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Tan JTM, Cheney CV, Bamhare NES, Hossin T, Bilu C, Sandeman L, Nankivell VA, Solly EL, Kronfeld-Schor N, Bursill CA. Female Psammomys obesus Are Protected from Circadian Disruption-Induced Glucose Intolerance, Cardiac Fibrosis and Adipocyte Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7265. [PMID: 39000372 PMCID: PMC11242371 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian disruption increases the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. We found that circadian disruption causes glucose intolerance, cardiac fibrosis and adipocyte tissue dysfunction in male sand rats, Psammomys obesus. Whether these effects occur in female P. obesus is unknown. Male and female P. obesus were fed a high energy diet and exposed to a neutral (12 light:12 dark, control) or short (5 light:19 dark, circadian disruption) photoperiod for 20 weeks. Circadian disruption impaired glucose tolerance in males but not females. It also increased cardiac perivascular fibrosis and cardiac expression of inflammatory marker Ccl2 in males, with no effect in females. Females had reduced proapoptotic Bax mRNA and cardiac Myh7:Myh6 hypertrophy ratio. Cardiac protection in females occurred despite reductions in the clock gene Per2. Circadian disruption increased adipocyte hypertrophy in both males and females. This was concomitant with a reduction in adipocyte differentiation markers Pparg and Cebpa in males and females, respectively. Circadian disruption increased visceral adipose expression of inflammatory mediators Ccl2, Tgfb1 and Cd68 and reduced browning marker Ucp1 in males. However, these changes were not observed in females. Collectively, our study show that sex differentially influences the effects of circadian disruption on glucose tolerance, cardiac function and adipose tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne T M Tan
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Cate V Cheney
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nicole E S Bamhare
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tasnim Hossin
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Carmel Bilu
- School of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lauren Sandeman
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Victoria A Nankivell
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Emma L Solly
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | | | - Christina A Bursill
- Vascular Research Centre, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Zhu Y, Liu W, Qi Z. Adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under physiologically energetic challenges: a remodelled thermogenic system. J Physiol 2024; 602:23-48. [PMID: 38019069 DOI: 10.1113/jp285269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are often thought to be caused by reduced energy expenditure, which poses a serious threat to human health. Cold exposure, exercise and caloric restriction have been shown to promote adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis. These physiological interventions increase energy expenditure and thus have emerged as promising strategies for mitigating metabolic disorders. However, that increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis elevate thermogenic consumption is not a reasonable explanation when humans and animals confront energetic challenges imposed by these interventions. In this review, we collected numerous results on adipose tissue browning and whitening and evaluated this bi-directional conversion of adipocytes from the perspective of energy homeostasis. Here, we propose a new interpretation of the role of adipose tissue browning under energetic challenges: increased adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis under energy challenge is not to enhance energy expenditure, but to reestablish a more economical thermogenic pattern to maintain the core body temperature. This can be achieved by enhancing the contribution of non-shivering thermogenesis (adipose tissue browning and thermogenesis) and lowering shivering thermogenesis and high intensity shivering. Consequently, the proportion of heat production in fat increases and that in skeletal muscle decreases, enabling skeletal muscle to devote more energy reserves to overcoming environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weina Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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3
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Mauvais-Jarvis F. Sex differences in energy metabolism: natural selection, mechanisms and consequences. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:56-69. [PMID: 37923858 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis operates differently in men and women. This sex asymmetry is the result of evolutionary adaptations that enable women to resist loss of energy stores and protein mass while remaining fertile in times of energy deficit. During starvation or prolonged exercise, women rely on oxidation of lipids, which are a more efficient energy source than carbohydrates, to preserve glucose for neuronal and placental function and spare proteins necessary for organ function. Carbohydrate reliance in men could be an evolutionary adaptation related to defence and hunting, as glucose, unlike lipids, can be used as a fuel for anaerobic high-exertion muscle activity. The larger subcutaneous adipose tissue depots in healthy women than in healthy men provide a mechanism for lipid storage. As female mitochondria have higher functional capacity and greater resistance to oxidative damage than male mitochondria, uniparental inheritance of female mitochondria may reduce the transmission of metabolic disorders. However, in women, starvation resistance and propensity to obesity have evolved in tandem, and the current prevalence of obesity is greater in women than in men. The combination of genetic sex, programming by developmental testosterone in males, and pubertal sex hormones defines sex-specific biological systems in adults that produce phenotypic sex differences in energy homeostasis, metabolic disease and drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine and Tulane Center of Excellence in Sex-Based Biology & Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Endocrine service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Rathod YD, Abdelgawad R, Hübner CA, Di Fulvio M. Slc12a2 loss in insulin-secreting β-cells links development of overweight and metabolic dysregulation to impaired satiation control of feeding. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E581-E594. [PMID: 37819196 PMCID: PMC10864024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00197.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Male mice lacking the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter Slc12a2 (Nkcc1) specifically in insulin-secreting β-cells (Slc12a2βKO) have reduced β-cell mass and mild β-cell secretory dysfunction associated with overweight, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and metabolic abnormalities. Here, we confirmed and extended previous results to female Slc12a2βKO mice, which developed a similar metabolic syndrome-like phenotype as males, albeit milder. Notably, male and female Slc12a2βKO mice developed overweight without consuming excess calories. Analysis of the feeding microstructure revealed that young lean Slc12a2βKO male mice ate meals of higher caloric content and at a relatively lower frequency than normal mice, particularly during the night. In addition, overweight Slc12a2βKO mice consumed significantly larger meals than lean mice. Therefore, the reduced satiation control of feeding precedes the onset of overweight and is worsened in older Slc12a2βKO mice. However, the time spent between meals remained intact in lean and overweight Slc12a2βKO mice, indicating conserved satiety responses to ad libitum feeding. Nevertheless, satiety was intensified during and after refeeding only in overweight males. In lean females, satiety responses to refeeding were delayed relative to age- and body weight-matched control mice but normalized in overweight mice. Since meal size did not change during refeeding, these data suggested that the satiety control of eating after fasting is impaired in lean Slc12a2βKO mice before the onset of overweight and independently of their reduced satiation responses. Therefore, our results support the novel hypothesis that reduced satiation precedes the onset of overweight and the development of metabolic dysregulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Obesity, defined as excess fat accumulation, increases the absolute risk for metabolic diseases. Although obesity is usually attributed to increased food intake, we demonstrate that body weight gain can be hastened without consuming excess calories. In fact, impaired meal termination control, i.e., satiation, is detectable before the development of overweight in an animal model that develops a metabolic syndrome-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakshkumar Dilipbhai Rathod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
| | - Rana Abdelgawad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institut für Humangenetik Am Klinikum 1, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mauricio Di Fulvio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine Dayton, Wright State University, Ohio, United States
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Al Asoom L, Alassaf MA, AlSulaiman NS, Boumarah DN, Almubireek AM, Alkaltham GK, Alhawaj HA, Alkhamis T, Rafique N, Alsunni A, Latif R, Alsaif S, Almohazey D, AbdulAzeez S, Borgio JF. The Effectiveness of Nigella sativa and Ginger as Appetite Suppressants: An Experimental Study on Healthy Wistar Rats. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2023; 19:1-11. [PMID: 36647392 PMCID: PMC9840438 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s396295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a global pandemic that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Natural herbs are commonly used for weight reduction and appetite suppression. Therefore, we aim to investigate the role and mechanism of Nigella sativa (NS) and ginger on weight reduction and appetite regulation. Methods This experimental study was performed at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University. Twenty-five female rats were distributed into 5 groups: NS (oral 1000mg/kg), Ginger (500 mg/kg), NS-ginger (both interventions), a positive control (intraperitoneal 50 μg/kg Liraglutide), and a negative control. Each intervention was given for 9 weeks. Food intake and body weight were assessed weekly. Serum lipid profile and peptides involved in appetite control (cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), ghrelin, peptide YY, and orexin) were assayed at the end of the experiment. Results None of the interventions showed a statistically significant difference regarding food consumption or weight gain (p > 0.05). However, the three interventions significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), NS and NS-ginger significantly increased HDL, NS increased ghrelin and ginger increased orexin. Conclusion The present dose and duration of NS, ginger, or in combination did not demonstrate a significant change in body weight or food consumption in comparison to the negative or positive controls. However, NS or ginger has improved the lipid profile by reducing TC and increasing HDL. In addition, NS or ginger can influence some of the peptides involved in appetite regulation such as the increase in ghrelin induced by NS and the reduction of orexin induced by ginger. We believe that these latter effects are novel and might indicate a promising effect of these natural products on appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Al Asoom
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A Alassaf
- King Fahd hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najd S AlSulaiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dhuha N Boumarah
- Department of Surgery, King Fahd Hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aldana M Almubireek
- King Fahd hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaeda K Alkaltham
- King Fahd hospital of the University, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain A Alhawaj
- Animal House, Environmental Health Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taleb Alkhamis
- Animal House, Environmental Health Department, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazish Rafique
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alsunni
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rabia Latif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seham Alsaif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dana Almohazey
- Department of Stem Cell Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Zhu Y, Qi Z, Ding S. Exercise-Induced Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Browning: How to Explain the Conflicting Findings? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13142. [PMID: 36361929 PMCID: PMC9657384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been widely studied in targeting against metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance due to its role in nutrient metabolism and energy regulation. Whether exercise promotes adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning remains controversial. The results from human and rodent studies contradict each other. In our opinion, fat thermogenesis or browning promoted by exercise should not be a biomarker of health benefits, but an adaptation under the stress between body temperature regulation and energy supply and expenditure of multiple organs. In this review, we discuss some factors that may contribute to conflicting experimental results, such as different thermoneutral zones, gender, training experience and the heterogeneity of fat depots. In addition, we explain that a redox state in cells potentially causes thermogenesis heterogeneity and different oxidation states of UCP1, which has led to the discrepancies noted in previous studies. We describe a network by which exercise orchestrates the browning and thermogenesis of adipose tissue with total energy expenditure through multiple organs (muscle, brain, liver and adipose tissue) and multiple pathways (nerve, endocrine and metabolic products), providing a possible interpretation for the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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7
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Torrens-Mas M, Navas-Enamorado C, Wahl D, Sanchez-Polo A, Picca A, Oliver J, Roca P, Gonzalez-Freire M. Sex Specific Differences in Response to Calorie Restriction in Skeletal Muscle of Young Rats. Nutrients 2022; 14:4535. [PMID: 36364797 PMCID: PMC9658986 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR), defined as a reduction of the total calorie intake of 30% to 60% without malnutrition, is the only nutritional strategy that has been shown to extend lifespan, prevent or delay the onset of age-associated diseases, and delay the functional decline in a wide range of species. However, little is known about the effects of CR when started early in life. We sought to analyze the effects of CR in the skeletal muscle of young Wistar rats. For this, 3-month-old male and female rats were subjected to 40% CR or fed ad libitum for 3 months. Gastrocnemius muscles were used to extract RNA and total protein. Western blot and RT-qPCR were performed to evaluate the expression of key markers/pathways modulated by CR and affected by aging. CR decreased body and skeletal muscle weight in both sexes. No differences were found in most senescence, antioxidant, and nutrient sensing pathways analyzed. However, we found a sexual dimorphism in markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function in response to CR. Our data show that young female rats treated with CR exhibit similar expression patterns of key genes/pathways associated with healthy aging when compared to old animals treated with CR, while in male rats these effects are reduced. Additional studies are needed to understand how early or later life CR exerts positive effects on healthspan and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Torrens-Mas
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Cayetano Navas-Enamorado
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Devin Wahl
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Andres Sanchez-Polo
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
| | - Jordi Oliver
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pilar Roca
- Grupo Multidisciplinar de Oncología Traslacional, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Research in Aging and Longevity (TRIAL) Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Chen Y, Kim M, Paye S, Benayoun BA. Sex as a Biological Variable in Nutrition Research: From Human Studies to Animal Models. Annu Rev Nutr 2022; 42:227-250. [PMID: 35417195 PMCID: PMC9398923 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biological sex is a fundamental source of phenotypic variability across species. Males and females have different nutritional needs and exhibit differences in nutrient digestion and utilization, leading to different health outcomes throughout life. With personalized nutrition gaining popularity in scientific research and clinical practice, it is important to understand the fundamentals of sex differences in nutrition research. Here, we review key studies that investigate sex dimorphism in nutrition research: sex differences in nutrient intake and metabolism, sex-dimorphic response in nutrient-restricted conditions, and sex differences in diet and gut microbiome interactions. Within each area above, factors from sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and sex-specific loci are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Minhoo Kim
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
| | - Sanjana Paye
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bérénice A Benayoun
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Computational Biology, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Epigenetics and Gene Regulation Program, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- USC Stem Cell Initiative, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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9
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Sexual Dimorphism in Brown Adipose Tissue Activation and White Adipose Tissue Browning. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158250. [PMID: 35897816 PMCID: PMC9368277 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present narrative review gathers the studies reported so far, addressing sex differences in the effects of cold exposure, feeding pattern and age on brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning. In rodents, when exposed to decreasing temperatures, females activate thermogenesis earlier. Results obtained in humans go in the same line, although they do not provide results as solid as those obtained in rodents. Regarding the effects of overfeeding, interesting sex differences on BAT thermogenic capacity have been reported, and the greater or lower sensitivity of each sex to this dietary situation seems to be dependent on the type of feeding. In the case of energy restriction, females are more sensitive than males. In addition, sex differences have also been observed in thermogenesis changes induced by phenolic compound administration. During sexual development, an increase in BAT mass and BAT activity takes place. This phenomenon is greater in boys than in girls, probably due to its relation to muscle-mass growth. The opposite situation takes place during ageing, a lifespan period where thermogenic capacity declines, this being more acute in men than in women. Finally, the vast majority of the studies have reported a higher susceptibility to developing WAT browning amongst females. The scarcity of results highlights the need for further studies devoted to analysing this issue, in order to provide valuable information for a more personalised approach.
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10
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Haque N, Tischkau SA. Sexual Dimorphism in Adipose-Hypothalamic Crosstalk and the Contribution of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor to Regulate Energy Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147679. [PMID: 35887027 PMCID: PMC9322714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There are fundamental sex differences in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of energy balance that account for this asymmetry will assist in developing sex-specific therapies for sexually dimorphic diseases such as obesity. Multiple organs, including the hypothalamus and adipose tissue, play vital roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis, which are regulated differently in males and females. Various neuronal populations, particularly within the hypothalamus, such as arcuate nucleus (ARC), can sense nutrient content of the body by the help of peripheral hormones such leptin, derived from adipocytes, to regulate energy homeostasis. This review summarizes how adipose tissue crosstalk with homeostatic network control systems in the brain, which includes energy regulatory regions and the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, contribute to energy regulation in a sex-specific manner. Moreover, development of obesity is contingent upon diet and environmental factors. Substances from diet and environmental contaminants can exert insidious effects on energy metabolism, acting peripherally through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Developmental AhR activation can impart permanent alterations of neuronal development that can manifest a number of sex-specific physiological changes, which sometimes become evident only in adulthood. AhR is currently being investigated as a potential target for treating obesity. The consensus is that impaired function of the receptor protects from obesity in mice. AhR also modulates sex steroid receptors, and hence, one of the objectives of this review is to explain why investigating sex differences while examining this receptor is crucial. Overall, this review summarizes sex differences in the regulation of energy homeostasis imparted by the adipose–hypothalamic axis and examines how this axis can be affected by xenobiotics that signal through AhR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Shelley A. Tischkau
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence:
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11
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Freitas-de-Melo A, Sales F, Ungerfeld R, Parraguez VH. Melatonin treatment during late gestation of undernourished ewes: lamb body temperature and mother–young behaviours after birth. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
ContextIn extensive grazing sheep systems, pregnant ewes undergo periods of undernutrition because gestation coincides with winter when natural pasture is of lowest quantity and poorest quality. The lamb’s weight and thermoregulatory capacity, and the ewe–lamb bond at birth, may be compromised. Maternal melatonin treatment during gestation may reverse these effects.AimThe aim was to determine the effects of melatonin treatment of single-lambing, undernourished ewes during the last third of gestation on lamb birthweights and body temperatures, and on ewe–lamb interactive behaviour after birth.MethodsAt Day 100 of gestation, 39 single-bearing ewes received a subcutaneous melatonin implant, and 54 ewes served as controls with no implant. Throughout gestation, the ewes remained under extensive conditions grazing on natural pasture. Measurements were made of lamb birthweight, body temperatures (surface temperature by infrared thermography and rectal temperature), and ewe–lamb behaviours during a handling test at 6–17h after lambing.Key resultsThere was no effect of melatonin treatment on lamb birthweight or rectal temperature, or on ewe–lamb interaction behaviours. Hip minimum surface temperature was greater in lambs from melatonin-treated ewes than lambs from control ewes (21.2°C±0.9°C vs 18.8°C±0.8°C; P=0.05), and there was a similar trend for hip mean surface temperature (24.6°C±0.9°C vs 22.3°C±0.7°C; P=0.06). Rump surface temperatures were greater in male than female lambs: maximum (27.9°C±1.2°C vs 22.9°C±1.2°C; P=0.01), minimum (22.2°C±1.5°C vs 16.7°C±1.5°C; P=0.02) and mean (25.4°C±1.3°C vs 20.5°C±1.3°C; P=0.02).ConclusionMelatonin treatment during the last third of ewe pregnancy slightly enhanced the surface temperature of lambs at birth but did not influence ewe–lamb interaction behaviour after birth (i.e. after establishment of the ewe–lamb bond).ImplicationsFurther study in more depth is warranted into the possible effects of maternal supplementation with commercial melatonin implants on lamb development, thermoregulatory capacity, behaviour and survival rates in extensive grazing systems, including the effect on ewe–lamb behaviours immediately after birth for both singletons and twins.
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Brzęk P. Sex differences in nonshivering thermogenesis in the wild. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111402. [PMID: 34302908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) is a key mechanism that allows mammals to control their body temperature. Sex can frequently affect thermoregulatory requirements; therefore, males and females can be expected to differ significantly in their NST capacity. Several sex-related differences in NST have been described in laboratory animals and humans; however, these parameters are relatively rarely studied in animals living under natural conditions. Here, I briefly review factors that may be responsible for this disparity and point out two situations that should be particularly promising in searching for sex differences in NST under natural conditions: the lactation period and potential mitonuclear conflicts over NST control in species with genetic polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Brzęk
- Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland.
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13
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Pan R, Chen Y. Fat biology and metabolic balance: On the significance of sex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111336. [PMID: 34090969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have become prevalent and fatal, which are faced by the entire human beings since decades. An energy equilibrium is urgently important for human metabolic health, which requires the participation of multiple organs, such as adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles. It seems that both sex and age play a role in the above processes. In this review, we focus on the sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism mediated by adipose tissues, including white and thermogenic (brown/beige) adipose tissues. Remarkably, past investigations have focused on targeting brown/beige adipose tissues to combat obesity because of their contributions to non-shivering thermogenesis. However, sex differences in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism are likely overlooked. Particularly, increasing data show that males display more visceral fat than females, and females show increased visceral fat after menopause. Visceral adiposity is more deleterious and closely related to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss current findings on sexual dimorphism in WAT and BAT biology for a better metabolic balance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, PR China.
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Keuper M, Jastroch M. The good and the BAT of metabolic sex differences in thermogenic human adipose tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111337. [PMID: 34062167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic adipose tissue, which comprises classical brown and beige adipose tissue, has the ability to improve systemic metabolism. Its identification in adult humans has fostered extensive investigations on the therapeutic value to counteract obesity and metabolic disorders. Sex and gender differences of human thermogenic adipose tissue, however, are still understudied despite their importance for personalized treatment options. Here, we review studies reporting human sex differences of thermogenic adipose tissue and related potential improvements of systemic energy metabolism. An increasing body of evidence suggests higher prevalence, mass and activity of thermogenic adipose tissue in women, but the consequences for metabolic disease progression and mechanisms are largely unknown. Therefore, we also discuss observations on sex-specific adipose metabolism in experimental mouse and rat studies that may assist to establish molecular mechanisms and instruct future investigations in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Keuper
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Sheng Y, Xia F, Chen L, Lv Y, Lv S, Yu J, Liu J, Ding G. Differential Responses of White Adipose Tissue and Brown Adipose Tissue to Calorie Restriction During Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:393-399. [PMID: 32222773 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related adipose tissue dysfunction is potentially important in the development of insulin resistance and metabolic disorder. Caloric restriction (CR) is a robust intervention to reduce adiposity, improve metabolic health, and extend healthy life span. Both white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) are involved in energy homeostasis. CR triggers the beiging of WAT in young mice; however, the effects of CR on beiging of WAT and function of BAT during aging are unclear. This study aimed to investigate how age and CR impact the beiging of WAT, the function of BAT, and metabolic health in mice. C57BL/6 mice were fed CR diet (40% less than the ad libitum [AL] diet) for 3 months initiated in young (3 months), middle-aged (12 months), and old (19 months) stage. We found age-related changes in different types of adipose tissue, including adipocyte enlargement, declined beiging of WAT, and declined thermogenic and β-oxidational function of BAT. Moreover, CR attenuated age-associated adipocyte enlargement and prevented the age-related decline in beiging potential of WAT. These protective effects on the beiging potential were significant in inguinal WAT at all three ages, which were significant in epididymal WAT at young and old age. In contrast, thermogenic and β-oxidational function of BAT further declined after CR in the young age group. In conclusion, our findings reveal the contribution of WAT beiging decline to age-related metabolic disorder and suggest nutritional intervention, specifically targeting WAT beiging, as an effective approach to metabolic health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Sheng
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Xia
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Geriatric Respiratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Lv
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Lv
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yu
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Liu
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxian Ding
- Division of Geriatric Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kaikaew K, Grefhorst A, Visser JA. Sex Differences in Brown Adipose Tissue Function: Sex Hormones, Glucocorticoids, and Their Crosstalk. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:652444. [PMID: 33927694 PMCID: PMC8078866 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.652444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive fat accumulation in the body causes overweight and obesity. To date, research has confirmed that there are two types of adipose tissue with opposing functions: lipid-storing white adipose tissue (WAT) and lipid-burning brown adipose tissue (BAT). After the rediscovery of the presence of metabolically active BAT in adults, BAT has received increasing attention especially since activation of BAT is considered a promising way to combat obesity and associated comorbidities. It has become clear that energy homeostasis differs between the sexes, which has a significant impact on the development of pathological conditions such as type 2 diabetes. Sex differences in BAT activity may contribute to this and, therefore, it is important to address the underlying mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in BAT activity. In this review, we discuss the role of sex hormones in the regulation of BAT activity under physiological and some pathological conditions. Given the increasing number of studies suggesting a crosstalk between sex hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in metabolism, we also discuss this crosstalk in relation to sex differences in BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasiphak Kaikaew
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aldo Grefhorst
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jenny A. Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Jenny A. Visser,
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Monarca RI, Speakman JR, Mathias ML. Effects of predation risk on the body mass regulation of growing wood mice. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. I. Monarca
- CESAM – Center for Environmental and Marine Studies Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - J. R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - M. L. Mathias
- CESAM – Center for Environmental and Marine Studies Universidade de Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia Animal Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
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Meal Frequency and Skipping Breakfast Are Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020331. [PMID: 32012653 PMCID: PMC7071178 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic underhydration and malnutrition can be associated with irreversible renal damage. This study investigated the association of meal frequency and breakfast skipping with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in South Korea. Participants (4370 participants from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey VI 2013-2014) were divided into two groups based on meal frequency: ≥ 15 or < 15 meals/week. They were further divided into four groups based on the frequency of breakfast, lunch, and dinner consumed in the previous year. The data were analyzed with complex samples logistic regression. We found that 9.6% of the participants (n = 412) had CKD, which was associated with gender, body mass index, serum fasting glucose, daily calorie intake, hypertension, diabetes, and cerebrovascular accident. Participants consuming <15 meals/week had a higher risk of CKD than those who consumed ≥15 meals/week (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.531, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.209-1.938). Participants who rarely had breakfast showed a higher risk of CKD than those who had breakfast 5-7 times/week (adjusted OR 1.572, 95% CI 1.108-2.231). Our findings suggest that <15 meals/week or skipping breakfast is associated with a higher risk of CKD in the general South Korean population, especially for men or persons aged 42-64 years.
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Riera Leal A, Ortiz-Lazareno PC, Jave-Suárez LF, Ramírez De Arellano A, Aguilar-Lemarroy A, Ortiz-García YM, Barrón-Gallardo CA, Solís-Martínez R, Luquin De Anda S, Muñoz-Valle JF, Pereira-Suárez AL. 17β‑estradiol‑induced mitochondrial dysfunction and Warburg effect in cervical cancer cells allow cell survival under metabolic stress. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:33-46. [PMID: 31746421 PMCID: PMC6910176 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria from different types of cancer show bioenergetics and dysfunction that favor cell proliferation. The mechanistic understanding of estrogen in cervical cancer is poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine how 17β-estradiol (E2) affects mitochondrial function and the Warburg effect in SiHa, HeLa and C33A cervical cancer cells. Mitochondrial compromise was evaluated measuring changes in the membrane permeability by immunofluorescence, calcium concentration, redox status, iron and ferritin reserves. Glucose consumption and lactic acid assays were used to detect the metabolic activity. Results were confirmed at molecular level by analysis of the differential gene expression using RNA sequencing. E2 modified the mitochondrial permeability and produced an alteration in the calcium signaling pathway. In HeLa and SiHa, there was a significant decrease in nitric oxide levels and lipid peroxidation, and an increase in glucose consumption and lactic acid levels when stimulated with E2. Intracellular iron or ferritin reserves were not affected by the E2 treatment. Genes differentially modulated by E2 were involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation system, glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and the regulation of metabolic signaling pathways. Herein, we provide evidence for a primary effect of estrogen on mitochondrial function and the Warburg effect, favoring the metabolic adaptation of the cervical cancer cell lines and their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Riera Leal
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Pablo César Ortiz-Lazareno
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe Jave-Suárez
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez De Arellano
- Research Institute in Biomedical Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Adriana Aguilar-Lemarroy
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Yveth Marlene Ortiz-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfredo Barrón-Gallardo
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Raúl Solís-Martínez
- Diagnostic Laboratory, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Sonia Luquin De Anda
- Department of Neurosciences, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Research Institute in Biomedical Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Division of Immunology, Western Biomedical Research Center, Mexican Social Security Institute, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44340, Mexico
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Winn NC, Acin-Perez R, Woodford ML, Hansen SA, Haney MM, Ayedun LA, Rector RS, Vieira-Potter VJ, Shirihai OS, Sacks HS, Kanaley JA, Padilla J. A Thermogenic-Like Brown Adipose Tissue Phenotype Is Dispensable for Enhanced Glucose Tolerance in Female Mice. Diabetes 2019; 68:1717-1729. [PMID: 30862679 PMCID: PMC6702635 DOI: 10.2337/db18-1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The prevailing dogma is that thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) contributes to improvements in glucose homeostasis in obesogenic animal models, though much of the evidence supporting this premise is from thermostressed rodents. Determination of whether modulation of the BAT morphology/function drives changes in glucoregulation at thermoneutrality requires further investigation. We used loss- and gain-of-function approaches including genetic manipulation of the lipolytic enzyme Pnpla2, change in environmental temperature, and lifestyle interventions to comprehensively test the premise that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is coupled with enhanced glucose tolerance in female mice. In contrast to this hypothesis, we found that 1) compared to mice living at thermoneutrality, enhanced activation of BAT and its thermogenic phenotype via chronic mild cold stress does not improve glucose tolerance in obese mice, 2) silencing of the Pnpla2 in interscapular BAT causes a brown-to-white phenotypic shift accompanied with inflammation but does not disrupt glucose tolerance in lean mice, and 3) exercise and low-fat diet improve glucose tolerance in obese mice but these effects do not track with a thermogenic BAT phenotype. Collectively, these findings indicate that a thermogenic-like BAT phenotype is not linked to heightened glucose tolerance in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Winn
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Rebeca Acin-Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Sarah A Hansen
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Megan M Haney
- Office of Animal Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Lolade A Ayedun
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - R Scott Rector
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Orian S Shirihai
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Harold S Sacks
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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21
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Vasconcellos RS, Gonçalves KNV, Borges NC, de Paula FJA, Canola JC, de Oliveira Sampaio Gomes M, Miltenburg TZ, Carciofi AC. Male and female cats have different regional body compositions and energy requirements for weight loss and weight maintenance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1546-1555. [PMID: 31106916 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Body composition and energy requirements are different between males and females in several species, and both interfere with weight loss. The aim of this study was to compare the total and regional body composition and energy requirements in obese male (n = 8) and female (n = 8) cats, during weight loss and weight maintenance over 17 subsequent weeks after regimen. The total and regional (thoracic and pelvic limbs, and trunk) body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Females exhibited a higher fat mass (FM) than males (p < 0.05), and the trunk was the site with greater fat accumulation regardless of gender. A 23.0 ± 2.8% reduction in body weight was followed by a 50.3 ± 9.4% and a 37.0 ± 8.9% reduction in fat in the trunk region in males and females respectively. Lean mass (LM) mobilization was also increased in the trunk (p < 0.05), and the loss of LM was associated with a reduction in bone mass. The energy intake to achieve the same rate of weight loss was 12.9 ± 3.4% higher in males (p < 0.05). The cats exhibited a gradual increase in energy requirements to maintain their body weight after weight loss (p < 0.05). It was concluded that obese cats mainly accumulate fat in the trunk. The reduction in lean mass after the regimen also occurred in the trunk, with no modifications in the skeletal muscle mass of the limbs. Neutered male cats have higher energy requirements than neutered females, and gender should be considered during obesity management in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Júlio Carlos Canola
- College of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi
- College of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences (FCAV), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
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22
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Toniazzo AP, M. Arcego D, Lazzaretti C, Lampert C, N. Weis S, Proto-Siqueira R, Krolow R, Dalmaz C. Sex-specific effects of prepubertal stress and high-fat diet on leptin signaling in rats. Nutrition 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Garcia RF, Mariano IR, Stolarz IC, Pedrosa MMD. Refeeding after caloric restriction reverses altered liver glucose release. Arch Physiol Biochem 2018; 124:167-170. [PMID: 28853614 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2017.1370000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Caloric restriction increases liver glucose release (LGR), but it is not known if this is a permanent condition. OBJECTIVE To investigate if refeeding after caloric restriction reverses the high LGR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were organised in six-pups litters (GC); 12-pups litters with either 50% caloric restriction from 21 to 80 days of age (GR) or fed at will from 50 to 80 days of age (GRL). Liver perfusion was made at the age of 80 days. RESULTS LGR was higher in the GR both during basal and adrenaline-stimulated conditions. Refeeding after caloric restriction decreased it to values close to those of GC rats. DISCUSSION The altered LGR of GR rats was reversed by refeeding (group GRL). The influence of hypothalamic neuropetides on these hepatic changes is suggested. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced LGR under caloric restriction is not programmed by early feeding; instead, it is determined by the current nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela F Garcia
- a Department of Physiological Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Isabela R Mariano
- b Undergraduation in Biological Sciences , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil
| | - Isabela C Stolarz
- c Undergraduation in Technology in Biotechnology , State University of Maringá , Maringá , Brazil
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24
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Du C, Zhang C, Wu W, Liang Y, Wang A, Wu S, Zhao Y, Hou L, Ning Q, Luo X. Circulating MOTS-c levels are decreased in obese male children and adolescents and associated with insulin resistance. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:1058-1064. [PMID: 29691953 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A novel bioactive peptide, mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c), has recently attracted attention as a potential prevention or therapeutic option for obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MOTS-c profiles have not yet been reported in human obesity and T2DM. We aimed to determine circulating MOTS-c levels in obesity and explore the association between MOTS-c levels and various metabolic parameters. METHODS In this case-control study, 40 obese children and adolescents (27 males) and 57 controls (40 males) were recruited in the Hubei Province of China in 2017. Circulating MOTS-c levels were measured, clinical data (eg, glucose, insulin, and lipid profile) were recorded, and anthropometric measurements were performed. Finally, we investigated correlations between MOTS-c levels and related variables. RESULTS MOTS-c levels were significantly decreased in the obese group compared with the control group (472.61 ±22.83 vs 561.64 ±19.19 ng/mL, P <.01). After classification by sex, MOTS-c levels were significantly decreased in obese male children and adolescents compared to their counterparts (465.26 ±24.53 vs 584.07 ±21.18 ng/mL, P <.001), while they were comparable between the obese and healthy female subjects (487.89 ±49.77 vs 508.85 ±38.76 ng/mL, P >.05). Further, MOTS-c levels were negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI), BMI SD score, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fasting insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the male cohort. CONCLUSIONS Circulating MOTS-c levels were decreased in obese male children and adolescents and correlated with markers of insulin resistance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anru Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pediatrics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shimin Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Hou
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Ning
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Dommerholt MB, Dionne DA, Hutchinson DF, Kruit JK, Johnson JD. Metabolic effects of short-term caloric restriction in mice with reduced insulin gene dosage. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:59-71. [PMID: 29439088 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) is the only environmental intervention with robust evidence that it extends lifespan and delays the symptoms of aging, but its mechanisms are incompletely understood. Based on the prolonged longevity of knockout models, it was hypothesized that the insulin-IGF pathway could be a target for developing a CR mimic. This study aimed to test whether CR has additive effects on glucose homeostasis and beta-cell function in mice with reduced insulin gene dosage. To study models with a range of basal insulin levels, wild-type C57BL/6J and mice on an Ins2-/- background, were put on 8 weeks of 40% CR at various ages. Both male and female mice rapidly lost weight due to a reduced WAT mass. Glucose tolerance was improved and fasting glucose levels were reduced by CR in both wild type and 45- and 70-week-old Ins2-/- mice. The effects of CR and reduced insulin on glucose tolerance were non-additive in 20-week-old mice. Interestingly, mice on CR generally exhibited an inability to further depress blood glucose after insulin injection, pointing to possible alterations in insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CR can cause weight loss in the context of reduced insulin production, but that CR-improved glucose homeostasis does not occur near the 'insulin floor' in young mice. Collectively, these data shed further light on the relationships between CR, insulin and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen B Dommerholt
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Derek A Dionne
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Daria F Hutchinson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Janine K Kruit
- Department of PediatricsUniversity Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - James D Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological SciencesUniversity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Fuller-Jackson JP, Clarke IJ, Rao A, Henry BA. Exercise counteracts the homeostatic decrease in thermogenesis caused by caloric restriction in sheep. FASEB J 2018; 32:3859-3869. [PMID: 29455575 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701504r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction causes a homeostatic reduction in thermogenesis. We aimed to determine whether exercise could counteract this. We studied four groups of normal-weight ewes ( n = 5), including control sedentary fed ad libitum, exercise fed ad libitum (30 min/d, 5 d/wk), diet-restricted (70% of ad libitum food intake), and combined diet and exercise. Temperature probes implanted in sternal and retroperitoneal adipose tissue and skeletal muscle measured thermogenesis. After the 4-wk intervention, hypothalami were collected for in situ hybridization, and fat and muscle biopsies were collected for real-time PCR and Western blotting. Combined diet and exercise reduced adiposity ( P < 0.05). Caloric restriction alone reduced overnight temperatures in sternal and retroperitoneal fat ( P < 0.05), which was counteracted by exercise ( P < 0.05). Exercise did not induce expression of cellular markers of browning in adipose tissue. There was no effect of diet or exercise on skeletal muscle thermogenesis. Combined diet and exercise increased the expression of neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus ( P < 0.05), consistent with reduced adiposity. Gene expressions of key hypothalamic appetite-regulating peptides were not associated with altered thermogenesis. We demonstrate that exercise counteracts the inhibitory effect of caloric restriction to restore thermogenesis in adipose tissue of sheep.-Fuller-Jackson, J.-P., Clarke, I. J., Rao, A., Henry, B. A. Exercise counteracts the homeostatic decrease in thermogenesis caused by caloric restriction in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Fuller-Jackson
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Iain J Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra Rao
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda A Henry
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Aguayo A, Martin CS, Huddy TF, Ogawa-Okada M, Adkins JL, Steele AD. Sex differences in circadian food anticipatory activity are not altered by individual manipulations of sex hormones or sex chromosome copy number in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191373. [PMID: 29385171 PMCID: PMC5792018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in mice have demonstrated a sexual dimorphism in circadian entrainment to scheduled feeding. On a time restricted diet, males tend to develop food anticipatory activity (FAA) sooner than females and with a higher amplitude of activity. The underlying cause of this sex difference remains unknown. One study suggests that sex hormones, both androgens and estrogens, modulate food anticipatory activity in mice. Here we present results suggesting that the sex difference in FAA is unrelated to gonadal sex hormones. While a sex difference between males and females in FAA on a timed, calorie restricted diet was observed there were no differences between intact and gonadectomized mice in the onset or magnitude of FAA. To test other sources of the sex difference in circadian entrainment to scheduled feeding, we used sex chromosome copy number mutants, but there was no difference in FAA when comparing XX, XY-, XY-;Sry Tg, and XX;Sry Tg mice, demonstrating that gene dosage of sex chromosomes does not mediate the sex difference in FAA. Next, we masculinized female mice by treating them with 17-beta estradiol during the neonatal period; yet again, we saw no difference in FAA between control and masculinized females. Finally, we observed that there was no longer a sex difference in FAA for older mice, suggesting that the sex difference in FAA is age-dependent. Thus, our study demonstrates that singular manipulations of gonadal hormones, sex chromosomes, or developmental patterning are not able to explain the difference in FAA between young male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Aguayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America
| | - Camille S. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Huddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America
| | - Maya Ogawa-Okada
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. Adkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Valencak TG, Osterrieder A, Schulz TJ. Sex matters: The effects of biological sex on adipose tissue biology and energy metabolism. Redox Biol 2017; 12:806-813. [PMID: 28441629 PMCID: PMC5406544 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex and multi-faceted organ. It responds dynamically to internal and external stimuli, depending on the developmental stage and activity of the organism. The most common functional subunits of adipose tissue, white and brown adipocytes, regulate and respond to endocrine processes, which then determine metabolic rate as well as adipose tissue functions. While the molecular aspects of white and brown adipose biology have become clearer in the recent past, much less is known about sex-specific differences in regulation and deposition of adipose tissue, and the specific role of the so-called pink adipocytes during lactation in females. This review summarises the current understanding of adipose tissue dynamics with a focus on sex-specific differences in adipose tissue energy metabolism and endocrine functions, focussing on mammalian model organisms as well as human-derived data. In females, pink adipocytes trans-differentiate during pregnancy from subcutaneous white adipocytes and are responsible for milk-secretion in mammary glands. Overlooking biological sex variation may ultimately hamper clinical treatments of many aspects of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G Valencak
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anne Osterrieder
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 114-116, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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Achamrah N, Nobis S, Goichon A, Breton J, Legrand R, do Rego JL, do Rego JC, Déchelotte P, Fetissov SO, Belmonte L, Coëffier M. Sex differences in response to activity-based anorexia model in C57Bl/6 mice. Physiol Behav 2017; 170:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Farhat F, Amérand A, Simon B, Guegueniat N, Moisan C. Gender-dependent differences of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in rat skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise training. Redox Rep 2017; 22:508-514. [PMID: 28249551 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2017.1296637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated gender-dependent differences of mitochondrial function and sensitivity to in vitro ROS exposure in rat skeletal muscle at rest and after exercise training. METHODS Wistar rats underwent running training for 6 weeks. In vitro measurements of hydroxyl radical production, oxygen consumption (under basal and maximal respiration conditions) and ATP production were made on permeabilized fibers. Mitochondrial function was examined after exposure and non-exposure to an in vitro generator system of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also determined. RESULTS Compared with sedentary males, females showed a greater resistance of mitochondrial function (oxygen consumption and ATP production) to ROS exposure, and lower MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities. The training protocol had more beneficial effects in males than females with regard to ROS production and oxidative stress. In contrast to male rats, the susceptibility of mitochondrial function to ROS exposure in trained females was unchanged. DISCUSSION Exercise training improves mitochondrial function oxidative capacities in both male and female rats, but is more pronounced in males as a result of different mechanisms. The resistance of mitochondrial function to in vitro oxidative stress exposure and the antioxidant responses are gender- and training-dependent, and may be related to the protective effects of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Farhat
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Aline Amérand
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Bernard Simon
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Nathalie Guegueniat
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
| | - Christine Moisan
- a EA4324-ORPHY, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IBSAM, UFR Sciences et Techniques , Brest , France
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Cui J, Pang J, Lin YJ, Gong H, Wang ZH, Li YX, Li J, Wang Z, Jiang P, Dai DP, Li J, Cai JP, Huang JD, Zhang TM. Adipose-specific deletion of Kif5b exacerbates obesity and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. FASEB J 2017; 31:2533-2547. [PMID: 28242773 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601103r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that KIF5B (conventional kinesin heavy chain) mediates glucose transporter type 4 translocation and adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, suggesting an involvement of KIF5B in the homeostasis of metabolism. However, the in vivo physiologic function of KIF5B in adipose tissue remains to be determined. In this study, adipose-specific Kif5b knockout (F-K5bKO) mice were generated using the Cre-LoxP strategy. F-K5bKO mice had similar body weights to controls fed on a standard chow diet. However, F-K5bKO mice had hyperlipidemia and significant glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Deletion of Kif5b aggravated the deleterious impact of a high-fat diet (HFD) on body weight gain, hepatosteatosis, glucose tolerance, and systematic insulin sensitivity. These changes were accompanied by impaired insulin signaling, decreased secretion of adiponectin, and increased serum levels of leptin and proinflammatory adipokines. F-K5bKO mice fed on an HFD exhibited lower energy expenditure and thermogenic dysfunction as a result of whitening of brown adipose due to decreased mitochondria biogenesis and down-regulation of key thermogenic gene expression. In conclusion, selective deletion of Kif5b in adipose tissue exacerbates HFD-induced obesity and its associated metabolic disorders, partly through a decrease in energy expenditure, dysregulation of adipokine secretion, and insulin signaling.-Cui, J., Pang, J., Lin, Y.-J., Gong, H., Wang, Z.-H., Li, Y.-X., Li, J., Wang, Z., Jiang, P., Dai, D.-P., Li, J., Cai, J.-P., Huang, J.-D., Zhang, T.-M. Adipose-specific deletion of Kif5b exacerbates obesity and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Cui
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Pang
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Jun Lin
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Gong
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-He Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yun-Xuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Zai Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Peng Dai
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Li
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cai
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; .,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The Centre for Synthetic Biology Engineering Research, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tie-Mei Zhang
- The Ministry of Health (MOH) Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China;
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Li Z, Wang Y, Sun KK, Wang K, Sun ZS, Zhao M, Wang J. Sex-related difference in food-anticipatory activity of mice. Horm Behav 2015; 70:38-46. [PMID: 25736535 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of food-anticipatory activity (FAA) is induced by restricted feeding (RF), and its entrainment requires food-entrainable oscillators, the neuroanatomical basis of which is currently unclear. Although RF impacts various hormones, sex-related differences in FAA are unclear. 'Here, we report significantly more food-anticipatory wheel-running activity in male than in female mice during RF. In parallel with the sex-related difference in FAA, male and female mice display different food intake and body weight in response to RF. Since gonadal hormones could be involved in the sex-specific difference in FAA, we compared sham and gonadectomized male and female wild-type mice. In gonadectomized mice, the sex difference in FAA was abolished, indicating a role for gonadal hormones in FAA. Further, plasma concentrations of the hormone ghrelin were higher in female than in male mice during ad libitum (AL) feeding, and RF induced a temporal advance in its peak in both sexes. RF also shifted the expression peak of the circadian gene mPer1 in the hippocampus and liver, although no sex difference was found in either the level or the cyclic phase of its expression. Per1(Brdm1) mutant mice were still sexually dimorphic for FAA, but diminished FAA was noted in both male and female Per2(Brdm1) mutant mice. In summary, our results imply that gonadal hormones contribute to the sex difference in FAA, possibly through modulating ghrelin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China; Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | | | - Kangli Wang
- Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Zhong Sheng Sun
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Genomic Medicine, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| | - Mei Zhao
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jundong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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Joseph-Bravo P, Jaimes-Hoy L, Charli JL. Regulation of TRH neurons and energy homeostasis-related signals under stress. J Endocrinol 2015; 224:R139-59. [PMID: 25563352 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis relies on a concerted response of the nervous and endocrine systems to signals evoked by intake, storage, and expenditure of fuels. Glucocorticoids (GCs) and thyroid hormones are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, thus placing the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axes at a central interface. This review describes the mode of regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons and the evidence supporting the concept that they act as metabolic integrators. Emphasis has been be placed on i) the effects of GCs on the modulation of transcription of Trh in vivo and in vitro, ii) the physiological and molecular mechanisms by which acute or chronic situations of stress and energy demands affect the activity of TRHergic neurons and the HPT axis, and iii) the less explored role of non-hypophysiotropic hypothalamic TRH neurons. The partial evidence gathered so far is indicative of a contrasting involvement of distinct TRH cell types, manifested through variability in cellular phenotype and physiology, including rapid responses to energy demands for thermogenesis or physical activity and nutritional status that may be modified according to stress history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Joseph-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Lorraine Jaimes-Hoy
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Jean-Louis Charli
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología MolecularInstituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), A.P. 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
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Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Norton LE. Metabolic adaptation to weight loss: implications for the athlete. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:7. [PMID: 24571926 PMCID: PMC3943438 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Optimized body composition provides a competitive advantage in a variety of sports. Weight reduction is common among athletes aiming to improve their strength-to-mass ratio, locomotive efficiency, or aesthetic appearance. Energy restriction is accompanied by changes in circulating hormones, mitochondrial efficiency, and energy expenditure that serve to minimize the energy deficit, attenuate weight loss, and promote weight regain. The current article reviews the metabolic adaptations observed with weight reduction and provides recommendations for successful weight reduction and long term reduced-weight maintenance in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 209 Fetzer Hall, CB# 8700, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8700, USA.
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Sex differences in thermogenesis structure behavior and contact within huddles of infant mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87405. [PMID: 24498099 PMCID: PMC3909189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic effector abundant in most mammalian infants. For multiparous species such as rats and mice, the interscapular BAT deposit provides both an emergency "thermal blanket" and a target for nestmates seeking warmth, thereby increasing the cohesiveness of huddling groups. Sex differences in BAT regulation and thermogenesis have been documented in a number of species, including mice (Mus musculus)--with females generally exhibiting relative upregulation of BAT. It is nonetheless unknown whether this difference affects the behavioral dynamics occurring within huddles of infant rodents. We investigated sex differences in BAT thermogenesis and its relation to contact while huddling in eight-day-old C57BL/6 mouse pups using infrared thermography, scoring of contact, and causal modeling of the relation between interscapular temperature relative to other pups in the huddle (T IS (rel)) and contacts while huddling. We found that females were warmer than their male siblings during cold challenge, under conditions both in which pups were isolated and in which pups could actively huddle in groups of six (3 male, 3 female). This difference garnered females significantly more contacts from other pups than males during cold-induced huddling. Granger analyses revealed a significant negative feedback relationship between contacts with males and T IS (rel) for females, and positive feedback between contacts with females and T IS (rel) for males, indicating that male pups drained heat from female siblings while huddling. Significant sex assortment nonetheless occurred, such that females made more contacts with other females than expected by chance, apparently outcompeting males for access to each other. These results provide further evidence of enhanced BAT thermogenesis in female mice. Slight differences in BAT can significantly structure the behavioral dynamics occurring in huddles, resulting in differences in the quantity and quality of contacts obtained by the individuals therein, creating sex differences in behavioral interactions beginning in early infancy.
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Walsh ME, Shi Y, Van Remmen H. The effects of dietary restriction on oxidative stress in rodents. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 66:88-99. [PMID: 23743291 PMCID: PMC4017324 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is observed during aging and in numerous age-related diseases. Dietary restriction (DR) is a regimen that protects against disease and extends life span in multiple species. However, it is unknown how DR mediates its protective effects. One prominent and consistent effect of DR in a number of systems is the ability to reduce oxidative stress and damage. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively examine the hypothesis that dietary restriction reduces oxidative stress in rodents by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity, leading to an overall reduction of oxidative damage to macromolecules. The literature reveals that the effects of DR on oxidative stress are complex and likely influenced by a variety of factors, including sex, species, tissue examined, types of ROS and antioxidant enzymes examined, and duration of DR. Here we present a comprehensive review of the existing literature on the effect of DR on mitochondrial ROS generation, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative damage. In a majority of studies, dietary restriction had little effect on mitochondrial ROS production or antioxidant activity. On the other hand, DR decreased oxidative damage in the majority of cases. Although the effects of DR on endogenous antioxidants are mixed, we find that glutathione levels are the most likely antioxidant to be increased by dietary restriction, which supports the emerging redox-stress hypothesis of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Walsh
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA; Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 15355 Lambda Drive, San Antonio, TX 78245; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Grebenstein P, Burroughs D, Zhang Y, LeSage MG. Sex differences in nicotine self-administration in rats during progressive unit dose reduction: implications for nicotine regulation policy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 114-115:70-81. [PMID: 24201048 PMCID: PMC3903094 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the nicotine content in tobacco products is being considered by the FDA as a policy to reduce the addictiveness of tobacco products. Understanding individual differences in response to nicotine reduction will be critical to developing safe and effective policy. Animal and human research demonstrating sex differences in the reinforcing effects of nicotine suggests that males and females may respond differently to nicotine-reduction policies. However, no studies have directly examined sex differences in the effects of nicotine unit-dose reduction on nicotine self-administration (NSA) in animals. The purpose of the present study was to examine this issue in a rodent self-administration model. Male and female rats were trained to self-administer nicotine (0.06mg/kg) under an FR 3 schedule during daily 23h sessions. Rats were then exposed to saline extinction and reacquisition of NSA, followed by weekly reductions in the unit dose (0.03 to 0.00025mg/kg) until extinction levels of responding were achieved. Males and females were compared with respect to baseline levels of intake, resistance to extinction, degree of compensatory increases in responding during dose reduction, and the threshold reinforcing unit dose of nicotine. Exponential demand-curve analysis was also conducted to compare the sensitivity of males and females to increases in the unit price (FR/unit dose) of nicotine (i.e., elasticity of demand or reinforcing efficacy). Females exhibited significantly higher baseline intake and less compensation than males. However, there were no sex differences in the reinforcement threshold or elasticity of demand. Dose-response relationships were very well described by the exponential demand function (r(2) values>0.96 for individual subjects). These findings suggest that females may exhibit less compensatory smoking in response to nicotine reduction policies, even though their nicotine reinforcement threshold and elasticity of demand may not differ from males.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Burroughs
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, United States
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Department of Medicine, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, United States
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Asarian L, Geary N. Sex differences in the physiology of eating. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1215-67. [PMID: 23904103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis function fundamentally affects the physiology of eating. We review sex differences in the physiological and pathophysiological controls of amounts eaten in rats, mice, monkeys, and humans. These controls result from interactions among genetic effects, organizational effects of reproductive hormones (i.e., permanent early developmental effects), and activational effects of these hormones (i.e., effects dependent on hormone levels). Male-female sex differences in the physiology of eating involve both organizational and activational effects of androgens and estrogens. An activational effect of estrogens decreases eating 1) during the periovulatory period of the ovarian cycle in rats, mice, monkeys, and women and 2) tonically between puberty and reproductive senescence or ovariectomy in rats and monkeys, sometimes in mice, and possibly in women. Estrogens acting on estrogen receptor-α (ERα) in the caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract appear to mediate these effects in rats. Androgens, prolactin, and other reproductive hormones also affect eating in rats. Sex differences in eating are mediated by alterations in orosensory capacity and hedonics, gastric mechanoreception, ghrelin, CCK, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon, insulin, amylin, apolipoprotein A-IV, fatty-acid oxidation, and leptin. The control of eating by central neurochemical signaling via serotonin, MSH, neuropeptide Y, Agouti-related peptide (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone, and dopamine is modulated by HPG function. Finally, sex differences in the physiology of eating may contribute to human obesity, anorexia nervosa, and binge eating. The variety and physiological importance of what has been learned so far warrant intensifying basic, translational, and clinical research on sex differences in eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Asarian
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Center for Integrated Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and
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Papkovskaia TD, Chau KY, Inesta-Vaquera F, Papkovsky DB, Healy DG, Nishio K, Staddon J, Duchen MR, Hardy J, Schapira AHV, Cooper JM. G2019S leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 causes uncoupling protein-mediated mitochondrial depolarization. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4201-13. [PMID: 22736029 PMCID: PMC3441120 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The G2019S leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from idiopathic PD. Mitochondrial abnormalities are a common feature in PD pathogenesis and we have investigated the impact of G2019S mutant LRRK2 expression on mitochondrial bioenergetics. LRRK2 protein expression was detected in fibroblasts and lymphoblasts at levels higher than those observed in the mouse brain. The presence of G2019S LRRK2 mutation did not influence LRRK2 expression in fibroblasts. However, the expression of the G2019S LRRK2 mutation in both fibroblast and neuroblastoma cells was associated with mitochondrial uncoupling. This was characterized by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased oxygen utilization under basal and oligomycin-inhibited conditions. This resulted in a decrease in cellular ATP levels consistent with compromised cellular function. This uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was associated with a cell-specific increase in uncoupling protein (UCP) 2 and 4 expression. Restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential by the UCP inhibitor genipin confirmed the role of UCPs in this mechanism. The G2019S LRRK2-induced mitochondrial uncoupling and UCP4 mRNA up-regulation were LRRK2 kinase-dependent, whereas endogenous LRRK2 levels were required for constitutive UCP expression. We propose that normal mitochondrial function was deregulated by the expression of G2019S LRRK2 in a kinase-dependent mechanism that is a modification of the normal LRRK2 function, and this leads to the vulnerability of selected neuronal populations in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana D Papkovskaia
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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Luna F, Roca P, Oliver J, Antenucci CD. Maximal thermogenic capacity and non-shivering thermogenesis in the South American subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum. J Comp Physiol B 2012; 182:971-83. [PMID: 22614630 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-012-0675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Subterranean rodents inhabit closed tunnel systems that are hypoxic and hypercapnic and buffer aboveground ambient temperature. In contrast to other strictly subterranean rodents, Ctenomys talarum exhibits activity on the surface during foraging and dispersion and hence, is exposed also to the aboveground environment. In this context, this species is a valuable model to explore how the interplay between underground and aboveground use affects the relationship among basal metabolic rate (BMR), cold-induced maximum metabolic rate (MMR), shivering (ST), and non-shivering thermogenesis (NST). In this work, we provide the first evidence of the presence of NST, including the expression of uncoupling proteins in brown adipose tissue (BAT), and shivering thermogenesis in Ctenomys talarum, a species belonging to the most numerous subterranean genus, endemic to South America. Our results show no differences in BMR, cold-induced MMR, and NST between cold- (15 °C) and warm- (25 °C) acclimated individuals. Furthermore, thermal acclimation had no effect on the expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in BAT. Only cytochrome c oxidase (COX) content and activity increased during cold acclimation. When interscapular BAT was removed, NST decreased more than 30%, whereas cold-induced MMR remained unchanged. All together, these data suggest that cold-induced MMR reaches a maximum in warm-acclimated individuals and so a probable ceiling in NST and UCP1 expression in BAT. Possible thermogenic mechanisms explaining the increase in the oxidative capacity, mediated by COX in BAT of cold-acclimated individuals and the role of ST in subterranean life habits are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Luna
- Laboratorio de Ecología Fisiológica y del Comportamiento, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina.
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Choi JW, Liu H, Choi DK, Oh TS, Mukherjee R, Yun JW. Profiling of gender-specific rat plasma proteins associated with susceptibility or resistance to diet-induced obesity. J Proteomics 2012; 75:1386-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wang X, Choi JW, Oh TS, Choi DK, Mukherjee R, Liu H, Yun JW. Comparative hepatic proteome analysis between lean and obese rats fed a high-fat diet reveals the existence of gender differences. Proteomics 2012; 12:284-99. [PMID: 22140079 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Gender differences in obesity stem from metabolic and hormonal differences between sexes and contribute to differences between women and men in health risks attributable to obesity. We hypothesized that liver may be an ideal target for the evaluation of gender differences in obesity development in response to a high-fat diet (HFD). Therefore, to test this hypothesis, we performed a global proteome analysis in the liver of lean and obese rats of both genders who were fed an HFD through 2-DE combined with MALDI-TOF-MS. When rats were exposed to HFD, male rats gained more body weight with increased values of plasma biochemical parameters than female rats. Image analysis and further statistical analysis of a 2-DE protein map allowed for the detection and identification of 34 proteins that were significantly modulated in a gender-dependent manner. We found 19 proteins showing identical gender-different regulation in both normal diet (ND) and HFD. Five proteins also showed clear gender differences in both ND and HFD; however, their regulation modes in HFD were opposite to those in ND. Of particular interest, 10 proteins showed gender differences only in either ND or HFD rats. Present proteomic insight into gender-dimorphic protein modulation in liver would aid in the improvement of gender awareness in the health-care system and in implementation of evidence-based gender-specific clinical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Kyungsan, Kyungbuk, Republic of Korea
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Liu H, Choi JW, Yun JW. Gender differences in rat plasma proteome in response to high-fat diet. Proteomics 2011; 12:269-83. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Dong C, Della-Morte D, Wang L, Cabral D, Beecham A, McClendon MS, Luca CC, Blanton SH, Sacco RL, Rundek T. Association of the sirtuin and mitochondrial uncoupling protein genes with carotid plaque. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27157. [PMID: 22087257 PMCID: PMC3210138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Sirtuins (SIRTs) and mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) have been implicated in cardiovascular diseases through the control of reactive oxygen species production. This study sought to investigate the association between genetic variants in the SIRT and UCP genes and carotid plaque. Methods In a group of 1018 stroke-free subjects from the Northern Manhattan Study with high-definition carotid ultrasonography and genotyping, we investigated the associations of 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 11 SIRT and UCP genes with the presence and number of carotid plaques, and evaluated interactions of SNPs with sex, smoking, diabetes and hypertension as well as interactions between SNPs significantly associated with carotid plaque. Results Overall, 60% of subjects had carotid plaques. After adjustment for demographic and vascular risk factors, T-carriers of the SIRT6 SNP rs107251 had an increased risk for carotid plaque (odds ratio, OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.23–2.37, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.03) and for a number of plaques (rate ratio, RR = 1.31, 1.18–1.45, Bonferroni-corrected p = 1.4×10−5), whereas T-carriers of the UCP5 SNP rs5977238 had an decreased risk for carotid plaque (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.32–0.74, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.02) and plaque number (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.52–0.78, Bonferroni-corrected p = 4.9×10−4). Some interactions with a nominal p≤0.01 were found between sex and SNPs in the UCP1 and UCP3 gene; between smoking, diabetes, hypertension and SNPs in UCP5 and SIRT5; and between SNPs in the UCP5 gene and the UCP1, SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT5, and SIRT6 genes in association with plaque phenotypes. Conclusion We observed significant associations between genetic variants in the SIRT6 and UCP5 genes and atherosclerotic plaque. We also found potential effect modifications by sex, smoking and vascular risk factors of the SIRT/UCP genes in the associations with atherosclerotic plaque. Further studies are needed to validate our observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Liyong Wang
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Digna Cabral
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ashley Beecham
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mark S. McClendon
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Corneliu C. Luca
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Susan H. Blanton
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ralph L. Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Obesity is fast becoming the scourge of our time. It is one of the biggest causes of death and disease in the industrialized world, and affects as many as 32% of adults and 17% of children in the USA, considered one of the world's fattest nations. It can also cost countries billions of dollars per annum in direct and indirect care, latest estimates putting the USA bill for obesity-related costs at $147 billion in 2008. It is becoming clear that the pathophysiology of obesity is vastly more complicated than the simple equation of energy in minus energy out. A combination of genetics, sex, perinatal environment and life-style factors can influence diet and energy metabolism. In this regard, psychological stress can have significant long-term impact upon the propensity to gain and maintain weight. In this review, we will discuss the ability of psychological stress and ultimately glucocorticoids (GCs) to alter appetite regulation and metabolism. We will specifically focus on (i) GC regulation of appetite and adiposity, (ii) the apparent sexual dimorphism in stress effects on obesity and (iii) the ability of early life stress to programme obesity in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Spencer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., Australia.
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Knight WD, Witte MM, Parsons AD, Gierach M, Overton JM. Long-term caloric restriction reduces metabolic rate and heart rate under cool and thermoneutral conditions in FBNF1 rats. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:220-9. [PMID: 21513729 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The long-term metabolic and cardiovascular responses to caloric restriction (CR) are poorly understood. We examined the responses to one year of CR in FBNF1 rats housed in cool (COOL; T(a)=15 °C) or thermoneutral (TMN; T(a)=30 °C) conditions. Rats were acclimated to COOL or TMN for 2 months, instrumented for cardiovascular telemetry and studied in calorimeters. Baseline caloric intake, oxygen consumption (VO(2)), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were determined prior to assignment to ad lib (AL) or CR groups (30-40% CR) within each T(a) (n = 8). Groups of rats were studied after 10 weeks CR, one year CR, and after 4 days of re-feeding. Both 10 weeks and one year of CR reduced HR and VO(2) irrespective of T(a). Evaluation of the relationship between metabolic organ mass (liver, heart, brain, and kidney mass) and energy expenditure revealed a clear shift induced by CR to reduce expenditure per unit metabolic mass in both COOL and TMN groups. Re-feeding resulted in prompt elevations of HR and VO(2) to levels observed in control rats. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that long term CR produces sustained reductions in metabolic rate and heart rate in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- W David Knight
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4340, USA
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Choi DK, Oh TS, Choi JW, Mukherjee R, Wang X, Liu H, Yun JW. Gender Difference in Proteome of Brown Adipose Tissues between Male and Female Rats Exposed to a High Fat Diet. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 28:933-48. [DOI: 10.1159/000335807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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48
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Benatti FB, Lira FS, Oyama LM, do Nascimento CMDPO, Lancha AH. Strategies for reducing body fat mass: effects of liposuction and exercise on cardiovascular risk factors and adiposity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2011; 4:141-54. [PMID: 21779146 PMCID: PMC3138146 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposuction is the most popular aesthetic surgery performed in Brazil and worldwide. Evidence showing that adipose tissue is a metabolically active tissue has led to the suggestion that liposuction could be a viable method for improving metabolic profile through the immediate loss of adipose tissue. However, the immediate liposuction-induced increase in the proportion of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue could be detrimental to metabolism, because a high proportion of visceral to subcutaneous adipose tissue is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The results of studies investigating the effects of liposuction on the metabolic profile are inconsistent, however, with most studies reporting either no change or improvements in one or more cardiovascular risk factors. In addition, animal studies have demonstrated a compensatory growth of intact adipose tissue in response to lipectomy, although studies with humans have reported inconsistent results. Exercise training improves insulin sensitivity, inflammatory balance, lipid oxidation, and adipose tissue distribution; increases or preserves the fat-free mass; and increases total energy expenditure. Thus, liposuction and exercise appear to directly affect metabolism in similar ways, which suggests a possible interaction between these two strategies. To our knowledge, no studies have reported the associated effects of liposuction and exercise in humans. Nonetheless, one could suggest that exercise training associated with liposuction could attenuate or even block the possible compensatory fat deposition in intact depots or regrowth of the fat mass and exert an additive or even a synergistic effect to liposuction on improving insulin sensitivity and the inflammatory balance, resulting in an improvement of cardiovascular risk factors. Consequently, one could suggest that liposuction and exercise appear to be safe and effective strategies for either the treatment of metabolic disorders or aesthetic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Braga Benatti
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: Fabiana Braga Benatti, Av. Professor Mello Moraes, 65, CEP 05508-030, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil, Tel +55 11 3091 3096, Fax +55 11 3813 5921, Email
| | - Fábio Santos Lira
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Division of Nutrition Physiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kelly AK, Waters SM, McGee M, Fonseca RG, Carberry C, Kenny DA. mRNA expression of genes regulating oxidative phosphorylation in the muscle of beef cattle divergently ranked on residual feed intake. Physiol Genomics 2010; 43:12-23. [PMID: 20923863 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00213.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of phenotypic ranking on residual feed intake (RFI) on the transcription of genes 1) involved in the respiratory chain complex and 2) coding for transcriptional factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, across two contrasting diet types. Beef heifers (n = 86) fed a diet comprising 70:30 concentrate-corn silage [low forage (LF)] over a 82-day period were ranked on RFI. The 10 highest (feed inefficient, high-RFI) and 10 lowest (feed efficient, low-RFI) ranking animals were selected for the current study. Biopsies of the M. longissimus dorsi were harvested following initial selection (LF diet) and again following a 6 wk period while the animals were offered a high-forage (HF) grass silage-only diet. Real-time PCR was used to quantify mRNA transcripts of 17 genes associated with cellular energetic efficiency. The mRNA expression of UCP3 tended to be upregulated (2.2-fold, P = 0.06) for the high-RFI compared with the low-RFI animals. mRNA transcripts coding for the transcription factor PGC-1α was 1.7-fold higher (P = 0.01) in low compared with high-RFI animals. A phenotype × diet interaction was evident for the abundance of ANT1 mRNA transcript, with greater (P = 0.04) expression levels detected in the low-RFI phenotype during the HF period, but no difference (P = 0.50) between phenotypes during the LF period. A phenotype × diet interaction was also evident for COX II with greater expression levels detected (P = 0.04) in the low compared with the high RFI phenotype while on LF but not the HF diet (P = 0.22). These data suggest an association between cellular energetic efficiency and RFI in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan K Kelly
- UCD School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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BORATYŃSKI Z, KOSKELA E, MAPPES T, OKSANEN TA. Sex-specific selection on energy metabolism - selection coefficients for winter survival. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1969-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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