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Liu KE, Kucenas S. Rohon-beard neurons do not succumb to programmed cell death during zebrafish development. Dev Biol 2024; 515:186-198. [PMID: 38944329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
During neural development, sculpting of early formed circuits by cell death and synaptic pruning is necessary to generate a functional and efficient nervous system. This allows for the establishment of rudimentary circuits which necessitate early organism survival to later undergo subsequent refinement. These changes facilitate additional specificity to stimuli which can lead to increased behavioral complexity. In multiple species, Rohon-Beard neurons (RBs) are the earliest mechanosensory neurons specified and are critical in establishing a rudimentary motor response circuit. Sensory input from RBs gradually becomes redundant as dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons develop and integrate into motor circuits. Previous studies demonstrate that RBs undergo a dramatic wave of cell death concurrent with development of the DRG. However, contrary to these studies, we show that neurogenin1+ (ngn1) RBs do not undergo a widespread wave of programmed cell death during early zebrafish development and instead persist until at least 15 days post fertilization (dpf). Starting at 2 dpf, we also observed a dramatic medialization and shrinkage of ngn1+ RB somas along with a gradual downregulation of ngn1 in RBs. This alters a fundamental premise of early zebrafish neural development and opens new avenues to explore mechanisms of RB function, persistence, and circuit refinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA; Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA; Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA; Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
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2
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Leon WRM, Steffen DM, Dale-Huang FR, Rakela B, Breevoort A, Romero-Rodriguez R, Hasenstaub AR, Stryker MP, Weiner JA, Alvarez-Buylla A. The clustered gamma protocadherin PcdhγC4 isoform regulates cortical interneuron programmed cell death in the mouse cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313596120. [PMID: 38285948 PMCID: PMC10861877 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313596120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into the cortex where they make connections with locally produced excitatory glutamatergic neurons. Cortical function critically depends on the number of cINs, which is also key to establishing the appropriate inhibitory/excitatory balance. The final number of cINs is determined during a postnatal period of programmed cell death (PCD) when ~40% of the young cINs are eliminated. Previous work shows that the loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdhgs), but not of genes in the Pcdha or Pcdhb clusters, dramatically increased BAX-dependent cIN PCD. Here, we show that PcdhγC4 is highly expressed in cINs of the mouse cortex and that this expression increases during PCD. The sole deletion of the PcdhγC4 isoform, but not of the other 21 isoforms in the Pcdhg gene cluster, increased cIN PCD. Viral expression of the PcdhγC4, in cIN lacking the function of the entire Pcdhg cluster, rescued most of these cells from cell death. We conclude that PcdhγC4 plays a critical role in regulating the survival of cINs during their normal period of PCD. This highlights how a single isoform of the Pcdhg cluster, which has been linked to human neurodevelopmental disorders, is essential to adjust cIN cell numbers during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R. Mancia Leon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - David M. Steffen
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Fiona R. Dale-Huang
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Benjamin Rakela
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Arnar Breevoort
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Ricardo Romero-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Andrea R. Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Michael P. Stryker
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52242
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143
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3
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Barreda-Manso MA, Soto A, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Reigada D, Nieto-Díaz M, Maza RM. MiR-138-5p Upregulation during Neuronal Maturation Parallels with an Increase in Neuronal Survival. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16509. [PMID: 38003699 PMCID: PMC10671628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal maturation is a process that plays a key role in the development and regeneration of the central nervous system. Although embryonic brain development and neurodegeneration have received considerable attention, the events that govern postnatal neuronal maturation are less understood. Among the mechanisms influencing such neuronal maturation processes, apoptosis plays a key role. Several regulators have been described to modulate apoptosis, including post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs. This study aimed to analyze endogenous expression changes of miR-138-5p, as well as its main validated pro-apoptotic target caspase3, during the maturation of neuronal cultures and their response under apoptotic challenge. Our results point out that the observed opposite expression of miR-138-5p and its target caspase3 might modulate apoptosis favoring neuronal survival at distinct maturation stages. The unchanged expression of miR-138-5p in mature neurons contrasts with the significant downregulation in immature neurons upon apoptotic stimulation. Similarly, immunoblot and individual cellular assays confirmed that during maturation, not only the expression but processing of CASP-3 and caspase activity is reduced after apoptotic stimulation which results in a reduction of neuronal death. Further studies would be needed to determine a more detailed role of miR-138-5p in apoptosis during neuronal maturation and the synergistic action of several microRNAs acting cooperatively on caspase3 or other apoptotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
- Research Unit, Functional Exploration and Neuromodulation of the Central Nervous System (FENNSI) Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Altea Soto
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - David Reigada
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - Manuel Nieto-Díaz
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
| | - Rodrigo M. Maza
- Research Unit, Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.S.); (T.M.-G.); (D.R.); (M.N.-D.)
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4
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Seo G, Kim S, Byun JC, Kwon S, Lee YJ. Evaluation of the neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in children with spinal muscular atrophy treated with nusinersen. Brain Dev 2023; 45:554-563. [PMID: 37541812 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the neurofilament light chain (NfL) as a biomarker for treatment responses in children with a broad spectrum of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) under nusinersen treatment. METHOD We measured NfL levels in serum (sNfL) and cerebrospinal fluid (cNfL) in nusinersen-treated patients with SMA and children without neurologic disorders. Correlations between cNfL and sNfL levels and motor function scores were analyzed. RESULTS sNfL and cNfL levels were measured in eight patients with SMA (SMA type 1, n = 3; SMA type 2, n = 5). sNfL levels were strongly correlated with cNfL levels regardless of the SMA subtype (r = 0.97, P < 0.001). Patients with SMA type 1 had higher baseline cNfL and sNfL levels before treatment initiation than those with SMA type 2 and neurologically healthy children. In patients with acute stage of SMA type 1 and 2, the NfL level rapidly decreased during the nusinersen treatment loading phase followed by stabilization at a lower plateau level. In contrast, in a patient with a chronic stage of SMA type 2, the NfL level remained within the normal range with no apparent downward trend. Motor function scores showed a tendency toward an inverse correlation with NfL levels in patients with acute stage although not in patients with chronic stage. CONCLUSIONS cNfL and sNfL levels can be promising biomarkers for monitoring treatment response in patients within their acute stage, particularly in SMA type 1, although not in patients with a chronic stage of SMA type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gigyo Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Saeyoon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jun Chul Byun
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Soonhak Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea.
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5
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Schjørring ME, Parkner T, Knudsen CS, Tybirk L, Hviid CVB. Neurofilament light chain: serum reference intervals in Danish children aged 0-17 years. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2023; 83:403-407. [PMID: 37632388 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2023.2251003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) in the blood is an unspecific biomarker for damage to neuronal axons. The measurement of NfL levels in the blood can provide useful information for monitoring and prognostication of various neurological disorders in children, but a reference interval (RI) is needed before the clinical implementation of the biomarker. We aimed to establish a RI for children aged 0-17 years. Serum samples from 292 healthy reference subjects aged 0.4-17.9 years were analysed by a single-molecule array (Simoa®) established for routine clinical use. Non-parametric quantile regression was used to model a continuous RI, and a traditional age-partitioned non-parametric RI was established according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guideline C28-A3. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of hemolysis on assay performance. The traditional age-partitioned non-parametric RI for the age group <3 years was 3.5-16.6 ng/L and 2.1-13.9 ng/L in the age group ≥3 years, respectively. The continuous RI showed an age-dependent decrease in median NfL levels in the first three years of life which was also evident in the age-partitioning of the traditional RI. We found no difference between sexes and no impact of hemolysis on the NfL test results. This study establishes a pediatric RI for serum NfL and lays the groundwork for its future use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Elbek Schjørring
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tina Parkner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Lea Tybirk
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Claus Vinter Bødker Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
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6
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Chimata AV, Darnell H, Raj A, Kango-Singh M, Singh A. Transcriptional pausing factor M1BP regulates cellular homeostasis by suppressing autophagy and apoptosis in Drosophila eye. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2023; 2:2252307. [PMID: 37746026 PMCID: PMC10512699 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2023.2252307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
During organogenesis cellular homeostasis plays a crucial role in patterning and growth. The role of promoter proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II, which regulates transcription of several developmental genes by GAGA factor or Motif 1 Binding Protein (M1BP), has not been fully understood in cellular homeostasis. Earlier, we reported that M1BP, a functional homolog of ZKSCAN3, regulates wingless and caspase-dependent cell death (apoptosis) in the Drosophila eye. Further, blocking apoptosis does not fully rescue the M1BPRNAi phenotype of reduced eye. Therefore, we looked for other possible mechanism(s). In a forward genetic screen, members of the Jun-amino-terminal-(NH2)-Kinase (JNK) pathway were identified. Downregulation of M1BP ectopically induces JNK, a pro-death pathway known to activate both apoptosis and caspase-independent (autophagy) cell death. Activation of JNK pathway components can enhance M1BPRNAi phenotype and vice-versa. Downregulation of M1BP ectopically induced JNK signaling, which leads to apoptosis and autophagy. Apoptosis and autophagy are regulated independently by their genetic circuitry. Here, we found that blocking either apoptosis or autophagy alone rescues the reduced eye phenotype of M1BP downregulation; whereas, blocking both apoptosis and autophagy together significantly rescues the M1BP reduced eye phenotype to near wild-type in nearly 85% progeny. This data suggests that the cellular homeostasis response demonstrated by two independent cell death mechanisms, apoptosis and autophagy, can be regulated by a common transcriptional pausing mechanism orchestrated by M1BP. Since these fundamental processes are conserved in higher organisms, this novel functional link between M1BP and regulation of both apoptosis and autophagy can be extrapolated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Darnell
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Akanksha Raj
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Premedical Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Center for Tissue Regeneration & Engineering (TREND), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH, USA
- Center for Genomic Advocacy (TCGA), Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA
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7
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Sellinger EP, Brinks AS, Javeri RR, Theurer SL, Wang R, Juraska JM. Region- and age-specific effects of perinatal phthalate exposure on developmental cell death and adult anatomy of dorsal and ventral hippocampus and associated cognitive behaviors. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 99:107288. [PMID: 37595675 PMCID: PMC10530334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to phthalates, a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals used in food packaging/processing, PVC plastics, and personal care products. Gestational exposure may lead to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. In a rat model, perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture and dose of phthalates leads to increased developmental apoptosis in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and a subsequent reduction in neurons and in cognitive flexibility measured in adults of both sexes (Sellinger et al., 2021b; Kougias et al., 2018b). However, whether these effects generalize to other cognitive regions, like the hippocampus, is less well understood as existing studies used single phthalates at large doses, unrepresentative of human exposure. In the current study, patterns of naturally occurring cell death were first established in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal subfields (CA3 and CA1). Both dorsal and ventral CA3 reached high levels of cell death on P2 while levels in dorsal and ventral CA1 peaked on P5 in both sexes. Exposure to a phthalate mixture (0.2 and 1 mg/kg/day) throughout gestation through postnatal day 10 resulted in subtle age- and region-specific decreases in developmental cell death, however there were no significant changes in adult neuron number or associated behaviors: the Morris water maze and social recognition. Therefore, perinatal exposure to a low dose mixture of phthalates does not result in the dramatic structural and behavioral changes seen with high doses of single phthalates. This study also adds to our understanding of the distinct neurodevelopmental effects of phthalates on different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli P Sellinger
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Amara S Brinks
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Rajvi R Javeri
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Savannah L Theurer
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Ruibin Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, United States of America.
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8
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Keeley PW, Patel SS, Reese BE. Cell numbers, cell ratios, and developmental plasticity in the rod pathway of the mouse retina. J Anat 2023; 243:204-222. [PMID: 35292986 PMCID: PMC10335380 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise specification of cellular fate is thought to ensure the production of the correct number of neurons within a population. Programmed cell death may be an additional mechanism controlling cell number, believed to refine the proper ratio of pre- to post-synaptic neurons for a given species. Here, we consider the size of three different neuronal populations in the rod pathway of the mouse retina: rod photoreceptors, rod bipolar cells, and AII amacrine cells. Across a collection of 28 different strains of mice, large variation in the numbers of all three cell types is present. The variation in their numbers is not correlated, so that the ratio of rods to rod bipolar cells, as well as rod bipolar cells to AII amacrine cells, varies as well. Establishing connectivity between such variable pre- and post-synaptic populations relies upon plasticity that modulates process outgrowth and morphological differentiation, which we explore experimentally for both rod bipolar and AII amacrine cells in a mouse retina with elevated numbers of each cell type. While both rod bipolar dendritic and axonal arbors, along with AII lobular arbors, modulate their areal size in relation to local homotypic cell densities, the dendritic appendages of the AII amacrine cells do not. Rather, these processes exhibit a different form of plasticity, regulating the branching density of their overlapping arbors. Each form of plasticity should ensure uniformity in retinal coverage in the presence of the independent specification of afferent and target cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Keeley
- Neuroscience Research InstituteUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Shivam S. Patel
- Neuroscience Research InstituteUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research InstituteUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Psychological & Brain SciencesUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
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9
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Bernardi P, Gerle C, Halestrap AP, Jonas EA, Karch J, Mnatsakanyan N, Pavlov E, Sheu SS, Soukas AA. Identity, structure, and function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore: controversies, consensus, recent advances, and future directions. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:1869-1885. [PMID: 37460667 PMCID: PMC10406888 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) describes a Ca2+-dependent and cyclophilin D (CypD)-facilitated increase of inner mitochondrial membrane permeability that allows diffusion of molecules up to 1.5 kDa in size. It is mediated by a non-selective channel, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Sustained mPTP opening causes mitochondrial swelling, which ruptures the outer mitochondrial membrane leading to subsequent apoptotic and necrotic cell death, and is implicated in a range of pathologies. However, transient mPTP opening at various sub-conductance states may contribute several physiological roles such as alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics and rapid Ca2+ efflux. Since its discovery decades ago, intensive efforts have been made to identify the exact pore-forming structure of the mPT. Both the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) and, more recently, the mitochondrial F1FO (F)-ATP synthase dimers, monomers or c-subunit ring alone have been implicated. Here we share the insights of several key investigators with different perspectives who have pioneered mPT research. We critically assess proposed models for the molecular identity of the mPTP and the mechanisms underlying its opposing roles in the life and death of cells. We provide in-depth insights into current controversies, seeking to achieve a degree of consensus that will stimulate future innovative research into the nature and role of the mPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Christoph Gerle
- Laboratory of Protein Crystallography, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Andrew P Halestrap
- School of Biochemistry and Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jason Karch
- Department of Integrative Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Evgeny Pavlov
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alexander A Soukas
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Pomaville MB, Wright KM. Follicle-innervating Aδ-low threshold mechanoreceptive neurons form receptive fields through homotypic competition. Neural Dev 2023; 18:2. [PMID: 37106422 PMCID: PMC10134579 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-023-00170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian somatosensory system is comprised of multiple neuronal populations that form specialized, highly organized sensory endings in the skin. The organization of somatosensory endings is essential to their functions, yet the mechanisms which regulate this organization remain unclear. Using a combination of genetic and molecular labeling approaches, we examined the development of mouse hair follicle-innervating low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and explored competition for innervation targets as a mechanism involved in the patterning of their receptive fields. We show that follicle innervating neurons are present in the skin at birth and that LTMR receptive fields gradually add follicle-innervating endings during the first two postnatal weeks. Using a constitutive Bax knockout to increase the number of neurons in adult animals, we show that two LTMR subtypes have differential responses to an increase in neuronal population size: Aδ-LTMR neurons shrink their receptive fields to accommodate the increased number of neurons innervating the skin, while C-LTMR neurons do not. Our findings suggest that competition for hair follicles to innervate plays a role in the patterning and organization of follicle-innervating LTMR neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pomaville
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Kevin M Wright
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
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11
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Anosike NL, Adejuwon JF, Emmanuel GE, Adebayo OS, Etti-Balogun H, Nathaniel JN, Omotosho OI, Aschner M, Ijomone OM. Necroptosis in the developing brain: role in neurodevelopmental disorders. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:831-837. [PMID: 36964816 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is vital to various organismal developmental processes including brain development. Apoptosis, the most recognized programmed cell death, has been linked to several developmental processes and implicated in pruning cells to provide the ultimate tissue integrity. However, more recently, other forms of non-apoptotic programmed cell death have been identified, of which necroptosis is of predominant interest. Necroptosis is a regulated form of necrosis, activated under apoptotic-deficient conditions. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major activator of necroptosis, and the process is mediated by several kinases including receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL). Potential roles for necroptosis during brain development have been muted. Necroptosis has been implicated in mediating neurological disorders, and contributing to the severity of these disorders. Here we will review the literature on the role of necroptosis in neurodevelopment, summarizing its molecular mechanisms and highlighting potential implications for disorders of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenna Loveth Anosike
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Joy Funsho Adejuwon
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Godslove Emeka Emmanuel
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin Samuel Adebayo
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Hassanat Etti-Balogun
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Jannie Nathaniel Nathaniel
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Omolabake Ifeoluwa Omotosho
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Paediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Omamuyovwi Meashack Ijomone
- The Neuro- Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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12
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Ayoub M, David LM, Shklyar B, Hakim-Mishnaevski K, Kurant E. Drosophila FGFR/Htl signaling shapes embryonic glia to phagocytose apoptotic neurons. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:90. [PMID: 36898998 PMCID: PMC10006210 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons is crucial for development and proper function of the central nervous system. Relying on transmembrane receptors located on their protrusions, phagocytic glia recognize and engulf apoptotic debris. Like vertebrate microglia, Drosophila phagocytic glial cells form an elaborate network in the developing brain to reach and remove apoptotic neurons. However, the mechanisms controlling creation of the branched morphology of these glial cells critical for their phagocytic ability remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that during early embryogenesis, the Drosophila fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) Heartless (Htl) and its ligand Pyramus are essential in glial cells for the formation of glial extensions, the presence of which strongly affects glial phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons during later stages of embryonic development. Reduction in Htl pathway activity results in shorter lengths and lower complexity of glial branches, thereby disrupting the glial network. Our work thus illuminates the important role Htl signaling plays in glial subcellular morphogenesis and in establishing glial phagocytic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Ayoub
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Li-Mor David
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boris Shklyar
- Bioimaging Unit, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ketty Hakim-Mishnaevski
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel
| | - Estee Kurant
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, Israel.
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13
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Gil M, Gama V. Emerging mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms involved in oligodendrocyte development. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:354-366. [PMID: 36461887 PMCID: PMC9851982 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system and are generated after oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) transition into pre-oligodendrocytes and then into myelinating oligodendrocytes. Myelin is essential for proper signal transmission within the nervous system and axonal metabolic support. Although the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that support the differentiation, survival, integration, and subsequent myelination of appropriate axons have been well investigated, little is known about how mitochondria-related pathways such as mitochondrial dynamics, bioenergetics, and apoptosis finely tune these developmental events. Previous findings suggest that changes to mitochondrial morphology act as an upstream regulatory mechanism of neural stem cell (NSC) fate decisions. Whether a similar mechanism is engaged during OPC differentiation has yet to be elucidated. Maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics is vital for regulating cellular bioenergetics, functional mitochondrial networks, and the ability of cells to distribute mitochondria to subcellular locations, such as the growing processes of oligodendrocytes. Myelination is an energy-consuming event, thus, understanding the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics, metabolism, and apoptosis will provide further insight into mechanisms that mediate oligodendrocyte development in healthy and disease states. Here we will provide a concise overview of oligodendrocyte development and discuss the potential contribution of mitochondrial mitochondrial-mediated mechanisms to oligodendrocyte bioenergetics and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gil
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - V Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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14
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Drzewiecki CM, Brinks AS, Sellinger EP, Doshi AD, Koh JY, Juraska JM. Brief postnatal exposure to bisphenol A affects apoptosis and gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex and social behavior in rats with sex specificity. Neurotoxicology 2023; 94:126-134. [PMID: 36442689 PMCID: PMC9839503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor found in polycarbonate plastics and exposure in humans is nearly ubiquitous and it has widespread effects on cognitive, emotional, and reproductive behaviors in both humans and animal models. In our laboratory we previously found that perinatal BPA exposure results in a higher number of neurons in the adult male rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) and less play in adolescents of both sexes. Here we examine changes in the rate of postnatal apoptosis in the rat prefrontal cortex and its timing with brief BPA exposure. Because an increased number of neurons in the PFC is a characteristic of a subtype of autism spectrum disorder, we tested social preference following brief BPA exposure and also expression of a small group of genes. Males and females were exposed to BPA from postnatal days (P) 6 through 8 or from P10 through 12. Both exposures significantly decreased indicators of cell death in the developing medial prefrontal cortex in male subjects only. Additionally, males exposed to BPA from P6 - 8 showed decreased social preference and decreased cortical expression of Shank3 and Homer1, two synaptic scaffolding genes that have been implicated in social deficits. There were no significant effects of BPA in the female subjects. These results draw attention to the negative consequences following brief exposure to BPA during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Drzewiecki
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Currently at California National Primate Research Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amara S Brinks
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Elli P Sellinger
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Aditi D Doshi
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA; Currently at Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007W Harrison St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Jessie Y Koh
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
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15
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Diverse maturity-dependent and complementary anti-apoptotic brakes safeguard human iPSC-derived neurons from cell death. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:887. [PMID: 36270985 PMCID: PMC9587001 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05340-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In humans, most neurons are born during embryonic development and have to persist throughout the entire lifespan of an individual. Thus, human neurons have to develop elaborate survival strategies to protect against accidental cell death. We set out to decipher the developmental adaptations resulting in neuronal resilience. We demonstrate that, during the time course of maturation, human neurons install a complex and complementary anti-apoptotic signaling network. This includes i.) a downregulation of central proteins of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway including several caspases, ii.) a shift in the ratio of pro- and anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, and iii.) an elaborate regulatory network resulting in upregulation of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) XIAP. Together, these adaptations strongly increase the threshold for apoptosis initiation when confronted with a wide range of cellular stressors. Our results highlight how human neurons are endowed with complex and redundant preemptive strategies to protect against stress and cell death.
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16
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101131. [PMID: 36244950 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vision begins in the retina, whose intricate neural circuits extract salient features of the environment from the light entering our eyes. Neurodegenerative diseases of the retina (e.g., inherited retinal degenerations, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma) impair vision and cause blindness in a growing number of people worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that homeostatic plasticity (i.e., the drive of a neural system to stabilize its function) can, in principle, preserve retinal function in the face of major perturbations, including neurodegeneration. Here, we review the circumstances and events that trigger homeostatic plasticity in the retina during development, sensory experience, and disease. We discuss the diverse mechanisms that cooperate to compensate and the set points and outcomes that homeostatic retinal plasticity stabilizes. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges for unlocking the therapeutic potential of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity is fundamental to understanding retinal development and function and could be an important tool in the fight to preserve and restore vision.
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17
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Hughes SM, Escaleira RC, Wanders K, Koth J, Wilkinson DG, Xu Q. Clonal behaviour of myogenic precursor cells throughout the vertebrate lifespan. Biol Open 2022; 11:276275. [PMID: 35972050 PMCID: PMC9399818 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To address questions of stem cell diversity during skeletal myogenesis, a Brainbow-like genetic cell lineage tracing method, dubbed Musclebow2, was derived by enhancer trapping in zebrafish. It is shown that, after initial formation of the primary myotome, at least 15 muscle precursor cells (mpcs) seed each somite, where they proliferate but contribute little to muscle growth prior to hatching. Thereafter, dermomyotome-derived mpc clones rapidly expand while some progeny undergo terminal differentiation, leading to stochastic clonal drift within the mpc pool. No evidence of cell-lineage-based clonal fate diversity was obtained. Neither fibre nor mpc death was observed in uninjured animals. Individual marked muscle fibres persist across much of the lifespan indicating low rates of nuclear turnover. In adulthood, early-marked mpc clones label stable blocks of tissue comprising a significant fraction of either epaxial or hypaxial somite. Fusion of cells from separate early-marked clones occurs in regions of clone overlap. Wounds are regenerated from several local mpcs; no evidence for specialised stem mpcs was obtained. In conclusion, our data indicate that most mpcs in muscle tissue contribute to local growth and repair and suggest that cellular turnover is low in the absence of trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Hughes
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Roberta C Escaleira
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Kees Wanders
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | - Jana Koth
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, UK
| | | | - Qiling Xu
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
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18
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Wong-Kee-You AMB, Loveridge-Easther C, Mueller C, Simon N, Good WV. The impact of early exposure to general anesthesia on visual and neurocognitive development. Surv Ophthalmol 2022; 68:539-555. [PMID: 35970232 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Every year millions of children are exposed to general anesthesia while undergoing surgical and diagnostic procedures. In the field of ophthalmology, 44,000 children are exposed to general anesthesia annually for strabismus surgery alone. While it is clear that general anesthesia is necessary for sedation and pain minimization during surgical procedures, the possibility of neurotoxic impairments from its exposure is of concern. In animals there is strong evidence linking early anesthesia exposure to abnormal neural development. but in humans the effects of anesthesia are debated. In humans many aspects of vision develop within the first year of life, making the visual system vulnerable to early adverse experiences and potentially vulnerable to early exposure to general anesthesia. We attempt to address whether the visual system is affected by early postnatal exposure to general anesthesia. We first summarize key mechanisms that could account for the neurotoxic effects of general anesthesia on the developing brain and review existing literature on the effects of early anesthesia exposure on the visual system in both animals and humans and on neurocognitive development in humans. Finally, we conclude by proposing future directions for research that could address unanswered questions regarding the impact of general anesthesia on visual development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cam Loveridge-Easther
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia Mueller
- Sutter Health, San Francisco, CA, USA; Stanford Children's Health, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - William V Good
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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19
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MYCN induces cell-specific tumorigenic growth in RB1-proficient human retinal organoid and chicken retina models of retinoblastoma. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:34. [PMID: 35729105 PMCID: PMC9213451 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a rare, intraocular paediatric cancer that originates in the neural retina and is most frequently caused by bi-allelic loss of RB1 gene function. Other oncogenic mutations, such as amplification and increased expression of the MYCN gene, have been found even with proficient RB1 function. In this study, we investigated whether MYCN over-expression can drive carcinogenesis independently of RB1 loss-of-function mutations. The aim was to elucidate the events that result in carcinogenesis and identify the cancer cell-of-origin. We used the chicken retina, a well-established model for studying retinal neurogenesis, and established human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal organoids as model systems. We over-expressed MYCN by electroporation of piggyBac genome-integrating expression vectors. We found that over-expression of MYCN induced tumorigenic growth with high frequency in RB1-proficient chicken retinas and human organoids. In both systems, the tumorigenic cells expressed markers for undifferentiated cone photoreceptor/horizontal cell progenitors. The over-expression resulted in metastatic retinoblastoma within 7–9 weeks in chicken. Cells expressing MYCN could be grown in vitro and, when orthotopically injected, formed tumours that infiltrated the sclera and optic nerve and expressed markers for cone progenitors. Investigation of the tumour cell phenotype determined that the potential for neoplastic growth was embryonic stage-dependent and featured a cell-specific resistance to apoptosis in the cone/horizontal cell lineage, but not in ganglion or amacrine cells. We conclude that MYCN over-expression is sufficient to drive tumorigenesis and that a cell-specific resistance to apoptosis in the cone/horizontal cell lineage mediates the cancer phenotype. ![]()
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20
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Exploring the Origin and Physiological Significance of DNA Double Strand Breaks in the Developing Neuroretina. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126449. [PMID: 35742893 PMCID: PMC9224223 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mosaicism is an intriguing physiological feature of the mammalian brain that generates altered genetic information and provides cellular, and prospectively functional, diversity in a manner similar to that of the immune system. However, both its origin and its physiological significance remain poorly characterized. Most, if not all, cases of somatic mosaicism require prior generation and repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). The relationship between DSB generation, neurogenesis, and early neuronal cell death revealed by our studies in the developing retina provides new perspectives on the different mechanisms that contribute to DNA rearrangements in the developing brain. Here, we speculate on the physiological significance of these findings.
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21
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Deep conservation and co-option of programmed cell death facilitates evolution of alternative phenotypes at multiple biological levels. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 145:28-41. [PMID: 35654666 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alternative phenotypes, such as polyphenisms and sexual dimorphisms, are widespread in nature and appear at all levels of biological organization, from genes and cells to morphology and behavior. Yet, our understanding of the mechanisms through which alternative phenotypes develop and how they evolve remains understudied. In this review, we explore the association between alternative phenotypes and programmed cell death, a mechanism responsible for the elimination of superfluous cells during development. We discuss the ancient origins and deep conservation of programmed cell death (its function, forms and underlying core regulatory gene networks), and propose that it was co-opted repeatedly to generate alternative phenotypes at the level of cells, tissues, organs, external morphology, and even individuals. We review several examples from across the tree of life to explore the conditions under which programmed cell death is likely to facilitate the evolution of alternative phenotypes.
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22
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Dufour A, Dumon C, Gouty-Colomer LA, Eftekhari S, Ferrari DC, Ben-Ari Y. Prenatal reduction of E14.5 embryonically fate-mapped pyramidal neurons in a mouse model of autism. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3875-3888. [PMID: 35636970 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although several observations suggest that the constitutive biological, genetic or physiological changes leading to Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) start in utero, their early impact on the number and density of neurons in the brain remains unknown. Using genetic fate mapping associated with the iDISCO clearing method we identified and counted a selective population of neocortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the in utero valproate (VPA) mouse model of autism. We report that one day before birth the number of pyramidal neurons born at E14.5 in the neocortex and hippocampus of VPA-mice is smaller than in age-matched controls. VPA also induced a reduction of the neocortical -but not hippocampal- volume one day before birth. Interestingly, VPA-mice present an increase in both neocortical and hippocampal volumes 2 days after birth compared to controls. These results suggest that the VPA-exposed hippocampus and neocortex differ substantially from controls during the highly complex perinatal period, and specially one day before birth, reflecting the early pathogenesis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Dufour
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Dumon
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sanaz Eftekhari
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Marseille, France
| | - Diana C Ferrari
- Fundamental Research Department, Neurochlore, Marseille, France
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23
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Liu KE, Raymond MH, Ravichandran KS, Kucenas S. Clearing Your Mind: Mechanisms of Debris Clearance After Cell Death During Neural Development. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:177-198. [PMID: 35226828 PMCID: PMC10157384 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110920-022431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopment and efferocytosis have fascinated scientists for decades. How an organism builds a nervous system that is precisely tuned for efficient behaviors and survival and how it simultaneously manages constant somatic cell turnover are complex questions that have resulted in distinct fields of study. Although neurodevelopment requires the overproduction of cells that are subsequently pruned back, very few studies marry these fields to elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive nervous system development through the lens of cell clearance. In this review, we discuss these fields to highlight exciting areas of future synergy. We first review neurodevelopment from the perspective of overproduction and subsequent refinement and then discuss who clears this developmental debris and the mechanisms that control these events. We then end with how a more deliberate merger of neurodevelopment and efferocytosis could reframe our understanding of homeostasis and disease and discuss areas of future study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra E Liu
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael H Raymond
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Center for Clearance, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research and the Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; .,Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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24
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Sun YY, Chen WJ, Huang ZP, Yang G, Wu ML, Xu DE, Yang WL, Luo YC, Xiao ZC, Xu RX, Ma QH. TRIM32 Deficiency Impairs the Generation of Pyramidal Neurons in Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030449. [PMID: 35159260 PMCID: PMC8834167 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory-inhibitory imbalance (E/I) is a fundamental mechanism underlying autism spectrum disorders (ASD). TRIM32 is a risk gene genetically associated with ASD. The absence of TRIM32 causes impaired generation of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, neural network hyperexcitability, and autism-like behavior in mice, emphasizing the role of TRIM32 in maintaining E/I balance, but despite the description of TRIM32 in regulating proliferation and differentiation of cultured mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs), the role of TRIM32 in cerebral cortical development, particularly in the production of excitatory pyramidal neurons, remains unknown. The present study observed that TRIM32 deficiency resulted in decreased numbers of distinct layer-specific cortical neurons and decreased radial glial cell (RGC) and intermediate progenitor cell (IPC) pool size. We further demonstrated that TRIM32 deficiency impairs self-renewal of RGCs and IPCs as indicated by decreased proliferation and mitosis. A TRIM32 deficiency also affects or influences the formation of cortical neurons. As a result, TRIM32-deficient mice showed smaller brain size. At the molecular level, RNAseq analysis indicated reduced Notch signalling in TRIM32-deficient mice. Therefore, the present study indicates a role for TRIM32 in pyramidal neuron generation. Impaired generation of excitatory pyramidal neurons may explain the hyperexcitability observed in TRIM32-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Sun
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wen-Jin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China;
| | - Ze-Ping Huang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Lab Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China;
| | - Ming-Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - De-En Xu
- Wuxi No. 2 People’s Hospital, Wuxi 214001, China;
| | - Wu-Lin Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China;
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yong-Chun Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100028, China;
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia;
| | - Ru-Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.-H.M.); (R.-X.X.)
| | - Quan-Hong Ma
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; (Y.-Y.S.); (Z.-P.H.); (M.-L.W.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-H.M.); (R.-X.X.)
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25
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Wilder L, Semendeferi K. Infant Brain Development and Plasticity from an Evolutionary Perspective. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-76000-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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26
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Vidyadhara DJ, Yarreiphang H, Raju TR, Alladi PA. Differences in Neuronal Numbers, Morphology, and Developmental Apoptosis in Mice Nigra Provide Experimental Evidence of Ontogenic Origin of Vulnerability to Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1892-1907. [PMID: 34762290 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00439-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) prevalence varies by ethnicity. In an earlier study, we replicated the reduced vulnerability to PD in an admixed population, using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-susceptible C57BL/6 J, MPTP-resistant CD-1 and their F1 crossbreds. In the present study, we investigated if the differences have a developmental origin. Substantia nigra was evaluated at postnatal days 2 (P2), P6, P10, P14, P18, and P22. C57BL/6 J mice had smaller nigra and fewer dopaminergic neurons than the CD-1 and crossbreds at P2, which persisted through development. A significant increase in numbers and nigral volume was observed across strains until P14. A drastic decline thereafter was specific to C57BL/6 J. CD-1 and crossbreds retained their numbers from P14 to stabilize with supernumerary neurons at adulthood. The neuronal size increased gradually to attain adult morphology at P10 in the resistant strains, vis-à-vis at P22 in C57BL/6 J. Accordingly, in comparison to C57BL/6 J, the nigra of CD-1 and reciprocal crossbreds possessed cytomorphological features of resilience, since birth. The considerably lesser dopaminergic neuronal loss in the CD-1 and crossbreds was seen at P2 and P14 and thereafter was complemented by attenuated developmental cell death. The differences in programmed cell death were confirmed by reduced TUNEL labelling, AIF, and caspase-3 expression. GDNF expression aligned with the cell death pattern at P2 and P14 in both nigra and striatum. Earlier maturity of nigra and its neurons appears to be better features that reflect as MPTP resistance at adulthood. Thus, variable MPTP vulnerability in mice and also differential susceptibility to PD in humans may arise early during nigral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Vidyadhara
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haorei Yarreiphang
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Trichur R Raju
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India
| | - Phalguni Anand Alladi
- Department of Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neurotoxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, 560029, India.
- Formerly at Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro-Sciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore, India.
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27
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Martin-Cofreces NB, Sanchez-Madrid F, Roda-Navarro P. Editorial: Cytoskeleton Dynamics as Master Regulator of Organelle Reorganization and Intracellular Signaling for Cell-Cell Competition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:782559. [PMID: 34778278 PMCID: PMC8581440 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.782559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noa B Martin-Cofreces
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Sanchez-Madrid
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Roda-Navarro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
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28
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Westacott LJ, Haan N, Evison C, Marei O, Hall J, Hughes TR, Zaben M, Morgan BP, Humby T, Wilkinson LS, Gray WP. Dissociable effects of complement C3 and C3aR on survival and morphology of adult born hippocampal neurons, pattern separation, and cognitive flexibility in male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:136-150. [PMID: 34403734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a form of ongoing plasticity in the brain that supports specific aspects of cognition. Disruptions in AHN have been observed in neuropsychiatric conditions presenting with inflammatory components and are associated with impairments in cognition and mood. Recent evidence highlights important roles of the complement system in synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis during neurodevelopment and in acute learning and memory processes. In this work we investigated the impact of the complement C3/C3aR pathway on AHN and its functional implications for AHN-related behaviours. In C3-/- mice, we found increased numbers and accelerated migration of adult born granule cells, indicating that absence of C3 leads to abnormal survival and distribution of adult born neurons. Loss of either C3 or C3aR affected the morphology of immature neurons, reducing morphological complexity, though these effects were more pronounced in the absence of C3aR. We assessed functional impacts of the cellular phenotypes in an operant spatial discrimination task that assayed AHN sensitive behaviours. Again, we observed differences in the effects of manipulating C3 or C3aR, in that whilst C3aR-/- mice showed evidence of enhanced pattern separation abilities, C3-/- mice instead demonstrated impaired behavioural flexibility. Our findings show that C3 and C3aR manipulation have distinct effects on AHN that impact at different stages in the development and maturation of newly born neurons, and that the dissociable cellular phenotypes are associated with specific alterations in AHN-related behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Westacott
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Niels Haan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Claudia Evison
- National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Omar Marei
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XW Cardiff, UK
| | - Malik Zaben
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Complement Biology Group, Systems Immunity Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XW Cardiff, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Trevor Humby
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lawrence S Wilkinson
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Behavioural Genetics Group, Schools of Psychology and Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - William P Gray
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetic and Genomics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Hodge Centre for Neuropsychiatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK; Brain Repair and Intracranial Neurotherapeutics (BRAIN), Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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29
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Luckmann MR, de Melo MS, Spricigo MC, da Silva NM, Nazari EM. Pyriproxyfen exposure induces DNA damage, cell proliferation impairments and apoptosis in the brain vesicles layers of chicken embryos. Toxicology 2021; 464:152998. [PMID: 34695508 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Larvicide pyriproxyfen (PPF), used in drinking water reservoirs to control Aedes mosquitoes, has already been shown as a possible cause of congenital anomalies in the central nervous system. However, the neurotoxic effects of PPF on the development of vertebrate embryos are still underexplored. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PPF on the morphometric parameters of the head and brain, as well as on the cell layers of the forebrain and midbrain, using embryos of Gallus domesticus as a model. Two sublethal PPF concentrations (0.01 mg/L and 10 mg/L), as defined by a survival curve, were tested. Analysis of the biometry of embryos showed significant reduction in body and brain mass and also in measurements of the head and brain. A reduction in cell layer thickness of the forebrain and midbrain was observed, accompanied by a reduction in the numerical density of cells per area. Changes in brain and head sizes and in the thickness of the cell layers of the forebrain and midbrain were significant at 10 mg/L PPF. Notably, PPF caused DNA doublestrand breaks and induced apoptosis in embryos exposed to 10 mg/L, which were accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation. Regarding neuronal and glial differentiation, no changes were observed in the number of neurons and glial cells on the analyzed layers. Furthermore, PPF did not impact the head ossification process. These findings reveal that PPF is a strong stressor for neurodevelopment, causing damage to the cell architecture of brain vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maico Roberto Luckmann
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Madson Silveira de Melo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Mirian Celene Spricigo
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Norma Machado da Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Evelise Maria Nazari
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
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30
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Nitz E, Smitka M, Schallner J, Akgün K, Ziemssen T, von der Hagen M, Tüngler V. Serum neurofilament light chain in pediatric spinal muscular atrophy patients and healthy children. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:2013-2024. [PMID: 34482646 PMCID: PMC8528467 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate neurofilament light chain as blood biomarker for disease activity in children and adolescents with different types of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and establish pediatric reference values. Methods We measured neurofilament light chain levels in serum (sNfL) and cerebral spinal fluid (cNfL) of 18 children with SMA and varying numbers of SMN2 copies receiving nusinersen by single‐molecule array (SiMoA) assay and analyzed correlations with baseline characteristics and motor development. Additionally, we examined sNfL in 97 neurologically healthy children. Results Median sNfL levels in treatment‐naïve SMA patients with 2 SMN2 copies are higher than in those with >2 SMN2 copies (P < 0.001) as well as age‐matched controls (P = 0.010) and decline during treatment. The median sNfL concentration of healthy controls is 4.73 pg/mL with no differences in sex (P = 0.486) but age (P < 0.001). In all children with SMA, sNfL levels correlate strongly with cNfL levels (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). In children with SMA and 2 SMN2 copies, sNfL values correlate with motor function (r = –0.6, P = 0.134), in contrast to older SMA children with >2 SMN2 copies (r = –0.1, P = 0.744). Interpretation Reference sNfL values of our large pediatric control cohort may be applied for future studies. Strong correlations between sNfL and cNfL together with motor function suggest that sNfL may be a suitable biomarker for disease activity in children with 2 SMN2 copies and those with >2 SMN2 copies within their initial stages during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nitz
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Smitka
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Schallner
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Akgün
- Department of Neurology, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Department of Neurology, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maja von der Hagen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Victoria Tüngler
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,University Center for Rare Diseases, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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31
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Li X, Lin G, Liu T, Zhao N, Xu H, Wang H, Zheng W. Postnatal development of BAG3 expression in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2629-2650. [PMID: 34357438 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The decreased efficiency of autophagic processing in the central nervous system during aging may be a contributing factor in neurodegenerative diseases. BAG3 (Bcl2 associated athanogene 3) is a major member of the BAG family of co-molecular chaperones that mediate selective macroautophagy. Therefore, we analyzed the expression and distribution of BAG3 in the brain at postnatal 0 day (P0), P15, 1-, 2-, 9-, 12-, and 18 month-old C57BL/6 mice, thus covering almost all ages. Except for a significant steep drop in mRNA and protein levels in the cortex and hippocampus soon after birth, there were minimal differences in the expression and distribution of BAG3 among P15, M1, M2, M9, and M12 mice; however, at 18 months, BAG3 expression was significantly higher. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that BAG3 is mainly located in the neuronal cytoplasm and processes in C57BL/6 the cerebral cortex and hippocampus from P0 to M18 postnatal development. These findings indicate that BAG3 might be stable in young and middle-aged mice, but unstable in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Geng Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Huaqin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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Xing W, de Lima AD, Voigt T. The Structural E/I Balance Constrains the Early Development of Cortical Network Activity. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:687306. [PMID: 34349623 PMCID: PMC8326976 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.687306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neocortical networks have a characteristic constant ratio in the number of glutamatergic projection neurons (PN) and GABAergic interneurons (IN), and deviations in this ratio are often associated with developmental neuropathologies. Cultured networks with defined cellular content allowed us to ask if initial PN/IN ratios change the developmental population dynamics, and how different ratios impact the physiological excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance and the network activity development. During the first week in vitro, the IN content modulated PN numbers, increasing their proliferation in networks with higher IN proportions. The proportion of INs in each network set remained similar to the initial plating ratio during the 4 weeks cultivation period. Results from additional networks generated with more diverse cellular composition, including early-born GABA neurons, suggest that a GABA-dependent mechanism may decrease the survival of additional INs. A large variation of the PN/IN ratio did not change the balance between isolated spontaneous glutamatergic and GABAergic postsynaptic currents charge transfer (E/I balance) measured in PNs or INs. In contrast, the E/I balance of multisynaptic bursts reflected differences in IN content. Additionally, the spontaneous activity recorded by calcium imaging showed that higher IN ratios were associated with increased frequency of network bursts combined with a decrease of participating neurons per event. In the 4th week in vitro, bursting activity was stereotypically synchronized in networks with very few INs but was more desynchronized in networks with higher IN proportions. These results suggest that the E/I balance of isolated postsynaptic currents in single cells may be regulated independently of PN/IN proportions, but the network bursts E/I balance and the maturation of spontaneous network activity critically depends upon the structural PN/IN ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Xing
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ana Dolabela de Lima
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Voigt
- Medizinische Fakultät, Institut für Physiologie, Otto-von-Guericke Universität, Magdeburg, Germany
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Nguyen TTM, Gillet G, Popgeorgiev N. Caspases in the Developing Central Nervous System: Apoptosis and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702404. [PMID: 34336853 PMCID: PMC8322698 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The caspase family of cysteine proteases represents the executioners of programmed cell death (PCD) type I or apoptosis. For years, caspases have been known for their critical roles in shaping embryonic structures, including the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, recent findings have suggested that aside from their roles in eliminating unnecessary neural cells, caspases are also implicated in other neurodevelopmental processes such as axon guidance, synapse formation, axon pruning, and synaptic functions. These results raise the question as to how neurons regulate this decision-making, leading either to cell death or to proper development and differentiation. This review highlights current knowledge on apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions of caspases in the developing CNS. We also discuss the molecular factors involved in the regulation of caspase-mediated roles, emphasizing the mitochondrial pathway of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Minh Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Germain Gillet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Nikolay Popgeorgiev
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Mamon L, Yakimova A, Kopytova D, Golubkova E. The RNA-Binding Protein SBR (Dm NXF1) Is Required for the Constitution of Medulla Boundaries in Drosophila melanogaster Optic Lobes. Cells 2021; 10:1144. [PMID: 34068524 PMCID: PMC8151460 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster sbr (small bristles) is an orthologue of the Nxf1 (nuclear export factor 1) genes in different Opisthokonta. The known function of Nxf1 genes is the export of various mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. The cytoplasmic localization of the SBR protein indicates that the nuclear export function is not the only function of this gene in Drosophila. RNA-binding protein SBR enriches the nucleus and cytoplasm of specific neurons and glial cells. In sbr12 mutant males, the disturbance of medulla boundaries correlates with the defects of photoreceptor axons pathfinding, axon bundle individualization, and developmental neurodegeneration. RNA-binding protein SBR participates in processes allowing axons to reach and identify their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Mamon
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; or
| | - Anna Yakimova
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center—Branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Koroleva Str. 4, 249036 Obninsk, Russia;
| | - Daria Kopytova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov St. 34/5, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Golubkova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia; or
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35
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Sellinger EP, Drzewiecki CM, Willing J, Juraska JM. Cell death in the male and female rat medial prefrontal cortex during early postnatal development. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 10:186-190. [PMID: 33870262 PMCID: PMC8044638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, is a critical component of neurodevelopment occurring in temporal, spatial, and at times, sex-specific, patterns across the cortex during the early postnatal period. During this time, the brain is particularly susceptible to environmental influences that are often used in animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present study, the timing of peak cell death was assessed by the presence of pyknotic cells in the male and female rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a cortical region that in humans, is often involved in developmental disorders. One male and one female rat per litter were sacrificed at the following ages: postnatal day (P)2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 25. The mPFC was Nissl-stained, the densities of pyknotic cells and live neurons were stereologically collected, and the number of pyknotic cells per 100 live neurons, pyknotic cell density, and neuron density were analyzed. Males and females showed a significant peak in the ratio of pyknotic to live neurons on P8, and in females, this elevation persisted through P12. Likewise, the density of pyknotic cells peaked on P8 in both sexes and persisted through P12 in females. The timing of cell death within the rat mPFC will inform study design in experiments that employ early environmental manipulations that might disrupt this process. The number of pyknotic cells per live neuron was quantified. Postnatal cell death peaked on P8 in the male rat medial prefrontal cortex. In females, postnatal cell death peaked from P8 to P12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli P Sellinger
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Carly M Drzewiecki
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, United States
| | - Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, United States
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36
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Giamogante F, Poggio E, Barazzuol L, Covallero A, Calì T. Apoptotic signals at the endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interface. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 126:307-343. [PMID: 34090618 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of cellular homeostasis involves the participation of multiple organelles, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Specifically, ER plays a key role in calcium (Ca2+) storage, lipid synthesis, protein folding, and assembly, while mitochondria are the "energy factories" and provide energy to drive intracellular processes. Hence, alteration in ER or mitochondrial homeostasis has detrimental effects on cell survival, being linked to the triggering of apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death. Besides, ER stress conditions affect mitochondria functionality and vice-versa, as ER and mitochondria communicate via mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs) to carry out a number of fundamental cellular functions. It is not surprising, thus, that also MAMs perturbations are involved in the regulation of apoptosis. This chapter intends to accurately discuss the involvement of MAMs in apoptosis, highlighting their crucial role in controlling this delicate cellular process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Giamogante
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Poggio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Barazzuol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Covallero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Tito Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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37
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Drug delivery platforms for neonatal brain injury. J Control Release 2021; 330:765-787. [PMID: 33417984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), initiated by the interruption of oxygenated blood supply to the brain, is a leading cause of death and lifelong disability in newborns. The pathogenesis of HIE involves a complex interplay of excitotoxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress that results in acute to long term brain damage and functional impairments. Therapeutic hypothermia is the only approved treatment for HIE but has limited effectiveness for moderate to severe brain damage; thus, pharmacological intervention is explored as an adjunct therapy to hypothermia to further promote recovery. However, the limited bioavailability and the side-effects of systemic administration are factors that hinder the use of the candidate pharmacological agents. To overcome these barriers, therapeutic molecules may be packaged into nanoscale constructs to enable their delivery. Yet, the application of nanotechnology in infants is not well examined, and the neonatal brain presents unique challenges. Novel drug delivery platforms have the potential to magnify therapeutic effects in the damaged brain, mitigate side-effects associated with high systemic doses, and evade mechanisms that remove the drugs from circulation. Encouraging pre-clinical data demonstrates an attenuation of brain damage and increased structural and functional recovery. This review surveys the current progress in drug delivery for treating neonatal brain injury.
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Raiders S, Han T, Scott-Hewitt N, Kucenas S, Lew D, Logan MA, Singhvi A. Engulfed by Glia: Glial Pruning in Development, Function, and Injury across Species. J Neurosci 2021; 41:823-833. [PMID: 33468571 PMCID: PMC7880271 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1660-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic activity of glial cells is essential for proper nervous system sculpting, maintenance of circuitry, and long-term brain health. Glial engulfment of apoptotic cells and superfluous connections ensures that neuronal connections are appropriately refined, while clearance of damaged projections and neurotoxic proteins in the mature brain protects against inflammatory insults. Comparative work across species and cell types in recent years highlights the striking conservation of pathways that govern glial engulfment. Many signaling cascades used during developmental pruning are re-employed in the mature brain to "fine tune" synaptic architecture and even clear neuronal debris following traumatic events. Moreover, the neuron-glia signaling events required to trigger and perform phagocytic responses are impressively conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates. This review offers a compare-and-contrast portrayal of recent findings that underscore the value of investigating glial engulfment mechanisms in a wide range of species and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Raiders
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Taeho Han
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Nicole Scott-Hewitt
- F.M. Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Sarah Kucenas
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904
| | - Deborah Lew
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, New York 10458
| | - Mary A Logan
- Jungers Center, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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NGF-Dependent and BDNF-Dependent DRG Sensory Neurons Deploy Distinct Degenerative Signaling Mechanisms. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0277-20.2020. [PMID: 33372032 PMCID: PMC7877462 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0277-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are trophic factors required by distinct population of sensory neurons during development of the nervous system. Neurons that fail to receive appropriate trophic support are lost during this period of naturally occurring cell death. In the last decade, our understanding of the signaling pathways regulating neuronal death following NGF deprivation has advanced substantially. However, the signaling mechanisms promoting BDNF deprivation-induced sensory neuron degeneration are largely unknown. Using a well-established in vitro culture model of dorsal root ganglion (DRG), we have examined degeneration mechanisms triggered on BDNF withdrawal in sensory neurons. Our results indicate differences and similarities between the molecular signaling pathways behind NGF and BDNF deprivation-induced death. For instance, we observed that the inhibition of Trk receptors (K252a), PKC (Gö6976), protein translation (cycloheximide; CHX), or caspases (zVAD-fmk) provides protection from NGF deprivation-induced death but not from degeneration evoked by BDNF-withdrawal. Interestingly, degeneration of BDNF-dependent sensory neurons requires BAX and appears to rely on reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation rather than caspases to induce degeneration. These results highlight the complexity and divergence of mechanisms regulating developmental sensory neuron death.
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40
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Lago-Baldaia I, Fernandes VM, Ackerman SD. More Than Mortar: Glia as Architects of Nervous System Development and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:611269. [PMID: 33381506 PMCID: PMC7767919 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.611269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are an essential component of the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, glia are as numerous as neurons, yet the importance of glia to nearly every aspect of nervous system development has only been expounded over the last several decades. Glia are now known to regulate neural specification, synaptogenesis, synapse function, and even broad circuit function. Given their ubiquity, it is not surprising that the contribution of glia to neuronal disease pathogenesis is a growing area of research. In this review, we will summarize the accumulated evidence of glial participation in several distinct phases of nervous system development and organization-neural specification, circuit wiring, and circuit function. Finally, we will highlight how these early developmental roles of glia contribute to nervous system dysfunction in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Lago-Baldaia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vilaiwan M. Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah D. Ackerman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
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41
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Li M, Liao L, Tian W. Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Apoptotic Cells: An Essential Link Between Death and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:573511. [PMID: 33134295 PMCID: PMC7561711 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.573511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a universal and continuous event during tissue development, restoration, repair, and regeneration. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that apoptosis is essential for the activation of tissue regeneration. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. A striking development in recent years comes from research on extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from apoptotic cells. During apoptosis, cells secrete vesicles of various sizes containing various components. Apoptotic cell-derived EVs (ApoEVs) have been found to transit to neighboring cells or cells in distant tissues through the circulation. These vesicles could act as containers to transmit the nucleic acid, protein, and lipid signals to target cells. ApoEVs have been shown to promote regeneration in the cardiovascular system, skin, bone, muscle, kidney, etc. Moreover, several specific signaling pathways mediating the anabolic effects of ApoEVs have been classified. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the latest findings on the function of ApoEVs in tissue regeneration and disease prevention. These findings may reveal unexpected clues regarding the regulatory network between cell death and tissue regeneration and suggest novel targets for regenerative medicine. The findings discussed here also raise the question whether and to what extent ApoEVs contribute to embryonic development. This question is all the more urgent because the exact functions of apoptotic events during numerous developmental processes are still largely unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maojiao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liao
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Oral Translational Medicine, Ministry of Education, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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42
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Abstract
The growth and survival of cells within tissues can be affected by 'cell competition' between different cell clones. This phenomenon was initially recognized between wild-type cells and cells with mutations in ribosomal protein (Rp) genes in Drosophila melanogaster. However, competition also affects D. melanogaster cells with mutations in epithelial polarity genes, and wild-type cells exposed to 'super-competitor' cells with mutation in the Salvador-Warts-Hippo tumour suppressor pathway or expressing elevated levels of Myc. More recently, cell competition and super-competition were recognized in mammalian development, organ homeostasis and cancer. Genetic and cell biological studies have revealed that mechanisms underlying cell competition include the molecular recognition of 'different' cells, signalling imbalances between distinct cell populations and the mechanical consequences of differential growth rates; these mechanisms may also involve innate immune proteins, p53 and changes in translation.
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43
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Soriano SG, McCann ME. Is Anesthesia Bad for the Brain? Current Knowledge on the Impact of Anesthetics on the Developing Brain. Anesthesiol Clin 2020; 38:477-492. [PMID: 32792178 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There are compelling preclinical data that common general anesthetics cause increased neuroapoptosis in juvenile animals. Retrospective studies demonstrate that young children exposed to anesthesia have school difficulties, which could be caused by anesthetic neurotoxicity, perioperative hemodynamic and homeostatic instability, underlying morbidity, or the neuroinflammatory effects of surgical trauma. Unnecessary procedures should be avoided. Baseline measures of blood pressure are important in determining perioperative blood pressure goals. Inadvertent hypocapnia or moderate hypercapnia and hyperoxia or hypoxia should be avoided. Pediatric patients should be maintained in a normothermic, euglycemic state with neutral positioning. Improving outcomes of infants and children requires the collaboration of anesthesiologists, surgeons, pediatricians and neonatologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulpicio G Soriano
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary Ellen McCann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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44
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Pilato CM, Park JH, Kong L, d'Ydewalle C, Valdivia D, Chen KS, Griswold-Prenner I, Sumner CJ. Motor neuron loss in SMA is not associated with somal stress-activated JNK/c-Jun signaling. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:3282-3292. [PMID: 31272106 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathological hallmark of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is severe motor neuron (MN) loss, which results in muscle weakness and often infantile or childhood mortality. Although it is well established that deficient expression of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein causes SMA, the molecular pathways that execute MN cell death are poorly defined. The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs) are stress-activated kinases with multiple substrates including c-Jun, which can be activated during neuronal injury and neurodegenerative disease leading to neuronal apoptosis. Recently, increased JNK-c-Jun signaling was reported in SMA raising the possibility that JNK inhibitors could be a novel treatment for this disease. We examined JNK-c-Jun activity in SMA mouse and human cultured cells and tissues. Anisomycin treatment of human SMA fibroblasts and sciatic nerve ligation in SMA mice provoked robust phosphorylated-c-Jun (p-c-Jun) expression indicating that SMN-deficiency does not prevent activation of the stress-induced JNK-c-Jun signaling pathway. Despite retained capacity to activate JNK-c-Jun, we observed no basal increase of p-c-Jun levels in SMA compared to control cultured cells, human or mouse spinal cord tissues, or mouse MNs during the period of MN loss in severe SMA model mice. In both controls and SMA, ~50% of α-MN nuclei express p-c-Jun with decreasing expression during the early postnatal period. Together these studies reveal no evidence of stress-activated JNK-c-Jun signaling in MNs of SMA mice or human tissues, but do highlight the important role of JNK-c-Jun activity during normal MN development raising caution about JNK antagonism in this pediatric neuromuscular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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45
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Galinowski A, Miranda R, Lemaitre H, Artiges E, Paillère Martinot M, Filippi I, Penttilä J, Grimmer Y, Noort BM, Stringaris A, Becker A, Isensee C, Struve M, Fadai T, Kappel V, Goodman R, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Bromberg U, Brühl R, Büchel C, Cattrell A, Conrod P, Desrivières S, Flor H, Fröhner JH, Frouin V, Gallinat J, Garavan H, Gowland P, Heinz A, Hohmann S, Jurk S, Millenet S, Nees F, Papadopoulos‐Orfanos D, Poustka L, Quinlan EB, Smolka MN, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Martinot J. Heavy drinking in adolescents is associated with change in brainstem microstructure and reward sensitivity. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12781. [PMID: 31328396 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Heavy drinker adolescents: altered brainstem microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Galinowski
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Ruben Miranda
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Psychiatry and AddictologyPaul Brousse Hospital Villejuif France
| | - Hervé Lemaitre
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Eric Artiges
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
- Psychiatry Department 91G16Orsay Hospital Orsay France
| | - Marie‐Laure Paillère Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryPitié‐Salpêtrière Hospital Paris France
| | - Irina Filippi
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jani Penttilä
- Department of Social and Health CarePsychosocial Services Adolescent Outpatient Clinic Lahti Finland
| | - Yvonne Grimmer
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Betteke M. Noort
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Argyris Stringaris
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Andreas Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Corinna Isensee
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Centre Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Maren Struve
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Tahmine Fadai
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Viola Kappel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Goodman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of NeurosciencesTrinity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Uli Bromberg
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch‐Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestr. 2 ‐ 12 Berlin Germany
| | - Christian Büchel
- Department of Systems NeuroscienceUniversity Medical Centre Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Anna Cattrell
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Patricia Conrod
- Department of PsychiatryMontreal University, CHU Ste Justine Hospital 3175 Côte-Ste-Catherine Montréal, Québec, H3T 1C5 Canada
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Vincent Frouin
- Neurospin, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CEA‐Saclay Center Paris France
| | - Juergen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Vermont Burlington Vermont
| | - Penny Gowland
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham UK
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Sabina Millenet
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty MannheimHeidelberg University Mannheim Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and PsychotherapyMedical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging CenterTechnische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité MitteCharité‐Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- Department of PsychologyUniversity College Dublin Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Medical Research Council—Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & NeuroscienceKing's College London London UK
| | - Jean‐Luc Martinot
- INSERM, UMR 1000, Research Unit “Neuroimaging and Psychiatry”, Paris Saclay University, Paris Descartes University, DIGITEO Labs, Gif sur Yvette France
- Center for Neuroimaging Research (CENIR)Brain & Spine Institute Paris France
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46
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Mavrovic M, Uvarov P, Delpire E, Vutskits L, Kaila K, Puskarjov M. Loss of non-canonical KCC2 functions promotes developmental apoptosis of cortical projection neurons. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48880. [PMID: 32064760 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
KCC2, encoded in humans by the SLC12A5 gene, is a multifunctional neuron-specific protein initially identified as the chloride (Cl- ) extruder critical for hyperpolarizing GABAA receptor currents. Independently of its canonical function as a K-Cl cotransporter, KCC2 regulates the actin cytoskeleton via molecular interactions mediated through its large intracellular C-terminal domain (CTD). Contrary to the common assumption that embryonic neocortical projection neurons express KCC2 at non-significant levels, here we show that loss of KCC2 enhances apoptosis of late-born upper-layer cortical projection neurons in the embryonic brain. In utero electroporation of plasmids encoding truncated, transport-dead KCC2 constructs retaining the CTD was as efficient as of that encoding full-length KCC2 in preventing elimination of migrating projection neurons upon conditional deletion of KCC2. This was in contrast to the effect of a full-length KCC2 construct bearing a CTD missense mutation (KCC2R952H ), which disrupts cytoskeletal interactions and has been found in patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, notably seizures and epilepsy. Together, our findings indicate ion transport-independent, CTD-mediated regulation of developmental apoptosis by KCC2 in migrating cortical projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mavrovic
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pavel Uvarov
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laszlo Vutskits
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kai Kaila
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Neuroscience Center, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Martin Puskarjov
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Bauer AS, Kalish LA, Adamczyk MJ, Bae DS, Cornwall R, James MA, Lightdale-Miric N, Peljovich AE, Waters PM. Microsurgery for Brachial Plexus Injury Before Versus After 6 Months of Age: Results of the Multicenter Treatment and Outcomes of Brachial Plexus Injury (TOBI) Study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2020; 102:194-204. [PMID: 31770293 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.18.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants with more severe brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) benefit from primary nerve surgery to improve function. The timing of the surgery, however, is controversial. The Treatment and Outcomes of Brachial Plexus Injury (TOBI) study is a multicenter prospective study with the primary aim of determining the optimal timing of this surgical intervention. This study compared outcomes evaluated 18 to 36 months after "early" microsurgery (at <6 months of age) with the outcomes of "late" microsurgery (at >6 months of age). METHODS Of 216 patients who had undergone microsurgery, 118 were eligible for inclusion because they had had a nerve graft and/or transfer followed by at least 1 physical examination during the 18 to 36-month interval after the microsurgery but before any secondary surgery. Patients were grouped according to whether the surgery had been performed before or after 6 months of age. Postoperative outcomes were measured using the total Active Movement Scale (AMS) score as well as the change in the AMS score. To address hand reinnervation, we calculated a hand function subscore from the AMS hand items and repeated the analysis only for the subjects with a Narakas grade of 3 or 4. Our hypothesis was that microsurgery done before 6 months of age would lead to better clinical outcomes than microsurgery performed after 6 months of age. RESULTS Eighty subjects (68%) had early surgery (at a mean age of 4.2 months), and 38 (32%) had late surgery (at a mean age of 10.7 months and a maximum age of 22.0 months). Infants who underwent early surgery presented earlier in life, had more severe injuries at baseline, and had a significantly lower postoperative AMS scores in the unadjusted analysis. However, when we controlled for the severity of the injury, the difference in the AMS scores between the early and late surgery groups was not significant. Similarly, when we restricted our multivariable analysis to patients with a Narakas grade-3 or 4 injury, there was no significant difference in the postoperative AMS hand subscore between the early and late groups. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that surgery earlier in infancy (at a mean age of 4.2 months) does not lead to better postoperative outcomes of BPBI nerve surgery than when the surgery is performed later in infancy (mean age of 10.7 months). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Bauer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Leslie A Kalish
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark J Adamczyk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Donald S Bae
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger Cornwall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michelle A James
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Sacramento, California
| | - Nina Lightdale-Miric
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Allan E Peljovich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peter M Waters
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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48
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Hilu-Dadia R, Kurant E. Glial phagocytosis in developing and mature Drosophila CNS: tight regulation for a healthy brain. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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49
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Marinowic DR, Majolo F, Zanirati GG, Plentz I, Neto EP, Palmini ALF, Machado DC, Da Costa JC. Analysis of genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, and control of apoptosis during embryonic neurogenesis in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from patients with Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Brain Res Bull 2019; 155:112-118. [PMID: 31816405 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a malformation of cortical development which is strongly associated with drug-refractory epilepsy. Certain studies have demonstrated an increase in mTOR signaling in patients with FCD on the basis of observation of phosphorylated molecules. The aim of the present study was to verify the differences in genes involved in cell proliferation, adhesion, and control of apoptosis during embryonic neurogenesis in iPSCs derived from the Focal Cortical Dysplasia. Fibroblasts were obtained from the skin biopsies of patients with FCD (n = 2) and controls (n = 2). iPSCs were generated by exposing the fibroblasts to viral vectors that contained the Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC genes) responsible for promoving cell reprogramation. The fibroblasts and iPSCs were tested during different phases of neurodifferentiation for migration capacity and expression of the genes involved in the PI3K pathway. Fibroblasts of patients with FCD migrated with greater intensity during the first two time points of analyses. iPSCs did not exhibit any difference in cell migration between the groups. Fibroblasts, brain tissue, and iPSCs of the patients with FCD exhibited a significant reduction in the relative expression values of 4EBP-1. During neurodevelopment, the iPSCs from patients with FCD exhibited a reduction in the expression of cIAP-1, cIAP-2, PI3K, β-Catenin and 4EBP-1 gene. We suggest that the differences observed in the migration potential of adult cells and in the gene expression related to the fundamental processes involved in normal brain development during the neurodifferentiation process might be associated with cortical alteration in the patients with FCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodrigo Marinowic
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Majolo
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Goulart Zanirati
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine, Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ismael Plentz
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine, Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eliseu Paglioli Neto
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Program of São Lucas Hospital of Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Luís Fernandes Palmini
- School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Epilepsy Surgery Program of São Lucas Hospital of Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Denise Cantarelli Machado
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa Da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine, Pediatrics and Child Health, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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50
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Abstract
General anesthesia has been unequivocally linked to abnormal development of the central nervous system, leading to neurocognitive impairments in laboratory models. In vitro and in vivo studies have consistently shown that exposure to GABA agonists (eg, volatile anesthetics, midazolam, and propofol) or NMDA antagonists (eg, ketamine, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide) produces dose dependent and developmental age dependent effects on various neuronal transmission systems. Exposure to these drugs increases neuronal cell death in juvenile animals including rats, mice, and non-human primates. The possibility of anesthetic induced neurotoxicity occurring in children has led to concerns about the safety of pediatric anesthesia. A spectrum of behavioral changes has been documented after general anesthetic exposure in young children, including emergence delirium, which may be evidence of toxicity. Most clinical studies are retrospective; specifics about medications or monitoring are unavailable and many of the outcomes may not be sensitive to detect small neurocognitive deficits. Some of these retrospective studies have shown an association between anesthesia exposure at a young age and neurocognitive deficits, but others have not. Practitioners and families should be reassured that although general anesthetics have the potential to induce neurotoxicity, very little clinical evidence exists to support this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen McCann
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sulpicio G Soriano
- Department of Anesthesia, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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