1
|
Sibilio S, Mennella R, Gregorio VD, Rocca AL, Urciuolo F, Imparato G, Netti PA. A novel membrane-on-chip guides morphogenesis for the reconstruction of the intestinal crypt-villus axis. Biofabrication 2024; 16:045019. [PMID: 39029501 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Reconstructing the microscale villous organisation and functionality of the small intestine is essential for developingin vitroplatforms tailored for absorption studies as well as for investigating intestinal morphogenesis in development and disease. However, the current fabrication techniques able to mimic the villus-crypt axis poses significant challenges in terms of reconstruction of the complex 3D microarchitecture. These challenges extend beyond mere structural intricacies to encompass the incorporation of diverse cell types and the management of intricate fluid dynamics within the system. Here, we introduce a novel microfluidic device calledIn-Crypts, which integrates a cell-instructive membrane aimed at inducing and guiding Caco-2 cells morphogenesis. Patterned topographical cues embossed onto the porous membrane induce the formation of a well-organized intestinal epithelium, characterized by proliferating crypt-like domains and differentiated villus-like regions. Notably, our cell-instructive porous membrane effectively sustains stem cells development, faithfully replicating the niche environment ofin vivointestinal crypts thus mirroring the cell biogeography observedin vivo. Moreover, by introducing dynamic fluid flow, we provide a faithful recapitulation of the native microenvironmental shear stress experienced by the intestinal epithelium. This stress plays a crucial role in influencing cell behaviour, differentiation, and overall functionality, thus offering a highly realistic model for studying intestinal physiology and pathology. The resulting intestinal epithelium exhibits significantly denser regions of mucus and microvilli, characteristic typically absent in static cultures, upregulating more than 1.5 of the amount expressed in the classical flattened configuration, enhanced epithelial cell differentiation and increased adsorptive surface area. Hence, the innovative design ofIn-Cryptsproves the critical role of employing a cell-instructive membrane in argument the physiological relevance of organs-on-chips. This aspect, among others, will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of organism function, directly impacting drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sibilio
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mennella
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenza De Gregorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia La Rocca
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A Netti
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Naples, Italy
- University of Naples Federico II, Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ljungholm PL, Ermund A, Söderlund Garsveden MM, Pettersson VL, Gustafsson JK. The anion exchanger slc26a3 regulates colonic mucus expansion during steady state and in response to prostaglandin E 2, while Cftr regulates de novo mucus release in response to carbamylcholine. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:1209-1219. [PMID: 38829391 PMCID: PMC11271379 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is covered by mucus that protects the tissue from the luminal content. Studies have shown that anion secretion via the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator (Cftr) regulates mucus formation in the small intestine. However, mechanisms regulating mucus formation in the colon are less understood. The aim of this study was to explore the role of anion transport in the regulation of mucus formation during steady state and in response to carbamylcholine (CCh) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The broad-spectrum anion transport inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS), CftrdF508 (CF) mice, and the slc26a3 inhibitor SLC26A3-IN-2 were used to inhibit anion transport. In the distal colon, steady-state mucus expansion was reduced by SLC26A3-IN-2 and normal in CF mice. PGE2 stimulated mucus expansion without de novo mucus release in wild type (WT) and CF colon via slc26a3 sensitive mechanisms, while CCh induced de novo mucus secretion in WT but not in CF colon. However, when added simultaneously, CCh and PGE2 stimulated de novo mucus secretion in the CF colon via DIDS-sensitive pathways. A similar response was observed in CF ileum that responded to CCh and PGE2 with DIDS-sensitive de novo mucus secretion. In conclusion, this study suggests that slc26a3 regulates colonic mucus expansion, while Cftr regulates CCh-induced de novo mucus secretion from ileal and distal colon crypts. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that in the absence of a functional Cftr channel, parallel stimulation with CCh and PGE2 activates additional anion transport processes that help release mucus from intestinal goblet cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penny L Ljungholm
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, Box 432, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ermund
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Victor L Pettersson
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, Box 432, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, Box 432, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim R, Sung JH. Recent Advances in Gut- and Gut-Organ-Axis-on-a-Chip Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302777. [PMID: 38243887 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The human gut extracts nutrients from the diet while forming the largest barrier against the outer environment. In addition, the gut actively maintains homeostasis through intricate interactions with the gut microbes, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, and other organs. These interactions influence digestive health and, furthermore, play crucial roles in systemic health and disease. Given its primary role in absorbing and metabolizing orally administered drugs, there is significant interest in the development of preclinical in vitro model systems that can accurately emulate the intestine in vivo. A gut-on-a-chip system holds great potential as a testing and screening platform because of its ability to emulate the physiological aspects of in vivo tissues and expandability to incorporate and combine with other organs. This review aims to identify the key physiological features of the human gut that need to be incorporated to build more accurate preclinical models and highlights the recent progress in gut-on-a-chip systems and competing technologies toward building more physiologically relevant preclinical model systems. Furthermore, various efforts to construct multi-organ systems with the gut, called gut-organ-axis-on-a-chip models, are discussed. In vitro gut models with physiological relevance can provide valuable platforms for bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raehyun Kim
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raya Tonetti F, Eguileor A, Mrdjen M, Pathak V, Travers J, Nagy LE, Llorente C. Gut-liver axis: Recent concepts in pathophysiology in alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00873. [PMID: 38691396 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The growing recognition of the role of the gut microbiome's impact on alcohol-associated diseases, especially in alcohol-associated liver disease, emphasizes the need to understand molecular mechanisms involved in governing organ-organ communication to identify novel avenues to combat alcohol-associated diseases. The gut-liver axis refers to the bidirectional communication and interaction between the gut and the liver. Intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis within the gut-liver axis, and this axis plays a significant role in alcohol-associated liver disease. The intricate communication between intestine and liver involves communication between multiple cellular components in each organ that enable them to carry out their physiological functions. In this review, we focus on novel approaches to understanding how chronic alcohol exposure impacts the microbiome and individual cells within the liver and intestine, as well as the impact of ethanol on the molecular machinery required for intraorgan and interorgan communication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Raya Tonetti
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alvaro Eguileor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marko Mrdjen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vai Pathak
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jared Travers
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Laura E Nagy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Z, Shen J. The role of goblet cells in Crohn' s disease. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:43. [PMID: 38561835 PMCID: PMC10985922 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD), a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is increasing worldwide. The pathogenesis of CD is hypothesized to be related to environmental, genetic, immunological, and bacterial factors. Current studies have indicated that intestinal epithelial cells, including columnar, Paneth, M, tuft, and goblet cells dysfunctions, are strongly associated with these pathogenic factors. In particular, goblet cells dysfunctions have been shown to be related to CD pathogenesis by direct or indirect ways, according to the emerging studies. The mucus barrier was established with the help of mucins secreted by goblet cells. Not only do the mucins mediate the mucus barrier permeability and bacterium selection, but also, they are closely linked with the endothelial reticulum stress during the synthesis process. Goblet cells also play a vital role in immune response. It was indicated that goblet cells take part in the antigen presentation and cytokines secretion process. Disrupted goblet cells related immune process were widely discovered in CD patients. Meanwhile, dysbiosis of commensal and pathogenic microbiota can induce myriad immune responses through mucus and goblet cell-associated antigen passage. Microbiome dysbiosis lead to inflammatory reaction against pathogenic bacteria and abnormal tolerogenic response. All these three pathways, including the loss of mucus barrier function, abnormal immune reaction, and microbiome dysbiosis, may have independent or cooperative effect on the CD pathogenesis. However, many of the specific mechanisms underlying these pathways remain unclear. Based on the current understandings of goblet cell's role in CD pathogenesis, substances including butyrate, PPARγagonist, Farnesoid X receptor agonist, nuclear factor-Kappa B, nitrate, cytokines mediators, dietary and nutrient therapies were all found to have potential therapeutic effects on CD by regulating the goblet cells mediated pathways. Several monoclonal antibodies already in use for the treatment of CD in the clinical settings were also found to have some goblet cells related therapeutic targets. In this review, we introduce the disease-related functions of goblet cells, their relationship with CD, their possible mechanisms, and current CD treatments targeting goblet cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, No.160 PuJian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baoshan Branch, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, No.160 PuJian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jain Y, Godwin LL, Ju Y, Sood N, Quardokus EM, Bueckle A, Longacre T, Horning A, Lin Y, Esplin ED, Hickey JW, Snyder MP, Patterson NH, Spraggins JM, Börner K. Segmentation of human functional tissue units in support of a Human Reference Atlas. Commun Biol 2023; 6:717. [PMID: 37468557 PMCID: PMC10356924 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP) aims to compile a Human Reference Atlas (HRA) for the healthy adult body at the cellular level. Functional tissue units (FTUs), relevant for HRA construction, are of pathobiological significance. Manual segmentation of FTUs does not scale; highly accurate and performant, open-source machine-learning algorithms are needed. We designed and hosted a Kaggle competition that focused on development of such algorithms and 1200 teams from 60 countries participated. We present the competition outcomes and an expanded analysis of the winning algorithms on additional kidney and colon tissue data, and conduct a pilot study to understand spatial location and density of FTUs across the kidney. The top algorithm from the competition, Tom, outperforms other algorithms in the expanded study, while using fewer computational resources. Tom was added to the HuBMAP infrastructure to run kidney FTU segmentation at scale-showcasing the value of Kaggle competitions for advancing research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yashvardhan Jain
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA.
| | - Leah L Godwin
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Yingnan Ju
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Naveksha Sood
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Ellen M Quardokus
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Andreas Bueckle
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Teri Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Aaron Horning
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Edward D Esplin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John W Hickey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M Spraggins
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Katy Börner
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gustafsson JK, Johansson MEV. The role of goblet cells and mucus in intestinal homeostasis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:785-803. [PMID: 36097076 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract faces numerous challenges that require several layers of defence. The tight epithelium forms a physical barrier that is further protected by a mucus layer, which provides various site-specific protective functions. Mucus is produced by goblet cells, and as a result of single-cell RNA sequencing identifying novel goblet cell subpopulations, our understanding of their various contributions to intestinal homeostasis has improved. Goblet cells not only produce mucus but also are intimately linked to the immune system. Mucus and goblet cell development is tightly regulated during early life and synchronized with microbial colonization. Dysregulation of the developing mucus systems and goblet cells has been associated with infectious and inflammatory conditions and predisposition to chronic disease later in life. Dysfunctional mucus and altered goblet cell profiles are associated with inflammatory conditions in which some mucus system impairments precede inflammation, indicating a role in pathogenesis. In this Review, we present an overview of the current understanding of the role of goblet cells and the mucus layer in maintaining intestinal health during steady-state and how alterations to these systems contribute to inflammatory and infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemisty and Cell biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rudolph SE, Longo BN, Tse MW, Houchin MR, Shokoufandeh MM, Chen Y, Kaplan DL. Crypt-Villus Scaffold Architecture for Bioengineering Functional Human Intestinal Epithelium. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:4942-4955. [PMID: 36191009 PMCID: PMC10379436 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Crypt-villus architecture in the small intestine is crucial for the structural integrity of the intestinal epithelium and maintenance of gut homeostasis. We utilized three-dimensional (3D) printing and inverse molding techniques to form three-dimensional (3D) spongy scaffold systems that resemble the intestinal crypt-villus microarchitecture. The scaffolds consist of silk fibroin protein with curved lumens with rows of protruding villi with invaginating crypts to generate the architecture. Intestinal cell (Caco-2, HT29-MTX) attachment and growth, as well as long-term culture support were demonstrated with cell polarization and tissue barrier properties compared to two-dimensional (2D) Transwell culture controls. Further, physiologically relevant oxygen gradients were generated in the 3D system. The various advantages of this system may be ascribed to the more physiologically relevant 3D environment, offering a system for the exploration of disease pathogenesis, host-microbiome interactions, and therapeutic discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara E Rudolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Brooke N Longo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Megan W Tse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Megan R Houchin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Mina M Shokoufandeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Parrish A, Boudaud M, Kuehn A, Ollert M, Desai MS. Intestinal mucus barrier: a missing piece of the puzzle in food allergy. Trends Mol Med 2021; 28:36-50. [PMID: 34810087 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergies has reached epidemic levels but the cause remains largely unknown. We discuss the clinical relevance of the gut mucosal barrier as a site for allergic sensitization to food. In this context, we focus on an important but overlooked part of the mucosal barrier in pathogenesis, the glycoprotein-rich mucus layer, and call attention to both beneficial and detrimental aspects of mucus-gut microbiome interactions. Studying the intricate links between the mucus barrier, the associated bacteria, and the mucosal immune system may advance our understanding of the mechanisms and inform prevention and treatment strategies in food allergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Parrish
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie Boudaud
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Annette Kuehn
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mahesh S Desai
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 4354 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis, Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang S, Yu M. Role of Goblet Cells in Intestinal Barrier and Mucosal Immunity. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3171-3183. [PMID: 34285541 PMCID: PMC8286120 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s318327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells and the mucus they secrete serve as an important barrier, preventing pathogens from invading the mucosa to cause intestinal inflammation. The perspective regarding goblet cells and mucus has changed, with current evidence suggesting that they are not passive but play a positive role in maintaining intestinal tract immunity and mucosal homeostasis. Goblet cells could obtain luminal antigens, presenting them to the underlying antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that induces adaptive immune responses. Various immunomodulatory factors can promote the differentiation and maturation of goblet cells, and the secretion of mucin. The abnormal proliferation and differentiation of goblet cells, as well as the deficiency synthesis and secretion of mucins, result in intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. This review provides an extensive outline of the signaling pathways that regulate goblet cell proliferation and differentiation and control mucins synthesis and secretion to elucidate how altering these pathways affects goblet functionality. Furthermore, the interaction between mucins and goblet cells in intestinal mucosal immunology is described. Therefore, the contribution of goblet cells and mucus in promoting gut defense and homeostasis is illustrated, while clarifying the regulatory mechanisms involved may allow the development of new therapeutic strategies for intestinal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education (Chongqing University), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cortez V, Schultz-Cherry S. The role of goblet cells in viral pathogenesis. FEBS J 2021; 288:7060-7072. [PMID: 33507606 PMCID: PMC8013445 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that are essential to the formation of the mucus barriers in the airways and intestines. Armed with an arsenal of defenses, goblet cells can rapidly respond to infection but must balance this response with maintaining homeostasis. Whereas goblet cell defenses against bacterial and parasitic infections have been characterized, we are just beginning to understand their responses to viral infections. Here, we outline what is known about the enteric and respiratory viruses that target goblet cells, the direct and bystander effects caused by viral infection and how viral interactions with the mucus barrier can alter the course of infection. Together, these factors can play a significant role in driving viral pathogenesis and disease outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Cortez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang M, Wu C. The relationship between intestinal goblet cells and the immune response. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20201471. [PMID: 33017020 PMCID: PMC7569202 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are single-cell glands that produce and secrete mucin. Mucin forms a mucus layer, which can separate the materials in cavities from the intestinal epithelium and prevent the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms in various ways. GCs can also participate in the immune response through nonspecific endocytosis and goblet cell-associated antigen passages (GAPs). GCs endocytose soluble substances from the lumen and transmit antigens to the underlying antigen-presenting cells (APCs). A variety of immuno-regulatory factors can promote the differentiation, maturation of GCs, and the secretion of mucin. The mucin secreted by GCs forms a mucus layer, which plays an important role in resisting the invasion of foreign bacteria and intestinal inherent microorganisms, regulating the immune performance of the body. Therefore, the present study mainly reviews the barrier function of the mucus layer, the mucus secreted by goblet cells, the protective effect against pathogenic bacteria, the delivery of luminal substances through GAPs and the relationship between GCs and the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schwerdtfeger LA, Tobet SA. Vasoactive intestinal peptide regulates ileal goblet cell production in mice. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14363. [PMID: 32026594 PMCID: PMC7002535 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innervation of the intestinal mucosa has gained more attention with demonstrations of tuft and enteroendocrine cell innervation. However, the role(s) these fibers play in maintaining the epithelial and mucus barriers are still poorly understood. This study therefore examines the proximity of mouse ileal goblet cells to neuronal fibers, and the regulation of goblet cell production by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). An organotypic intestinal slice model that maintains the cellular diversity of the intestinal wall ex vivo was used. An ex vivo copper-free click-reaction to label glycosaminoglycans was used to identify goblet cells. Pharmacological treatment of slices was used to assess the influence of VIP receptor antagonism on goblet cell production and neuronal fiber proximity. Goblet cells were counted and shown to have at least one peripherin immunoreactive fiber within 3 µm of the cell, 51% of the time. Treatment with a VIP receptor type I and II antagonist (VPACa) resulted in an increase in the percentage of goblet cells with peripherin fibers. Pharmacological treatments altered goblet cell counts in intestinal crypts and villi, with tetrodotoxin and VPACa substantially decreasing goblet cell counts. When cultured with 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) as an indicator of cell proliferation, colocalization of labeled goblet cells and EdU in ileal crypts was decreased by 77% when treated with VPACa. This study demonstrates a close relationship of intestinal goblet cells to neuronal fibers. By using organotypic slices from mouse ileum, vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor regulation of gut wall goblet cell production was revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stuart A. Tobet
- Department of Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Swamynathan SK, Wells A. Conjunctival goblet cells: Ocular surface functions, disorders that affect them, and the potential for their regeneration. Ocul Surf 2020; 18:19-26. [PMID: 31734511 PMCID: PMC7004882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs) are specialized cells that produce and secrete soluble mucins to the tear film that bathes the ocular surface. CGC numbers and functions are affected in various ocular surface diseases including dry eye disease with diverse etiologies. In this review we will (i) summarize the important functions of CGCs in ocular surface health, (ii) describe the ocular surface diseases that affect CGC numbers and function, (iii) provide an update on recent research outcomes that elucidate CGC differentiation, gene expression and functions, and (iv) present evidence in support of the prediction that restoring CGC numbers and/or functions is a viable strategy for alleviating ocular surface disorders that impact the CGCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivalingappa K Swamynathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Alan Wells
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sontheimer-Phelps A, Chou DB, Tovaglieri A, Ferrante TC, Duckworth T, Fadel C, Frismantas V, Sutherland AD, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Kasendra M, Stas E, Weaver JC, Richmond CA, Levy O, Prantil-Baun R, Breault DT, Ingber DE. Human Colon-on-a-Chip Enables Continuous In Vitro Analysis of Colon Mucus Layer Accumulation and Physiology. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 9:507-526. [PMID: 31778828 PMCID: PMC7036549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mucus layer in the human colon protects against commensal bacteria and pathogens, and defects in its unique bilayered structure contribute to intestinal disorders, such as ulcerative colitis. However, our understanding of colon physiology is limited by the lack of in vitro models that replicate human colonic mucus layer structure and function. Here, we investigated if combining organ-on-a-chip and organoid technologies can be leveraged to develop a human-relevant in vitro model of colon mucus physiology. METHODS A human colon-on-a-chip (Colon Chip) microfluidic device lined by primary patient-derived colonic epithelial cells was used to recapitulate mucus bilayer formation, and to visualize mucus accumulation in living cultures noninvasively. RESULTS The Colon Chip supports spontaneous goblet cell differentiation and accumulation of a mucus bilayer with impenetrable and penetrable layers, and a thickness similar to that observed in the human colon, while maintaining a subpopulation of proliferative epithelial cells. Live imaging of the mucus layer formation on-chip showed that stimulation of the colonic epithelium with prostaglandin E2, which is increased during inflammation, causes rapid mucus volume expansion via an Na-K-Cl cotransporter 1 ion channel-dependent increase in its hydration state, but no increase in de novo mucus secretion. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the production of colonic mucus with a physiologically relevant bilayer structure in vitro, which can be analyzed in real time noninvasively. The Colon Chip may offer a new preclinical tool to analyze the role of mucus in human intestinal homeostasis as well as diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sontheimer-Phelps
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - David B Chou
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alessio Tovaglieri
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas C Ferrante
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor Duckworth
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cicely Fadel
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Newborn Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Viktoras Frismantas
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Arlene D Sutherland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Magdalena Kasendra
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Stas
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - James C Weaver
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Camilla A Richmond
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Oren Levy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David T Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Vascular Biology Program and Department Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dye FS, Larraufie P, Kay R, Darwish T, Rievaj J, Goldspink DA, Meek CL, Middleton SJ, Hardwick RH, Roberts GP, Percival-Alwyn JL, Vaughan T, Ferraro F, Challis BG, O'Rahilly S, Groves M, Gribble FM, Reimann F. Characterisation of proguanylin expressing cells in the intestine - evidence for constitutive luminal secretion. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15574. [PMID: 31666564 PMCID: PMC6821700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylin, a peptide implicated in regulation of intestinal fluid secretion, is expressed in the mucosa, but the exact cellular origin remains controversial. In a new transgenic mouse model fluorescent reporter protein expression driven by the proguanylin promoter was observed throughout the small intestine and colon in goblet and Paneth(-like) cells and, except in duodenum, in mature enterocytes. In Ussing chamber experiments employing both human and mouse intestinal tissue, proguanylin was released predominantly in the luminal direction. Measurements of proguanylin expression and secretion in cell lines and organoids indicated that secretion is largely constitutive and requires ER to Golgi transport but was not acutely regulated by salt or other stimuli. Using a newly-developed proguanylin assay, we found plasma levels to be raised in humans after total gastrectomy or intestinal transplantation, but largely unresponsive to nutrient ingestion. By LC-MS/MS we identified processed forms in tissue and luminal extracts, but in plasma we only detected full-length proguanylin. Our transgenic approach provides information about the cellular origins of proguanylin, complementing previous immunohistochemical and in-situ hybridisation results. The identification of processed forms of proguanylin in the intestinal lumen but not in plasma supports the notion that the primary site of action is the gut itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Serge Dye
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Larraufie
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard Kay
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tamana Darwish
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Juraj Rievaj
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Dosage Form Design & Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Deborah A Goldspink
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claire L Meek
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen J Middleton
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Richard H Hardwick
- Barrett's Oesophagus and Oesophago-gastric Cancer, Gastroenterology Services, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geoffrey P Roberts
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tris Vaughan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Franco Ferraro
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin G Challis
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria Groves
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Wellcome/MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gut and Their Significance for Intestinal Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070670. [PMID: 31269754 PMCID: PMC6679154 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology with an unmet need for effective treatment. This calls for novel strategies to improve disease outcome and quality of life for patients. Increasing evidence suggests that autonomic nerves and neurotransmitters, as well as neuropeptides, modulate the intestinal immune system, and thereby regulate the intestinal inflammatory processes. Although the autonomic nervous system is classically divided in a sympathetic and parasympathetic branch, both play a pivotal role in the crosstalk with the immune system, with the enteric nervous system acting as a potential interface. Pilot clinical trials that employ vagus nerve stimulation to reduce inflammation are met with promising results. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the innervation of the gut, the potential of cholinergic and adrenergic systems to modulate intestinal immunity, and comment on ongoing developments in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dutton JS, Hinman SS, Kim R, Wang Y, Allbritton NL. Primary Cell-Derived Intestinal Models: Recapitulating Physiology. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:744-760. [PMID: 30591184 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of physiologically relevant intestinal models fueled by breakthroughs in primary cell-culture methods has enabled successful recapitulation of key features of intestinal physiology. These advances, paired with engineering methods, for example incorporating chemical gradients or physical forces across the tissues, have yielded ever more sophisticated systems that enhance our understanding of the impact of the host microbiome on human physiology as well as on the genesis of intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. In this review we highlight recent advances in the development and usage of primary cell-derived intestinal models incorporating monolayers, organoids, microengineered platforms, and macrostructured systems, and discuss the expected directions of the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S Dutton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samuel S Hinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Raehyun Kim
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nancy L Allbritton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Allaire JM, Morampudi V, Crowley SM, Stahl M, Yu H, Bhullar K, Knodler LA, Bressler B, Jacobson K, Vallance BA. Frontline defenders: goblet cell mediators dictate host-microbe interactions in the intestinal tract during health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 314:G360-G377. [PMID: 29122749 PMCID: PMC5899238 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00181.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells (GCs) are the predominant secretory epithelial cells lining the luminal surface of the mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Best known for their apical release of mucin 2 (Muc2), which is critical for the formation of the intestinal mucus barrier, GCs have often been overlooked for their active contributions to intestinal protection and host defense. In part, this oversight reflects the limited tools available to study their function but also because GCs have long been viewed as relatively passive players in promoting intestinal homeostasis and host defense. In light of recent studies, this perspective has shifted, as current evidence suggests that Muc2 as well as other GC mediators are actively released into the lumen to defend the host when the GI tract is challenged by noxious stimuli. The ability of GCs to sense and respond to danger signals, such as bacterial pathogens, has recently been linked to inflammasome signaling, potentially intrinsic to the GCs themselves. Moreover, further work suggests that GCs release Muc2, as well as other mediators, to modulate the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to both the expansion as well as the depletion of specific gut microbes. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which GCs actively defend the host from noxious stimuli, as well as describe advanced technologies and new approaches by which their responses can be addressed. Taken together, we will highlight current insights into this understudied, yet critical, aspect of intestinal mucosal protection and its role in promoting gut defense and homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joannie M. Allaire
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shauna M. Crowley
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Stahl
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hongbing Yu
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirandeep Bhullar
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Leigh A. Knodler
- 2Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Brian Bressler
- 3Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, St. Paul’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dezfuli BS, DePasquale JA, Castaldelli G, Giari L, Bosi G. A fish model for the study of the relationship between neuroendocrine and immune cells in the intestinal epithelium: Silurus glanis infected with a tapeworm. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:243-250. [PMID: 28330806 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence and ultrastructural studies were conducted on a sub-population of 20 wels catfish Silurus glanis from a tributary of the River Po (Northern Italy). Fish were examined for the presence of ecto- and endo-parasites; in the intestine of 5 fish, 11 specimens of cestode Glanitaenia osculata were noted and was the only helminth species encountered. The architecture of intestine and its cellular features were nearly identical in either the uninfected S. glanis or in those harboring G. osculata. Near the site of worm's attachment, mucous cells, several mast cells (MCs), few neutrophils and some endocrine cells (ECs) were found to co-occur within the intestinal epithelium. MCs and neutrophils were abundant also in the submucosa. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that enteric ECs were immunoreactive to met-enkephalin, galanin and serotonin anti-bodies. The numbers of ECs, mucous cells and MCs were significantly higher in infected wels catfish (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.05). Dual immunofluorescence staining with the biotinylated lectin Sambucus nigra Agglutinin and the rabbit polyclonal anti-met-enkephalin or anti-serotonin, with parallel transmission electron microscopy, showed that ECs often made intimate contact with the mucous cells and epithelial MCs. The presence of numerous MCs in intestinal epithelium shows S. glanis to be an interesting model fish to study processes underlying intestinal inflammation elicited by an enteric worm. Immune cells, ECs and mucous cells of the intestinal epithelium have been described at the ultrastructural level and their possible functions and interactions together will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - J A DePasquale
- Morphogenyx Inc, PO Box 717, East Northport, NY 11731, USA
| | - G Castaldelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Borsari St. 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - G Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, St. Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Doughty MJ. Giemsa-based cytological assessment of area, shape and nucleus:cytoplasm ratio of goblet cells of rabbit bulbar conjunctiva. Biotech Histochem 2017; 91:501-509. [PMID: 27849395 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1247988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Goblet cells were visualized in impression cytology specimens from bulbar conjunctiva of the rabbit eye using Giemsa staining. Highly magnified images were used to generate outlines of the goblet cells and their characteristic eccentric nuclei. Using sets of 10 cells from 15 cytology specimens, I found that the longest dimension of the goblet cells averaged 16.7 ± 2.3 μm, the shortest dimension averaged 14.4 ± 1.8 μm and the nucleus averaged 6.3 ± 0.8 μm. The goblet cells were ellipsoid in shape and the longest:shortest cell dimension ratio averaged 1.169 ± 0.091. The goblet cell areas ranged from 108 to 338 μm2 (average 193 ± 50 μm2). The area could be predicted reliably from the longest and shortest dimensions (r2 = 0.903). The areas of goblet cell nuclei were 15-58 μm2 (average 33 ± μm2) and the nucleus:cytoplasm area fraction was predictably greater in smaller goblet cells and less in the larger goblet cells (Spearman correlation = 0.817). The nuclei were estimated to occupy an average of 9.5% of the cell volume. The differences in size, shape and nucleus:cytoplasm ratio may reflect differences in goblet cell maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Doughty
- a Department of Vision Sciences , Glasgow-Caledonian University , Glasgow , Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Dezfuli BS, Bosi G, DePasquale JA, Manera M, Giari L. Fish innate immunity against intestinal helminths. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 50:274-287. [PMID: 26868213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most individual fish in farmed and wild populations are infected with parasites. Upon dissection of fish, helminths from gut are often easily visible. Enteric helminths include several species of digeneans, cestodes, acanthocephalans and nematodes. Some insights into biology, morphology and histopathological effects of the main fish enteric helminths taxa will be described here. The immune system of fish, as that of other vertebrates, can be subdivided into specific and aspecific types, which in vivo act in concert with each other and indeed are interdependent in many ways. Beyond the small number of well-described models that exist, research focusing on innate immunity in fish against parasitic infections is lacking. Enteric helminths frequently cause inflammation of the digestive tract, resulting in a series of chemical and morphological changes in the affected tissues and inducing leukocyte migration to the site of infection. This review provides an overview on the aspecific defence mechanisms of fish intestine against helminths. Emphasis will be placed on the immune cellular response involving mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, rodlet cells and mucous cells against enteric helminths. Given the relative importance of innate immunity in fish, and the magnitude of economic loss in aquaculture as a consequence of disease, this area deserves considerable attention and support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - G Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - J A DePasquale
- Morphogenyx Inc, PO Box 717, East Northport, NY 11731, USA
| | - M Manera
- Faculty of Biosciences, Food and Environmental Technologies, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - L Giari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bosi G, Shinn AP, Giari L, Sayyaf Dezfuli B. Enteric neuromodulators and mucus discharge in a fish infected with the intestinal helminth Pomphorhynchus laevis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:359. [PMID: 26152567 PMCID: PMC4495775 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vertebrates, the presence of enteric worms can induce structural changes to the alimentary canal impacting on the neuroendocrine system, altering the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and affecting the occurrence and relative density of endocrine cells (ECs). This account represents the first immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure-based study which documents the intimate relationship between the intestinal mucous cells and ECs in a fish-helminth system, investigating the potential effects of enteric neuromodulators on gut mucus secretion/discharge. METHODS A modified dual immunohisto- and histochemical staining technique was applied on intestinal sections from both infected and uninfected fish. Sections were incubated in antisera to a range of neuromodulators (i.e. leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, galanin and serotonin) and the glycoconjugate histochemistry of the mucous cells was determined using a subsequent alcian blue - periodic acid Schiff staining step. Dual fluorescent staining on sections prepared for confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were also used to document the relationship between ECs and mucous cells. RESULTS From a total of 26 specimens of Squalius cephalus sampled from the River Paglia, 16 (i.e. 62 %) specimens were found to harbour an infection of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis (average intensity of infection 9.2 ± 0.8 parasites host(-1), mean ± standard error). When acanthocephalans were present, the numbers of mucous cells (most notably those containing acidic or mixed glycoconjugates) and ECs secreting leu-enkephalin, met-enkephalin, galanin, serotonin were significantly higher than those seen on sections from uninfected fish. The relationship between met-enkephalin-like or serotonin-like ECs and lectin DBA positive mucous cells was demonstrated through a dual fluorescent staining. The presence of tight connections and desmosomes between mucous and ECs in transmission electron micrographs provides further evidence of this intimate relationship. CONCLUSIONS The presence of P. laevis induces an increase in the number of enteric ECs that are immunoreactive to leu- and met-enkephalin, galanin, and serotonin anti-sera. The mucous cells hyperplasia and enhanced mucus secretion in the helminth-infected intestines could be elicited by the increase in the number of ECs which release these regulatory substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Technologies for Food Safety, Università degli Studi di Milano, St. Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy.
| | - Andrew Paul Shinn
- Fish Vet Group Asia Limited, 99/386, Chaengwattana Building, Chaengwattana Rd., Kwaeng Toongsonghong, Khet Laksi, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, St. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Birchenough GMH, Johansson MEV, Gustafsson JK, Bergström JH, Hansson GC. New developments in goblet cell mucus secretion and function. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:712-9. [PMID: 25872481 PMCID: PMC4631840 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Goblet cells and their main secretory product, mucus, have long been poorly appreciated; however, recent discoveries have changed this and placed these cells at the center stage of our understanding of mucosal biology and the immunology of the intestinal tract. The mucus system differs substantially between the small and large intestine, although it is built around MUC2 mucin polymers in both cases. Furthermore, that goblet cells and the regulation of their secretion also differ between these two parts of the intestine is of fundamental importance for a better understanding of mucosal immunology. There are several types of goblet cell that can be delineated based on their location and function. The surface colonic goblet cells secrete continuously to maintain the inner mucus layer, whereas goblet cells of the colonic and small intestinal crypts secrete upon stimulation, for example, after endocytosis or in response to acetyl choline. However, despite much progress in recent years, our understanding of goblet cell function and regulation is still in its infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M H Birchenough
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M E V Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J K Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - J H Bergström
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu J, Walker NM, Ootani A, Strubberg AM, Clarke LL. Defective goblet cell exocytosis contributes to murine cystic fibrosis-associated intestinal disease. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1056-68. [PMID: 25642775 DOI: 10.1172/jci73193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) intestinal disease is associated with the pathological manifestation mucoviscidosis, which is the secretion of tenacious, viscid mucus that plugs ducts and glands of epithelial-lined organs. Goblet cells are the principal cell type involved in exocytosis of mucin granules; however, little is known about the exocytotic process of goblet cells in the CF intestine. Using intestinal organoids from a CF mouse model, we determined that CF goblet cells have altered exocytotic dynamics, which involved intrathecal granule swelling that was abruptly followed by incomplete release of partially decondensated mucus. Some CF goblet cells exhibited an ectopic granule location and distorted cellular morphology, a phenotype that is consistent with retrograde intracellular granule movement during exocytosis. Increasing the luminal concentration of bicarbonate, which mimics CF transmembrane conductance regulator-mediated anion secretion, increased spontaneous degranulation in WT goblet cells and improved exocytotic dynamics in CF goblet cells; however, there was still an apparent incoordination between granule decondensation and exocytosis in the CF goblet cells. Compared with those within WT goblet cells, mucin granules within CF goblet cells had an alkaline pH, which may adversely affect the polyionic composition of the mucins. Together, these findings indicate that goblet cell dysfunction is an epithelial-autonomous defect in the CF intestine that likely contributes to the pathology of mucoviscidosis and the intestinal manifestations of obstruction and inflammation.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gustafsson JK, Lindén SK, Alwan AH, Scholte BJ, Hansson GC, Sjövall H. Carbachol-induced colonic mucus formation requires transport via NKCC1, K⁺ channels and CFTR. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1403-1415. [PMID: 25139191 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The colonic mucosa protects itself from the luminal content by secreting mucus that keeps the bacteria at a distance from the epithelium. For this barrier to be effective, the mucus has to be constantly replenished which involves exocytosis and expansion of the secreted mucins. Mechanisms involved in regulation of mucus exocytosis and expansion are poorly understood, and the aim of this study was to investigate whether epithelial anion secretion regulates mucus formation in the colon. The muscarinic agonist carbachol was used to induce parallel secretion of anions and mucus, and by using established inhibitors of ion transport, we studied how inhibition of epithelial transport affected mucus formation in mouse colon. Anion secretion and mucin exocytosis were measured by changes in membrane current and epithelial capacitance, respectively. Mucus thickness measurements were used to determine the carbachol effect on mucus growth. The results showed that the carbachol-induced increase in membrane current was dependent on NKCC1 co-transport, basolateral K(+) channels and Cftr activity. In contrast, the carbachol-induced increase in capacitance was partially dependent on NKCC1 and K(+) channel activity, but did not require Cftr activity. Carbachol also induced an increase in mucus thickness that was inhibited by the NKCC1 blocker bumetanide. However, mice that lacked a functional Cftr channel did not respond to carbachol with an increase in mucus thickness, suggesting that carbachol-induced mucin expansion requires Cftr channel activity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that colonic epithelial transport regulates mucus formation by affecting both exocytosis and expansion of the mucin molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny K Gustafsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden.
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ala H Alwan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Bob J Scholte
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9A, Box 440, Gothenburg, 405 30, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sjövall
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Navabi N, McGuckin MA, Lindén SK. Gastrointestinal cell lines form polarized epithelia with an adherent mucus layer when cultured in semi-wet interfaces with mechanical stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68761. [PMID: 23869232 PMCID: PMC3712011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins are secreted in large quantities by mucosal epithelia and cell surface mucins are a prominent feature of the glycocalyx of all mucosal epithelia. Currently, studies investigating the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier use either animal experiments or non-in vivo like cell cultures. Many pathogens cause different pathology in mice compared to humans and the in vitro cell cultures used are suboptimal because they are very different from an in vivo mucosal surface, are often not polarized, lack important components of the glycocalyx, and often lack the mucus layer. Although gastrointestinal cell lines exist that produce mucins or polarize, human cell line models that reproducibly create the combination of a polarized epithelial cell layer, functional tight junctions and an adherent mucus layer have been missing until now. We trialed a range of treatments to induce polarization, 3D-organization, tight junctions, mucin production, mucus secretion, and formation of an adherent mucus layer that can be carried out using standard equipment. These treatments were tested on cell lines of intestinal (Caco-2, LS513, HT29, T84, LS174T, HT29 MTX-P8 and HT29 MTX-E12) and gastric (MKN7, MKN45, AGS, NCI-N87 and its hTERT Clone5 and Clone6) origins using Ussing chamber methodology and (immuno)histology. Semi-wet interface culture in combination with mechanical stimulation and DAPT caused HT29 MTX-P8, HT29 MTX-E12 and LS513 cells to polarize, form functional tight junctions, a three-dimensional architecture resembling colonic crypts, and produce an adherent mucus layer. Caco-2 and T84 cells also polarized, formed functional tight junctions and produced a thin adherent mucus layer after this treatment, but with less consistency. In conclusion, culture methods affect cell lines differently, and testing a matrix of methods vs. cell lines may be important to develop better in vitro models. The methods developed herein create in vitro mucosal surfaces suitable for studies of host-pathogen interactions at the mucosal surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Navabi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. McGuckin
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute and the University of Queensland School of Biomedical Sciences, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Host-compound foraging by intestinal microbiota revealed by single-cell stable isotope probing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4720-5. [PMID: 23487774 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1219247110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The animal and human intestinal mucosa secretes an assortment of compounds to establish a physical barrier between the host tissue and intestinal contents, a separation that is vital for health. Some pathogenic microorganisms as well as members of the commensal intestinal microbiota have been shown to be able to break down these secreted compounds. Our understanding of host-compound degradation by the commensal microbiota has been limited to knowledge about simplified model systems because of the difficulty in studying the complex intestinal ecosystem in vivo. In this study, we introduce an approach that overcomes previous technical limitations and allows us to observe which microbial cells in the intestine use host-derived compounds. We added stable isotope-labeled threonine i.v. to mice and combined fluorescence in situ hybridization with high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging to characterize utilization of host proteins by individual bacterial cells. We show that two bacterial species, Bacteroides acidifaciens and Akkermansia muciniphila, are important host-protein foragers in vivo. Using gnotobiotic mice we show that microbiota composition determines the magnitude and pattern of foraging by these organisms, demonstrating that a complex microbiota is necessary in order for this niche to be fully exploited. These results underscore the importance of in vivo studies of intestinal microbiota, and the approach presented in this study will be a powerful tool to address many other key questions in animal and human microbiome research.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li D, Carozza RB, Shatos MA, Hodges RR, Dartt DA. Effect of histamine on Ca(2+)-dependent signaling pathways in rat conjunctival goblet cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:6928-38. [PMID: 22956601 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.12-10163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the Ca(2+)-dependent cellular signaling pathways used by histamine to stimulate conjunctival goblet cell secretion. METHODS Cultured rat goblet cells were grown in RPMI 1640. Goblet cell secretion of high molecular weight glycoconjugates was measured by an enzyme-linked lectin assay. Intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) was measured by loading cultured cells with the Ca(2+) sensitive dye fura-2. The level of [Ca(2+)](i) was measured using fluorescence microscopy. Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) 2 was depleted using small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS Histamine-stimulated conjunctival goblet cell secretion of high molecular weight glycoproteins was blocked by removal of extracellular Ca(2+) and depletion of ERK2 by siRNA. Histamine increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was desensitized by repeated addition of agonist and blocked by a phospholipase C antagonist. Histamine at higher doses increased [Ca(2+)](i) by stimulating influx of extracellular Ca(2+), but at a lower dose released Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. Activation of each histamine receptor subtype (H(1)-H(4)) increased [Ca(2+)](i) and histamine stimulation was blocked by antagonists of each receptor subtype. The H(2) receptor subtype increase in [Ca(2+)](i) was cAMP dependent. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that histamine activates phospholipase C to release intracellular Ca(2+) that induces the influx of extracellular Ca(2+) and activates ERK1/2 to stimulate conjunctival goblet cell mucous secretion, and that activation of all four histamine receptor subtypes can increase [Ca(2+)](i).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Li
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang L, Lander AD, Nie Q. A reaction-diffusion mechanism influences cell lineage progression as a basis for formation, regeneration, and stability of intestinal crypts. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:93. [PMID: 22849824 PMCID: PMC3434027 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Colon crypts, a single sheet of epithelia cells, consist of a periodic pattern of stem cells, transit-amplifying cells, and terminally differentiated cells that constantly renew and turnover. Experimental evidence suggests that Wnt signaling promotes and regulates stem cell division, differentiation, and possible cell migrations while intestinal BMP signaling inhibits stem cell self-renewal and repression in crypt formation. As more molecular details on Wnt and BMP in crypts are being discovered, little is still known about how complex interactions among Wnt, BMP, and different types of cells, and surrounding environments may lead to de novo formation of multiple crypts or how such interactions affect regeneration and stability of crypts. Results We present a mathematical model that contains Wnt and BMP, a cell lineage, and their feedback regulations to study formation, regeneration, and stability of multiple crypts. The computational explorations and linear stability analysis of the model suggest a reaction–diffusion mechanism, which exhibits a short-range activation of Wnt plus a long-range inhibition with modulation of BMP signals in a growing tissue of cell lineage, can account for spontaneous formation of multiple crypts with the spatial and temporal pattern observed in experiments. Through this mechanism, the model can recapitulate some distinctive and important experimental findings such as crypt regeneration and crypt multiplication. BMP is important in maintaining stability of crypts and loss of BMP usually leads to crypt multiplication with a fingering pattern. Conclusions The study provides a mechanism for de novo formation of multiple intestinal crypts and demonstrates a synergetic role of Wnt and BMP in regeneration and stability of intestinal crypts. The proposed model presents a robust framework for studying spatial and temporal dynamics of cell lineages in growing tissues driven by multiple signaling molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gustafsson JK, Ermund A, Johansson MEV, Schütte A, Hansson GC, Sjövall H. An ex vivo method for studying mucus formation, properties, and thickness in human colonic biopsies and mouse small and large intestinal explants. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G430-8. [PMID: 22159279 PMCID: PMC4073982 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00405.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The colon mucus layers minimize the contact between the luminal flora and the epithelial cells, and defects in this barrier may lead to colonic inflammation. We now describe an ex vivo method for analysis of mucus properties in human colon and mouse small and large intestine. Intestinal explants were mounted in horizontal perfusion chambers. The mucus surface was visualized by adding charcoal particles on the apical side, and mucus thickness was measured using a micropipette. Mucus thickness, adhesion, and growth rate were recorded for 1 h. In mouse and human colon, the ability of the mucus to act as a barrier to beads the size of bacteria was also evaluated. Tissue viability was monitored by transepithelial potential difference. In mouse ileum, the mucus could be removed by gentle aspiration, whereas in colon ∼40 μm of the mucus remained attached to the epithelial surface. Both mouse and human colon had an inner mucus layer that was not penetrated by the fluorescent beads. Spontaneous mucus growth was observed in human (240 μm/h) and mouse (100 μm/h) colon but not in mouse ileum. In contrast, stimulation with carbachol induced a higher mucus secretion in ileum than colon (mouse ileum: Δ200 μm, mouse colon: Δ130 μm, human colon: Δ140 μm). In conclusion, while retaining key properties from the mucus system in vivo, this setup also allows for studies of the highly dynamic mucus system under well-controlled conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Henrik Sjövall
- 3Internal Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mathematical modeling of monoclonal conversion in the colonic crypt. J Theor Biol 2012; 300:118-33. [PMID: 22285553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel spatial multiscale model of a colonic crypt is described, which couples the cell cycle (including cell division) with the mechanics of cell movement. The model is used to investigate the process of monoclonal conversion under two hypotheses concerning stem cell behavior. Under the first hypothesis, 'stem-ness' is an intrinsic cell property, and the stem cell population is maintained through asymmetric division. Under the second hypothesis, the proliferative behavior of each cell is governed by its microenvironment through a biochemical signalling cue, and all cell division is symmetric. Under each hypothesis, the model is used to run virtual experiments, in which a harmless labeling mutation is bestowed upon a single cell in the crypt and the mutant clonal population is tracked over time to check if and when the crypt becomes monoclonal. It is shown that under the first hypothesis, a stable structured cell population is not possible without some form of population-dependent feedback; in contrast, under the second hypothesis, a stable crypt architecture arises naturally. Through comparison with an existing spatial crypt model and a non-spatial stochastic population model, it is shown that the spatial structure of the crypt has a significant effect on the time scale over which a crypt becomes monoclonal.
Collapse
|
33
|
Adamcewicz M, Bearelly D, Porat G, Friedenberg FK. Mechanism of action and toxicities of purgatives used for colonoscopy preparation. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 7:89-101. [PMID: 21162694 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2011.542411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD In developed countries, colonoscopy volume has increased dramatically over the past 15 years and is the principle method used to screen for colon cancer. Preparations used for colon cleaning have evolved over the past 30 years. Some preparations have been shown to be unsafe and are now used on a limited basis. There has been progress on limiting the volume required and on taste improvement. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review provides an account of preparations used from 1980 when PEG-based preparations became widely available, until the present day. The review highlights their mechanism of action and principle toxicities. The handling of solutes and solute-free fluid by the colon is also reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader will gain a perspective on the factors considered in developing colonic purgatives and the rationale for choosing selected preparations based on patient factors such as age, co-morbidities and concomitant medications. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Although generally safe and effective, colonic purgatives have both acute and permanent toxicities. The safest preparations utilize PEG combined with a balanced electrolyte solution. Limitations of this preparation center on the volume required and poor taste. Alternative formulations are now available; however, those using sodium phosphate have fallen out of favor due to a risk of renal toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Adamcewicz
- Temple University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Keely S, Feighery L, Campion DP, O’Brien L, Brayden DJ, Baird AW. Chloride-led Disruption of the Intestinal Mucous Layer Impedes Salmonella Invasion: Evidence for an ‘Enteric Tear’ Mechanism. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:743-52. [DOI: 10.1159/000335768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
35
|
Hoda RM, Scharl M, Keely SJ, McCole DF, Barrett KE. Apical leptin induces chloride secretion by intestinal epithelial cells and in a rat model of acute chemotherapy-induced colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G714-21. [PMID: 20203064 PMCID: PMC2867420 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00320.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether luminal leptin alters ion transport properties of the intestinal epithelium under acute inflammatory conditions. Monolayers of human intestinal T(84) epithelial cells and a rat model of chemotherapy-induced enterocolitis were used. Cells were treated with leptin and mounted in Ussing chambers to measure basal and secretagogue-induced changes in transepithelial short-circuit current (I(sc)). Furthermore, the role of MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways in mediating responses to leptin was investigated. Acute colitis in Sprague-Dawley rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg methotrexate. Leptin (100 ng/ml) induced a time-dependent increase in basal I(sc) in T(84) intestinal epithelial cells (P < 0.01). Moreover, pretreatment of T(84) cells with leptin for up to 1 h significantly potentiated carbachol- and forskolin-induced increases in I(sc). Pretreatment with an inhibitor of MAPK abolished the effect of leptin on basal, carbachol- and forskolin-induced chloride secretion (P < 0.05). However, the PI3K inhibitor, wortmannin, only blunted the effect of leptin on forskolin-induced increases in I(sc). Furthermore, leptin treatment evoked both ERK1/2 and Akt1 phosphorylation in T(84) cells. In the rat model, luminal leptin induced significant increases in I(sc) across segments of proximal and, to a lesser extent, distal colon (P < 0.05). We conclude that luminal leptin is likely an intestinal chloride secretagogue, particularly when present at elevated concentrations and/or in the setting of inflammation. Our findings may provide a mechanistic explanation, at least in part, for the clinical condition of secretory diarrhea both in hyperleptinemic obese patients and in patients with chemotherapy-induced intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raschid M. Hoda
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael Scharl
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Stephen J. Keely
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Declan F. McCole
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Kim E. Barrett
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Figueiredo IN, Figueiredo PN, Stadler G, Ghattas O, Araujo A. Variational image segmentation for endoscopic human colonic aberrant crypt foci. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2010; 29:998-1011. [PMID: 19923042 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2009.2036258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce a variational image segmentation method for assessing the aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the human colon captured in vivo by endoscopy. ACF are thought to be precursors for colorectal cancer, and therefore their early detection may play an important clinical role. We enhance the active contours without edges model of Chan and Vese to account for the ACF's particular structure. We employ level sets to represent the segmentation boundaries and discretize in space by finite elements and in (artificial) time by finite differences. The approach is able to identify the ACF, their boundaries, and some of the internal crypts' orifices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel N Figueiredo
- Centre for Mathematics, Department ofMathematics, University of Coimbra, 3001-454 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Liu SP, Chang CY, Huang WH, Fu YS, Chao D, Huang HT. Dimethylthiourea pretreatment inhibits endotoxin-induced compound exocytosis in goblet cells and plasma leakage of rat small intestine. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 2009; 59:127-139. [PMID: 19825851 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfp049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous application of a high dose of endotoxin, also called lipopoly-saccharide (LPS), results in endotoxemia in animals, that induces production of cytokines and free radicals, systemic inflammation and mucin discharge from mucous tissues. The present study was to investigate (1) whether LPS application increased goblet cell secretion by compound exocytotic activity in mucosal villi and crypts of rat small intestine, and (2) whether hydroxyl radicals were involved in LPS-induced compound exocytosis in goblet cells and plasma leakage. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the numbers of goblet cells undergoing compound exocytosis (cavitated goblet cells) per mm(2) of ileal villus epithelium in rats 5 and 30 min after LPS (15 mg kg(-1)) were 693 +/- 196 (N = 6) and 547 +/- 213 (N = 6), respectively, which were 5.1 and 8.4 times (P < 0.05) the number of saline control. The percentage of villus cavitated goblet cell numbers, in both duodenum and ileum 5 min after LPS and in the ileum 30 min after LPS, increased significantly (P < 0.05). Pretreatment with dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a hydroxyl radical scavenger, decreased the number of cavitated goblet cells to saline control (P > 0.05). Morphometric analysis showed that the percentage of crypt epithelial area in the duodenum and ileum occupied by goblet cell mucin stores in the duodenum and ileum 30 min after LPS were 3.8 +/- 0.2% (N = 6) and 6.9 +/- 0.5 (N = 6), respectively reducing to one half the amount of control (P < 0.01). When DMTU was given prior to LPS the crypt goblet cell mucin stores and the amount of plasma leakage returned to the level of control. It is concluded that hydroxyl radicals were involved in the LPS-induced increase in compound exocytotic activity of goblet cells and the increase in plasma leakage during acute phases of inflammatory response in rat small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Pin Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Garcia MAS, Yang N, Quinton PM. Normal mouse intestinal mucus release requires cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator-dependent bicarbonate secretion. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:2613-22. [PMID: 19726884 DOI: 10.1172/jci38662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying mucus-associated pathologies in cystic fibrosis (CF) remain obscure. However, recent studies indicate that CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is required for bicarbonate (HCO3-) transport and that HCO3- is critical for normal mucus formation. We therefore investigated the role of HCO3- in mucus secretion using mouse small intestine segments ex vivo. Basal rates of mucus release in the presence or absence of HCO3- were similar. However, in the absence of HCO3-, mucus release stimulated by either PGE2 or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was approximately half that stimulated by these molecules in the presence of HCO3-. Inhibition of HCO3- and fluid transport markedly reduced stimulated mucus release. However, neither absence of HCO3- nor inhibition of HCO3- transport affected fluid secretion rates, indicating that the effect of HCO3- removal on mucus release was not due to decreased fluid secretion. In a mouse model of CF (mice homozygous for the most common human CFTR mutation), intestinal mucus release was minimal when stimulated with either PGE2 or 5-HT in the presence or absence of HCO3-. These data suggest that normal mucus release requires concurrent HCO3- secretion and that the characteristically aggregated mucus observed in mucin-secreting organs in individuals with CF may be a consequence of defective HCO3- transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Abigail S Garcia
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of California School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92093-0831, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Dharmani P, Srivastava V, Kissoon-Singh V, Chadee K. Role of intestinal mucins in innate host defense mechanisms against pathogens. J Innate Immun 2008; 1:123-35. [PMID: 20375571 DOI: 10.1159/000163037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucins produced by goblet cells comprise the main structural components of the mucus layer. Mucins play a critical role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and are responsible for the differential effector and regulatory responses against a plethora of microorganisms, including commensals and pathogens. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview on mucin biology, its properties, classification and gene assembly. We also consider the structure of the mucin gene, its proteins and its role in innate host defenses. We compare the various mucin secretagogues and the differential regulatory pathways involved in mucin biosynthesis and secretion during normal and diverse pathogenic conditions. Finally, we summarize the putative uncharted aspects of mucin-derived innate host defenses, whose exploration will help drug developers to identify factors that can strengthen mucosal integrity and will facilitate basic science research into curative treatments for gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Dharmani
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Heitzmann D, Warth R. Physiology and pathophysiology of potassium channels in gastrointestinal epithelia. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:1119-82. [PMID: 18626068 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00020.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract are an important barrier between the "milieu interne" and the luminal content of the gut. They perform transport of nutrients, salts, and water, which is essential for the maintenance of body homeostasis. In these epithelia, a variety of K(+) channels are expressed, allowing adaptation to different needs. This review provides an overview of the current literature that has led to a better understanding of the multifaceted function of gastrointestinal K(+) channels, thereby shedding light on pathophysiological implications of impaired channel function. For instance, in gastric mucosa, K(+) channel function is a prerequisite for acid secretion of parietal cells. In epithelial cells of small intestine, K(+) channels provide the driving force for electrogenic transport processes across the plasma membrane, and they are involved in cell volume regulation. Fine tuning of salt and water transport and of K(+) homeostasis occurs in colonic epithelia cells, where K(+) channels are involved in secretory and reabsorptive processes. Furthermore, there is growing evidence for changes in epithelial K(+) channel expression during cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and, under pathological conditions, carcinogenesis. In the future, integrative approaches using functional and postgenomic/proteomic techniques will help us to gain comprehensive insights into the role of K(+) channels of the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Heitzmann
- Institute of Physiology and Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine II, Regensburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Johnston MD, Edwards CM, Bodmer WF, Maini PK, Chapman SJ. Mathematical modeling of cell population dynamics in the colonic crypt and in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4008-13. [PMID: 17360468 PMCID: PMC1820699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611179104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is initiated in colonic crypts. A succession of genetic mutations or epigenetic changes can lead to homeostasis in the crypt being overcome, and subsequent unbounded growth. We consider the dynamics of a single colorectal crypt by using a compartmental approach [Tomlinson IPM, Bodmer WF (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:], which accounts for populations of stem cells, differentiated cells, and transit cells. That original model made the simplifying assumptions that each cell population divides synchronously, but we relax these assumptions by adopting an age-structured approach that models asynchronous cell division, and by using a continuum model. We discuss two mechanisms that could regulate the growth of cell numbers and maintain the equilibrium that is normally observed in the crypt. The first will always maintain an equilibrium for all parameter values, whereas the second can allow unbounded proliferation if the net per capita growth rates are large enough. Results show that an increase in cell renewal, which is equivalent to a failure of programmed cell death or of differentiation, can lead to the growth of cancers. The second model can be used to explain the long lag phases in tumor growth, during which new, higher equilibria are reached, before unlimited growth in cell numbers ensues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Johnston
- Centres for *Mathematical Biology and
- Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, 24-29 St. Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Carina M. Edwards
- Centres for *Mathematical Biology and
- Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, 24-29 St. Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Walter F. Bodmer
- Cancer Research UK, Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Philip K. Maini
- Centres for *Mathematical Biology and
- Oxford Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - S. Jonathan Chapman
- Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, 24-29 St. Giles', Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
McVay LD, Keilbaugh SA, Wong TM, Kierstein S, Shin ME, Lehrke M, Lefterova MI, Shifflett DE, Barnes SL, Cominelli F, Cohn SM, Hecht G, Lazar MA, Haczku A, Wu GD. Absence of bacterially induced RELMbeta reduces injury in the dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2914-23. [PMID: 17024245 PMCID: PMC1590268 DOI: 10.1172/jci28121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the result of a dysregulated immune response to commensal gut bacteria in genetically predisposed individuals, the mechanism(s) by which bacteria lead to the development of IBD are unknown. Interestingly, deletion of intestinal goblet cells protects against intestinal injury, suggesting that this epithelial cell lineage may produce molecules that exacerbate IBD. We previously reported that resistin-like molecule beta (RELMbeta; also known as FIZZ2) is an intestinal goblet cell-specific protein that is induced upon bacterial colonization whereupon it is expressed in the ileum and colon, regions of the gut most often involved in IBD. Herein, we show that disruption of this gene reduces the severity of colitis in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) model of murine colonic injury. Although RELMbeta does not alter colonic epithelial proliferation or barrier function, we show that recombinant protein activates macrophages to produce TNF-alpha both in vitro and in vivo. RELMbeta expression is also strongly induced in the terminal ileum of the SAMP1/Fc model of IBD. These results suggest a model whereby the loss of epithelial barrier function by DSS results in the activation of the innate mucosal response by RELMbeta located in the lumen, supporting the hypothesis that this protein is a link among goblet cells, commensal bacteria, and the pathogenesis of IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laila D. McVay
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sue A. Keilbaugh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tracie M.H. Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sonja Kierstein
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marcus E. Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Martina I. Lefterova
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - D. Edward Shifflett
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sean L. Barnes
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Steven M. Cohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gail Hecht
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Lazar
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Gary D. Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care and
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Department of Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Agrawal A, Rengarajan S, Adler KB, Ram A, Ghosh B, Fahim M, Dickey BF. Inhibition of mucin secretion with MARCKS-related peptide improves airway obstruction in a mouse model of asthma. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 102:399-405. [PMID: 16946028 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00630.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is associated with airway epithelial cell mucous metaplasia and mucin hypersecretion, but the consequences of mucin hypersecretion on airway function are unclear. Recently, a peptide derived from the myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate protein NH(2)-terminal sequence (MANS) was shown to inhibit methacholine (MCh)-induced mucin secretion from airway mucous cells by >90%. We studied the effect of intranasal pretreatment with this peptide on specific airway conductance (sGaw) during challenge with MCh in mice with allergen-induced mucous cell metaplasia. sGaw was noninvasively measured in spontaneously breathing restrained mice, using a double-chamber plethysmograph. Pretreatment with MANS peptide, but not a control peptide [random NH(2)-terminal sequence (RNS)], resulted in partial inhibition of the fall in sGaw induced by 60 mM MCh (mean +/- SE; baseline 1.15 +/- 0.06; MANS/MCh 0.82 +/- 0.05; RNS/MCh 0.55 +/- 0.05 cmH(2)O/s). The protective effect of MANS was also seen in mice challenged with allergen for 3 consecutive days to increase airway hyperresponsiveness, although the degree of protection was less (baseline 1.1 +/- 0.08; MANS/MCh, 0.65 +/- 0.06; RNS/MCh 0.47 +/- 0.03 cmH(2)O/s). Because routine sGaw measurement in mice includes nasal airways, the effectiveness of MANS was also confirmed in mice breathing through their mouths after nasal occlusion (baseline 0.92 +/- 0.05; MANS/MCh 0.83 +/- 0.06; RNS/MCh 0.61 +/- 0.03 cmH(2)O/s). In all instances, sGaw in the MANS-pretreated group was approximately 35% higher than in RNS-treated controls, and mucous obstruction accounted for approximately 50% of the MCh-induced fall in sGaw. In summary, mucin secretion has a significant role in airway obstruction in a mouse model of allergic asthma, and strategies to inhibit mucin secretion merit further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Komarova NL, Myint PC. Epithelial tissue architecture protects against cancer. Math Biosci 2006; 200:90-117. [PMID: 16427657 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2005.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We consider the design of colon crypts from the point of view of minimizing the likelihood of generation of cancerous mutations. A stochastic mathematical model (a finite branching process) is developed and fully analyzed. It is found that depending on the mutation rates, different designs are evolutionarily advantageous. If the mutation rates associated with stem cells are a lot higher than the mutation rates of daughter cells, then few stem cells per crypt is the evolutionarily optimal strategy. If the mutation rates of stem cells are of the same order of magnitude or lower than those for daughter cells, then having as many stem cells per crypt as possible is the desirable design. We also found that the optimal evolutionary strategy may work very well to protect the organism from cancer in the young age, but the same strategy becomes detrimental as the organism ages. It pushes the onset of cancer back in time, but it results in an elevated cancer initiation rates as the organism gets older. Our model quantifies the idea that cancer and aging are the two sides of one coin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Komarova
- Department of Mathematics, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States.
| | - Philip C Myint
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Perez-Vilar J, Mabolo R, McVaugh CT, Bertozzi CR, Boucher RC. Mucin granule intraluminal organization in living mucous/goblet cells. Roles of protein post-translational modifications and secretion. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4844-55. [PMID: 16377632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m510520200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the mucin granule lumen consists of a matrix meshwork embedded in a fluid phase. Secretory products can both diffuse, although very slowly, through the meshwork pores and interact noncovalently with the matrix. Using a green fluorescent protein-mucin fusion protein (SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK) as a FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) probe, we have assessed in living mucous cells the relative importance of different protein post-translational modifications on the intragranular organization. Long term inhibition of mucin-type O-glycosylation, sialylation, or sulfation altered SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK characteristic diffusion time (t(1/2)), whereas all but sulfation diminished its mobile fraction. Reduction of protein disulfide bonds with tris(hydroxypropyl)phosphine resulted in virtually complete immobilization of the SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK intragranular pool. However, when activity of the vacuolar H+-ATPase was also inhibited, disulfide reduction decreased SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK t((1/2)) while diminishing its intraluminal concentration. Similar FRAP profiles were observed in granules that remained in the cells after the addition of a mucin secretagogue. Taken together these results suggest that: (a) the relative content of O-glycans and intragranular anionic groups is crucial for protein diffusion through the intragranular meshwork; (b) protein-protein, rather than carbohydrate-mediated, interactions are responsible for binding of SHGFP-MUC5AC/CK to the immobile fraction, although the degree of matrix O-glycosylation and sialylation affects such interactions; (c) intragranular organization does not depend on covalent multimerization of mucins or the presence of native disulfide bonds in the intragranular mucin/proteins, but rather on specific protein-mediated interactions that are important during the early stages of mucin matrix condensation; (d) alterations of the intragranular matrix precede granule discharge, which can be partial and, accordingly, does not necessarily involve the disappearance of the granule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Perez-Vilar
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7248, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee SK, Il Kim T, Kim YK, Choi CH, Yang KM, Chae B, Kim WH. Cellular differentiation-induced attenuation of LPS response in HT-29 cells is related to the down-regulation of TLR4 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 337:457-63. [PMID: 16202385 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells not only present a physical barrier to bacteria but also participate actively in immune and inflammatory responses. The migration of epithelial cells from the crypt base to the surface is accompanied by a cellular differentiation that leads to important morphological and functional changes. It has been reported that the differentiation of colonic epithelial cells is associated with reduced interleukin (IL)-8 responses to IL-1beta. Although toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been previously identified to be an important component of mucosal immunity to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the colon, little is known about the regulation of TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells during cellular differentiation. We investigated the effects of differentiation on LPS-induced IL-8 secretion and on the expression of TLR4. Differentiation was induced in colon cancer cell line HT-29 cells by butyrate treatment or by post-confluence culture and assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity. IL-8 secretion was measured by ELISA, and TLR4 protein and mRNA expressions were followed by Western blot and RT-PCR, respectively. HT-29 cells were found to be dose-dependently responsive to LPS. AP activity increased in HT-29 cells by differentiation induced by treatment with butyrate or post-confluence culture. We found that IL-8 secretion induced by LPS was strongly attenuated in differentiated cells versus undifferentiated cells, and that cellular differentiation also attenuated TLR4 mRNA and protein expressions. Pretreating HT-29 cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha or interferon (INF)-gamma augmented LPS-induced IL-8 secretion and TLR4 expression. These TNF-alpha- or INF-gamma-induced augmentations of LPS response and TLR4 expression were all down-regulated by differentiation. Collectively, we conclude that cellular differentiation attenuates IL-8 secretion induced by LPS in HT-29 cells, and this attenuation is related with the down-regulation of TLR4 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kil Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Danahay H, Atherton HC, Jackson AD, Kreindler JL, Poll CT, Bridges RJ. Membrane capacitance and conductance changes parallel mucin secretion in the human airway epithelium. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L558-69. [PMID: 16227318 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00351.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of the magnitude and kinetics of exocytosis from intact epithelia has historically been difficult. Using well-differentiated cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, we describe the use of transepithelial impedance analysis to enable the real-time quantification of mucin secretagogue-induced changes in membrane capacitance (surface area) and conductance. ATPgammaS, UTP, ionomycin, and PMA induced robust increases in total cellular capacitance that were demonstrated to be dominated by a specific increase in apical membrane surface area. The UTP-induced increase in capacitance occurred in parallel with goblet cell emptying and the secretion of mucin and was associated with decreases in apical and basolateral membrane resistances. The magnitude and kinetics of the capacitance increases were dependent on the agonist and the sidedness of the stimulation. The peak increase in capacitance induced by UTP was approximately 30 mucin granule fusions per goblet cell. Secretagogue-induced decreases in apical membrane resistance were independent of exocytosis, although each of the secretagogues induced profound reductions in basolateral membrane resistance. Transepithelial impedance analysis offers the potential to study morphological and conductance changes in cultured human bronchial epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Danahay
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Brouillard F, Bensalem N, Hinzpeter A, Tondelier D, Trudel S, Gruber AD, Ollero M, Edelman A. Blue native/SDS-PAGE analysis reveals reduced expression of the mClCA3 protein in cystic fibrosis knock-out mice. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1762-75. [PMID: 16099848 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m500098-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a frequent autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation of a gene encoding a multifunctional transmembrane protein, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), located in the apical membrane of epithelial cells lining exocrine glands. In an attempt to get a more complete picture of the pleiotropic effects of the CFTR defect on epithelial cells and particularly on the membrane compartment, a bidimensional blue native (BN)/SDS-PAGE-based proteomic approach was used on colonic crypt samples from control and CFTR knock-out mice (cftr-/-). This approach overcomes the difficulties of membrane protein analysis by conventional two-dimensional PAGE and is able to resolve multiprotein complexes. Used here for the first time on crude membrane proteins that were extracted from murine colonic crypts, BN/SDS-PAGE allows effective separation of protein species and complexes of various origins, including mitochondria, plasma membrane, and intracellular compartments. The major statistically significant difference in protein maps obtained with samples from control and cftr-/- mice was unambiguously identified as mClCA3, a member of a family of calcium-activated chloride channels considered to be key molecules in mucus secretion by goblet cells. On the basis of this finding, we evaluated the overall expression and localization of mClCA3 in the colonic epithelium and in the lung of mice by immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry. We found that mClCA3 expression was significantly decreased in the colon and lung of the cftr-/- mice. In an ex vivo assay, we found that the Ca2+-dependent (carbachol-stimulated) glycoprotein secretion strongly inhibited by the calcium-activated chloride channel blocker niflumic acid (100 microm) was impaired in the distal colon of cftr-/- mice. These results support the conclusion that a ClCA-related function in the CF colon depends on CFTR expression and may be correlated with the impaired expression of mClCA3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franck Brouillard
- INSERM U467, 156 rue de Vaugirard, Paris F-75015 and Université Paris-Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, 15 rue Ecole de Médecine, Paris F-75005, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The intestines play an important role in the absorption and secretion of nutrients. The colon is the final area for recapturing electrolytes and water prior to excretion, and in order to maintain this electrolyte homeostasis, a complex interaction between secretory and absorptive processes is necessary. Until recently it was thought that secretion and absorption were two distinct processes associated with either crypts or surface cells, respectively. Recently it was demonstrated that both the surface and crypt cells can perform secretory and absorptive functions and that, in fact, these functions can be going on simultaneously. This issue is important in the complexities associated with secretory diarrhea and also in attempting to develop treatment strategies for intestinal disorders. Here, we update the model of colonic secretion and absorption, discuss new issues of transporter activation, and identify some important new receptor pathways that are important modulators of the secretory and absorptive functions of the colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John P Geibel
- Department of Surgery, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Manabe KI, Shimizu T, Morishima S, Okada Y. Regulatory volume increase after secretory volume decrease in colonic epithelial cells under muscarinic stimulation. Pflugers Arch 2004; 448:596-604. [PMID: 15243741 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-004-1301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2004] [Accepted: 05/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To address the question of whether colonic secretory cells change their volume in response to carbachol (CCh) stimulation and, if so, the mechanisms involved therein, we used two-photon laser scanning microscopy to measure the volume of individual epithelial cells in the fundus region of crypts isolated from the guinea-pig distal colon. We also measured the volume of human colonic epithelial T84 cells using an electronic sizing technique. Both types of colonocytes responded to stimulation by CCh with shrinkage and then underwent a regulatory volume increase (RVI), even during continued stimulation by CCh. The secretory volume decrease (SVD) induced by CCh was antagonized by atropine, BAPTA loading and niflumic acid, a blocker of Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels. An increase in the intracellular free [Ca(2+)] was observed with fura-2 during these volume responses to CCh. Removal of all Na(+) or K(+) or of most of the Cl(-) from the extracellular solution abolished the RVI, but not the preceding SVD. The RVI, but not the preceding SVD, was abolished by bumetanide, a blocker of the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter. We conclude that guinea-pig crypt colonocytes and human T84 cells exhibit a cytosolic Ca(2+)-dependent SVD and undergo a subsequent RVI that is dependent on the operation of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Manabe
- Department of Cell Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji-cho, 444-8585 Okazaki, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|