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Romero-Martínez BS, Flores-Soto E, Sommer B, Reyes-García J, Arredondo-Zamarripa D, Solís-Chagoyán H, Lemini C, Rivero-Segura NA, Santiago-de-la-Cruz JA, Pérez-Plascencia C, Montaño LM. 17β-estradiol induces hyperresponsiveness in guinea pig airway smooth muscle by inhibiting the plasma membrane Ca 2+-ATPase. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 590:112273. [PMID: 38763427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
High serum estrogen concentrations are associated with asthma development and severity, suggesting a link between estradiol and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). 17β-estradiol (E2) has non-genomic effects via Ca2+ regulatory mechanisms; however, its effect on the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases (PMCA1 and 4) and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is unknown. Hence, in the present study, we aim to demonstrate if E2 favors AHR by increasing intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in guinea pig airway smooth muscle (ASM) through a mechanism involving Ca2+-ATPases. In guinea pig ASM, Ca2+ microfluorometry, muscle contraction, and Western blot were evaluated. Then, we performed molecular docking analysis between the estrogens and Ca2+ ATPases. In tracheal rings, E2 produced AHR to carbachol. In guinea pig myocytes, acute exposure to physiological levels of E2 modified the transient Ca2+ peak induced by caffeine to a Ca2+ plateau. The incubation with PMCA inhibitors (lanthanum and carboxyeosin, CE) partially reversed the E2-induced sustained plateau in the caffeine response. In contrast, cyclopiazonic acid (SERCA inhibitor), U-0126 (an inhibitor of ERK 1/2), and choline chloride did not modify the Ca2+ plateau produced by E2. The mitochondrial uniporter activity and the capacitative Ca2+ entry were unaffected by E2. In guinea pig ASM, Western blot analysis demonstrated PMCA1 and PMCA4 expression. The results from the docking modeling demonstrate that E2 binds to both plasma membrane ATPases. In guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, inhibiting the PMCA with CE, induced hyperresponsiveness to carbachol. 17β-estradiol produces hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting the PMCA in the ASM and could be one of the mechanisms responsible for the increase in asthmatic crisis in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Romero-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Alcaldía de Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Alcaldía de Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Calz. De Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Alcaldía de Tlalpan, CP 14080, CDMX, México
| | - Jorge Reyes-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Alcaldía de Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, México
| | - David Arredondo-Zamarripa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Alcaldía de Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Héctor Solís-Chagoyán
- Neurociencia Cognitiva Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Cognitivas, Universidad Autónoma Del Estado de Morelos, CP 62209, Morelos, México
| | - Cristina Lemini
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Alcaldía de Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, México
| | - Nadia A Rivero-Segura
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Ciudad de México, CP 10200, México
| | | | - Carlos Pérez-Plascencia
- Unidad de Genómica y Cáncer, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, INCan, SSA, Av. San Fernando 22, Alcaldía de Tlalpan, CP 14080, CDMX, México; Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Av. de Los Barrios S/N Los Reyes Ixtacala Tlalnepantla de Baz, Edo. de México, CP 54090, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | - Luis M Montaño
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad No. 3000, Alcaldía de Coyoacán, CP 04510, CDMX, México.
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Seely CR, McArt JAA. Patterns of periparturient rumination and activity time in multiparous Holstein cows with and without dyscalcemia in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:4871-4880. [PMID: 38331179 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Dyscalcemia, defined as reduced blood Ca at 4 DIM, is associated with reduced milk production and reproduction and an increased risk of negative health events. Cowside testing of blood Ca to diagnose dyscalcemia is difficult, and alternative methods to identify dyscalcemia are needed. Our objectives were to explore differences in periparturient rumination and activity time between cows with and without dyscalcemia and use activity and rumination variables to identify dyscalcemia. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis on data collected from multiparous Holstein cows (n = 182) from 2 herds in New York. Cows were affixed with ear or neck loggers to record daily activity (arbitrary units [AU]/d, defined by manufacturer) and rumination (min/d) times. Daily activity and rumination times were collected from 14 d before calving until 14 DIM. No cows received supplemental calcium or experienced clinical hypocalcemia during the study period. A blood sample was collected at 4 DIM and analyzed for total calcium concentration, and cows were subsequently classified as dyscalcemic if total calcium was ≤2.2 mmol/L (n = 57) or eucalcemic if total calcium was >2.2 mmol/L (n = 125). Linear mixed models were used to analyze differences in pre- and postpartum activity and rumination times between the calcemic groups. Logistic regression models were used to identify the probability of dyscalcemia from activity and rumination time variables from 0 to 4 DIM. Prepartum activity time was similar between eucalcemic and dyscalcemic cows (402.0 ± 10.4 AU/d and 395.1 ± 14.5 AU/d, respectively). Postpartum eucalcemic cows had greater activity time than dyscalcemic cows (436.1 ± 10.7 vs. 407.8 ± 14.7 AU/d, respectively). Prepartum rumination time was similar between eucalcemic and dyscalcemic cows (512.6 ± 9.8 min/d vs. 504.2 ± 14 min/d, respectively). Postpartum eucalcemic cows had greater rumination time than dyscalcemic cows (512.3 ± 10.5 min/d vs. 480.5 ± 15 min/d, respectively). Logistic regression models yielded AUC values ranging from 0.71 to 0.79, sensitivities of 17.5% to 40.3%, specificities of 91.2% to 94.4%, accuracy of 70.3% to 77.0%, positive predictive values of 59.0 to 76.0%, and negative predictive values of 72.0% to 78.0%. Our findings suggest that differences exist in postpartum activity and rumination times between cows that experience dyscalcemia and those that remain eucalcemic. Utilizing activity and rumination time data in the immediate postpartum period shows utility in identifying cows with dyscalcemia, which could aid in management decisions that ameliorate the associated negative outcomes; however, further work is needed to optimize their capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Seely
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - J A A McArt
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Dawson M, Flores D, Zou L, Anandasenthil S, Mahesh R, Zavala-Romero O, Arora R. Imaging the dynamics of murine uterine contractions in early pregnancy†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:1175-1190. [PMID: 38713674 PMCID: PMC11180618 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioae071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Uterine muscle contractility is essential for reproductive processes including sperm and embryo transport, and during the uterine cycle to remove menstrual effluent. Even still, uterine contractions have primarily been studied in the context of preterm labor. This is partly due to a lack of methods for studying the uterine muscle contractility in the intact organ. Here, we describe an imaging-based method to evaluate mouse uterine contractility of both the longitudinal and circular muscles in the cycling stages and in early pregnancy. By transforming the image-based data into three-dimensional spatiotemporal contractility maps, we calculate waveform characteristics of muscle contractions, including amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and velocity. We report that the native organ is highly contractile during the progesterone-dominant diestrus stage of the cycle when compared to the estrogen-dominant proestrus and estrus stages. We also observed that during the first phase of uterine embryo movement when clustered embryos move toward the middle of the uterine horn, contractions are dynamic and non-uniform between different segments of the uterine horn. In the second phase of embryo movement, contractions are more uniform and rhythmic throughout the uterine horn. Finally, in Lpar3-/- uteri, which display faster embryo movement, we observe global and regional increases in contractility. Our method provides a means to understand the wave characteristics of uterine smooth muscle in response to modulators and in genetic mutants. Better understanding uterine contractility in the early pregnancy stages is critical for the advancement of artificial reproductive technologies and a possibility of modulating embryo movement during clinical embryo transfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Dawson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Diana Flores
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lisa Zou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shivani Anandasenthil
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rohit Mahesh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Olmo Zavala-Romero
- Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Ripla Arora
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Mahapatra C, Kumar R. Biophysical Mechanisms of Vaginal Smooth Muscle Contraction: The Role of the Membrane Potential and Ion Channels. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:225-243. [PMID: 38804298 PMCID: PMC11130850 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The vagina is an essential component of the female reproductive system and is responsible for providing female sexual satisfaction. Vaginal smooth muscle contraction plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including sexual arousal, childbirth, and urinary continence. In pathophysiological conditions, such as pelvic floor disorders, aberrations in vaginal smooth muscle function can lead to urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. A set of cellular and sub-cellular physiological mechanisms regulates the contractile properties of the vaginal smooth muscle cells. Calcium influx is a crucial determinant of smooth muscle contraction, facilitated through voltage-dependent calcium channels and calcium release from intracellular stores. Comprehensive reviews on smooth muscle biophysics are relatively scarce within the scientific literature, likely due to the complexity and specialized nature of the topic. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of alterations in the cellular physiology of vaginal smooth muscle contraction. The benefit associated with this particular approach is that conducting a comprehensive examination of the cellular mechanisms underlying contractile activation will enable the creation of more targeted therapeutic agents to control vaginal contraction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitaranjan Mahapatra
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Paris Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, 91440 Saclay, France
| | - Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Lee G, Han SB, Kim SH, Jeong S, Kim DH. Stretching of porous poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) membranes regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1303688. [PMID: 38333594 PMCID: PMC10850303 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1303688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Among a variety of biomaterials supporting cell growth for therapeutic applications, poly (l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) has been considered as one of the most attractive scaffolds for tissue engineering owing to its superior mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and processibility. Although extensive studies have been conducted on the relationship between the microstructure of polymeric materials and their mechanical properties, the use of the fine-tuned morphology and mechanical strength of PLCL membranes in stem cell differentiation has not yet been studied. Methods: PLCL membranes were crystallized in a combination of diverse solvent-nonsolvent mixtures, including methanol (MeOH), isopropanol (IPA), chloroform (CF), and distilled water (DW), with different solvent polarities. A PLCL membrane with high mechanical strength induced by limited pore formation was placed in a custom bioreactor mimicking the reproducible physiological microenvironment of the vascular system to promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Results: We developed a simple, cost-effective method for fabricating porosity-controlled PLCL membranes based on the crystallization of copolymer chains in a combination of solvents and non-solvents. We confirmed that an increase in the ratio of the non-solvent increased the chain aggregation of PLCL by slow evaporation, leading to improved mechanical properties of the PLCL membrane. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the cyclic stretching of PLCL membranes induced MSC differentiation into SMCs within 10 days of culture. Conclusion: The combination of solvent and non-solvent casting for PLCL solidification can be used to fabricate mechanically durable polymer membranes for use as mechanosensitive scaffolds for stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonhui Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Seong-Beom Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangmoo Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dong-Hwee Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomaterials Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Integrative Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Tong L, Han S, Xue Y, Chen M, Chen F, Ke W, Shu Y, Ding N, Bewersdorf J, Zhou ZJ, Yuan P, Grutzendler J. Single cell in vivo optogenetic stimulation by two-photon excitation fluorescence transfer. iScience 2023; 26:107857. [PMID: 37752954 PMCID: PMC10518705 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic manipulation with single-cell resolution can be achieved by two-photon excitation. However, this frequently requires relatively high laser powers. Here, we developed a novel strategy that can improve the efficiency of current two-photon stimulation technologies by positioning fluorescent proteins or small fluorescent molecules with high two-photon cross-sections in the vicinity of opsins. This generates a highly localized source of endogenous single-photon illumination that can be tailored to match the optimal opsin absorbance. Through neuronal and vascular stimulation in the live mouse brain, we demonstrate the utility of this technique to achieve efficient opsin stimulation, without loss of cellular resolution. We also provide a theoretical framework for understanding the potential advantages and constrains of this methodology, with directions for future improvements. Altogether, this fluorescence transfer illumination method opens new possibilities for experiments difficult to implement in the live brain such as all-optical neural interrogation and control of regional cerebral blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tong
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Shanshan Han
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yao Xue
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Minggang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Fuyi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yousheng Shu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Joerg Bewersdorf
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Z. Jimmy Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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MacEwen MJ, Rusnac DV, Ermias H, Locke TM, Gizinski HE, Dexter JP, Sancak Y. Mathematical modeling and biochemical analysis support partially ordered calmodulin-myosin light chain kinase binding. iScience 2023; 26:106146. [PMID: 36968084 PMCID: PMC10031086 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) by calcium ions (Ca2+) and calmodulin (CaM) plays an important role in numerous cellular functions including vascular smooth muscle contraction and cellular motility. Despite extensive biochemical analysis, aspects of the mechanism of activation remain controversial, and competing theoretical models have been proposed for the binding of Ca2+ and CaM to MLCK. The models are analytically solvable for an equilibrium steady state and give rise to distinct predictions that hold regardless of the numerical values assigned to parameters. These predictions form the basis of a recently proposed, multi-part experimental strategy for model discrimination. Here we implement this strategy by measuring CaM-MLCK binding using an in vitro FRET system. Interpretation of binding data in light of the mathematical models suggests a partially ordered mechanism for binding CaM to MLCK. Complementary data collected using orthogonal approaches that assess CaM-MLCK binding further support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henok Ermias
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Timothy M. Locke
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hayden E. Gizinski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Joseph P. Dexter
- Data Science Initiative and Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Zhu Y, Chu Y, Wang S, Tang J, Li H, Feng L, Yu F, Ma X. Vascular Smooth Muscle TRPV4 (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Family Member 4) Channels Regulate Vasoconstriction and Blood Pressure in Obesity. Hypertension 2023; 80:757-770. [PMID: 36794584 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelium and smooth muscle work together to keep the balance of vasomotor tone and jointly maintain vascular homeostasis. Ca2+-permeable ion channel TRPV4 (transient receptor potential vanilloid family member 4) in endothelial cells regulates endothelium-dependent vasodilation and contraction in various states. However, how vascular smooth muscle cell TRPV4 (TRPV4SMC) contributes to vascular function and blood pressure regulation in physiological and pathologically obese condition has not been fully studied. METHODS We generated smooth muscle TRPV4-deficient mice and developed diet-induced obese mice model and analyzed the role of TRPV4SMC in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) regulation and vasoconstriction. Vasomotor changes of mouse mesenteric artery were measured by wire, and pressure myography. [Ca2+]i were measured by fluo-4 staining. Blood pressure was recorded by telemetric device. RESULTS Vascular TRPV4SMC played different roles in regulating vasomotor tone than endothelial TRPV4 due to their different features of [Ca2+]i regulation. Loss of TRPV4SMC attenuated U46619- and phenylephrine-induced contraction, suggesting its involvement in regulating vascular contractility. Mesenteric arteries from obese mice showed SMC hyperplasia, suggesting an increased level of TRPV4SMC. Loss of TRPV4SMC did not influence the development of obesity but protected mice from obesity-induced vasoconstriction and hypertension. In arteries deficient in SMC TRPV4, SMCs F-actin polymerization and RhoA dephosphorylation were attenuated under contractile stimuli. Moreover, SMC-dependent vasoconstriction was inhibited in human resistance arteries with TRPV4 inhibitor application. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify TRPV4SMC as a regulator of vascular contraction in both physiological states and pathologically obese mice. TRPV4SMC contributes to the ontogeny of vasoconstriction and hypertension induced by TRPV4SMC over-expression in obese mice mesenteric artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (Y.Z., Y.C., S.W., L.F., F.Y., X.M.)
| | - Yuan Chu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (Y.Z., Y.C., S.W., L.F., F.Y., X.M.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (Y.Z., Y.C., S.W., L.F., F.Y., X.M.)
| | - Junjian Tang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (J.T., H.L.)
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (J.T., H.L.)
| | - Lei Feng
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (Y.Z., Y.C., S.W., L.F., F.Y., X.M.)
| | - Fan Yu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (Y.Z., Y.C., S.W., L.F., F.Y., X.M.)
| | - Xin Ma
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China (Y.Z., Y.C., S.W., L.F., F.Y., X.M.)
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9
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Moro C. Utilizing the metaverse in anatomy and physiology. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022. [PMID: 36545794 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Of the many disruptive technologies being introduced within modern curricula, the metaverse, is of particular interest for its ability to transform the environment in which students learn. The modern metaverse refers to a computer-generated world which is networked, immersive, and allows users to interact with others by engaging a number of senses (including eyesight, hearing, kinesthesia, and proprioception). This multisensory involvement allows the learner to feel part of the virtual environment, in a way that somewhat resembles real-world experiences. Socially, it allows learners to interact with others in real-time regardless of where on earth they are located. This article outlines 20 use-cases where the metaverse could be employed within a health sciences, medicine, anatomy, and physiology disciplines, considering the benefits for learning and engagement, as well as the potental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moro
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Sobieszek A. Self-assembly of smooth muscle myosin filaments: adaptation of filament length by telokin and Mg·ATP. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL : EBJ 2022; 51:449-463. [PMID: 35821526 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-022-01608-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The contractile apparatus of smooth muscle is malleable to accommodate stress and strain exerted on the muscle cell and to maintain optimal contractility. Structural lability of smooth muscle myosin filaments is believed to play an important role in the cell's malleability. However, the mechanism and regulation of myosin filament formation is still poorly understood. In the present in vitro study, using a static light scattering method, length distributions were obtained from suspensions of short myosin filaments (SFs) formed by rapid dilution or long ones (LFs) formed by slow dialysis. The distributions indicated the presence of dynamic equilibriums between soluble myosin and the SFs; i.e.: trimers, hexamers and mini filaments, covering the range up to 0.75 µm. The LFs were more stable, exhibiting favorable sizes at about 1.25, 2.4 and 4.5 µm. More distinct distributions were obtained from filaments adsorbed to a glass surface, by evanescent wave scattering and local electric field enhancement. Addition of telokin (TL) to the suspensions of unphosphorylated SFs resulted in widening of the soluble range, while in the case of the LFs this shift was larger, and accompanied by reduced contribution of the soluble myosin species. Such changes were largely absent in the case of phosphorylated myosin. In contrast, the presence of Mg·ATP resulted in elongation of the filaments and clear separation of filaments from soluble myosin species. Thus, TL and Mg·ATP appeared to modify the distribution of myosin filament lengths, i.e., increasing the lengths in preparing for phosphorylation, or reducing it to aid dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolinary Sobieszek
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Iganz-Seipel-Platz 2, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Navarrete Á, Varela P, López M, García-Herrera CM, Celentano DJ, Krause B. Characterization of the active response of a guinea pig carotid artery. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:924019. [PMID: 36091433 PMCID: PMC9458959 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.924019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a characterization of the active response of the carotid artery of guinea pig fetuses through a methodology that encompasses experiments, modeling and numerical simulation. To this end, the isometric contraction test is carried out in ring samples subjected to different levels of KCl concentrations and pre-stretching. Then, a coupled mechanochemical model, aimed at describing the smooth cell behavior and its influence on the passive and active mechanical response of the vascular tissue, is calibrated from the experimental measurements. Due to the complex stress and strain fields developed in the artery, a finite element numerical simulation of the test is performed to fit the model parameters, where those related to the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation activity along with the load-bearing capacity of the myosin cross-bridges are found to be the most predominant when sensitizing the active response. The main strengths of the model are associated with the prediction of the stationary state of the active mechanical response of the tissue through a realistic description of the mechanochemical process carried out at its cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Navarrete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Varela
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel López
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio M. García-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Claudio M. García-Herrera,
| | - Diego J. Celentano
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Metalúrgica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bernardo Krause
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O’Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
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12
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Lana JFSD, Lana AVSD, da Fonseca LF, Coelho MA, Marques GG, Mosaner T, Ribeiro LL, Azzini GOM, Santos GS, Fonseca E, de Andrade MAP. Stromal Vascular Fraction for Knee Osteoarthritis - An Update. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2022; 18:11-20. [PMID: 36003656 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1801003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Orthobiologics never cease to cause popularity within the medical science field, distinctly in regenerative medicine. Recently, adipose tissue has been an object of interest for many researchers and medical experts due to the fact that it represents a novel and potential cell source for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine purposes. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF), for instance, which is an adipose tissue-derivative, has generated optimistic results in many scenarios. Its biological potential can be harnessed and administered into injured tissues, particularly areas in which standard healing is disrupted. This is a typical feature of osteoarthritis (OA), a common degenerative joint disease which is outlined by persistent inflammation and destruction of surrounding tissues. SVF is known to carry a large amount of stem and progenitor cells, which are able to perform self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation. Furthermore, they also secrete several cytokines and several growth factors, effectively sustaining immune modulatory effects and halting the escalated pro-inflammatory status of OA. Although SVF has shown interesting results throughout the medical community, additional research is still highly desirable in order to further elucidate its potential regarding musculoskeletal disorders, especially OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Furtado da Fonseca
- Orthopaedic Department - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Amaral Coelho
- IOC - Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem / The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba - SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tomas Mosaner
- IOC - Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem / The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba - SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriel Silva Santos
- IOC - Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem / The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba - SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fonseca
- IOC - Instituto do Osso e da Cartilagem / The Bone and Cartilage Institute, Indaiatuba - SP, Brazil
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13
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Effects of taurine on vascular tone. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1527-1540. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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14
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Orlich MM, Diéguez-Hurtado R, Muehlfriedel R, Sothilingam V, Wolburg H, Oender CE, Woelffing P, Betsholtz C, Gaengel K, Seeliger M, Adams RH, Nordheim A. Mural Cell SRF Controls Pericyte Migration, Vessel Patterning and Blood Flow. Circ Res 2022; 131:308-327. [PMID: 35862101 PMCID: PMC9348820 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.321109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, collectively known as mural cells, are recruited through PDGFB (platelet-derived growth factor B)-PDGFRB (platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta) signaling. MCs are essential for vascular integrity, and their loss has been associated with numerous diseases. Most of this knowledge is based on studies in which MCs are insufficiently recruited or fully absent upon inducible ablation. In contrast, little is known about the physiological consequences that result from impairment of specific MC functions. Here, we characterize the role of the transcription factor SRF (serum response factor) in MCs and study its function in developmental and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Orlich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) “From Molecules to Organisms,” Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., A.N.)
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.M.O., C.B., K.G.)
- Now with Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 20, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden (M.M.O.)
| | - Rodrigo Diéguez-Hurtado
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
| | - Regine Muehlfriedel
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (R.M., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Vithiyanjali Sothilingam
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (R.M., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Hartwig Wolburg
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (H.W.)
| | - Cansu Ebru Oender
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
| | - Pascal Woelffing
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.M.O., C.B., K.G.)
| | - Konstantin Gaengel
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.M.O., C.B., K.G.)
| | - Mathias Seeliger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Centre for Ophthalmology, University Clinic Tuebingen (UKT), Germany. (R.M., V.S., M.S.)
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany (R.D.-H., R.H.A.)
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., C.E.O., P.W., A.N.)
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) “From Molecules to Organisms,” Tuebingen, Germany (M.M.O., A.N.)
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15
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de Souza ILL, Ferreira EDS, Vasconcelos LHC, Cavalcante FDA, da Silva BA. Erectile Dysfunction: Key Role of Cavernous Smooth Muscle Cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:895044. [PMID: 35865945 PMCID: PMC9294450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.895044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction is increasingly affecting men, from the elderly to young adults, being a sexual disorder related to the inability to generate or maintain a penile erection. This disorder is related to psychosocial factors such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem, to organic factors such as the presence of preexisting conditions like hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. The pathophysiology of the disease is related to changes in the neurotransmission of the autonomic or the non-cholinergic non-adrenergic nervous system, as well as the release of local mediators, such as thromboxane A2 and endothelin, and hormonal action. These changes lead to impaired relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle, which reduces local blood flow and impairs penile erection. Currently, therapy is based on oral vasodilation, such as sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil and iodenafil, or by direct administration of these agents into the corpus cavernosum or by intraurethral route, such as alprostadil and papaverine. Despite this, studies that consolidate the understanding of its pathophysiological process contribute to the discovery of new more efficient drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In this sense, in the present work an extensive survey was carried out of the mechanisms already consolidated and the most recent ones related to the development of erectile dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Leão Luna de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Roraima, Boa Vista, Brazil
| | - Elba dos Santos Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique César Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante,
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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16
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Vasodilatory Effect of Alpinia officinarum Extract in Rat Mesenteric Arteries. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092711. [PMID: 35566064 PMCID: PMC9104054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alpinia officinarum (A. officinarum) is known to exhibit a beneficial effect for anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-hyperlipidemic effects. However, no sufficient research data are available on the cardiovascular effect of A. officinarum. Thus, in this study, we investigate whether A. officinarum extract has direct effects on vascular reactivity. Methods: To examine whether A. officinarum extract affects vascular functionality, we measured isometric tension in rat mesenteric resistance arteries using a wire myograph. After arteries were pre-contracted with high-K+ (70 mM), phenylephrine (5 µM), or U46619 (1 µM), A. officinarum extract was treated. Results: A. officinarum extract induced vasodilation in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was endothelium independent. To further investigate the mechanism, we incubated arteries in a Ca2+-free and high-K+ solution, followed by the cumulative addition of CaCl2 (0.01–2.5 mM) with or without A. officinarum extract (30 µg/mL). Pre-treatment of A. officinarum extract reduced the contractile responses induced by cumulative administration of Ca2+, which suggests that extracellular Ca2+ influx was inhibited by the treatment of A. officinarum extract. These results were associated with a reduction in phosphorylated MLC20 in VSMCs treated with A. officinarum extract. Furthermore, eucalyptol, an active compound of A. officinarum extract, had a similar effect as A. officinarum extract, which causes vasodilation in mesenteric resistance arteries. Conclusion: A. officinarum extract and its active compound eucalyptol induce concentration-dependent vasodilation in mesenteric resistance arteries. These results suggest that administration of A. officinarum extract could exert beneficial effects to treat high blood pressure.
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17
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Salemi S, Prange JA, Baumgartner V, Mohr-Haralampieva D, Eberli D. Adult stem cell sources for skeletal and smooth muscle tissue engineering. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:156. [PMID: 35410452 PMCID: PMC8996587 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tissue engineering is an innovative field with enormous developments in recent years. These advances are not only in the understanding of how stem cells can be isolated, cultured and manipulated but also in their potential for clinical applications. Thus, tissue engineering when applied to skeletal and smooth muscle cells is an area that bears high benefit for patients with muscular diseases or damage. Most of the recent research has been focused on use of adult stem cells. These cells have the ability to rejuvenate and repair damaged tissues and can be derived from different organs and tissue sources. Recently there are several different types of adult stem cells, which have the potential to function as a cell source for tissue engineering of skeletal and smooth muscles. However, to build neo-tissues there are several challenges which have to be addressed, such as the selection of the most suitable stem cell type, isolation techniques, gaining control over its differentiation and proliferation process. CONCLUSION The usage of adult stem cells for muscle engineering applications is promising. Here, we summarize the status of research on the use of adult stem cells for cell transplantation in experimental animals and humans. In particular, the application of skeletal and smooth muscle engineering in pre-clinical and clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzan Salemi
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Laboratory for Urologic Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Wagistrasse 21, 4.OG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Jenny A. Prange
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Laboratory for Urologic Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Wagistrasse 21, 4.OG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Valentin Baumgartner
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Laboratory for Urologic Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Wagistrasse 21, 4.OG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Deana Mohr-Haralampieva
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Laboratory for Urologic Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Wagistrasse 21, 4.OG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977Laboratory for Urologic Oncology and Stem Cell Therapy, Department of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, Wagistrasse 21, 4.OG, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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18
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Tuo B, Xu J, Zhang W, Li X, Peng L, Zou Q, Deng Y, Lei J, Li H. Upregulation of miR-140-5p uncouples mitochondria by targeting Bcl-xL in vascular smooth muscle cells in angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Bioengineered 2022; 13:1137-1148. [PMID: 35258391 PMCID: PMC8805896 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2017696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II–induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) remodeling and dysfunction is a major contributor to the development of hypertension. In spite of the low content of mitochondria and their low contribution to bioenergetics in VSMCs, recent studies have suggested that mitochondria play an important role in the regulation of VSMC function. However, the role of mitochondria in angiotensin II–induced VSMC dysfunction remains unknown. Here, we found that angiotensin II decreased the expression of Bcl-2-like protein 1 (Bcl-xL), a newly identified protein in inhibition of uncoupled proton flux in mitochondria through interaction with the β-subunit of ATP synthase, and uncoupled mitochondria in VSMCs both in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of Bcl-xL restored the mitochondrial and VSMC function in response to angiotensin II treatment in vitro, suggesting that angiotensin II uncouples mitochondria through downregulation of Bcl-xL. Mechanistically, angiotensin II increased the expression of miR-140-5p, which targeted and downregulated Bcl-xL in VSMCs. Inhibition of miR-140-5p using antagomir-140-5p in vivo attenuated mitochondrial uncoupling and hypertension in angiotensin II-treated mice. These results suggested that upregulation of miR-140-5p uncouples mitochondria by targeting Bcl-xL in VSMCs in angiotensin II–induced hypertension, and miR-140-5p and Bcl-xL are potential targets for treatment of vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buxiong Tuo
- Department of Cardiology, 986th Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijing Peng
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Deng
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junning Lei
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, 986 Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Omura T, Araki A. Skeletal muscle as a treatment target for older adults with diabetes mellitus: The importance of a multimodal intervention based on functional category. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; 22:110-120. [PMID: 34986525 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the lifespan of people with diabetes has increased in many countries, the age-related increase in comorbidities (sarcopenia, frailty and disabilities) and diabetic complications has become a major issue. Diabetes accelerates the aging of skeletal muscles and blood vessels through mechanisms, such as increased oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, mitochondrial dysfunction, genetic polymorphism (fat mass and obesity-associated genes) and accumulation of advanced glycation end-products. Diabetes is associated with early onset, and progression of muscle weakness and sarcopenia, thus resulting in diminished daily life function. The type and duration of diabetes, insulin section/resistance, hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, malnutrition and low physical activity might affect muscular loss and weakness. To prevent the decline in daily activities in older adults with diabetes, resistance training or multicomponent exercise should be recommended. To maintain muscle function, optimal energy and sufficient protein intake are necessary. Although no specific drug enhances muscle mass and function, antidiabetic drugs that increase insulin sensitivity or secretion could be candidates for improvement of sarcopenia. The goals of glycemic control for older patients are determined based on three functional categories through an assessment of cognitive function and activities of daily living, and the presence or absence of medications that pose a hypoglycemic risk. As these functional categories are associated with muscle weakness, frailty and mortality risk, providing multimodal interventions (exercise, nutrition, social network or support and optimal medical treatment) is important, starting at the category II stage for maintenance or improvement in daily life functions. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2022; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Omura
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Araki
- Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Park J, Kim SW, Cho MC. The Role of LIM Kinase in the Male Urogenital System. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010078. [PMID: 35011645 PMCID: PMC8750897 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The LIM kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2), known as downstream effectors, and the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), a regulator of actin dynamics, have effects on a diverse set of cellular functions. The LIM kinases are involved in the function of the male urogenital system by smooth muscle contraction via phosphorylation of cofilin and subsequent actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Although LIMK1 and LIMK2 share sequence similarities as serine protein kinases, different tissue distribution patterns and distinct localization during cell cycle progression suggest other biological functions for each kinase. During meiosis and mitosis, the LIMK1/2–cofilin signaling facilitates the orchestrated chromatin remodeling between gametogenesis and the actin cytoskeleton. A splicing variant of the LIMK2 transcript was expressed only in the testis. Moreover, positive signals with LIMK2-specific antibodies were detected mainly in the nucleus of the differentiated stages of germ cells, such as spermatocytes and early round spermatids. LIMK2 plays a vital role in proper spermatogenesis, such as meiotic processes of spermatogenesis after puberty. On the other hand, the literature evidence revealed that a reduction in LIMK1 expression enhanced the inhibitory effects of a ROCK inhibitor on the smooth muscle contraction of the human prostate. LIMK1 may have a role in urethral obstruction and bladder outlet obstruction in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Moreover, LIMK1 expression was reduced in urethral stricture. The reduced LIMK1 expression caused the impaired proliferation and migration of urethral fibroblasts. In addition, the activated LIMK2–cofilin pathway contributes to cavernosal fibrosis after cavernosal nerve injury. Recent evidence demonstrated that short-term inhibition of LIMK2 from the immediate post-injury period prevented cavernosal fibrosis and improved erectile function in a rat model of cavernosal nerve injury. Furthermore, chronic inhibition of the LIMK2–cofilin pathway significantly restrained the cavernosal veno-occlusive dysfunction, the primary pathophysiologic mechanism of post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction through suppressing fibrosis in the corpus cavernosum. In conclusion, the LIM kinases–cofilin pathway appears to play a role in the function of the male urogenital system through actin cytoskeleton reorganization and contributes to the pathogenesis of several urogenital diseases. Therefore, LIM kinases may be a potential treatment target in urogenital disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Park
- Department of Urology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Soo Woong Kim
- Department of Urology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Min Chul Cho
- Department of Urology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
- Correspondence:
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21
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The Development of Biomimetic Aligned Skeletal Muscles in a Fully 3D Printed Microfluidic Device. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 7:biomimetics7010002. [PMID: 35076457 PMCID: PMC8788470 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal muscles are characterized by a unique aligned microstructure of myotubes which is important for their function as well as for their homeostasis. Thus, the recapitulation of the aligned microstructure of skeletal muscles is crucial for the construction of an advanced biomimetic model aimed at drug development applications. Here, we have developed a 3D printed micropatterned microfluid device (3D-PMMD) through the employment of a fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printer and clear filaments made of biocompatible polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). We could fabricate micropatterns through the adjustment of the printing deposition heights of PETG filaments, leading to the generation of aligned half-cylinder-shaped micropatterns in a dimension range from 100 µm to 400 µm in width and from 60 µm to 150 µm in height, respectively. Moreover, we could grow and expand C2C12 mouse myoblast cells on 3D-PMMD where cells could differentiate into aligned bundles of myotubes with respect to the dimension of each micropattern. Furthermore, our platform was applicable with the electrical pulses stimulus (EPS) modality where we noticed an improvement in myotubes maturation under the EPS conditions, indicating the potential use of the 3D-PMMD for biological experiments as well as for myogenic drug development applications in the future.
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22
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Wu Y, Cai F, Lu Y, Hu Y, Wang Q. lncRNA RP11-531A24.3 inhibits the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by downregulating ANXA2 expression. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1439. [PMID: 34721681 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A complete understanding of the behavioral influence and phenotypic transition of vascular smooth muscle cells, as well as the effects of the characteristics of these cells on the physiological and pathological processes of atherosclerosis, is crucial if new therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis are to be identified. In the present study, the long non-coding RNA RP11-531A24.3 was identified to be expressed at low levels in plaque tissues through screening a microarray for differentially expressed genes. The functional experimental results suggested that RP11-531A24.3 reduced the viability and inhibited the migration of human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs). RNA antisense purification-mass spectrometry was used to identify the RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) for RP11-531A24.3. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the pathway with the highest degree of association with RP11-531A24.3 RBPs was related to cell migration. The reduced migration and viability mediated by RP11-531A24.3 overexpression was more significantly suppressed after annexin 2 (ANXA2) depletion in RP11-531A24.3-overexpressing HA-VSMCs. Culture of HA-VSMCs under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) reduced the expression of RP11-531A24.3, and enhanced the protein expression of ANXA2 and HIF-1α, while knockdown of ANXA2 downregulated the protein expression of HIF-1α. These results suggested that RP11-531A24.3 regulated the proliferation and migration of HA-VSMCs through ANXA2 expression, and hypoxia may be an external factor in the regulation of RP11-531A24.3 and its downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Fen Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and West Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbin Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yanwei Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Supplementation with Spirulina platensis Prevents Uterine Diseases Related to Muscle Reactivity and Oxidative Stress in Rats Undergoing Strength Training. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113763. [PMID: 34836018 PMCID: PMC8620984 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strength training increases systemic oxygen consumption, causing the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn, provokes oxidative stress reactions and cellular processes that induce uterine contraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Spirulina platensis (SP), an antioxidant blue algae, on the contractile and relaxation reactivity of rat uterus and the balance of oxidative stress/antioxidant defenses. Female Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (CG), trained (TG), and T + supplemented (TG50, TG100) groups. Reactivity was analyzed by AQCAD, oxidative stress was evaluated by the malondialdehyde (MDA) formation, and the antioxidant capacity was measured by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Strength training increased contractile reactivity and decreased the pharmaco-mechanical component of relaxing reactivity in rat uterus. In addition, training decreased oxidation inhibition in the plasma and exercise increased oxidative stress in the uterine tissue; however, supplementation with algae prevented this effect and potentiated the increase in antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this study demonstrated that food supplementation prevents changes in reactivity and oxidative stress induced by strength training in a rat uterus, showing for the first time, that the uterus is a target for this exercise modality and antioxidant supplementation with S. platensis is an alternative means of preventing uterine dysfunction.
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24
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da Silva GM, da Silva MC, Nascimento DVG, Lima Silva EM, Gouvêa FFF, de França Lopes LG, Araújo AV, Ferraz Pereira KN, de Queiroz TM. Nitric Oxide as a Central Molecule in Hypertension: Focus on the Vasorelaxant Activity of New Nitric Oxide Donors. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101041. [PMID: 34681140 PMCID: PMC8533285 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases include all types of disorders related to the heart or blood vessels. High blood pressure is an important risk factor for cardiac complications and pathological disorders. An increase in circulating angiotensin-II is a potent stimulus for the expression of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines that activate oxidative stress, perpetuating a deleterious effect in hypertension. Studies demonstrate the capacity of NO to prevent platelet or leukocyte activation and adhesion and inhibition of proliferation, as well as to modulate inflammatory or anti-inflammatory reactions and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, in conditions of low availability of NO, such as during hypertension, these processes are impaired. Currently, there is great interest in the development of compounds capable of releasing NO in a modulated and stable way. Accordingly, compounds containing metal ions coupled to NO are being investigated and are widely recognized as having great relevance in the treatment of different diseases. Therefore, the exogenous administration of NO is an attractive and pharmacological alternative in the study and treatment of hypertension. The present review summarizes the role of nitric oxide in hypertension, focusing on the role of new NO donors, particularly the metal-based drugs and their protagonist activity in vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Maria da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Mirelly Cunha da Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Déborah Victória Gomes Nascimento
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Ellen Mayara Lima Silva
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Fabíola Furtado Fialho Gouvêa
- School of Technical Health, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58.051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Gonzaga de França Lopes
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60.020-181, CE, Brazil;
| | - Alice Valença Araújo
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Kelli Nogueira Ferraz Pereira
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
| | - Thyago Moreira de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Physical Activity and Phenotypic Plasticity, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão 55.608-680, PE, Brazil; (G.M.d.S.); (M.C.d.S.); (D.V.G.N.); (E.M.L.S.); (A.V.A.); (K.N.F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Wang C, Du HB, Zhao ZA, Zhai JY, Zhang LM, Niu CY, Zhao ZG. Autophagy Is Involved in Stellate Ganglion Block Reversing Posthemorrhagic Shock Mesenteric Lymph-Mediated Vascular Hyporeactivity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:728191. [PMID: 34621184 PMCID: PMC8491623 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.728191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of autophagy in stellate ganglion block (SGB) reversing posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML)-mediated vascular hyporeactivity. Methods: Hemorrhagic shock model in conscious rats was employed to observe the effects of SGB (0.2 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine hydrochloride hydrate) and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 30 mg/kg) on the vascular reactivity of second-order rat mesenteric arteries in vitro, while the effects of PHSML (1 ml/kg) and autophagy agonist rapamycin (Rapa, 10 mg/kg) on the beneficial effect of SGB were investigated. The cellular viability, contractility, and autophagy-related protein expressions in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were detected following treatments of PHSML, PHSML obtained from the rats that underwent hemorrhagic shock plus SGB (PHSML-SGB), and PHSML plus 3-MA (5 mM), respectively. Results: Hemorrhagic shock significantly decreased the vascular reactivity to gradient norepinephrine (NE), which is reversed by the SGB treatment and 3-MA administration. On the contrary, PHSML intravenous infusion and Rapa administration inhibited the vascular contractile responses in rats that underwent hemorrhagic shock plus SGB treatment. PHSML treatment significantly inhibited the cellular viability and contractility in VSMCs, increased the expressions of LC3-II and Beclin 1, and decreased the expression of p62, along with opposite appearances in these indices following PHSML-SGB treatment. In addition, 3-MA counteracted the adverse roles of PHSML in these indices in VSMCs. Conclusion: SGB inhibits PHSML-mediated vascular hyporeactivity by reducing the excessive autophagy in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Hui-Bo Du
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhen-Ao Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhai
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Chun-Yu Niu
- Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China.,Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zi-Gang Zhao
- Institute of Microcirculation, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Pathophysiology Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medical College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China.,Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention in Hebei, Hebei Medical University & Hebei North University, Shijiazhuang & Zhangjiakou, China
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26
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Selivanova EK, Gaynullina DK, Tarasova OS. Thyroxine Induces Acute Relaxation of Rat Skeletal Muscle Arteries via Integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and Integrin-Linked Kinase. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726354. [PMID: 34594239 PMCID: PMC8477044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Hyperthyroidism is associated with a decreased peripheral vascular resistance, which could be caused by the vasodilator genomic or non-genomic effects of thyroid hormones (TH). Non-genomic, or acute, effects develop within several minutes and involve a wide tissue-specific spectrum of molecular pathways poorly studied in vasculature. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms of acute effects of TH on rat skeletal muscle arteries. Methods: Sural arteries from male Wistar rats were used for isometric force recording (wire myography) and phosphorylated protein content measurement (Western blotting). Results: Both triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) reduced contractile response of sural arteries to α1-adrenoceptor agonist methoxamine. The effect of T4 was more prominent than T3 and not affected by iopanoic acid, an inhibitor of deiodinase 2. Endothelium denudation abolished the effect of T3, but not T4. Integrin αvβ3 inhibitor tetrac abolished the effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries. T4 weakened methoxamine-induced elevation of phospho-MLC2 (Ser19) content in arterial samples. The effect of T4 in endothelium-denuded arteries was abolished by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation with U0126 as well as by ILK inhibitor Cpd22 but persisted in the presence of Src- or Rho-kinase inhibitors (PP2 and Y27632, respectively). Conclusion: Acute non-genomic relaxation of sural arteries induced by T3 is endothelium-dependent and that induced by T4 is endothelium-independent. The effect of T4 on α1-adrenergic contraction is stronger compared to T3 and involves the suppression of extracellular matrix signaling via integrin αvβ3, ERK1/2 and ILK with subsequent decrease of MLC2 (Ser19) phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina K Selivanova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dina K Gaynullina
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Tarasova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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27
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Szafranska K, Kruse LD, Holte CF, McCourt P, Zapotoczny B. The wHole Story About Fenestrations in LSEC. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735573. [PMID: 34588998 PMCID: PMC8473804 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The porosity of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) ensures bidirectional passive transport of lipoproteins, drugs and solutes between the liver capillaries and the liver parenchyma. This porosity is realized via fenestrations - transcellular pores with diameters in the range of 50-300 nm - typically grouped together in sieve plates. Aging and several liver disorders severely reduce LSEC porosity, decreasing their filtration properties. Over the years, a variety of drugs, stimulants, and toxins have been investigated in the context of altered diameter or frequency of fenestrations. In fact, any change in the porosity, connected with the change in number and/or size of fenestrations is reflected in the overall liver-vascular system crosstalk. Recently, several commonly used medicines have been proposed to have a beneficial effect on LSEC re-fenestration in aging. These findings may be important for the aging populations of the world. In this review we collate the literature on medicines, recreational drugs, hormones and laboratory tools (including toxins) where the effect LSEC morphology was quantitatively analyzed. Moreover, different experimental models of liver pathology are discussed in the context of fenestrations. The second part of this review covers the cellular mechanisms of action to enable physicians and researchers to predict the effect of newly developed drugs on LSEC porosity. To achieve this, we discuss four existing hypotheses of regulation of fenestrations. Finally, we provide a summary of the cellular mechanisms which are demonstrated to tune the porosity of LSEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Szafranska
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Larissa D Kruse
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Christopher Florian Holte
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Peter McCourt
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bartlomiej Zapotoczny
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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28
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Jo MH, Kim BC, Sung K, Panettieri RA, An SS, Liu J, Ha T. Molecular Nanomechanical Mapping of Histamine-Induced Smooth Muscle Cell Contraction and Shortening. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11585-11596. [PMID: 34197709 PMCID: PMC10144385 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical response to external stimuli is a conserved feature of many cell types. For example, neurotransmitters (e.g., histamine) trigger calcium signals that induce actomyosin-regulated contraction of airway smooth muscle (ASM); the resulting cell shortening causes airway narrowing, the excess of which can cause asthma. Despite intensive studies, however, it remains unclear how physical forces are propagated through focal adhesion (FA)-the major force-transmission machinery of the cell-during ASM shortening. We provide a nanomechanical platform to directly image single molecule forces during ASM cell shortening by repurposing DNA tension sensors. Surprisingly, cell shortening and FA disassembly that immediately precedes it occurred long after histamine-evoked increases in intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i). Our mathematical model that fully integrates cell edge protrusion and retraction with contractile forces acting on FA predicted that (1) stabilization of FA impedes cell shortening and (2) the disruption of FAs is preceded by their strengthening through actomyosin-activated molecular tension. We confirmed these predictions via real-time imaging and molecular force measurements. Together, our work highlights a key role of FA dynamics in regulating ASM contraction induced by an allergen with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Hyun Jo
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Byoung Choul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Division of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Keewon Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Reynold A. Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Steven S. An
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 20205, USA
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Yang Q, Hori M. Characterization of Contractile Machinery of Vascular Smooth Muscles in Hypertension. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070702. [PMID: 34357074 PMCID: PMC8304034 DOI: 10.3390/life11070702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a key risk factor for cardiovascular disease and it is a growing public health problem worldwide. The pathophysiological mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contraction contribute to the development of hypertension. Calcium (Ca2+)-dependent and -independent signaling mechanisms regulate the balance of the myosin light chain kinase and myosin light chain phosphatase to induce myosin phosphorylation, which activates VSM contraction to control blood pressure (BP). Here, we discuss the mechanism of the contractile machinery in VSM, especially RhoA/Rho kinase and PKC/CPI-17 of Ca2+ sensitization pathway in hypertension. The two signaling pathways affect BP in physiological and pathophysiological conditions and are highlighted in pulmonary, pregnancy, and salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunhui Yang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5841-7940; Fax: +81-3-5841-8183
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30
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Asthmatic Eosinophils Promote Contractility and Migration of Airway Smooth Muscle Cells and Pulmonary Fibroblasts In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061389. [PMID: 34199925 PMCID: PMC8229663 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced contractility and migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMC) and pulmonary fibroblasts (PF) are part of airway remodeling in asthma. Eosinophils are the central inflammatory cells that participate in airway inflammation. However, the role of asthmatic eosinophils in ASMC and PF contractility, migration, and differentiation to contractile phenotype has not yet been precisely described. A total of 38 individuals were included in this study: 13 steroid-free non-severe allergic asthma (AA) patients, 11 severe non-allergic eosinophilic asthma (SNEA) patients, and 14 healthy subjects (HS). For AA patients and HS groups, a bronchial allergen challenge with D. pteronyssinus was performed. Individual combined cell cultures were prepared from isolated peripheral blood eosinophils and immortalized ASMC or commercial PF cell lines separately. The migration of ASMC and PF was evaluated using wound healing assay and contractility using collagen gel assay. Gene expression of contractile apparatus proteins, COL1A1, COL5A1, and FN, in ASMC and PF was evaluated using qRT-PCR. We found that contractility and migration of ASMC and PF significantly increased after incubation with asthmatic eosinophils compared to HS eosinophils, p < 0.05, and SNEA eosinophils demonstrated the highest effect on contractility of ASMC and migration of both cell lines, p < 0.05. AA and SNEA eosinophils significantly increased gene expression of contractile apparatus proteins, COL1A1 and FN, in both cell lines, p < 0.05. Furthermore, the allergen-activated AA eosinophils significantly increased the contractility of ASMC, and migration and gene expression in ASMC and PF, p < 0.05. Thus, asthmatic eosinophils change ASMC and PF behavior by increasing their contractility and migration, contributing to airway remodeling.
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31
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Nomura M, Unuma K, Aki T, Uemura K. Sustained splenic contraction after daily cocaine administration in rats. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252853. [PMID: 34086815 PMCID: PMC8177630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of repeated cocaine administration on the whole body of rats. Rats (male, 6 weeks old, Sprague Dawley) were injected intraperitoneally with cocaine (50 mg/kg) once a day for 1, 3 or 7 days, and major organs (heart, liver, lung, brain, kidney, spleen) were excised from the sacrificed animals. During autopsy, we found a reduction in spleen size, but not other organs, in cocaine-administered rats as compared to control rats. This reduction became to be noticed at 3 day and easily perceived at 7 day. No marked changes were observed in other organs examined. H&E and EMG staining showed a tendency for a decrease in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) as well as an increase in collagen fibers in the spleens of rats treated repeatedly with cocaine. Transcriptome analysis indicated that repeated cocaine administration depletes RBCs from the spleen. Immunoblot analysis showed that cocaine increases the phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MYL) as well as the levels of transgelin, both of which are involved in the contraction of myofibrils. Collectively, these results show that repeated cocaine administration results in sustained contraction of the spleen, which leads to the release of RBCs from the spleen into circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeka Nomura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Unuma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Aki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Koichi Uemura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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32
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von Kleeck R, Castagnino P, Roberts E, Talwar S, Ferrari G, Assoian RK. Decreased vascular smooth muscle contractility in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome linked to defective smooth muscle myosin heavy chain expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10625. [PMID: 34012019 PMCID: PMC8134495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) suffer from multiple cardiovascular pathologies due to the expression of progerin, a mutant form of the nuclear envelope protein Lamin A. Progerin expression has a dramatic effect on arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and results in decreased viability and increased arterial stiffness. However, very little is known about how progerin affects SMC contractility. Here, we studied the LaminAG609G/G609G mouse model of HGPS and found reduced arterial contractility at an early age that correlates with a decrease in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC) mRNA and protein expression. Traction force microscopy on isolated SMCs from these mice revealed reduced force generation compared to wild-type controls; this effect was phenocopied by depletion of SM-MHC in WT SMCs and overcome by ectopic expression of SM-MHC in HGPS SMCs. Arterial SM-MHC levels are also reduced with age in wild-type mice and humans, suggesting a common defect in arterial contractility in HGPS and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan von Kleeck
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Paola Castagnino
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Emilia Roberts
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shefali Talwar
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Center for Engineering MechanoBiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Therapeutics at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Wenceslau CF, McCarthy CG, Earley S, England SK, Filosa JA, Goulopoulou S, Gutterman DD, Isakson BE, Kanagy NL, Martinez-Lemus LA, Sonkusare SK, Thakore P, Trask AJ, Watts SW, Webb RC. Guidelines for the measurement of vascular function and structure in isolated arteries and veins. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H77-H111. [PMID: 33989082 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01021.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of vascular function in isolated vessels has revealed important insights into the structural, functional, and biomechanical features of the normal and diseased cardiovascular system and has provided a molecular understanding of the cells that constitutes arteries and veins and their interaction. Further, this approach has allowed the discovery of vital pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases. However, the expansion of the vascular physiology field has also brought new concerns over scientific rigor and reproducibility. Therefore, it is appropriate to set guidelines for the best practices of evaluating vascular function in isolated vessels. These guidelines are a comprehensive document detailing the best practices and pitfalls for the assessment of function in large and small arteries and veins. Herein, we bring together experts in the field of vascular physiology with the purpose of developing guidelines for evaluating ex vivo vascular function. By using this document, vascular physiologists will have consistency among methodological approaches, producing more reliable and reproducible results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F Wenceslau
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Scott Earley
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Sarah K England
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jessica A Filosa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin Cardiovascular Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nancy L Kanagy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Swapnil K Sonkusare
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Pratish Thakore
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Signaling in the Cardiovascular System, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Heart Center, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Stephanie W Watts
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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El-Mahdy MA, Mahgoup EM, Ewees MG, Eid MS, Abdelghany TM, Zweier JL. Long-term electronic cigarette exposure induces cardiovascular dysfunction similar to tobacco cigarettes: role of nicotine and exposure duration. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H2112-H2129. [PMID: 33606584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00997.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping (ECV) has been proposed as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarette smoking (TCS); however, this remains controversial due to a lack of long-term comparative studies. Therefore, we developed a chronic mouse exposure model that mimics human vaping and allows comparison with TCS. Longitudinal studies were performed to evaluate alterations in cardiovascular function with TCS and ECV exposure durations of up to 60 wk. For ECV, e-cig liquid with box-mod were used and for TCS, 3R4F-cigarettes. C57/BL6 male mice were exposed 2 h/day, 5 days/wk to TCS, ECV, or air control. The role of vape nicotine levels was evaluated using e-cig-liquids with 0, 6, or 24 mg/mL nicotine. Following 16-wk exposure, increased constriction to phenylephrine and impaired endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation were observed in aortic segents, paralleling the onset of systemic hypertension, with elevations in systemic vascular resistance. Following 32 wk, TCS and ECV induced cardiac hypertrophy. All of these abnormalities further increased out to 60 wk of exposure, with elevated heart weight and aortic thickness along with increased superoxide production in vessels and cardiac tissues of both ECV and TCS mice. While ECV-induced abnormalities were seen in the absence of nicotine, these occurred earlier and were more severe with higher nicotine exposure. Thus, long-term vaping of e-cig can induce cardiovascular disease similar to TCS, and the severity of this toxicity increases with exposure duration and vape nicotine content.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A chronic mouse exposure model that mimics human e-cigarette vaping and allows comparison with tobacco cigarette smoking was developed and utilized to perform longitudinal studies of alterations in cardiovascular function. E-cigarette exposure led to the onset of cardiovascular disease similar to that with tobacco cigarette smoking. Impaired endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilation with increased adrenergic vasoconstriction were observed, paralleling the onset of systemic hypertension and subsequent cardiac hypertrophy. This cardiovascular toxicity was dependent on exposure duration and nicotine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Mahdy
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Elsayed M Mahgoup
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Ewees
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mahmoud S Eid
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tamer M Abdelghany
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Center for Environmental and Smoking Induced Disease and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Xu J, Yang H, Yang L, Wang Z, Qin X, Zhou J, Dong L, Li J, Zhu M, Zhang X, Gao F. Acute glucose influx-induced mitochondrial hyperpolarization inactivates myosin phosphatase as a novel mechanism of vascular smooth muscle contraction. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:176. [PMID: 33579894 PMCID: PMC7881016 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that long-term exposure of the vasculature to metabolic disturbances leads to abnormal vascular tone, while the physiological regulation of vascular tone upon acute metabolic challenge remains unknown. Here, we found that acute glucose challenge induced transient increases in blood pressure and vascular constriction in humans and mice. Ex vivo study in isolated thoracic aortas from mice showed that glucose-induced vascular constriction is dependent on glucose oxidation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Specifically, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), an essential component in glucose oxidation, was increased along with glucose influx and positively regulated vascular smooth muscle tone. Mechanistically, mitochondrial hyperpolarization inhibited the activity of myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) in a Ca2+-independent manner through activation of Rho-associated kinase, leading to cell contraction. However, ΔΨm regulated smooth muscle tone independently of the small G protein RhoA, a major regulator of Rho-associated kinase signaling. Furthermore, myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) was found to be a key molecule in mediating MLCP activity regulated by ΔΨm. ΔΨm positively phosphorylated MYPT1, and either knockdown or knockout of MYPT1 abolished the effects of glucose in stimulating smooth muscle contraction. In addition, smooth muscle-specific Mypt1 knockout mice displayed blunted response to glucose challenge in blood pressure and vascular constriction and impaired clearance rate of circulating metabolites. These results suggested that glucose influx stimulates vascular smooth muscle contraction via mitochondrial hyperpolarization-inactivated myosin phosphatase, which represents a novel mechanism underlying vascular constriction and circulating metabolite clearance.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Glucose/administration & dosage
- Glucose/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mannitol/administration & dosage
- Mannitol/blood
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Muscle/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase/genetics
- Myosin-Light-Chain Phosphatase/metabolism
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Random Allocation
- Signal Transduction
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
- Department of Cardiology, 986th Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Lu Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xinghua Qin
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhou
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ling Dong
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Minsheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Molnár PJ, Dér B, Borsodi K, Balla H, Borbás Z, Molnár K, Ruisanchez É, Kenessey I, Horváth A, Keszthelyi A, Majoros A, Nyirády P, Offermanns S, Benyó Z. Isoprostanes evoke contraction of the murine and human detrusor muscle via activation of the thromboxane prostanoid TP receptor and Rho kinase. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F537-F547. [PMID: 33491563 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00400.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Local or systemic inflammation can severely impair urinary bladder functions and contribute to the development of voiding disorders in millions of people worldwide. Isoprostanes are inflammatory lipid mediators that are upregulated in the blood and urine by oxidative stress and may potentially induce detrusor overactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects and signal transduction of isoprostanes in human and murine urinary bladders in order to provide potential pharmacological targets in detrusor overactivity. Contraction force was measured with a myograph in murine and human urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) ex vivo. Isoprostane 8-iso-PGE2 and 8-iso-PGF2α evoked dose-dependent contraction in the murine UBSM, which was abolished in mice deficient in the thromboxane prostanoid (TP) receptor. The responses remained unaltered after removal of the mucosa or incubation with tetrodotoxin. Smooth muscle-specific deletion of Gα12/13 protein or inhibition of Rho kinase by Y-27632 decreased the contractions. In Gαq/11-knockout mice, responses were reduced and in the presence of Y-27632 abolished completely. In human UBSM, the TP agonist U-46619 evoked dose-dependent contractions. Neither atropine nor the purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid decreased the effect, indicating that TP receptors directly mediate detrusor muscle contraction. 8-iso-PGE2 and 8-iso-PGF2α evoked dose-dependent contraction in the human UBSM, and these responses were abolished by the TP antagonist SQ-29548 and were decreased by Y-27632. Our results indicate that isoprostanes evoke contraction in murine and human urinary bladders, an effect mediated by the TP receptor. The G12/13-Rho-Rho kinase pathway plays a significant role in mediating the contraction and therefore may be a potential therapeutic target in detrusor overactivity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Voiding disorders affect millions of people worldwide. Inflammation can impair urinary bladder functions and contribute to the development of detrusor overactivity. The effects and signal transduction of inflammatory lipid mediator isoprostanes were studied in human and murine urinary bladders ex vivo. We found that isoprostanes evoke contraction, an effect mediated by thromboxane prostanoid receptors. The G12/13-Rho-Rho kinase signaling pathway plays a significant role in mediating the contraction and therefore may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter József Molnár
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Dér
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Borsodi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Helga Balla
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Borbás
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Molnár
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Kenessey
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Horváth
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Majoros
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Pereira JC, Figueiredo IAD, de Oliveira FRMB, Ferreira SRD, Aires Moreno GT, da Silva TMS, Pinheiro UDS, Santos BVDO, da Silva BA, Cavalcante FDA. Oceanapia magna Sponge Presents Dual Effect on the Gastrointestinal Motility of Rodents: In Vitro and In Vivo Assays. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:572574. [PMID: 33424588 PMCID: PMC7793637 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.572574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oceanapia magna Santos-Neto, Nascimento, Cavalcanti and Pinheiro sponges are distributed across tropical worldwide seas. Some studies of marine products have shown interesting activities in smooth muscle models. Hence, we assessed the effect of the ethanolic extract of Oceanapia magna. (OC-EtOH) on acute toxicity and gastrointestinal motility (in vitro and in vivo) in rodent models. On guinea pig ileum, OC-EtOH induced a concentration dependent contraction on basal tonus, which was not inhibited by atropine, but in the presence of pyrilamine or verapamil, the effect was antagonized. Contrastingly, on KCl- or histamine-induced contractions, OC-EtOH presented a transient contraction followed by a concentration-dependent relaxation. Moreover, OC-EtOH presented a relaxant profile on cumulative curves to CaCl2 and tonic contraction induced by S-(-)-BayK8644, through Cav blockade. The acute toxicity assay showed that OC-EtOH (2,000 mg/kg, p.o.) did not present any sign of toxicity in female mice. Additionally, OC-EtOH presented antidiarrheal effect in mice, increased the intestinal normal transit and reduced the castor oil-induced intestinal transit. Thus, OC-EtOH presented a dual effect on guinea pig ileum promoting contraction through activation of H1 and CaV, and relaxation through CaV blockade, besides the effect on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice, showing a potential medicinal use of this sponge in intestinal diseases such as diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joedna Cavalcante Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sarah Rebeca Dantas Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Viviana de Oliveira Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Departmento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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38
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Hariri MA, Jaffa MA, Saoud R, Zhao J, Zhu R, Jaffa AA, El-Achkar GA, Moussa M, Kobeissy F, Hassan A, Ziyadeh FN, Mechref Y, Jaffa AA. Vascular Cells Proteome Associated with Bradykinin and Leptin Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Signals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121251. [PMID: 33316969 PMCID: PMC7764689 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the primary contributors to cardiovascular diseases are inflammation and oxidative imbalance within the vessel walls as well as the fibrosis of rat aortic smooth muscle cell (RASMC). Bradykinin (BK) and leptin are inflammatory modulators that are linked to vascular injury. In this study, we employed tandem LC-MS/MS to identify protein signatures that encompass protein abundance in RASMC treated with BK or leptin followed by systems biology analyses to gain insight into the biological pathways and processes linked to vascular remodeling. In the study, 1837 proteins were identified in control untreated RASMC. BK altered the expression of 72 (4%) and 120 (6.5%) proteins, whereas leptin altered the expression of 189 (10.2%) and 127 (6.5%) proteins after 24 and 48 h, respectively, compared to control RASMC. BK increased the protein abundance of leptin receptor, transforming growth factor-β. On the other hand, leptin increased the protein abundance of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 but decreased the protein abundance of cofilin. BK and leptin induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and pathway analysis revealed the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and AKT pathways. The proteome profile in response to BK and leptin revealed mechanistic interplay of multiple processes that modulate inflammation and oxidative stress signals in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Al Hariri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
| | - Miran A. Jaffa
- Epidemiology and Population Health Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon;
| | - Richard Saoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
| | - Jingfu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (J.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (J.Z.); (R.Z.)
| | - Aneese A. Jaffa
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon;
| | - Ghewa A. El-Achkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
| | - Mayssam Moussa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
| | - Anwarul Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Fuad N. Ziyadeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
| | - Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; (J.Z.); (R.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (A.A.J.); Tel.: +1812-219-1972 (Y.M.); +961-1-350000 (A.A.J.)
| | - Ayad A. Jaffa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11-0236, Lebanon; (M.A.H.); (R.S.); (G.A.E.-A.); (M.M.); (F.K.); (F.N.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.M.); (A.A.J.); Tel.: +1812-219-1972 (Y.M.); +961-1-350000 (A.A.J.)
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Jin F, Guo Y, Wang Z, Badughaish A, Pan X, Zhang L, Qi F. The pathophysiological nature of sarcomeres in trigger points in patients with myofascial pain syndrome: A preliminary study. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:1968-1978. [PMID: 32841448 PMCID: PMC7693045 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) has a high global prevalence and is associated with myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in taut bands or nodules. Little is known about the aetiology. The current study assessed the pathophysiological characteristics of MTrPs in MPS patients. METHODS Biopsies of the trapezius muscle were collected from the MTrPs of MPS patients (MTrP group; n = 29) and from healthy controls (control group; n = 24), and their morphologies were analysed via haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Masson staining. A protein microarray was used to detect the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family proteins. mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) sequencing and analysis were conducted, and immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to examine the expression of EphB and Rho family proteins. RESULTS Abnormally contracted sarcomeres showed enlarged, round fibres without inflammation or fibrosis. An lncRNA-mRNA network analysis revealed activation of muscle contraction signalling pathways in MTrP regions. Among RTK family proteins, 15 exhibited increased phosphorylation, and two exhibited decreased phosphorylation in the MTrP regions relative to control levels. In particular, EphB1/EphB2 phosphorylation was increased on the muscle cell membranes of abnormal sarcomeres. RhoA and Rac1, but not cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42), were activated in the abnormal sarcomeres. CONCLUSIONS EphB1/EphB2 and RhoA/Rac1 might play roles in the aetiology of abnormally contracted sarcomeres in MTrPs without inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrotic adhesion. SIGNIFICANCE Contracted sarcomeres were found in MTrP regions, which is consistent with the MTrP formation hypothesis. EphB1/EphB2 and RhoA/Rac1 might play roles in the sarcomere contractile sites of MTrPs, which may be promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihong Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain ClinicQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
| | - Yaqiu Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain ClinicQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyJinan Maternity and Child Care HospitalJi’nanChina
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain ClinicQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
- Department of AnesthesiologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Shandong TCM UniversityJi’nanChina
| | - Ahmed Badughaish
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain ClinicQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
| | - Xin Pan
- Department of OrthopedicsQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of OrthopedicsQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain ClinicQilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong UniversityJi’nanChina
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Nunes KP, Webb RC. New insights into RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling: a key regulator of vascular contraction. Small GTPases 2020; 12:458-469. [PMID: 32970516 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2020.1822721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While Rho-signalling controlling vascular contraction is a canonical mechanism, with the modern approaches used in research, we are advancing our understanding and details into this pathway are often uncovered. RhoA-mediated Rho-kinase is the major regulator of vascular smooth muscle cells and a key player manoeuvring other functions in these cells. The discovery of new interactions, such as oxidative stress and hydrogen sulphide with Rho signalling are emerging addition not only in the physiology of the smooth muscle, but especially in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. Likewise, the interplay between ageing and Rho-kinase in the vasculature has been recently considered. Importantly, in smooth muscle contraction, this pathway may also be affected by sex hormones, and consequently, sex-differences. This review provides an overview of Rho signalling mediating vascular contraction and focuses on recent topics discussed in the literature affecting this pathway such as ageing, sex differences and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Pedrosa Nunes
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, USA
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Olson HL, Turin DR, Petzold AM. Lighting up the NMJ: developing an LED-based model of the neuromuscular junction for the undergraduate classroom. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2020; 44:482-487. [PMID: 32795129 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00094.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many complex physiological processes can be introduced and explored using the framework of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), including neurotransmitter release, membrane depolarization, and ion channel activity. While traditionally used instructional tools such as static complex drawings are useful, these images can be incomplete physiological representations due to the lack of physically moving parts. As a result, they often misrepresent the complexity of physiological phenomena to students. We describe an effort to create a more accurate, dynamic representation of the NMJ to enhance instruction in an undergraduate anatomy and physiology course. We sought to create a unique and memorable moving diagram that combines elements of static images with moving parts. To evaluate the impact of the dynamic model, students were asked about their understanding of the NMJ before and after exposure to the model. In addition, students were asked for attitudinal responses to the model and their preferred method of instruction. Analysis of student responses indicated that students enjoyed the model, although they also had concerns about the speed of the simulated ion movement being too fast. The model has also served as an informal science education art installation in presentations for prospective students, stakeholders in the broader community, including local and statewide politicians, the University president and board of trustees, donors, and other regional economic and educational leaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter L Olson
- Center for Learning Innovation, University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel R Turin
- Center for Learning Innovation, University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew M Petzold
- Center for Learning Innovation, University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota
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Garrison CM, Singh-Varma A, Pastino AK, Steele JAM, Kohn J, Murthy NS, Schwarzbauer JE. A multilayered scaffold for regeneration of smooth muscle and connective tissue layers. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:733-744. [PMID: 32654327 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration often requires recruitment of different cell types and rebuilding of two or more tissue layers to restore function. Here, we describe the creation of a novel multilayered scaffold with distinct fiber organizations-aligned to unaligned and dense to porous-to template common architectures found in adjacent tissue layers. Electrospun scaffolds were fabricated using a biodegradable, tyrosine-derived terpolymer, yielding densely-packed, aligned fibers that transition into randomly-oriented fibers of increasing diameter and porosity. We demonstrate that differently-oriented scaffold fibers direct cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, and that scaffold fibers and ECM protein networks are maintained after decellularization. Smooth muscle and connective tissue layers are frequently adjacent in vivo; we show that within a single scaffold, the architecture supports alignment of contractile smooth muscle cells and deposition by fibroblasts of a meshwork of ECM fibrils. We rolled a flat scaffold into a tubular construct and, after culture, showed cell viability, orientation, and tissue-specific protein expression in the tube were similar to the flat-sheet scaffold. This scaffold design not only has translational potential for reparation of flat and tubular tissue layers but can also be customized for alternative applications by introducing two or more cell types in different combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly M Garrison
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anya Singh-Varma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Alexandra K Pastino
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joseph A M Steele
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joachim Kohn
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - N Sanjeeva Murthy
- New Jersey Center for Biomaterials, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean E Schwarzbauer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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Examination of Molecular Effects of MYLK Deletion in a Patient with Extensive Aortic, Carotid, and Abdominal Dissections That Underlie the Genetic Dysfunction. Case Rep Med 2020; 2020:5108052. [PMID: 32655646 PMCID: PMC7327611 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5108052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the phenotype of a patient with extensive aortic, carotid, and abdominal dissections. The proband was found to have a heterozygous deletion of exons 21-34 in MYLK, which is a rare finding, as deletions in this gene have been infrequently reported. We describe this finding following detection in a proband with an extensive history of aortic, carotid, and abdominal dissections. Neoteric molecular modeling techniques to help determine the impact of this deletion on protein function indicated loss of function due to lack of any kinase domain. We also provide the electrostatics calculations from the wild type and mutant variant. Through a combined multiomic approach of clinical, functional, and protein informatics, we arrive at a data fusion for determination of pathogenicity embedded within the genetic code for this particular genetic variant, which, as a platform, continues to broaden its scope across the field of variants of uncertain significance classification.
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44
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Ji X, Lyu P, Hu R, Yao W, Jiang H. Generation of an enteric smooth muscle cell line from the pig ileum. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa102. [PMID: 32249920 PMCID: PMC7179811 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play an important role in physiology and production in farm animals such as pigs. Here, we report the generation of a pig SMC line. Our original objective was to establish an enteroendocrine cell line from the pig ileum epithelium through lentiviral transduction of the Simian Virus (SV) 40 large T antigen. However, an initial expression analysis of marker genes in nine cell clones revealed that none of them were enteroendocrine cells or absorptive enterocytes, goblet cells, or Paneth cells, some of the major cell types existing in the ileum epithelium. A more detailed characterization of one clone named PIC7 by RNA-seq showed that these cells expressed many of the known smooth muscle-specific or -enriched genes, including smooth muscle actin alpha 2, calponin 1, calponin 3, myosin heavy chain 11, myosin light chain kinase, smoothelin, tenascin C, transgelin, tropomyosin 1, and tropomyosin 2. Both quantitative PCR and RNA-seq analyses showed that the PIC7 cells had a high expression of mRNA for smooth muscle actin gamma 2, also known as enteric smooth muscle actin. A Western blot analysis confirmed the expression of SV40 T antigen in the PIC7 cells. An immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the expression of smooth muscle actin alpha 2 filaments in the PIC7 cells. A collagen gel contraction assay showed that the PIC7 cells were capable of both spontaneous contraction and contraction in response to serotonin stimulation. We conclude that the PIC7 cells are derived from an enteric SMC from the pig ileum. These cells may be a useful model for studying the cellular and molecular physiology of pig enteric SMCs. Because pigs are similar to humans in anatomy and physiology, the PIC7 cells may be also used as a model for human intestinal SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Pengcheng Lyu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
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Ding Y, Johnson R, Sharma S, Ding X, Bryant SJ, Tan W. Tethering transforming growth factor β1 to soft hydrogels guides vascular smooth muscle commitment from human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:68-77. [PMID: 31982589 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great promise for vascular smooth muscle regeneration. However, most studies have mainly relied on extended supplementation of sophisticated biochemical regimen to drive MSC differentiation towards vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). Herein we demonstrate a concomitant method that exploits the advantages of biomimetic matrix stiffness and tethered transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) to guide vSMC commitment from human MSCs. Our designed poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, presenting a biomimetic stiffness and tethered TGF-β1, provide an instructive environment to potently upregulate smooth muscle marker expression in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, it significantly enhances the functional contractility of vSMCs derived from MSCs within 3 days. Interestingly, compared to non-tethered one, tethered TGF-β1 enhanced the potency of vSMC commitment on hydrogels. We provide compelling evidence that combining stiffness and tethered TGF-β1 on poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels can be a promising approach to drastically enhance maturation and function of vSMCs from stem cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A fast, reliable and safe regeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) from stem cell differentiation is promising for vascular tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, but remains challenging. Herein, a photo-click hydrogel platform is devised to recapitulate the stiffness of vascular tissue and appropriate presentation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) to guide vSMC commitment from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We demonstrate that such concomitant method drastically enhanced regeneration of mature, functional vSMCs from MSCs in vitro and in vivo within only a 3-days span. This work is not only of fundamental scientific importance, revealing how physiochemical factors and the manner of their presentation direct stem cell differentiation, but also attacks the long-standing difficulty in regenerating highly functional vSMCs within a short period.
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Meijen C, Turner M, Jones MV, Sheffield D, McCarthy P. A Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes: A Revised Conceptualization. Front Psychol 2020; 11:126. [PMID: 32116930 PMCID: PMC7016194 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Theory of Challenge and Threat States in Athletes (TCTSA) provides a psychophysiological framework for how athletes anticipate motivated performance situations. The purpose of this review is to discuss how research has addressed the 15 predictions made by the TCTSA, to evaluate the mechanisms underpinning the TCTSA in light of the research that has emerged in the last 10 years, and to inform a revised TCTSA (TCTSA-R). There was support for many of the 15 predictions in the TCTSA, with two main areas for reflection identified: to understand the physiology of challenge and to re-evaluate the concept of resource appraisals. This re-evaluation informs the TCTSA-R, which elucidates the physiological changes, predispositions, and cognitive appraisals that mark challenge and threat states. First, the relative strength of the sympathetic nervous system response is outlined as a determinant of challenge and threat patterns of reactivity and we suggest that oxytocin and neuropeptide Y are also key indicators of an adaptive approach to motivated performance situations and can facilitate a challenge state. Second, although predispositions were acknowledged within the TCTSA, how these may influence challenge and threat states was not specified. In the TCTSA-R, it is proposed that one's propensity to appraise stressors is a challenge that most strongly dictates acute cognitive appraisals. Third, in the TCTSA-R, a more parsimonious integration of Lazarusian ideas of cognitive appraisal and challenge and threat is proposed. Given that an athlete can make both challenge and threat primary appraisals and can have both high or low resources compared to perceived demands, a 2 × 2 bifurcation theory of challenge and threat is proposed. This reflects polychotomy of four states: high challenge, low challenge, low threat, and high threat. For example, in low threat, an athlete can evince a threat state but still perform well so long as they perceive high resources. Consequently, we propose suggestions for research concerning measurement tools and a reconsideration of resources to include social support. Finally, applied recommendations are made based on adjusting demands and enhancing resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Meijen
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Turner
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marc V. Jones
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Sheffield
- School of Human Sciences, College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McCarthy
- Department of Psychology, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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47
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Edwards JM, Roy S, Tomcho JC, Schreckenberger ZJ, Chakraborty S, Bearss NR, Saha P, McCarthy CG, Vijay-Kumar M, Joe B, Wenceslau CF. Microbiota are critical for vascular physiology: Germ-free status weakens contractility and induces sex-specific vascular remodeling in mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 125-126:106633. [PMID: 31843471 PMCID: PMC7036036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Commensal microbiota within a holobiont contribute to the overall health of the host via mutualistic symbiosis. Disturbances in such symbiosis is prominently correlated with a variety of diseases affecting the modern society of humans including cardiovascular diseases, which are the number one contributors to human mortality. Given that a hallmark of all cardiovascular diseases is changes in vascular function, we hypothesized that depleting microbiota from a holobiont would induce vascular dysfunction. To test this hypothesis, young mice of both sexes raised in germ-free conditions were examined vascular contractility and structure. Here we observed that male and female germ-free mice presented a decrease in contraction of resistance arteries. These changes were more pronounced in germ-free males than in germ-free females mice. Furthermore, there was a distinct change in vascular remodeling between males and females germ-free mice. Resistance arteries from male germ-free mice demonstrated increased vascular stiffness, as shown by the leftward shift in the stress-strain curve and inward hypotrophic remodeling, a characteristic of chronic reduction in blood flow. On the other hand, resistance arteries from germ-free female mice were similar in the stress-strain curves to that of conventionally raised mice, but were distinctly different and showed outward hypertrophic remodeling, a characteristic seen in aging. Interestingly, we observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from bone marrow derived neutrophils is blunted in female germ-free mice, but it is exacerbated in male germ-free mice. In conclusion, these observations indicate that commensal microbiota of a holobiont are central to maintain proper vascular function and structure homeostasis, especially in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonnelle M Edwards
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Shaunak Roy
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Jeremy C Tomcho
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Zachary J Schreckenberger
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Nicole R Bearss
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Cameron G McCarthy
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Camilla F Wenceslau
- Microbiome Consortium, Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine & Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, USA.
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Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1462. [PMID: 31407867 PMCID: PMC6916202 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research in skeletal muscle physiology have provided multiscale insights into the structural and functional complexity of this important anatomical tissue, designed to accomplish the task of generating contraction, force and movement. Skeletal muscle can be viewed as a biomechanical device with various interacting components including the autonomic nerves for impulse transmission, vasculature for efficient oxygenation, and embedded regulatory and metabolic machinery for maintaining cellular homeostasis. The "omics" revolution has propelled a new era in muscle research, allowing us to discern minute details of molecular cross-talk required for effective coordination between the myriad interacting components for efficient muscle function. The objective of this review is to provide a systems-level, comprehensive mapping the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle structure and function, in health and disease. We begin this review with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying muscle tissue development (myogenesis), with an emphasis on satellite cells and muscle regeneration. We next review the molecular structure and mechanisms underlying the many structural components of the muscle: neuromuscular junction, sarcomere, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and vasculature surrounding muscle. We highlight aberrant molecular mechanisms and their possible clinical or pathophysiological relevance. We particularly emphasize the impact of environmental stressors (inflammation and oxidative stress) in contributing to muscle pathophysiology including atrophy, hypertrophy, and fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Mukund
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, Bioinformatics & Systems BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and NanoengineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCalifornia
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G McCarthy
- From the Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, OH (C.G.M.)
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth (S.G.)
| | - R Clinton Webb
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, GA (R.C.W.)
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50
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Villamor E, Moreno L, Mohammed R, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Cogolludo A. Reactive oxygen species as mediators of oxygen signaling during fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 142:82-96. [PMID: 30995535 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are frequently seen as pathological agents of oxidative stress. However, ROS are not always deleterious and can also act as cell signaling molecules. Vascular oxygen sensing and signaling during fetal-to-neonatal circulatory transition is a remarkable example of the physiological regulatory actions of ROS. The fetal relative hypoxic environment induces hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) and ductus arteriosus (DA) relaxation favoring the presence of high pulmonary vascular resistance and right-to-left ductal shunt. At birth, the increase in oxygen tension causes relaxation of pulmonary arteries (PAs) and normoxic DA vasoconstriction (NDAV), thus diverting blood flow to the lungs. Although the response to changes in oxygen tension is diametrically opposite, the mechanisms responsible for HPV and NDAV appear to be the result of a similar interaction between triggering and modulating factors that lead to an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and Ca2+ sensitization of the contractile apparatus. Growing evidence points to an increase in ROS (mitochondria- and/or NADPH-derived superoxide and/or H2O2), leading to inhibition of voltage-gated K+ channels, membrane depolarization, and activation of voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels as critical events in the signaling pathway of both HPV and NDAV. Several groups of investigators have completed this pathway adding other elements such as neutral sphingomyelinase-derived ceramide, the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (through ryanodine and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors), Rho kinase-mediated Ca2+ sensitization, or transient receptor potential channels. The present review focus on the role of ROS as mediators of the homeostatic oxygen sensing system during fetal and neonatal life not only in the PAs and DA but also in systemic arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Laura Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Riazzudin Mohammed
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Francisco Pérez-Vizcaíno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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