arabidopsis (eudicot). CONCLUSIONS This study further supports that CUC2 has diverged in CUC1 and CUC2 during the evolution of monocots and eudicots from ancestral plants. The functional analysis of CUC expression patterns during sugarcane ovule development and ectopic expression of SsCUC2 in Arabidopsis showed that SsCUC2 has a conserved role in boundary formation. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the functions of sugarcane CUC genes. Our results reveal the crucial functional role of CUC genes in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aslam
- Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zeyuan She
- Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Bello Hassan Jakada
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Beenish Fakher
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Joseph G Greaves
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Maokai Yan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yingzhi Chen
- Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuan Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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Iqbal MM, Hurgobin B, Holme AL, Appels R, Kaur P. Status and Potential of Single‐Cell Transcriptomics for Understanding Plant Development and Functional Biology. Cytometry A 2020; 97:997-1006. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Munir Iqbal
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Perth WA 6009 Australia
- Genome Innovation Hub Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children Hospital Nedlands WA 6009 Australia
| | - Bhavna Hurgobin
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Andrea Lisa Holme
- Iain Fraser Cytometry Centre, IFCC Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Forester Hill Aberdeen AB25 2ZD UK
| | - Rudi Appels
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Applied Biology, La Trobe University Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Parwinder Kaur
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science The University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy Perth WA 6009 Australia
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Wang Y, Kumaishi K, Suzuki T, Ichihashi Y, Yamaguchi N, Shirakawa M, Ito T. Morphological and Physiological Framework Underlying Plant Longevity in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:600726. [PMID: 33224176 PMCID: PMC7674609 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.600726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Monocarpic plants have a single reproductive phase, in which their longevity is developmentally programmed by molecular networks. In the reproductive phase of Arabidopsis thaliana, the inflorescence meristem (IM) maintains a central pool of stem cells and produces a limited number of flower primordia, which result in seed formation and the death of the whole plant. In this study, we observed morphological changes in the IM at cellular and intracellular resolutions until the end of the plant life cycle. We observed four biological events during the periods from 1 week after bolting (WAB) till the death of stem cells: (1) the gradual reduction in the size of the IM, (2) the dynamic vacuolation of IM cells, (3) the loss of the expression of the stem cell determinant WUSCHEL (WUS), and (4) the upregulation of the programmed cell death marker BIFUNCTIONAL NUCLEASE1 (BFN1) in association with the death of stem cells. These results indicate that the stem cell population gradually decreases in IM during plant aging and eventually is fully terminated. We further show that the expression of WUS became undetectable in IM at 3 WAB prior to the loss of CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression at 5 WAB; CLV3 is a negative regulator of WUS. Moreover, clv3 plants showed delayed loss of WUS and lived 6 weeks longer compared with wild-type plants. These results indicated that the prolonged expression of CLV3 at 4-5 WAB may be a safeguard that inhibits the reactivation of WUS and promotes plant death. Finally, through transcriptome analysis, we determined that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the control of plant longevity. Our work presents a morphological and physiological framework for the regulation of plant longevity in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Wang
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Kie Kumaishi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takamasa Suzuki
- Department of Biological Chemistry, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ichihashi
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- *Correspondence: Makoto Shirakawa,
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
- Toshiro Ito,
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Kim H, Shim D, Moon S, Lee J, Bae W, Choi H, Kim K, Ryu H. Transcriptional network regulation of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway by the BES1-TPL-HDA19 co-repressor complex. PLANTA 2019; 250:1371-1377. [PMID: 31280329 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The brassinosteroid-related BES1 and BZR1 transcription factors dynamically modulate downstream gene networks via the TPL-HDA19 co-repressor complex in BR-signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that are essential for diverse growth and developmental processes across the whole life cycle of plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the BR-related transcription factors BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) and BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) regulate a range of global gene expression in response to BR and several external signaling cues; however, the molecular mechanisms by which they mediate the reprogramming of downstream transcription remain unclear. We here report that formation of a protein complex between BES1 and BZR1 and Histone Deacetylase 19 (HDA19) via the conserved ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif proved essential for regulation of BR-signaling-related gene expression. Defects in BR-related functions of BES1 and BZR1 proteins containing a mutated EAR motif were completely rescued by artificial fusion with EAR-repression domain (SRDX), TOPLESS (TPL), or HDA19 proteins. RNA-sequencing analysis of Arabidopsis plants over-expressing bes1-DmEAR or bes1-DmEAR-HDA19 revealed an essential role for HDA19 activity in regulation of BES1/BZR1-mediated BR signaling. In addition to BR-related gene expression, the BES1-HDA19 transcription factor complex was important for abiotic stress-related drought stress tolerance and organ boundary formation. These results suggested that integrating activation of BR-signaling pathways with the formation of the protein complex containing BES1/BZR1 and TPL-HDA19 via the EAR motif was important in fine-tuning BR-related gene networks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyun Moon
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsil Bae
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmo Choi
- Department of Forest Bio-Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Lee ZH, Hirakawa T, Yamaguchi N, Ito T. The Roles of Plant Hormones and Their Interactions with Regulatory Genes in Determining Meristem Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164065. [PMID: 31434317 PMCID: PMC6720427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants, unlike animals, have developed a unique system in which they continue to form organs throughout their entire life cycle, even after embryonic development. This is possible because plants possess a small group of pluripotent stem cells in their meristems. The shoot apical meristem (SAM) plays a key role in forming all of the aerial structures of plants, including floral meristems (FMs). The FMs subsequently give rise to the floral organs containing reproductive structures. Studies in the past few decades have revealed the importance of transcription factors and secreted peptides in meristem activity using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent advances in genomic, transcriptomic, imaging, and modeling technologies have allowed us to explore the interplay between transcription factors, secreted peptides, and plant hormones. Two different classes of plant hormones, cytokinins and auxins, and their interaction are particularly important for controlling SAM and FM development. This review focuses on the current issues surrounding the crosstalk between the hormonal and genetic regulatory network during meristem self-renewal and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Hong Lee
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hirakawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8, Honcho, Kawaguchi-shi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.
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11
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CsBRC1 inhibits axillary bud outgrowth by directly repressing the auxin efflux carrier CsPIN3 in cucumber. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17105-17114. [PMID: 31391306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907968116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important agronomic trait that directly determines plant architecture and affects crop productivity. To promote crop yield and quality, axillary branches need to be manually removed during cucumber production for fresh market and thus are undesirable. Auxin is well known as the primary signal imposing for apical dominance and acts as a repressor for lateral bud outgrowth indirectly. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) family gene BRANCHED1 (BRC1) has been shown to be the central integrator for multiple environmental and developmental factors that functions locally to inhibit shoot branching. However, the direct molecular link between auxin and BRC1 remains elusive. Here we find that cucumber BRANCHED1 (CsBRC1) is expressed in axillary buds and displays a higher expression level in cultivated cucumber than in its wild ancestor. Knockdown of CsBRC1 by RNAi leads to increased bud outgrowth and reduced auxin accumulation in buds. We further show that CsBRC1 directly binds to the auxin efflux carrier PIN-FORMED (CsPIN3) and negatively regulates its expression in vitro and in vivo. Elevated expression of CsPIN3 driven by the CsBRC1 promoter results in highly branched cucumber with decreased auxin levels in lateral buds. Therefore, our data suggest that CsBRC1 inhibits lateral bud outgrowth by direct suppression of CsPIN3 functioning and thus auxin accumulation in axillary buds in cucumber, providing a strategy to breed for cultivars with varying degrees of shoot branching grown in different cucumber production systems.
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Wang L, Ji Y, Hu Y, Hu H, Jia X, Jiang M, Zhang X, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Jia Y, Qin C, Yu L, Huang J, Yang S, Hurst LD, Tian D. The architecture of intra-organism mutation rate variation in plants. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000191. [PMID: 30964866 PMCID: PMC6456163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the disposability of somatic tissue, selection can favor a higher mutation rate in the early segregating soma than in germline, as seen in some animals. Although in plants intra-organismic mutation rate heterogeneity is poorly resolved, the same selectionist logic can predict a lower rate in shoot than in root and in longer-lived terminal tissues (e.g., leaves) than in ontogenetically similar short-lived ones (e.g., petals), and that mutation rate heterogeneity should be deterministic with no significant differences between biological replicates. To address these expectations, we sequenced 754 genomes from various tissues of eight plant species. Consistent with a selectionist model, the rate of mutation accumulation per unit time in shoot apical meristem is lower than that in root apical tissues in perennials, in which a high proportion of mutations in shoots are themselves transmissible, but not in annuals, in which somatic mutations tend not to be transmissible. Similarly, the number of mutations accumulated in leaves is commonly lower than that within a petal of the same plant, and there is no more heterogeneity in accumulation rates between replicate branches than expected by chance. High mutation accumulation in runners of strawberry is, we argue, the exception that proves the rule, as mutation transmission patterns indicate that runner has a restricted germline. However, we also find that in vitro callus tissue has a higher mutation rate (per unit time) than the wild-grown comparator, suggesting nonadaptive mutational "fragility". As mutational fragility does not obviously explain why the shoot-root difference varies with plant longevity, we conclude that some mutation rate variation between tissues is consistent with selectionist theory but that a mechanistic null of mutational fragility should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yilun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huaying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianqin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanxiao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ju Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sihai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Laurence D. Hurst
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dacheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Timilsina R, Kim JH, Nam HG, Woo HR. Temporal changes in cell division rate and genotoxic stress tolerance in quiescent center cells of Arabidopsis primary root apical meristem. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3599. [PMID: 30837647 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0936-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots provide structural support and absorb nutrients and water; therefore, their proper development and function are critical for plant survival. Extensive studies on the early stage of ontogenesis of the primary root have revealed that the root apical meristem (RAM) undergoes dynamic structural and organizational changes during early germination. Quiescent center (QC) cells, a group of slowly dividing cells at the center of the stem-cell niche, are vital for proper function and maintenance of the RAM. However, temporal aspects of molecular and cellular changes in QC cells and their regulatory mechanisms have not been well studied. In the present study, we investigated temporal changes in QC cell size, expression of QC cell-specific markers (WOX5 and QC25), and genotoxic tolerance and division rate of QC cells in the Arabidopsis primary root. Our data revealed the decreased size of QC cells and the decreased expression of the QC cell-specific markers with root age. We also found that QC cell division frequency increased with root age. Furthermore, our study provides evidence supporting the link between the transition of QC cells from a mitotically quiescent state to the frequently dividing state and the decrease in tolerance to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Timilsina
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Timilsina R, Kim JH, Nam HG, Woo HR. Temporal changes in cell division rate and genotoxic stress tolerance in quiescent center cells of Arabidopsis primary root apical meristem. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3599. [PMID: 30837647 PMCID: PMC6400898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots provide structural support and absorb nutrients and water; therefore, their proper development and function are critical for plant survival. Extensive studies on the early stage of ontogenesis of the primary root have revealed that the root apical meristem (RAM) undergoes dynamic structural and organizational changes during early germination. Quiescent center (QC) cells, a group of slowly dividing cells at the center of the stem-cell niche, are vital for proper function and maintenance of the RAM. However, temporal aspects of molecular and cellular changes in QC cells and their regulatory mechanisms have not been well studied. In the present study, we investigated temporal changes in QC cell size, expression of QC cell-specific markers (WOX5 and QC25), and genotoxic tolerance and division rate of QC cells in the Arabidopsis primary root. Our data revealed the decreased size of QC cells and the decreased expression of the QC cell-specific markers with root age. We also found that QC cell division frequency increased with root age. Furthermore, our study provides evidence supporting the link between the transition of QC cells from a mitotically quiescent state to the frequently dividing state and the decrease in tolerance to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Timilsina
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Che G, Zhang X. Molecular basis of cucumber fruit domestication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:38-46. [PMID: 30253288 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide. Compared to the wild ancestor bearing small, bitter and seedy fruit, domesticated cucumbers exhibit significant variation in fruit appearance, size and flavor. Understanding the molecular basis of domestication related traits can provide insights into fruit evolution and make crop breeding more efficient. Here we review recent advances in relating to the genetic basis of fruit morphological traits (femaleness, fruit spine, wart, size, color and carpel development) and organoleptic features (bitterness) during cucumber domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Che
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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16
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Laffont C, De Cuyper C, Fromentin J, Mortier V, De Keyser A, Verplancke C, Holsters M, Goormachtig S, Frugier F. MtNRLK1, a CLAVATA1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase upregulated during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2046. [PMID: 29391543 PMCID: PMC5794917 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20359-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are signaling molecules regulating various aspects of plant development, including the balance between cell division and differentiation in different meristems. Among those, CLAVATA3/Embryo Surrounding Region-related (CLE-ESR) peptide activity depends on leucine-rich-repeat receptor-like-kinases (LRR-RLK) belonging to the subclass XI. In legume plants, such as the Medicago truncatula model, specific CLE peptides were shown to regulate root symbiotic nodulation depending on the LRR-RLK SUNN (Super Numeric Nodules). Amongst the ten M. truncatula LRR-RLK most closely related to SUNN, only one showed a nodule-induced expression, and was so-called MtNRLK1 (Nodule-induced Receptor-Like Kinase 1). MtNRLK1 expression is associated to root and nodule vasculature as well as to the proximal meristem and rhizobial infection zone in the nodule apex. Except for the root vasculature, the MtNRLK1 symbiotic expression pattern is different than the one of MtSUNN. Functional analyses either based on RNA interference, insertional mutagenesis, and overexpression of MtNRLK1 however failed to identify a significant nodulation phenotype, either regarding the number, size, organization or nitrogen fixation capacity of the symbiotic organs formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Laffont
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, U Paris-Sud, U Paris-Diderot, U d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Carolien De Cuyper
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Justine Fromentin
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Virginie Mortier
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annick De Keyser
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christa Verplancke
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marcelle Holsters
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Florian Frugier
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris Saclay (IPS2), CNRS, INRA, U Paris-Sud, U Paris-Diderot, U d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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Mirzaei S, Batley J, El-Mellouki T, Liu S, Meksem K, Ferguson BJ, Gresshoff PM. Neodiversification of homeologous CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase genes in soybean leads to distinct developmental outcomes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8878. [PMID: 28827708 PMCID: PMC5566472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08252-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The CLAVATA pathway that regulates stem cell numbers of the shoot apical meristem has exclusively been studied in Arabidopsis; as such insight into other species is warranted. In this study, a GmCLV1A mutant (F-S562L) with altered lateral organ development, and two mutants of GmNARK, isolated from a Forrest M2 population (EMS-mutated soybean) were studied. GmCLV1A and GmNARK encode for LRR receptor kinases, and share 92% of protein sequence. While GmNARK is critical for systemic regulation of nodulation (new organ made on the root through symbiosis), we show that GmCLV1A functions locally and has no apparent function in nodulation or root development. However, a recessive, loss-of-function mutation (S562L) in a putative S-glycosylation site of GmCLV1A causes stem nodal identity alterations as well as flower and pod abnormalities (deformed flower and pod). The mutant also exhibits a homeotic phenotype, displaying abnormal leaf development/number, vein-derived leaf emergence, and a thick, faciated stem. The mutant phenotype is also temperature-sensitive. Interestingly, a novel truncated version of GmCLV1A was identified upstream of GmCLV1A that is absent from GmNARK, but is present upstream of the GmNARK orthologues, MtSUNN and PvNARK. Taken together, our findings indicate that GmCLV1A acts on shoot architecture, whereas GmNARK, functions in controlling nodule numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Mirzaei
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jacqueline Batley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Tarik El-Mellouki
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Shiming Liu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Brett J Ferguson
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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18
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Shoot stem cell specification in roots by the WUSCHEL transcription factor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176093. [PMID: 28445492 PMCID: PMC5405954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The WUSCHEL homeobox transcription factor is required to specify stem-cell identity at the shoot apical meristem and its ectopic expression is sufficient to induce de novo shoot meristem formation. Yet, the manner by which WUS promotes stem-cell fate is not yet fully understood. In the present research we address this question by inducing WUS function outside of its domain. We show that activation of WUS function in the root inhibits the responses to exogenous auxin and suppresses the initiation and growth of lateral roots. Using time lapse movies to follow the cell-cycle marker CYCB1;1::GFP, we also show that activation of WUS function suppresses cell division and cell elongation. In addition, activation of WUS represses the auxin-induced expression of the PLETHORA1 root identity gene and promotes shoot fate. Shoot apical meristem formation requires a high cytokinin-to-auxin ratio. Our findings provide evidence for the manner by which WUS specifies stem-cell identity: by affecting auxin responses, by reducing the cell mitotic activity and by repressing other developmental pathways. At the meristem, the stem-cells which are characterized by low division rate are surrounded by the highly proliferative meristematic cells. Our results also provide a model for WUS establishing the differential mitotic rates between two cell populations at the minute structure of the meristem.
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19
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Ghate TH, Sharma P, Kondhare KR, Hannapel DJ, Banerjee AK. The mobile RNAs, StBEL11 and StBEL29, suppress growth of tubers in potato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:563-578. [PMID: 28084609 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that RNAs of StBEL11 and StBEL29 are phloem-mobile and function antagonistically to the growth-promoting characteristics of StBEL5 in potato. Both these RNAs appear to inhibit tuber growth by repressing the activity of target genes of StBEL5 in potato. Moreover, upstream sequence driving GUS expression in transgenic potato lines demonstrated that both StBEL11 and -29 promoter activity is robust in leaf veins, petioles, stems, and vascular tissues and induced by short days in leaves and stolons. Steady-state levels of their mRNAs were also enhanced by short-day conditions in selective organs. There are thirteen functional BEL1-like genes in potato that encode for a family of transcription factors (TF) ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. These BEL1 TFs work in tandem with KNOTTED1-types to regulate the expression of numerous target genes involved in hormone metabolism and growth processes. One of the StBELs, StBEL5, functions as a long-distance mRNA signal that is transcribed in leaves and moves into roots and stolons to stimulate growth. The two most closely related StBELs to StBEL5 are StBEL11 and -29. Together these three genes make up more than 70% of all StBEL transcripts present throughout the potato plant. They share a number of common features, suggesting they may be co-functional in tuber development. Upstream sequence driving GUS expression in transgenic potato lines demonstrated that both StBEL11 and -29 promoter activity is robust in leaf veins, petioles, stems, and vascular tissues and induced by short-days in leaves and stolons. Steady-state levels of their mRNAs were also enhanced by short-day conditions in specific organs. Using a transgenic approach and heterografting experiments, we show that both these StBELs inhibit growth in correlation with the long distance transport of their mRNAs from leaves to roots and stolons, whereas suppression lines of these two RNAs exhibited enhanced tuber yields. In summary, our results indicate that the RNAs of StBEL11 and StBEL29 are phloem-mobile and function antagonistically to the growth-promoting characteristics of StBEL5. Both these RNAs appear to inhibit growth in tubers by repressing the activity of target genes of StBEL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejashree H Ghate
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Plant Biology Major, Iowa State University, 253 Horticulture Hall, Ames, IA, 50011-1100, USA
| | - Kirtikumar R Kondhare
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - David J Hannapel
- Plant Biology Major, Iowa State University, 253 Horticulture Hall, Ames, IA, 50011-1100, USA
| | - Anjan K Banerjee
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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20
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Espinosa-Ruiz A, Martínez C, de Lucas M, Fàbregas N, Bosch N, Caño-Delgado AI, Prat S. TOPLESS mediates brassinosteroid control of shoot boundaries and root meristem development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Development 2017; 144:1619-1628. [PMID: 28320734 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPRESSOR 1 (BES1) is a master regulator of brassinosteroid (BR)-regulated gene expression. BES1 together with BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) drive activated or repressed expression of several genes, and have a prominent role in negative regulation of BR synthesis. Here, we report that BES1 interaction with TOPLESS (TPL), via its ERF-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, is essential for BES1-mediated control of organ boundary formation in the shoot apical meristem and the regulation of quiescent center (QC) cell division in roots. We show that TPL binds via BES1 to the promoters of the CUC3 and BRAVO targets and suppresses their expression. Ectopic expression of TPL leads to similar organ boundary defects and alterations in QC cell division rate to the bes1-d mutation, while bes1-d defects are suppressed by the dominant interfering protein encoded by tpl-1, with these effects respectively correlating with changes in CUC3 and BRAVO expression. Together, our data unveil a pivotal role of the co-repressor TPL in the shoot and root meristems, which relies on its interaction with BES1 and regulation of BES1 target gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Espinosa-Ruiz
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Miguel de Lucas
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
| | - Norma Fàbregas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona E-08193, Spain
| | - Nadja Bosch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona E-08193, Spain
| | - Ana I Caño-Delgado
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona E-08193, Spain
| | - Salomé Prat
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Darwin 3, Madrid E-28049, Spain
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21
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Chen Z, Han Y, Ning K, Ding Y, Zhao W, Yan S, Luo C, Jiang X, Ge D, Liu R, Wang Q, Zhang X. Inflorescence Development and the Role of LsFT in Regulating Bolting in Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2248. [PMID: 29403510 PMCID: PMC5778503 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) is one of the most important leafy vegetable that is consumed during its vegetative growth. The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth is induced by high temperature, which has significant economic effect on lettuce production. However, the progression of floral transition and the molecular regulation of bolting are largely unknown. Here we morphologically characterized the inflorescence development and functionally analyzed the FLOWERING LOCUS T (LsFT) gene during bolting regulation in lettuce. We described the eight developmental stages during floral transition process. The expression of LsFT was negatively correlated with bolting in different lettuce varieties, and was promoted by heat treatment. Overexpression of LsFT could recover the late-flowering phenotype of ft-2 mutant. Knockdown of LsFT by RNA interference dramatically delayed bolting in lettuce, and failed to respond to high temperature. Therefore, this study dissects the process of inflorescence development and characterizes the role of LsFT in bolting regulation in lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Chen
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingyan Han
- New Technological Laboratory in Agriculture Application in Beijing, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Ning
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyu Ding
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotang Jiang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Danfeng Ge
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolan Zhang, Qian Wang,
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaolan Zhang, Qian Wang,
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Chen D, Molitor AM, Xu L, Shen WH. Arabidopsis PRC1 core component AtRING1 regulates stem cell-determining carpel development mainly through repression of class I KNOX genes. BMC Biol 2016; 14:112. [PMID: 28007029 PMCID: PMC5178098 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2)-catalyzed H3K27me3 marks are tightly associated with the WUS-AG negative feedback loop to terminate floral stem cell fate to promote carpel development, but the roles of Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) in this event remain largely uncharacterized. Results Here we show conspicuous variability in the morphology and number of carpels among individual flowers in the absence of the PRC1 core components AtRING1a and AtRING1b, which contrasts with the wild-type floral meristem consumed by uniform carpel production in Arabidopsis thaliana. Promoter-driven GUS reporter analysis showed that AtRING1a and AtRING1b display a largely similar expression pattern, except in the case of the exclusively maternal-preferred expression of AtRING1b, but not AtRING1a, in the endosperm. Indeterminate carpel development in the atring1a;atring1b double mutant is due to replum/ovule-to-carpel conversion in association with ectopic expression of class I KNOX (KNOX-I) genes. Moreover, AtRING1a and AtRING1b also play a critical role in ovule development, mainly through promoting the degeneration of non-functional megaspores and proper integument formation. Genetic interaction analysis indicates that the AtRING1a/b-regulated KNOX-I pathway acts largely in a complementary manner with the WUS-AG pathway in controlling floral stem cell maintenance and proper carpel development. Conclusions Our study uncovers a novel mechanistic pathway through which AtRING1a and AtRING1b repress KNOX-I expression to terminate floral stem cell activities and establish carpel cell fate identities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0336-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghong Chen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général ZIMMER, 67084, Strasbourg, France. .,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, International Associated Laboratory of CNRS-Fudan-HUNAU on Plant Epigenome Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
| | - Anne M Molitor
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général ZIMMER, 67084, Strasbourg, France.,Present address: Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Lin Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wen-Hui Shen
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général ZIMMER, 67084, Strasbourg, France.
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Germline replications and somatic mutation accumulation are independent of vegetative life span in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:12226-12231. [PMID: 27729523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609686113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, gametogenesis occurs late in development, and somatic mutations can therefore be transmitted to the next generation. Longer periods of growth are believed to result in an increase in the number of cell divisions before gametogenesis, with a concomitant increase in mutations arising due to replication errors. However, there is little experimental evidence addressing how many cell divisions occur before gametogenesis. Here, we measured loss of telomeric DNA and accumulation of replication errors in Arabidopsis with short and long life spans to determine the number of replications in lineages leading to gametes. Surprisingly, the number of cell divisions within the gamete lineage is nearly independent of both life span and vegetative growth. One consequence of the relatively stable number of replications per generation is that older plants may not pass along more somatically acquired mutations to their offspring. We confirmed this hypothesis by genomic sequencing of progeny from young and old plants. This independence can be achieved by hierarchical arrangement of cell divisions in plant meristems where vegetative growth is primarily accomplished by expansion of cells in rapidly dividing meristematic zones, which are only rarely refreshed by occasional divisions of more quiescent cells. We support this model by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine retention experiments in shoot and root apical meristems. These results suggest that stem-cell organization has independently evolved in plants and animals to minimize mutations by limiting DNA replication.
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Bencivenga S, Serrano-Mislata A, Bush M, Fox S, Sablowski R. Control of Oriented Tissue Growth through Repression of Organ Boundary Genes Promotes Stem Morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2016; 39:198-208. [PMID: 27666746 PMCID: PMC5084710 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The origin of the stem is a major but poorly understood aspect of plant development, partly because the stem initiates in a relatively inaccessible region of the shoot apical meristem called the rib zone (RZ). We developed quantitative 3D image analysis and clonal analysis tools, which revealed that the Arabidopsis homeodomain protein REPLUMLESS (RPL) establishes distinct patterns of oriented cell division and growth in the central and peripheral regions of the RZ. A genome-wide screen for target genes connected RPL directly to many of the key shoot development pathways, including the development of organ boundaries; accordingly, mutation of the organ boundary gene LIGHT-SENSITIVE HYPOCOTYL 4 restored RZ function and stem growth in the rpl mutant. Our work opens the way to study a developmental process of importance to crop improvement and highlights how apparently simple changes in 3D organ growth can reflect more complex internal changes in oriented cell activities. Image and sector analysis revealed 3D growth patterns in early stem development Arabidopsis RPL controls oriented cell division and growth in the rib meristem RPL interacts with many of the key genes that regulate shoot organogenesis RPL controls oriented growth by directly repressing organ boundary genes
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bencivenga
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Antonio Serrano-Mislata
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Max Bush
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Samantha Fox
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Robert Sablowski
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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25
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Li S, Pan Y, Wen C, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Behera TK, Xing G, Weng Y. Integrated analysis in bi-parental and natural populations reveals CsCLAVATA3 (CsCLV3) underlying carpel number variations in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2016; 129:1007-22. [PMID: 26883041 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carpel number variation in cucumber was controlled by a single gene, Cn . Linkage and association analysis revealed CsCLV3 as the candidate gene of the Cn locus. Carpel number (CN) is an important fruit quality trait of cucumber, but the genetic basis of CN variations is largely unknown. In the present study, segregating analysis in multiple bi-parental mapping populations (F2, F3, and RILs) derived from WI2757 (CN = 3) × True Lemon (CN = 5) suggested that CN is controlled by a simply inherited gene, Cn, with CN = 3 being incompletely dominant to CN = 5. Initial linkage mapping located Cn in a 1.9-Mb region of cucumber chromosome 1. Exploration of DNA sequence variations in this region with in silico bulked segregant analysis among eight re-sequenced lines allowed delimiting the Cn locus to a 16-kb region with five predicted genes including CsCLV3, a homolog of the Arabidopsis gene CLAVATA3. Fine genetic mapping in F2 and RIL populations and association analysis in natural populations confirmed CsCLV3 as the candidate gene for Cn, which was further evidenced from gene expression analysis and microscopic examination of floral meristem size in the two parent lines. This study highlights the importance of integrated use of linkage and association analysis as well as next-gen high-throughput sequencing in mapping and cloning genes that are difficult in accurate genotyping. The results provide new insights into the genetic control of CN variations in cucumber, which were discussed in the context of the well-characterized CLAVATA pathway for stem cell homeostasis and regulation of meristem sizes in plants. The associations of carpel number with fruit shape, size, and weight in cucumber and melon are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Horticulture College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center and National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tusar K Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 10012, India
| | - Guoming Xing
- Horticulture College, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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26
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Ding L, Yan S, Jiang L, Liu M, Zhang J, Zhao J, Zhao W, Han YY, Wang Q, Zhang X. HANABA TARANU regulates the shoot apical meristem and leaf development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7075-87. [PMID: 26320238 PMCID: PMC4765787 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is essential for continuous organogenesis in higher plants, while the leaf is the primary source organ and the leaf shape directly affects the efficiency of photosynthesis. HANABA TARANU (HAN) encodes a GATA3-type transcription factor that functions in floral organ development, SAM organization, and embryo development in Arabidopsis, but is involved in suppressing bract outgrowth and promoting branching in grass species. Here the function of the HAN homologue CsHAN1 was characterized in cucumber, an important vegetable with great agricultural and economic value. CsHAN1 is predominantly expressed at the junction of the SAM and the stem, and can partially rescue the han-2 floral organ phenotype in Arabidopsis. Overexpression and RNAi of CsHAN1 transgenic cucumber resulted in retarded growth early after embryogenesis and produced highly lobed leaves. Further, it was found that CsHAN1 may regulate SAM development through regulating the WUSCHEL (WUS) and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) pathways, and mediate leaf development through a complicated gene regulatory network in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Ding
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying-Yan Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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27
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Jiang L, Ding L, He B, Shen J, Xu Z, Yin M, Zhang X. Systemic gene silencing in plants triggered by fluorescent nanoparticle-delivered double-stranded RNA. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:9965-9. [PMID: 25068243 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr03481c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A cationic fluorescence nanoparticle efficiently enters plants with high transfection efficacy. Applying a mixture of G2/dsRNA to the model plant, Arabidopsis root, leads to significant reduction in the expression of important developmental genes and results in apparent phenotypes. This study reports a non-viral gene nanocarrier which triggers gene silencing in plants and leads to systemic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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28
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Chen C, Liu M, Jiang L, Liu X, Zhao J, Yan S, Yang S, Ren H, Liu R, Zhang X. Transcriptome profiling reveals roles of meristem regulators and polarity genes during fruit trichome development in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:4943-58. [PMID: 24962999 PMCID: PMC4144775 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are epidermal hair-like structures that function in plant defence against biotic and abiotic stresses. Extensive studies have been performed on foliar trichomes development in Arabidopsis and tomato, but the molecular mechanism of fruit trichome formation remains elusive. Cucumber fruit is covered with trichomes (spines) that directly affect the appearance and quality of cucumber products. Here, we characterized the fruit spine development in wild-type (WT) cucumber and a spontaneous mutant, tiny branched hair (tbh). Our data showed that the cucumber trichome was multicellular and non-glandular, with malformed organelles and no endoreduplication. Fruit spine development was generally homogenous and marked by a rapid base expansion stage. Trichomes in the tbh mutant were tiny and branched, with increased density and aberrant cell shape. Transcriptome profiling indicated that meristem-related genes were highly enriched in the upregulated genes in the tbh versus the WT, as well as in WT spines after versus before base expansion, and that polarity regulators were greatly induced during spine base expansion. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and in situ hybridization confirmed the differential expression of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON3 (CUC3) and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) during spine development. Therefore, cucumber trichomes are morphologically different from those of Arabidopsis and tomato, and their development may be regulated by a distinct pathway involving meristem genes and polarity regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Chen
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shuangshuang Yan
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Renyi Liu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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29
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Fàbregas N, Caño-Delgado AI. Turning on the microscope turret: a new view for the study of brassinosteroid signaling in plant development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:172-83. [PMID: 24547704 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) hormones are essential for plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, the general understanding of BR signaling has been greatly attained by genetic and biochemical approaches that led to the identification of central BR signaling components, from the BRI1 receptor at the plasma membrane to downstream acting BR-regulated BRZ1 and BES1 transcription factors in the nuclei. Recently, an emerging trend is being established to further advance our understanding of the BR signaling pathway in plant development. Scientists have turned on the microscope lens turret to revisit the pleiotropic phenotypes of the BR mutants at a higher magnification, uncovering novel and specific cellular defects in the plant. In-depth phenotypic analysis in combination with the search for cell-specific signaling components that are responsible for those particular defects in the mutants are leading to: (1) definition of novel roles for BRs in vascular development, (2) unraveling BR function in cell division through quantitative analysis of Arabidopsis root growth, (3) establishment of a molecular connection between known patterning and BR-signaling components in organ boundary and stomata development and (4) development of novel strategies toward the identification of BR signaling components with spatiotemporal resolution. In this review, we highlight the importance of these emerging studies to investigate the spatiotemporal control of BR pathways in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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30
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Yue M, Li Q, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Bao S. Histone H4R3 methylation catalyzed by SKB1/PRMT5 is required for maintaining shoot apical meristem. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83258. [PMID: 24349476 PMCID: PMC3861506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the source of all of the above-ground tissues and organs in post-embryonic development in higher plants. Studies have proven that the expression of genes constituting the WUSCHEL (WUS)-CLAVATA (CLV) feedback loop is critical for the SAM maintenance. Several histone lysine acetylation and methylation markers have been proven to regulate the transcription level of WUS. However, little is known about how histone arginine methylation regulates the expression of WUS and other genes. Here, we report that H4R3 symmetric dimethylation (H4R3sme2) mediated by SKB1/PRMT5 represses the expression of CORYNE (CRN) to maintain normal SAM geometrics. SKB1 lesion results in small SAM size in Arabidopsis, as well as down-regulated expression of WUS and CLV3. Up-regulation of WUS expression enlarges SAM size in skb1 mutant plants. We find that SKB1 and H4R3sme2 associate with the chromatin of the CRN locus to down-regulate its transcription. Mutation of CRN rescues the expression of WUS and the small SAM size of skb1. Thus, SKB1 and SKB1-mediated H4R3sme2 are required for the maintenance of SAM in Arabidopsis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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31
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Liu L, Fan XD. Tapetum: regulation and role in sporopollenin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 83:165-75. [PMID: 23756817 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollen acts as a biological protector for protecting male sperm from various harsh conditions and is covered by an outer cell wall polymer called the exine, a major constituent of which is sporopollenin. The tapetum is in direct contact with the developing gametophytes and plays an essential role in pollen wall and pollen coat formation. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying tapetal development remain highly elusive, but molecular genetic studies have identified a number of genes that control the formation, differentiation, and programmed cell death of tapetum and interactions of genes in tapetal development. Herein, several lines of evidence suggest that sporopollenin is built up via catalytic enzyme reactions in the tapetum. Furthermore, as based on genetic evidence, we review the currently accepted understanding of the molecular regulation of sporopollenin biosynthesis and examine unanswered questions regarding the requirements underpinning proper exine pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- National Centre for Molecular Crop Design, Beijing, 100085, China,
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32
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Genome-wide analysis of the Populus Hsp90 gene family reveals differential expression patterns, localization, and heat stress responses. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:532. [PMID: 23915275 PMCID: PMC3750472 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Members of the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) class of proteins are evolutionarily conserved molecular chaperones. They are involved in protein folding, assembly, stabilization, activation, and degradation in many normal cellular processes and under stress conditions. Unlike many other well-characterized molecular chaperones, Hsp90s play key roles in signal transduction, cell-cycle control, genomic silencing, and protein trafficking. However, no systematic analysis of genome organization, gene structure, and expression compendium has been performed in the Populus model tree genus to date. Results We performed a comprehensive analysis of the Populus Hsp90 gene family and identified 10 Populus Hsp90 genes, which were phylogenetically clustered into two major groups. Gene structure and motif composition are relatively conserved in each group. In Populus trichocarpa, we identified three paralogous pairs, among which the PtHsp90-5a/PtHsp90-5b paralogous pair might be created by duplication of a genome segment. Subcellular localization analysis shows that PtHsp90 members are localized in different subcellular compartments. PtHsp90-3 is localized both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, PtHsp90-5a and PtHsp90-5b are in chloroplasts, and PtHsp90-7 is in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, microarray and semi-quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses show that a number of Populus Hsp90 genes are differentially expressed upon exposure to various stresses. Conclusions The gene structure and motif composition of PtHsp90s are highly conserved among group members, suggesting that members of the same group may also have conserved functions. Microarray and RT-PCR analyses show that most PtHsp90s were induced by various stresses, including heat stress. Collectively, these observations lay the foundation for future efforts to unravel the biological roles of PtHsp90 genes.
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Ding L, Wu Z, Liu R, Meyerowitz EM. Transcription repressor HANABA TARANU controls flower development by integrating the actions of multiple hormones, floral organ specification genes, and GATA3 family genes in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:83-101. [PMID: 23335616 PMCID: PMC3584552 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.107854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant inflorescence meristems and floral meristems possess specific boundary domains that result in proper floral organ separation and specification. HANABA TARANU (HAN) encodes a boundary-expressed GATA3-type transcription factor that regulates shoot meristem organization and flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Through time-course microarray analyses following transient overexpression of HAN, we found that HAN represses hundreds of genes, especially genes involved in hormone responses and floral organ specification. Transient overexpression of HAN also represses the expression of HAN and three other GATA3 family genes, HANL2 (HAN-LIKE 2), GNC (GATA, NITRATE-INDUCIBLE, CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED), and GNL (GNC-LIKE), forming a negative regulatory feedback loop. Genetic analysis indicates that HAN and the three GATA3 family genes coordinately regulate floral development, and their expression patterns are partially overlapping. HAN can homodimerize and heterodimerize with the three proteins encoded by these genes, and HAN directly binds to its own promoter and the GNC promoter in vivo. These findings, along with the fact that constitutive overexpression of HAN produces an even stronger phenotype than the loss-of-function mutation, support the hypothesis that HAN functions as a key repressor that regulates floral development via regulatory networks involving genes in the GATA3 family, along with genes involved in hormone action and floral organ specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Wang CJR, Nan GL, Kelliher T, Timofejeva L, Vernoud V, Golubovskaya IN, Harper L, Egger R, Walbot V, Cande WZ. Maize multiple archesporial cells 1 (mac1), an ortholog of rice TDL1A, modulates cell proliferation and identity in early anther development. Development 2012; 139:2594-603. [PMID: 22696296 DOI: 10.1242/dev.077891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To ensure fertility, complex somatic and germinal cell proliferation and differentiation programs must be executed in flowers. Loss-of-function of the maize multiple archesporial cells 1 (mac1) gene increases the meiotically competent population and ablates specification of somatic wall layers in anthers. We report the cloning of mac1, which is the ortholog of rice TDL1A. Contrary to prior studies in rice and Arabidopsis in which mac1-like genes were inferred to act late to suppress trans-differentiation of somatic tapetal cells into meiocytes, we find that mac1 anthers contain excess archesporial (AR) cells that proliferate at least twofold more rapidly than normal prior to tapetal specification, suggesting that MAC1 regulates cell proliferation. mac1 transcript is abundant in immature anthers and roots. By immunolocalization, MAC1 protein accumulates preferentially in AR cells with a declining radial gradient that could result from diffusion. By transient expression in onion epidermis, we demonstrate experimentally that MAC1 is secreted, confirming that the predicted signal peptide domain in MAC1 leads to secretion. Insights from cytology and double-mutant studies with ameiotic1 and absence of first division1 mutants confirm that MAC1 does not affect meiotic cell fate; it also operates independently of an epidermal, Ocl4-dependent pathway that regulates proliferation of subepidermal cells. MAC1 both suppresses excess AR proliferation and is responsible for triggering periclinal division of subepidermal cells. We discuss how MAC1 can coordinate the temporal and spatial pattern of cell proliferation in maize anthers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ju Rachel Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Khan M, Xu M, Murmu J, Tabb P, Liu Y, Storey K, McKim SM, Douglas CJ, Hepworth SR. Antagonistic interaction of BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 and 2 with BREVIPEDICELLUS and PENNYWISE regulates Arabidopsis inflorescence architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:946-60. [PMID: 22114095 PMCID: PMC3271780 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.188573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The transition to flowering in many plant species, including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is marked by the elongation of internodes to make an inflorescence upon which lateral branches and flowers are arranged in a characteristic pattern. Inflorescence patterning relies in part on the activities of two three-amino-acid loop-extension homeodomain transcription factors: BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) and PENNYWISE (PNY) whose interacting products also promote meristem function. We examine here the genetic interactions between BP-PNY whose expression is up-regulated in stems at the floral transition, and the lateral organ boundary genes BLADE-ON-PETIOLE1 (BOP1) and BOP2, whose expression is restricted to pedicel axils. Our data show that bp and pny inflorescence defects are caused by BOP1/2 gain of function in stems and pedicels. Compatible with this, inactivation of BOP1/2 rescues these defects. BOP expression domains are differentially enlarged in bp and pny mutants, corresponding to the distinctive patterns of growth restriction in these mutants leading to compacted internodes and clustered or downward-oriented fruits. Our data indicate that BOP1/2 are positive regulators of KNOTTED1-LIKE FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA6 expression and that growth restriction in BOP1/2 gain-of-function plants requires KNOTTED1-LIKE FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA6. Antagonism between BOP1/2 and BP is explained in part by their reciprocal regulation of gene expression, as evidenced by the identification of lignin biosynthetic genes that are repressed by BP and activated by BOP1/2 in stems. These data reveal BOP1/2 gain of function as the basis of bp and pny inflorescence defects and reveal how antagonism between BOP1/2 and BP-PNY contributes to inflorescence patterning in a model plant species.
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Lütken H, Laura M, Borghi C, Ørgaard M, Allavena A, Rasmussen SK. Expression of KxhKN4 and KxhKN5 genes in Kalanchoë blossfeldiana 'Molly' results in novel compact plant phenotypes: towards a cisgenesis alternative to growth retardants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:2267-79. [PMID: 21850596 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many potted plants like Kalanchoë have an elongated natural growth habit, which has to be controlled through the application of growth regulators. These chemicals will be banned in the near future in all the EU countries. Besides their structural functions, the importance of homeotic genes to modify plant architecture appears evident. In this work, the full length cDNA of five KNOX (KN) genes were sequenced from K. x houghtonii, a viviparous hybrid. Two constructs with the coding sequence of the class I and class II homeobox KN genes, KxhKN5 and KxhKN4, respectively, were overexpressed in the commercially important ornamental Kalanchoë blossfeldiana 'Molly'. Furthermore, a post-transcriptional gene silencing construct was made with a partial sequence of KxhKN5 and also transformed into 'Molly'. Several transgenic plants exhibited compact phenotypes and some lines had a relative higher number of inflorescences. A positive correlation between gene expression levels and the degree of compactness was found. However, a correlation between the induced phenotypes and the number of inserted copies of the transgene were not observed, although line '70-10' with a high copy number also had the highest expression level. Moreover, overexpression of KxhKN4 resulted in plants with dark green leaves due to an elevated content of chlorophyll, a highly desired property in the ornamental plant industry. These transgenic plants show that a cisgenesis approach towards production of compact plants with improved quality as an alternative to chemical growth retardants may be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Lütken
- Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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Wang CY, Chen YQ, Liu Q. Sculpting the meristem: The roles of miRNAs in plant stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:363-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ung N, Lal S, Smith HM. The role of PENNYWISE and POUND-FOOLISH in the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:605-14. [PMID: 21505100 PMCID: PMC3177262 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.171462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Growth of the aerial part of the plant is dependent upon the maintenance of the shoot apical meristem (SAM). A balance between the self-renewing stem cells in the central zone (CZ) and organogenesis in the peripheral zone (PZ) is essential for the integrity, function, and maintenance of the SAM. Understanding how the SAM maintains a balance between stem cell perpetuation and organogenesis is a central question in plant biology. Two related BELL1-like homeodomain proteins, PENNYWISE (PNY) and POUND-FOOLISH (PNF), act to specify floral meristems during reproductive development. However, genetic studies also show that PNY and PNF regulate the maintenance of the SAM. To understand the role of PNY and PNF in meristem maintenance, the expression patterns for genes that specifically localize to the peripheral and central regions of the SAM were examined in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Results from these experiments indicate that the integrity of the CZ is impaired in pny pnf plants, which alters the balance of stem cell renewal and organogenesis. As a result, pools of CZ cells may be allocated into initiating leaf primordia. Consistent with these results, the integrity of the central region of pny pnf SAMs can be partially restored by increasing the size of the CZ. Interestingly, flower specification is also reestablished by augmenting the size of the SAM in pny pnf plants. Taken together, we propose that PNY and PNF act to restrict organogenesis to the PZ by maintaining a boundary between the CZ and PZ.
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A Molecular Switch for Initiating Cell Differentiation in Arabidopsis. Curr Biol 2011; 21:999-1008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pop A, Huttenhower C, Iyer-Pascuzzi A, Benfey PN, Troyanskaya OG. Integrated functional networks of process, tissue, and developmental stage specific interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2010; 4:180. [PMID: 21194434 PMCID: PMC3023688 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-4-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent years have seen an explosion in plant genomics, as the difficulties inherent in sequencing and functionally analyzing these biologically and economically significant organisms have been overcome. Arabidopsis thaliana, a versatile model organism, represents an opportunity to evaluate the predictive power of biological network inference for plant functional genomics. Results Here, we provide a compendium of functional relationship networks for Arabidopsis thaliana leveraging data integration based on over 60 microarray, physical and genetic interaction, and literature curation datasets. These include tissue, biological process, and development stage specific networks, each predicting relationships specific to an individual biological context. These biological networks enable the rapid investigation of uncharacterized genes in specific tissues and developmental stages of interest and summarize a very large collection of A. thaliana data for biological examination. We found validation in the literature for many of our predicted networks, including those involved in disease resistance, root hair patterning, and auxin homeostasis. Conclusions These context-specific networks demonstrate that highly specific biological hypotheses can be generated for a diversity of individual processes, developmental stages, and plant tissues in A. thaliana. All predicted functional networks are available online at http://function.princeton.edu/arathGraphle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pop
- Computer Science Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Yellina AL, Orashakova S, Lange S, Erdmann R, Leebens-Mack J, Becker A. Floral homeotic C function genes repress specific B function genes in the carpel whorl of the basal eudicot California poppy (Eschscholzia californica). EvoDevo 2010; 1:13. [PMID: 21122096 PMCID: PMC3012024 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The floral homeotic C function gene AGAMOUS (AG) confers stamen and carpel identity and is involved in the regulation of floral meristem termination in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis ag mutants show complete homeotic conversions of stamens into petals and carpels into sepals as well as indeterminacy of the floral meristem. Gene function analysis in model core eudicots and the monocots rice and maize suggest a conserved function for AG homologs in angiosperms. At the same time gene phylogenies reveal a complex history of gene duplications and repeated subfunctionalization of paralogs. Results EScaAG1 and EScaAG2, duplicate AG homologs in the basal eudicot Eschscholzia californica show a high degree of similarity in sequence and expression, although EScaAG2 expression is lower than EScaAG1 expression. Functional studies employing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) demonstrate that knock down of EScaAG1 and 2 function leads to homeotic conversion of stamens into petaloid structures and defects in floral meristem termination. However, carpels are transformed into petaloid organs rather than sepaloid structures. We also show that a reduction of EScaAG1 and EScaAG2 expression leads to significantly increased expression of a subset of floral homeotic B genes. Conclusions This work presents expression and functional analysis of the two basal eudicot AG homologs. The reduction of EScaAG1 and 2 functions results in the change of stamen to petal identity and a transformation of the central whorl organ identity from carpel into petal identity. Petal identity requires the presence of the floral homeotic B function and our results show that the expression of a subset of B function genes extends into the central whorl when the C function is reduced. We propose a model for the evolution of B function regulation by C function suggesting that the mode of B function gene regulation found in Eschscholzia is ancestral and the C-independent regulation as found in Arabidopsis is evolutionarily derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravinda L Yellina
- University of Bremen, Fachbereich 02 Biology/Chemistry, Evolutionary Developmental Genetics Group Leobener Str,, UFT, 28359 Bremen, Germany.
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Guo Y, Clark SE. Membrane distributions of two ligand-binding receptor complexes in the CLAVATA pathway. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010. [PMID: 21051944 PMCID: PMC3115250 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.11.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies have suggested that transmembrane proteins CLAVATA1 (CLV1), CLV2, CORYNE (CRN), BAM1 and BAM2 all play a role in relaying the CLV3 signal and thus regulating stem cell homeostasis at the shoot meristem (SM). The extracellular domain of CLV1 was previously shown to bind the CLE peptide derived from CLV3, providing direct evidence that CLV3-CLV1 function as a ligand-receptor pair. How the other putative receptors function in the CLV pathway, however, remained unclear. We demonstrated in a recent Plant Journal article that the receptor-like protein CLV2 and the receptor-kinases BAM1 and BAM2 also bind to the CLV3 CLE peptide ligand with an affinity similar to that of CLV1. Critically, these ligand binding receptors form two distinct complexes in both transient expression in tobacco and in Arabidopsis meristem cells: a CLV2/CRN multimer and a CLV1/BAM multimer. Here we examine in detail the subcellular membrane partitioning for the receptor proteins in transient expression by two-phase partitioning and co-expression with known subcellular markers. All tested proteins measurably accumulate at the plasma membrane. While CLV1 primarily co-localizes with a plasma membrane marker, CLV2 shows greater co-localization with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Guo Y, Han L, Hymes M, Denver R, Clark SE. CLAVATA2 forms a distinct CLE-binding receptor complex regulating Arabidopsis stem cell specification. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:889-900. [PMID: 20626648 PMCID: PMC2974754 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
CLAVATA1 (CLV1), CLV2, CLV3, CORYNE (CRN), BAM1 and BAM2 are key regulators that function at the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of plants to promote differentiation by limiting the size of the organizing center that maintains stem cell identity in neighboring cells. Previous results have indicated that the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase CLV1 binds to the CLV3-derived CLE ligand. The biochemical role of the receptor-like protein CLV2 has remained largely unknown. Although genetic analysis suggested that CLV2, together with the membrane kinase CRN, acts in parallel with CLV1, recent studies using transient expression indicated that CLV2 and CRN from a complex with CLV1. Here, we report detection of distinct CLV2-CRN heteromultimeric and CLV1-BAM multimeric complexes in transient expression in tobacco and in Arabidopsis meristems. Weaker interactions between the two complexes were detectable in transient expression. We also find that CLV2 alone generates a membrane-localized CLE binding activity independent of CLV1. CLV2, CLV1 and the CLV1 homologs BAM1 and BAM2 all bind to the CLV3-derived CLE peptide with similar kinetics, but BAM receptors show a broader range of interactions with different CLE peptides. Finally, we show that BAM and CLV1 overexpression can compensate for the loss of CLV2 function in vivo. These results suggest two parallel ligand-binding receptor complexes controlling stem cell specification in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Guo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biologym, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Linqu Han
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biologym, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | | | - Robert Denver
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biologym, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
| | - Steven E. Clark
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biologym, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048
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Meng L, Ruth KC, Fletcher JC, Feldman L. The roles of different CLE domains in Arabidopsis CLE polypeptide activity and functional specificity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2010; 3:760-772. [PMID: 20494950 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssq021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The CLE (CLVATA3/ESR-related) family of plant polypeptide signaling molecules shares a conserved 14-amino-acid (aa) motif, designated the CLE motif, which recent studies suggest is sufficient for CLE function in vitro. In this study, we report that Arabidopsis CLE proteins can function in a tissue-specific manner and confirm some CLE factors can act through different receptors. Using domain swapping, we show for the first time that the CLE motif likely determines much of the functional tissue-specificity of the proteins in planta. However, we also provide evidence in support of the new view that sequences outside the CLE motif (14 aa) contribute to CLE function and functional specificity in vivo. Additionally, we report that deletion of the putative signal peptide from different CLE proteins completely inactivates CLE function in vivo, whereas exchanging the CLE signal peptides with a conventional signal peptide from a rice glycine-rich cell wall protein also influences CLE function. We thus propose that the CLE motif itself determines its functional tissue-specificity by dictating the direct recognition and interaction of each CLE peptide with its optimal receptor(s), whereas the receptor(s) may be available in a tissue-specific manner. On the other hand, the sequences outside the CLE motif may influence CLE function by affecting the processing of CLE peptides, resulting in a change in the availability and/or abundance of CLE peptides in specific tissues and/or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Meng
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 111 Koshland Hall, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
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Immink RG, Kaufmann K, Angenent GC. The ‘ABC’ of MADS domain protein behaviour and interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2010; 21:87-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Lee DK, Geisler M, Springer PS. LATERAL ORGAN FUSION1 and LATERAL ORGAN FUSION2 function in lateral organ separation and axillary meristem formation in Arabidopsis. Development 2009; 136:2423-32. [PMID: 19542355 DOI: 10.1242/dev.031971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant organs are generated from meristems throughout development. Patterning and elaboration of organ primordia occur as a result of organized cell division and expansion, processes that are likely to be controlled, in part, by meristem-derived signals. Communication between the meristem and lateral organs is crucial for meristem maintenance and organ patterning, and organ boundaries are thought to be important for mediating this communication. Arabidopsis thaliana LATERAL ORGAN FUSION1 (LOF1) encodes a MYB-domain transcription factor that is expressed in organ boundaries. lof1 mutants display defects in organ separation as a result of abnormal cell division and expansion during early boundary formation. lof1 mutants also fail to form accessory shoot meristems. Mutations in the closely related LATERAL ORGAN FUSION2 (LOF2) gene enhance the lof1 phenotype, such that lof1 lof2 double mutants display additional fusion defects. Genetic interactions with the CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON genes CUC2 and CUC3 revealed a role for LOF1 in both organ separation and axillary meristem formation. Expression of the meristem determinant STM was reduced in lof1 mutant paraclade junctions and lof1 enhanced the weak stm-10 mutant, such that double mutants had severe defects in meristem maintenance and organ separation. Our data implicate LOF1 and LOF2 in boundary specification, meristem initiation and maintenance, and organ patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Keun Lee
- Department of Botany and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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D'Aloia M, Tamseddak K, Bonhomme D, Bonhomme F, Bernier G, Périlleux C. Gene activation cascade triggered by a single photoperiodic cycle inducing flowering in Sinapis alba. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 59:962-973. [PMID: 19473326 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular genetic analyses in Arabidopsis disclosed a genetic pathway whereby flowering is induced by the photoperiod. This cascade is examined here within the time course of floral transition in the long-day (LD) plant Sinapis alba induced by a single photoperiodic cycle. In addition to previously available sequences, the cloning of CONSTANS (SaCO) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (SaFT) homologues allowed expression analyses to be performed to follow the flowering process step by step. A diurnal rhythm in SaCO expression in the leaves was observed and transcripts of SaFT were detected when light was given in phase with SaCO kinetics only. This occurred when day length was extended or when a short day was shifted towards a 'photophile phase'. The steady-state level of SaFT transcripts in the various physiological situations examined was found to correlate like a rheostat with floral induction strength. Kinetics of SaFT activation were also consistent with previous estimations of translocation of florigen out of leaves, which could actually occur after the inductive cycle. In response to one 22-h LD, initiation of floral meristems by the shoot apical meristem (SAM) started about 2 days after activation of SaFT and was marked by expression of APETALA1 (SaAP1). Meanwhile, LEAFY (SaLFY) was first up-regulated in leaf primordia and in the SAM. FRUITFULL (SaFUL) was later activated in the whole SAM but excluded from floral meristems. These patterns are integrated with previous observations concerning upregulation of SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SaSOC1) to provide a temporal and spatial map of floral transition in Sinapis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D'Aloia
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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Li D, Kinkema M, Gresshoff PM. Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) in Pisum sativum (pea) involves signalling events associated with both nodule primordia development and nitrogen fixation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:955-67. [PMID: 19403196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To define the signalling events required for the activation of AON, we utilised approach grafts between wild-type pea plants and their mutants defective at successive stages of nodule formation. AON signalling strength was monitored by prior inoculation of mutant root portions (as so-called 'sensor') and quantifying nodule formation on connected roots of delayed inoculated wild type (the 'reporter'). Detectable AON sensing and associated signal exchange between root and shoot started after root hair curling but before the initiation of visible cortical and pericycle cell divisions. The strength of AON signalling was correlated with the stage of nodule development and size of nodule, with mature nitrogen-fixing nodules possessing the strongest AON-inducing signal. We demonstrated that the pea supernodulating mutant nod3 may function pre-NARK in the root. A model for the activation of AON signalling and its potential relationship with cell division, nitrogen fixation and/or cytokinin signal transduction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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50
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Park NI, Yeung EC, Muench DG. Mago Nashi is involved in meristem organization, pollen formation, and seed development in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 176:461-9. [PMID: 26493135 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mago Nashi (Mago) is involved in several processes related to mRNA physiology in animal cells, including mRNA export from the nucleus, cytoplasmic mRNA localization, non-sense mediated mRNA decay, and translation. These cellular roles are visible as defects in development when Mago gene expression is modified in mutant model animal systems. Mago gene orthologs exist in plants, however, their functional roles in growth and development have not been well studied. Using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach, we produced transgenic Arabidopsis plants that had reduced levels of AtMago mRNA. RNAi-AtMago plants were delayed in their overall development, produced a greater number of leaves, and possessed short and occasionally fasciated stems. The leaves were small in size and demonstrated enhanced curling along their length. Shoot meristems of RNAi-AtMago plants lacked the cellular organization of wildtype meristems. Shoot meristematic cells were extensively vacuolated and large intercellular spaces were evident. RNAi-AtMago plants produced short lateral roots that lacked normal cell profiles and demonstrated premature root hair differentiation. The arrangement of microspore tetrads in RNAi-AtMago plants was aberrant, and microspores were extensively vacuolated. Pollen production and pollen germination rates were also reduced. RNAi-AtMago plants occasionally produced aborted seeds, or demonstrated delayed seed development that resulted in non-viable seed. The range of developmental defects visible in RNAi-AtMago plants and the ubiquitous expression of AtMago indicates that Mago has essential functions in most, if not all plant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4 Canada.
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