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Vesce F, Battisti C, Crudo M. The Inflammatory Cytokine Imbalance for Miscarriage, Pregnancy Loss and COVID-19 Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861245. [PMID: 35359975 PMCID: PMC8961687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy can be defined a vascular event upon endocrine control. In the human hemo-chorial placentation the chorionic villi penetrate the wall of the uterine spiral arteries, to provide increasing amounts of nutrients and oxygen for optimal fetal growth. In any physiological pregnancy the natural maternal response is of a Th1 inflammatory type, aimed at avoiding blood loss through the arteriolar wall openings. The control of the vascular function, during gestation as in any other condition, is achieved through the action of two main types of prostanoids: prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane on the one hand (for vasoconstriction and coagulation), prostacyclin on the other (for vasodilation and blood fluidification). The control of the maternal immune response is upon the responsibility of the fetus itself. Indeed, the chorionic villi are able to counteract the natural maternal response, thus changing the inflammatory Th1 type into the anti-inflammatory Th2. Clinical and experimental research in the past half century address to inflammation as the leading cause of abortion, pregnancy loss, premature delivery and related pulmonary, cerebral, intestinal fetal syndromes. Increased level of Interleukin 6, Interleukin 1-beta, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alfa, Interferon-gamma, are some among the well-known markers of gestational inflammation. On the other side, COVID-19 pneumonia is a result of extensive inflammation induced by viral replication within the cells of the respiratory tract. As it may happen in the uterine arteries in the absence of an effective fetal control, viral pneumonia triggers pulmonary vascular coagulation. The cytokines involved in the process are the same as those in gestational inflammation. As the fetus breathes throughout the placenta, fetal death from placental thrombosis is similar to adult death from pulmonary thrombosis. Preventing and counteracting inflammation is mandatory in both conditions. The most relevant literature dealing with the above-mentioned concepts is reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Vesce
- OB & Gyn Complex Unit, Arcispedale Sant’Anna – Ferrara University, Ferrara, Italy
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2
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious respiratory disease mediated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The worldwide spread of COVID-19 has caused millions of confirmed cases and morbidity, and the crisis has greatly affected global economy and daily life and changed our attitudes towards life. The reproductive system, as a potential target, is at a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and females are more vulnerable to viral infection compared with males. Therefore, female fertility and associated reproductive health care in the COVID-19 era need more attention. This review summarises the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the female reproductive system and discusses the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on female fertility. Studies have proven that COVID-19 might affect female fertility and interfere with assisted reproductive technology procedures. The side effects of vaccines against the virus on ovarian reserve and pregnancy have not yet been well investigated. In the future, the female fertility after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination needs more attention because of the uncertainty of COVID-19.
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Labandeira-Garcia JL, Valenzuela R, Costa-Besada MA, Villar-Cheda B, Rodriguez-Perez AI. The intracellular renin-angiotensin system: Friend or foe. Some light from the dopaminergic neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 199:101919. [PMID: 33039415 PMCID: PMC7543790 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is one of the oldest hormone systems in vertebrate phylogeny. RAS was initially related to regulation of blood pressure and sodium and water homeostasis. However, local or paracrine RAS were later identified in many tissues, including brain, and play a major role in their physiology and pathophysiology. In addition, a major component, ACE2, is the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. Overactivation of tissue RAS leads several oxidative stress and inflammatory processes involved in aging-related degenerative changes. In addition, a third level of RAS, the intracellular or intracrine RAS (iRAS), with still unclear functions, has been observed. The possible interaction between the intracellular and extracellular RAS, and particularly the possible deleterious or beneficial effects of the iRAS activation are controversial. The dopaminergic system is particularly interesting to investigate the RAS as important functional interactions between dopamine and RAS have been observed in the brain and several peripheral tissues. Our recent observations in mitochondria and nucleus of dopaminergic neurons may clarify the role of the iRAS. This may be important for the developing of new therapeutic strategies, since the effects on both extracellular and intracellular RAS must be taken into account, and perhaps better understanding of COVID-19 cell mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rita Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria A Costa-Besada
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Villar-Cheda
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease, Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Health Research Institute (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CiberNed), Madrid, Spain
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4
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Jing Y, Run-Qian L, Hao-Ran W, Hao-Ran C, Ya-Bin L, Yang G, Fei C. Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system. Mol Hum Reprod 2020; 26:367-373. [PMID: 32365180 PMCID: PMC7239105 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) appeared in December 2019 and then spread throughout the world rapidly. The virus invades the target cell by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 and modulates the expression of ACE2 in host cells. ACE2, a pivotal component of the renin-angiotensin system, exerts its physiological functions by modulating the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7). We reviewed the literature that reported the distribution and function of ACE2 in the female reproductive system, hoping to clarify the potential harm of 2019-nCoV to female fertility. The available evidence suggests that ACE2 is widely expressed in the ovary, uterus, vagina and placenta. Therefore, we believe that apart from droplets and contact transmission, the possibility of mother-to-child and sexual transmission also exists. Ang II, ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) regulate follicle development and ovulation, modulate luteal angiogenesis and degeneration, and also influence the regular changes in endometrial tissue and embryo development. Taking these functions into account, 2019-nCoV may disturb the female reproductive functions through regulating ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jing
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Li Run-Qian
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Wang Hao-Ran
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Chen Hao-Ran
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Liu Ya-Bin
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Gao Yang
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
| | - Chen Fei
- Department of Physiology, Jining Medical University, 272067 Jining, China
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5
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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TPGS functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery to overcome multidrug resistance. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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7
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Abstract
It has become clear that the vasoactive peptide angiotensin II, like other so-called intracrines, can act in the intracellular space. Evidence has accumulated indicating that such angiotensin II activity can be upregulated in disease states and cause pathology. Indeed, other intracrines appear to be involved in disease pathogenesis as well. At the same time, nitric oxide, potentially a cell protective factor, has been shown to be upregulated by intracellular angiotensin II. Recently data have been developed indicating that other potentially protective factors are directly upregulated at neuronal nuclei by angiotensin II. This led to the suggestion that intracellular angiotensin II is cell protective and not pathological. Here, the data on both sides of this issue and a possible resolution are discussed. In summary, there is evidence for both protective and pathological actions of intracellular angiotensin, just as there is abundant evidence derived from whole animal physiology to indicate that angiotensin-driven signaling cascades, including angiotensin II type 2 receptor- and Mas receptor-mediated events, can mitigate the effects of the angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor axis (25). This mitigation does not negate the physiological and pathological importance of angiotensin II/angiotensin II type 1 receptor action but does expand our understanding of the workings of both intracellular and extracellular angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Re
- Division of Academics-Research, Ochsner Clinic Foundation , New Orleans, Louisiana
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8
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Re RN. A Pathogenic Mechanism Potentially Operative in Multiple Progressive Diseases and Its Therapeutic Implications. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 57:1507-1518. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N. Re
- Division of Academics-Research; Ochsner Clinic Foundation; New Orleans LA USA
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9
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Ferrão FM, Cardoso LHD, Drummond HA, Li XC, Zhuo JL, Gomes DS, Lara LS, Vieyra A, Lowe J. Luminal ANG II is internalized as a complex with AT 1R/AT 2R heterodimers to target endoplasmic reticulum in LLC-PK 1 cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F440-F449. [PMID: 28468964 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
ANG II has many biological effects in renal physiology, particularly in Ca2+ handling in the regulation of fluid and solute reabsorption. It involves the systemic endocrine renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but tissue and intracrine ANG II are also known. We have shown that ANG II induces heterodimerization of its AT1 and AT2 receptors (AT1R and AT2R) to stimulate sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) activity. Thus, we investigated whether ANG II-AT1R/AT2R complex is formed and internalized, and also examined the intracellular localization of this complex to determine how its effect might be exerted on renal intracrine RAS. Living cell imaging of LLC-PK1 cells, quantification of extracellular ANG II, and use of the receptor antagonists, losartan and PD123319, showed that ANG II is internalized with AT1R/AT2R heterodimers as a complex in a microtubule-dependent and clathrin-independent manner, since colchicine-but not Pitstop2-blocked this process. This result was confirmed by an increase of β-arrestin phosphorylation after ANG II treatment, clathrin-mediated endocytosis being dependent on dephosphorylation of β-arrestin. Internalized ANG II colocalized with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker and increased levels of AT1R, AT2R, and PKCα in ER-enriched membrane fractions. This novel evidence suggests the internalization of an ANG II-AT1/AT2 complex to target ER, where it might trigger intracellular Ca2+ responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda M Ferrão
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiza H D Cardoso
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heather A Drummond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xiao C Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Dayene S Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucienne S Lara
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Lowe
- Laboratório de Físico-Química Biológica Aída Hassón-Voloch, Instituto de Biofísica Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; .,Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
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10
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Kadam P, McAllister R, Urbach JS, Sandberg K, Mueller SC. Live Cell Imaging and 3D Analysis of Angiotensin Receptor Type 1a Trafficking in Transfected Human Embryonic Kidney Cells Using Confocal Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28447987 DOI: 10.3791/55177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-cell imaging is used to simultaneously capture time-lapse images of angiotensin type 1a receptors (AT1aR) and intracellular compartments in transfected human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK) cells following stimulation with angiotensin II (Ang II). HEK cells are transiently transfected with plasmid DNA containing AT1aR tagged with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Lysosomes are identified with a red fluorescent dye. Live-cell images are captured on a laser scanning confocal microscope after Ang II stimulation and analyzed by software in three dimensions (3D, voxels) over time. Live-cell imaging enables investigations into receptor trafficking and avoids confounds associated with fixation, and in particular, the loss or artefactual displacement of EGFP-tagged membrane receptors. Thus, as individual cells are tracked through time, the subcellular localization of receptors can be imaged and measured. Images must be acquired sufficiently rapidly to capture rapid vesicle movement. Yet, at faster imaging speeds, the number of photons collected is reduced. Compromises must also be made in the selection of imaging parameters like voxel size in order to gain imaging speed. Significant applications of live-cell imaging are to study protein trafficking, migration, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy and protein-protein interaction and dynamics, to name but a few.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parnika Kadam
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Kathryn Sandberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center; Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center
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11
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Brailoiu GC, Brailoiu E. Modulation of Calcium Entry by the Endo-lysosomal System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:423-47. [PMID: 27161239 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endo-lysosomes are acidic organelles that besides the role in macromolecules degradation, act as intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), the most potent Ca(2+)-mobilizing second messenger, produced in response to agonist stimulation, activates Ca(2+)-releasing channels on endo-lysosomes and modulates a variety of cellular functions. NAADP-evoked signals are amplified by Ca(2+) release from endoplasmic reticulum, via the recruitment of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and/or ryanodine receptors through a Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+)- release (CICR) mechanism. The endo-lysosomal Ca(2+) channels activated by NAADP were recently identified as the two-pore channels (TPCs). In addition to TPCs, endo-lysosomes express another distinct family of Ca(2+)- permeable channels, namely the transient receptor potential mucolipin (TRPML) channels, functionally distinct from TPCs. TPCs belong to the voltage-gated channels, resembling voltage-gated Na(+) and Ca(2+) channels. TPCs have important roles in vesicular fusion and trafficking, in triggering a global Ca(2+) signal and in modulation of the membrane excitability. Depletion of acidic Ca(2+) stores has been shown to activate store-operated Ca(2+) entry in human platelets and mouse pancreatic β-cells. In human platelets, Ca(2+) influx in response to acidic stores depletion is facilitated by the tubulin-cytoskeleton and occurs through non-selective cation channels and transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) channels. Emerging evidence indicates that activation of intracellular receptors, situated on endo-lysosomes, elicits canonical and non-canonical signaling mechanisms that involve CICR and activation of non-selective cation channels in plasma membrane. The ability of endo-lysosomal Ca(2+) stores to modulate the Ca(2+) release from other organelles and the Ca(2+) entry increases the diversity and complexity of cellular signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut St, Rm 916, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Room 848, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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12
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Activation of intracellular angiotensin AT₂ receptors induces rapid cell death in human uterine leiomyosarcoma cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:567-78. [PMID: 25487516 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of angiotensin type 2 (AT₂) receptors in mitochondria and their role in NO generation and cell aging were recently demonstrated in various human and mouse non-tumour cells. We investigated the intracellular distribution of AT₂ receptors including their presence in mitochondria and their role in the induction of apoptosis and cell death in cultured human uterine leiomyosarcoma (SK-UT-1) cells and control human uterine smooth muscle cells (HutSMC). The intracellular levels of the AT₂ receptor are low in proliferating SK-UT-1 cells but the receptor is substantially up-regulated in quiescent SK-UT-1 cells with high densities in mitochondria. Activation of the cell membrane AT₂ receptors by a concomitant treatment with angiotensin II and the AT₁ receptor antagonist, losartan, induces apoptosis but does not affect the rate of cell death. We demonstrate for the first time that the high-affinity, non-peptide AT₂ receptor agonist, Compound 21 (C21), penetrates the cell membrane of quiescent SK-UT-1 cells, activates intracellular AT₂ receptors and induces rapid cell death; approximately 70% of cells died within 24 h. The cells, which escaped cell death, displayed activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, i.e. down-regulation of the Bcl-2 protein, induction of the Bax protein and activation of caspase-3. All quiescent SK-UT-1 cells died within 5 days after treatment with a single dose of C21. C21 was devoid of cytotoxic effects in proliferating SK-UT-1 cells and in quiescent HutSMC. Our results point to a new, unique approach enabling the elimination non-cycling uterine leiomyosarcoma cells providing that they over-express the AT₂ receptor.
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Liu YR, Guan YY, Luan X, Lu Q, Wang C, Liu HJ, Gao YG, Yang SC, Dong X, Chen HZ, Fang C. Delta-like ligand 4-targeted nanomedicine for antiangiogenic cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2014; 42:161-71. [PMID: 25542804 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is a multistep process involved with multiple molecular events in cancer microenvironment. Several molecular-targeted agents aiming to suppress tumor angiogenesis have been successfully translated into cancer clinic. However, new strategies are still urgently desired to be excavated to overcome the poor response and resistance in some antiangiogenic therapies. Recently, Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4) is identified to be specifically over-expressed on tumor vascular endothelial cells (EC), and the Dll4-Notch pathway serves as a critical regulator in the development and maintenance of tumor angiogenesis. The intensively up-regulated phenotype of Dll4 on the membrane of tumor vascular EC implies that Dll4 may act as a targetable address for drug delivery system (DDS) to achieve targeted antiangiogenic cancer therapy. Here, a nano-DDS, GD16 peptide (H2N-GRCTNFHNFIYICFPD-CONH2, containing a disulfide bond between Cys3 and Cys13) conjugated nanoparticles loading paclitaxel (GD16-PTX-NP), which can specifically target the angiogenic marker Dll4, was fabricated for the investigation of antiangiogenic therapeutic efficacy in human head and neck cancer FaDu (Dll4-negative) xenograft in nude mice. The results demonstrate that GD16-PTX-NP achieved controlled drug release and exhibited favorable in vivo long-circulating feature. GD16-PTX-NP exerted enhanced antiangiogenic activity in the inhibition of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) viability, motility, migration, and tube formation, and in the Matrigel plug model as well, which can be definitely ascribed to the active internalization mediated by the interaction of GD16 and the over-expressed Dll4 on EC. GD16-PTX-NP showed accurate in vivo tumor neovasculature targeting property in FaDu tumor, where the paclitaxel was specifically delivered into the tumor vascular EC, leading to significant apoptosis of tumor vascular EC and necrosis of tumor tissues. The antiangiogenic activity of GD16-PTX-NP significantly contributed to its in vivo anticancer efficacy in Fadu tumor; moreover, no overt toxicity to the mice was observed. Our research firstly presents the potency and significance of a Dll4-targeted nanomedicine in antiangiogenic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Rong Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ying-Yun Guan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Qin Lu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hai-Jun Liu
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yun-Ge Gao
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Si-Cong Yang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao Dong
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Chao Fang
- Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China.
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14
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Brailoiu GC, Deliu E, Marcu J, Hoffman NE, Console-Bram L, Zhao P, Madesh M, Abood ME, Brailoiu E. Differential activation of intracellular versus plasmalemmal CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Biochemistry 2014; 53:4990-9. [PMID: 25033246 PMCID: PMC4144709 DOI: 10.1021/bi500632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
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The therapeutic and psychoactive
properties of cannabinoids have
long been recognized. The type 2 receptor for cannabinoids (CB2) has emerged as an important therapeutic target in several
pathologies, as it mediates beneficial effects of cannabinoids while
having little if any psychotropic activity. Difficulties associated
with the development of CB2-based therapeutic agents have
been related to its intricate pharmacology, including the species
specificity and functional selectivity of the CB2-initiated
responses. We postulated that a plasmalemmal or subcellular location
of the receptor may contribute to the differential signaling pathways
initiated by its activation. To differentiate between these two, we
used extracellular and intracellular administration of CB2 ligands and concurrent calcium imaging in CB2-expressing
U2OS cells. We found that extracellular administration of anandamide
was ineffective, whereas 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and WIN55,212-2
triggered delayed, CB2-dependent Ca2+ responses
that were Gq protein-mediated. When microinjected, all agonists elicited
fast, transient, and dose-dependent elevations in intracellular Ca2+ concentration upon activation of Gq-coupled CB2 receptors. The CB2 dependency was confirmed by the sensitivity
to AM630, a selective CB2 antagonist, and by the unresponsiveness
of untransfected U2OS cells to 2-AG, anandamide, or WIN55,212-2. Moreover,
we provide functional and morphological evidence that CB2 receptors are localized at the endolysosomes, while their activation
releases Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive-
and acidic-like Ca2+ stores. Our results support the functionality
of intracellular CB2 receptors and their ability to couple
to Gq and elicit Ca2+ signaling. These findings add further
complexity to CB2 receptor pharmacology and argue for careful
consideration of receptor localization in the development of CB2-based therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
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15
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Deliu E, Brailoiu GC, Eguchi S, Hoffman NE, Rabinowitz JE, Tilley DG, Madesh M, Koch WJ, Brailoiu E. Direct evidence of intracrine angiotensin II signaling in neurons. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C736-44. [PMID: 24401846 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00131.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in neurons was first postulated 40 years ago. Further studies indicated intraneuronal generation of ANG II. However, the function and signaling mechanisms of intraneuronal ANG II remained elusive. Since ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) is the major type of receptor mediating the effects of ANG II, we used intracellular microinjection and concurrent Ca(2+) and voltage imaging to examine the functionality of intracellular AT1R in neurons. We show that intracellular administration of ANG II produces a dose-dependent elevation of cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) in hypothalamic neurons that is sensitive to AT1R antagonism. Endolysosomal, but not Golgi apparatus, disruption prevents the effect of microinjected ANG II on [Ca(2+)]i. Additionally, the ANG II-induced Ca(2+) response is dependent on microautophagy and sensitive to inhibition of PLC or antagonism of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Furthermore, intracellular application of ANG II produces AT1R-mediated depolarization of hypothalamic neurons, which is dependent on [Ca(2+)]i increase and on cation influx via transient receptor potential canonical channels. In summary, we provide evidence that intracellular ANG II activates endolysosomal AT1Rs in hypothalamic neurons. Our results point to the functionality of a novel intraneuronal angiotensinergic pathway, extending the current understanding of intracrine ANG II signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Yu J, Deliu E, Zhang XQ, Hoffman NE, Carter RL, Grisanti LA, Brailoiu GC, Madesh M, Cheung JY, Force T, Abood ME, Koch WJ, Tilley DG, Brailoiu E. Differential activation of cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes by plasmalemmal versus intracellular G protein-coupled receptor 55. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22481-92. [PMID: 23814062 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.456178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The L-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)-sensitive receptor GPR55 is coupled to Ca(2+) signaling. Low levels of GPR55 expression in the heart have been reported. Similar to other G protein-coupled receptors involved in cardiac function, GPR55 may be expressed both at the sarcolemma and intracellularly. Thus, to explore the role of GPR55 in cardiomyocytes, we used calcium and voltage imaging and extracellular administration or intracellular microinjection of GPR55 ligands. We provide the first evidence that, in cultured neonatal ventricular myocytes, LPI triggers distinct signaling pathways via GPR55, depending on receptor localization. GPR55 activation at the sarcolemma elicits, on one hand, Ca(2+) entry via L-type Ca(2+) channels and, on the other, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca(2+) release. The latter signal is further amplified by Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release via ryanodine receptors. Conversely, activation of GPR55 at the membrane of intracellular organelles promotes Ca(2+) release from acidic-like Ca(2+) stores via the endolysosomal NAADP-sensitive two-pore channels. This response is similarly enhanced by Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release via ryanodine receptors. Extracellularly applied LPI produces Ca(2+)-independent membrane depolarization, whereas the Ca(2+) signal induced by intracellular microinjection of LPI converges to hyperpolarization of the sarcolemma. Collectively, our findings point to GPR55 as a novel G protein-coupled receptor regulating cardiac function at two cellular sites. This work may serve as a platform for future studies exploring the potential of GPR55 as a therapeutic target in cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Yu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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17
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Deliu E, Brailoiu GC, Mallilankaraman K, Wang H, Madesh M, Undieh AS, Koch WJ, Brailoiu E. Intracellular endothelin type B receptor-driven Ca2+ signal elicits nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41023-31. [PMID: 23086942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 exerts its actions via activation of ET(A) and ET(B) G(q/11) protein-coupled receptors, located in the plasmalemma, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Although the autocrine/paracrine nature of endothelin-1 signaling has been extensively studied, its intracrine role has been largely attributed to interaction with receptors located on nuclear membranes and the nucleoplasm. Because ET(B) receptors have been shown to be targeted to endolysosomes, we used intracellular microinjection and concurrent imaging methods to test their involvement in Ca(2+) signaling and subsequential NO production. We provide evidence that microinjected endothelin-1 produces a dose-dependent elevation in cytosolic calcium concentration in ET(B)-transfected cells and endothelial cells; this response is sensitive to ET(B) but not ET(A) receptor blockade. In endothelial cells, the endothelin-1-induced Ca(2+) response is abolished upon endolysosomal but not Golgi disruption. Moreover, the effect is prevented by inhibition of microautophagy and is sensitive to inhibitors of the phospholipase C and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Furthermore, intracellular endothelin-1 increases nitric oxide via an ET(B)-dependent mechanism. Our results indicate for the first time that intracellular endothelin-1 activates endolysosomal ET(B) receptors and increase cytosolic Ca(2+) and nitric oxide production. Endothelin-1 acts in an intracrine fashion on endolysosomal ET(B) to induce nitric oxide formation, thus modulating endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, USA
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18
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Deliu E, Brailoiu GC, Arterburn JB, Oprea TI, Benamar K, Dun NJ, Brailoiu E. Mechanisms of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-mediated spinal nociception. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2012; 13:742-54. [PMID: 22858342 PMCID: PMC3412047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human and animal studies suggest that estrogens are involved in the processing of nociceptive sensory information and analgesic responses in the central nervous system. Rapid pronociceptive estrogenic effects have been reported, some of which likely involve G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) activation. Membrane depolarization and increases in cytosolic calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are markers of neuronal activation, underlying pain sensitization in the spinal cord. Using behavioral, electrophysiological, and fluorescent imaging studies, we evaluated GPER involvement in spinal nociceptive processing. Intrathecal challenging of mice with the GPER agonist G-1 results in pain-related behaviors. GPER antagonism with G15 reduces the G-1-induced response. Electrophysiological recordings from superficial dorsal horn neurons indicate neuronal membrane depolarization with G-1 application, which is G15 sensitive. In cultured spinal sensory neurons, G-1 increases intracellular calcium concentration and induces mitochondrial and cytosolic ROS accumulation. In the presence of G15, G-1 does not elicit the calcium and ROS responses, confirming specific GPER involvement in this process. Cytosolic calcium concentration elevates faster and with higher amplitude following G-1 intracellular microinjections compared to extracellular exposure, suggesting subcellular GPER functionality. Thus, GPER activation results in spinal nociception, and the downstream mechanisms involve cytosolic calcium increase, ROS accumulation, and neuronal membrane depolarization. PERSPECTIVE Our results suggest that GPER modulates pain processing in spinal sensory neurons via cytosolic calcium increase and ROS accumulation. These findings extend the current knowledge on GPER involvement in physiology and disease, providing the first evidence of its pronociceptive effects at central levels and characterizing some of the underlying mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Action Potentials/drug effects
- Analgesics, Opioid/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Benzodioxoles/administration & dosage
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclopentanes/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Interactions
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Microinjections
- Morphine/administration & dosage
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/physiology
- Nociception/drug effects
- Nociception/physiology
- Nociceptive Pain/drug therapy
- Nociceptive Pain/metabolism
- Nociceptive Pain/pathology
- Pain Measurement
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Quinolines/administration & dosage
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Superoxides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Deliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - G. Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Tudor I. Oprea
- Division of Biocomputing, Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 208, Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Khalid Benamar
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Nae J. Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19140
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19
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Vaz-Silva J, Tavares RL, Ferreira MC, Honorato-Sampaio K, Cavallo IKD, Santos RAS, dos Reis AM, Reis FM. Tissue specific localization of angiotensin-(1–7) and its receptor Mas in the uterus of ovariectomized rats. J Mol Histol 2012; 43:597-602. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-012-9427-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Brailoiu GC, Deliu E, Hooper R, Dun NJ, Undieh AS, Adler MW, Benamar K, Brailoiu E. Agonist-selective effects of opioid receptor ligands on cytosolic calcium concentration in rat striatal neurons. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123:277-81. [PMID: 22196236 PMCID: PMC3321394 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 11/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Buprenorphine is an opioid receptor ligand whose mechanism of action is incompletely understood. METHODS Using Ca(2+) imaging, we assessed the effects of buprenorphine, β-endorphin, and morphine on cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration [Ca(2+)](i), in rat striatal neurons. RESULTS Buprenorphine (0.01-1 μM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) in a dose-dependent manner in a subpopulation of rat striatal neurons. The effect of buprenorphine was largely reduced by naloxone, a non-selective opioid receptor antagonist, but not by μ, κ, δ or NOP-selective antagonists. β-Endorphin (0.1 μM) increased [Ca(2+)](i) with a lower amplitude and slower time course than buprenorphine. Similar to buprenorphine, the effect of β-endorphin was markedly decreased by naloxone, but not by opioid-selective antagonists. Morphine (0.1-10 μM), did not affect [Ca(2+)](i) in striatal neurons. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that buprenorphine and β-endorphin act on a distinct type/subtype of plasmalemmal opioid receptors or activate intracellular opioid-like receptor(s) in rat striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Cristina Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Elena Deliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Robert Hooper
- Department of Biochemistry, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Nae J. Dun
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Ashiwel S. Undieh
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Martin W. Adler
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
| | - Khalid Benamar
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Correspondence to: Khalid Benamar () or Eugen Brailoiu ()
| | - Eugen Brailoiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140
- Correspondence to: Khalid Benamar () or Eugen Brailoiu ()
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21
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Kumar R, Yong QC, Thomas CM, Baker KM. Intracardiac intracellular angiotensin system in diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 302:R510-7. [PMID: 22170614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00512.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has mainly been categorized as a circulating and a local tissue RAS. A new component of the local system, known as the intracellular RAS, has recently been described. The intracellular RAS is defined as synthesis and action of ANG II intracellularly. This RAS appears to differ from the circulating and the local RAS, in terms of components and the mechanism of action. These differences may alter treatment strategies that target the RAS in several pathological conditions. Recent work from our laboratory has demonstrated significant upregulation of the cardiac, intracellular RAS in diabetes, which is associated with cardiac dysfunction. Here, we have reviewed evidence supporting an intracellular RAS in different cell types, ANG II's actions in cardiac cells, and its mechanism of action, focusing on the intracellular cardiac RAS in diabetes. We have discussed the significance of an intracellular RAS in cardiac pathophysiology and implications for potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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22
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Tica AA, Dun EC, Tica OS, Gao X, Arterburn JB, Brailoiu GC, Oprea TI, Brailoiu E. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1-mediated effects in the rat myometrium. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C1262-9. [PMID: 21865584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00501.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), also named GPR30, has been previously identified in the female reproductive system. In this study, GPER expression was found in the female rat myometrium by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Using GPER-selective ligands, we assessed the effects of the GPER activation on resting membrane potential and cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in rat myometrial cells, as well as on contractility of rat uterine strips. G-1, a specific GPER agonist, induced a concentration-dependent depolarization and increase in [Ca(2+)](i) in myometrial cells. The depolarization was abolished in Na(+)-free saline. G-1-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase was markedly decreased by nifedipine, a L-type Ca(2+) channel blocker, by Ca(2+)-free or Na(+)-free saline. Intracellular administration of G-1 produced a faster and transitory increase in [Ca(2+)](i), with a higher amplitude than that induced by extracellular application, supporting an intracellular localization of the functional GPER in myometrial cells. Depletion of internal Ca(2+) stores with thapsigargin produced a robust store-activated Ca(2+) entry; the Ca(2+) response to G-1 was similar to the constitutive Ca(2+) entry and did not seem to involve store-operated Ca(2+) entry. In rat uterine strips, administration of G-1 increased the frequency and amplitude of contractions and the area under the contractility curve. The effects of G-1 on membrane potential, [Ca(2+)](i), and uterine contractility were prevented by pretreatment with G-15, a GPER antagonist, further supporting the involvement of GPER in these responses. Taken together, our results indicate that GPER is expressed and functional in rat myometrium. GPER activation produces depolarization, elevates [Ca(2+)](i) and increases contractility in myometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei A Tica
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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23
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Re RN. Lysosomal action of intracrine angiotensin II. Focus on "Intracellular angiotensin II activates rat myometrium". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 301:C553-4. [PMID: 21734187 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00232.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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