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Martemucci G, Khalil M, Di Luca A, Abdallah H, D’Alessandro AG. Comprehensive Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome: How Nutrition, Dietary Polyphenols, Physical Activity, and Lifestyle Modifications Address Diabesity, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Neurodegenerative Conditions. Metabolites 2024; 14:327. [PMID: 38921462 PMCID: PMC11206163 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Several hallmarks of metabolic syndrome, such as dysregulation in the glucose and lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, low-to-medium systemic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, represent a pathological bridge between metabolic syndrome and diabesity, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to highlight some therapeutic strategies against metabolic syndrome involving integrative approaches to improve lifestyle and daily diet. The beneficial effects of foods containing antioxidant polyphenols, intestinal microbiota control, and physical activity were also considered. We comprehensively examined a large body of published articles involving basic, animal, and human studie, as well as recent guidelines. As a result, dietary polyphenols from natural plant-based antioxidants and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, along with physical exercise, are promising complementary therapies to delay or prevent the onset of metabolic syndrome and counteract diabesity and cardiovascular diseases, as well as to protect against neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota reduces the risks associated with MS, improves diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and exerts neuroprotective action. Despite several studies, the estimation of dietary polyphenol intake is inconclusive and requires further evidence. Lifestyle interventions involving physical activity and reduced calorie intake can improve metabolic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Khalil
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Luca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy; (A.D.L.); (A.G.D.)
| | - Hala Abdallah
- Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePre-J), University of Bari Medical School, 70121 Bari, Italy;
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Xiao Z, Liu X, Luan X, Duan R, Peng W, Tong C, Qiao J, Qi H. Glucose uptake in trophoblasts of GDM mice is regulated by the AMPK-CLUT3 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12051. [PMID: 38802412 PMCID: PMC11130200 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61719-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
GDM, as a metabolic disease during pregnancy, regulates GLUT3 translocation by AMPK, thereby affecting glucose uptake in trophoblasts. It provides a new research idea and therapeutic target for alleviating intrauterine hyperglycemia in GDM. STZ was used to construct GDM mice, inject AICAR into pregnant mice, and observe fetal and placental weight; flow cytometry was employed for the detection of glucose uptake by primary trophoblast cells; immunofluorescence was applied to detect the localization of GLUT3 and AMPK in placental tissue; Cocofal microscope was used to detect the localization of GLUT3 in trophoblast cells;qRT-PCR and Western blot experiments were carried out to detect the expression levels of GLUT3 and AMPK in placental tissue; CO-IP was utilized to detect the interaction of GLUT3 and AMPK. Compared with the normal pregnancy group, the weight of the fetus and placenta of GDM mice increased (P < 0.001), and the ability of trophoblasts to take up glucose decreased (P < 0.001). In addition, AMPK activity in trophoblasts and membrane localization of GLUT3 in GDM mice were down-regulated compared with normal pregnant mice (P < 0.05). There is an interaction between GLUT3 and AMPK. Activating AMPK in trophoblasts can up-regulate the expression of GLUT3 membrane protein in trophoblasts of mice (P < 0.05) and increase the glucose uptake of trophoblasts (P < 0.05). We speculate that inhibition of AMPK activity in GDM mice results in aberrant localization of GLUT3, which in turn attenuates glucose uptake by placental trophoblast cells. AICAR activates AMPK to increase the membrane localization of GLUT3 and improve the glucose uptake capacity of trophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojin Luan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Duan
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Qiao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, People's Republic of China.
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Shepherd AI, James TJ, Gould AAM, Mayes H, Neal R, Shute J, Tipton MJ, Massey H, Saynor ZL, Perissiou M, Montgomery H, Sturgess C, Makaronidis J, Murray AJ, Grocott MPW, Cummings M, Young-Min S, Rennell-Smyth J, McNarry MA, Mackintosh KA, Dent H, Robson SC, Corbett J. Impact of nocturnal hypoxia on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A single-blind cross-over trial. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38769692 DOI: 10.1113/jp285322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
High altitude residents have a lower incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, we examined the effect of repeated overnight normobaric hypoxic exposure on glycaemic control, appetite, gut microbiota and inflammation in adults with T2DM. Thirteen adults with T2DM [glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c): 61.1 ± 14.1 mmol mol-1; aged 64.2 ± 9.4 years; four female] completed a single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled, cross-over study for 10 nights, sleeping when exposed to hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 [F I O 2 ${{F}_{{\mathrm{I}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ ] = 0.155; ∼2500 m simulated altitude) or normoxic conditions (F I O 2 ${{F}_{{\mathrm{I}}{{{\mathrm{O}}}_{\mathrm{2}}}}}$ = 0.209) in a randomised order. Outcome measures included: fasted plasma [glucose]; [hypoxia inducible factor-1α]; [interleukin-6]; [tumour necrosis factor-α]; [interleukin-10]; [heat shock protein 70]; [butyric acid]; peak plasma [glucose] and insulin sensitivity following a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test; body composition; appetite indices ([leptin], [acyl ghrelin], [peptide YY], [glucagon-like peptide-1]); and gut microbiota diversity and abundance [16S rRNA amplicon sequencing]. During intervention periods, accelerometers measured physical activity, sleep duration and efficiency, whereas continuous glucose monitors were used to assess estimated HbA1c and glucose management indicator and time in target range. Overnight hypoxia was not associated with changes in any outcome measure (P > 0.05 with small effect sizes) except fasting insulin sensitivity and gut microbiota alpha diversity, which exhibited trends (P = 0.10; P = 0.08 respectively) for a medium beneficial effect (d = 0.49; d = 0.59 respectively). Ten nights of overnight moderate hypoxic exposure did not significantly affect glycaemic control, gut microbiome, appetite, or inflammation in adults with T2DM. However, the intervention was well tolerated and a medium effect-size for improved insulin sensitivity and reduced alpha diversity warrants further investigation. KEY POINTS: Living at altitude lowers the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Animal studies suggest that exposure to hypoxia may lead to weight loss and suppressed appetite. In a single-blind, randomised sham-controlled, cross-over trial, we assessed the effects of 10 nights of hypoxia (fractional inspired O2 ∼0.155) on glucose homeostasis, appetite, gut microbiota, inflammatory stress ([interleukin-6]; [tumour necrosis factor-α]; [interleukin-10]) and hypoxic stress ([hypoxia inducible factor 1α]; heat shock protein 70]) in 13 adults with T2DM. Appetite and inflammatory markers were unchanged following hypoxic exposure, but an increased insulin sensitivity and reduced gut microbiota alpha diversity were associated with a medium effect-size and statistical trends, which warrant further investigation using a definitive large randomised controlled trial. Hypoxic exposure may represent a viable therapeutic intervention in people with T2DM and particularly those unable or unwilling to exercise because barriers to uptake and adherence may be lower than for other lifestyle interventions (e.g. diet and exercise).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony I Shepherd
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Thomas J James
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Alex A M Gould
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Harry Mayes
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Rebecca Neal
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | - Janis Shute
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Heather Massey
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Zoe L Saynor
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Maria Perissiou
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Dept Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Connie Sturgess
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Dept Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janine Makaronidis
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton & University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael Cummings
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Steven Young-Min
- Rheumatology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Janet Rennell-Smyth
- Clinical Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Patient and public involvement member
| | - Melitta A McNarry
- School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Kelly A Mackintosh
- School of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hannah Dent
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Institute of Life Sciences and Healthcare, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Samuel C Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Institute of Life Sciences and Healthcare, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Jo Corbett
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Wang H, Zheng A, Thorley D, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Independent and combined effects of calorie restriction and AICAR on glucose uptake and insulin signaling in skeletal muscles from 24-month-old female and male rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:614-625. [PMID: 38181403 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of two levels of calorie restriction (CR; eating either 15% or 35% less than ad libitum, AL, food intake for 8 weeks) by 24-month-old female and male rats on glucose uptake (GU) and phosphorylation of key signaling proteins (Akt; AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK; Akt substrate of 160 kDa, AS160) measured in isolated skeletal muscles that underwent four incubation conditions (without either insulin or AICAR, an AMPK activator; with AICAR alone; with insulin alone; or with insulin and AICAR). Regardless of sex: (1) neither CR group versus the AL group had greater GU by insulin-stimulated muscles; (2) phosphorylation of Akt in insulin-stimulated muscles was increased in 35% CR versus AL rats; (3) prior AICAR treatment of muscle resulted in greater GU by insulin-stimulated muscles, regardless of diet; and (4) AICAR caused elevated phosphorylation of acetyl CoA carboxylase, an indicator of AMPK activation, in all diet groups. There was a sexually dimorphic diet effect on AS160 phosphorylation, with 35% CR exceeding AL for insulin-stimulated muscles in male rats, but not in female rats. Our working hypothesis is that the lack of a CR-effect on GU by insulin-stimulated muscles was related to the extended duration of the ex vivo incubation period (290 min compared to 40-50 min that was previously reported to be effective). The observed efficacy of prior treatment of muscles with AICAR to improve glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated muscles supports the strategy of targeting AMPK with the goal of improving insulin sensitivity in older females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology LaboratorySchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Zheng
- Muscle Biology LaboratorySchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dominic Thorley
- Muscle Biology LaboratorySchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology LaboratorySchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology LaboratorySchool of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Dedert CJ, Bagdady KR, Fisher JS. Prior Treatment with AICAR Causes the Selective Phosphorylation of mTOR Substrates in C2C12 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8040-8052. [PMID: 37886951 PMCID: PMC10605383 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic stress in skeletal muscle cells causes sustained metabolic changes, but the mechanisms of the prolonged effects are not fully known. In this study, we tested C2C12 cells with the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulator AICAR and measured the changes in the metabolic pathways and signaling kinases. AICAR caused an acute increase in the phosphorylation of the AMPK target ULK1, the mTORC1 substrate S6K, and the mTORC2 target Akt. Intriguingly, prior exposure to AICAR only decreased glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase activity when it underwent three-hour recovery after exposure to AICAR in a bicarbonate buffer containing glucose (KHB) instead of Dulbecco's Minimum Essential Medium (DMEM). The phosphorylation of the mTORC1 target S6K was increased after recovery in DMEM but not KHB, although this appeared to be specific to S6K, as the phosphorylation of the mTORC1 target site on ULK1 was not altered when the cells recovered in DMEM. The phosphorylation of mTORC2 target sites was also heterogenous under these conditions, with Akt increasing at serine 473 while other targets (SGK1 and PKCα) were unaffected. The exposure of cells to rapamycin (an mTORC1 inhibitor) and PP242 (an inhibitor of both mTOR complexes) revealed the differential phosphorylation of mTORC2 substrates. Taken together, the data suggest that prior exposure to AICAR causes the selective phosphorylation of mTOR substrates, even after prolonged recovery in a nutrient-replete medium.
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Corbett J, Tipton MJ, Perissiou M, James T, Young JS, Newman A, Cummings M, Montgomery H, Grocott MPW, Shepherd AI. Effect of different levels of acute hypoxia on subsequent oral glucose tolerance in males with overweight: A balanced cross-over pilot feasibility study. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15623. [PMID: 37144546 PMCID: PMC10161207 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that ≤60 min hypoxic exposure improves subsequent glycaemic control, but the optimal level of hypoxia is unknown and data are lacking from individuals with overweight. We undertook a cross-over pilot feasibility study investigating the effect of 60-min prior resting exposure to different inspired oxygen fractions (CON FI O2 = 0.209; HIGH FI O2 = 0.155; VHIGH FI O2 = 0.125) on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and oxidative stress during a subsequent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in males with overweight (mean (SD) BMI = 27.6 (1.3) kg/m2 ; n = 12). Feasibility was defined by exceeding predefined withdrawal criteria for peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), partial pressure of end-tidal oxygen or carbon dioxide and acute mountain sickness (AMS), and dyspnoea symptomology. Hypoxia reduced SpO2 in a stepwise manner (CON = 97(1)%; HIGH = 91(1)%; VHIGH = 81(3)%, p < 0.001), but did not affect peak plasma glucose concentration (CON = 7.5(1.8) mmol∙L-1 ; HIGH = 7.7(1.1) mmol∙L-1 ; VHIGH = 7.7(1.1) mmol∙L-1 ; p = 0.777; η2 = 0.013), plasma glucose area under the curve, insulin sensitivity, or metabolic clearance rate of glucose (p > 0.05). We observed no between-conditions differences in oxidative stress (p > 0.05), but dyspnoea and AMS symptoms increased in VHIGH (p < 0.05), with one participant meeting the withdrawal criteria. Acute HIGH or VHIGH exposure prior to an OGTT does not influence glucose homeostasis in males with overweight, but VHIGH is associated with adverse symptomology and reduced feasibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Corbett
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Michael J Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Maria Perissiou
- Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Thomas James
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - John S Young
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Alexander Newman
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Michael Cummings
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Hugh Montgomery
- Centre for Sport Exercise and Health, Dept Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Perioperative and Critical Care Theme, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton/University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- Clinical, Health and Rehabilitation Team, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK
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Venojärvi M, Lindström J, Aunola S, Nuutila P, Atalay M. Improved Aerobic Capacity and Adipokine Profile Together with Weight Loss Improve Glycemic Control without Changes in Skeletal Muscle GLUT-4 Gene Expression in Middle-Aged Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148327. [PMID: 35886175 PMCID: PMC9320448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
(1) Objective: The aim of this study was to clarify the role of adipokines in the regulation of glucose metabolism in middle-aged obese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance in response to a long-term exercise and dietary intervention. (2) Methods: Skeletal muscle, plasma and serum samples were examined in 22 subjects from an exercise−diet intervention study aiming to prevent type 2 diabetes. The subjects were further divided into two subgroups (non-responders n = 9 and responders n = 13) based on their achievement in losing at least 3 kg. (3) Results: The two-year exercise−diet intervention reduced leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels in responders; the changes in leptin levels were significantly associated with changes in their weights (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). In responders, insulin sensitivity (Bennett and McAuley index) increased and was associated with changes in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) (r = 0.831, p < 0.010 and r = 0.890, p < 0.01). In addition, the VO2peak and oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle improved in responders, but not in non-responders. However, there were no changes between the two groups in expressions of the glucose transporter protein-4 (GLUT-4) gene or of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α1 or AMPK-α2 proteins. (4) Conclusions: The exercise−diet intervention decreased serum leptin and increased serum adiponectin concentrations, improved glucose control without affecting GLUT-4 gene expression in the skeletal muscle in responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Venojärvi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sport and Exercise Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
| | - Jaana Lindström
- Population Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Sirkka Aunola
- Functional Capacity Unit, Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, 20740 Turku, Finland;
| | - Pirjo Nuutila
- PET Centre, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Mustafa Atalay
- Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
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Kido K, Egawa T, Watanabe S, Kawanaka K, Treebak JT, Hayashi T. Fasting potentiates insulin-mediated glucose uptake in rested and prior-contracted rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2022; 322:E425-E435. [PMID: 35344394 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00412.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise can potentiate the effect of insulin on skeletal muscle glucose uptake via activation of the AMPK-TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4) pathway, which suggests a positive correlation between AMPK activation and insulin sensitization. In addition, prolonged fasting in rodents is known to upregulate and thereby synergistically enhance the effect of exercise on muscle AMPK activation. Therefore, fasting may potentiate the insulin-sensitizing effect of exercise. In the present study, we mimicked exercise by in situ muscle contraction and evaluated the effect of a 36-h fast on muscle contraction-induced insulin sensitization. Male Wistar rats weighing 150-170 g were allocated to either a 36-h fasting or feeding group. The extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were electrically contracted via the common peroneal nerve for 10 min followed by a 3-h recovery period. EDL muscles were dissected and incubated in the presence or absence of submaximal insulin. Our results demonstrated that acute muscle contraction and 36 h of fasting additively upregulated AMPK pathway activation. Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake and site-specific TBC1D4 phosphorylation were enhanced by prior muscle contraction in 36-h-fasted rats, but not in fed rats. Moreover, enhanced insulin-induced muscle glucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation due to 36 h of fasting were associated with a decrease in tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3), a negative regulator of Akt activation. In conclusion, fasting and prior muscle contraction synergistically enhance insulin-stimulated TBC1D4 phosphorylation and glucose uptake, which is associated with augmented AMPK pathway activation in rodents.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we revealed that 36 h of fasting additively upregulated acute muscle contraction-induced AMPK pathway activation in rats. Besides, fasting and muscle contraction synergistically enhanced insulin-stimulated site-specific TBC1D4 phosphorylation and glucose uptake, which was associated with augmented AMPK pathway activation. These results contribute to understanding the regulation of muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kido
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Egawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Watanabe
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kawanaka
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Zheng A, Arias EB, Wang H, Kwak SE, Pan X, Duan D, Cartee GD. Exercise-Induced Improvement in Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake by Rat Skeletal Muscle Is Absent in Male AS160-Knockout Rats, Partially Restored by Muscle Expression of Phosphomutated AS160, and Fully Restored by Muscle Expression of Wild-Type AS160. Diabetes 2022; 71:219-232. [PMID: 34753801 PMCID: PMC8914290 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One exercise session can elevate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) in skeletal muscle, but the mechanisms remain elusive. Circumstantial evidence suggests a role for Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160 or TBC1D4). We used genetic approaches to rigorously test this idea. The initial experiment evaluated the role of AS160 in postexercise increase in ISGU using muscles from male wild-type (WT) and AS160-knockout (KO) rats. The next experiment used AS160-KO rats with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) approach to determine if rescuing muscle AS160 deficiency could restore the ability of exercise to improve ISGU. The third experiment tested if eliminating the muscle GLUT4 deficit in AS160-KO rats via AAV-delivered GLUT4 would enable postexercise enhancement of ISGU. The final experiment used AS160-KO rats and AAV delivery of AS160 mutated to prevent phosphorylation of Ser588, Thr642, and Ser704 to evaluate their role in postexercise ISGU. We discovered the following: 1) AS160 expression was essential for postexercise increase in ISGU; 2) rescuing muscle AS160 expression of AS160-KO rats restored postexercise enhancement of ISGU; 3) restoring GLUT4 expression in AS160-KO muscle did not rescue the postexercise increase in ISGU; and 4) although AS160 phosphorylation on three key sites was not required for postexercise elevation in ISGU, it was essential for the full exercise effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Zheng
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Edward B. Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Seong Eun Kwak
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Xiufang Pan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Dongsheng Duan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
- Department of Biomedical, Biological & Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Gregory D. Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Corresponding author: Gregory D. Cartee,
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10
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Wang H, Zheng A, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Prior AICAR induces elevated glucose uptake concomitant with greater γ3-AMPK activation and reduced membrane cholesterol in skeletal muscle from 26-month-old rats. Facets (Ott) 2022; 7:774-791. [PMID: 36381195 PMCID: PMC9648397 DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Attenuated skeletal muscle glucose uptake (GU) has been observed with advancing age. It is important to elucidate the mechanisms linked to interventions that oppose this detrimental outcome. Earlier research using young rodents and (or) cultured myocytes reported that treatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR; an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator) can increase γ3-AMPK activity and reduce membrane cholesterol content, each of which has been proposed to elevate GU. However, the effect of AICAR treatment on γ3-AMPK activity and membrane cholesterol in skeletal muscle of aged animals has not been reported. Our purpose was to evaluate the effects of AICAR treatment on these potential mechanisms for enhanced glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of aged animals. Epitrochlearis muscles from 26-27-month-old male rats were isolated and incubated ± AICAR, followed by 3 h incubation without AICAR, and then incubation with 3-O-methyl-[3 H] glucose (to assess GU ± insulin). Muscles were also analyzed for γ3-AMPK activity and membrane cholesterol content. Prior AICAR treatment led to increased γ3-AMPK activity, reduced membrane cholesterol content, and enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle from aged rats. These observations revealed that two potential mechanisms for greater GU previously observed in younger animals and (or) cell models are also potentially relevant for enhanced GU by muscles from older animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy Zheng
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edward B. Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory D. Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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11
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Interactions between insulin and exercise. Biochem J 2021; 478:3827-3846. [PMID: 34751700 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between insulin and exercise is an example of balancing and modifying the effects of two opposing metabolic regulatory forces under varying conditions. While insulin is secreted after food intake and is the primary hormone increasing glucose storage as glycogen and fatty acid storage as triglycerides, exercise is a condition where fuel stores need to be mobilized and oxidized. Thus, during physical activity the fuel storage effects of insulin need to be suppressed. This is done primarily by inhibiting insulin secretion during exercise as well as activating local and systemic fuel mobilizing processes. In contrast, following exercise there is a need for refilling the fuel depots mobilized during exercise, particularly the glycogen stores in muscle. This process is facilitated by an increase in insulin sensitivity of the muscles previously engaged in physical activity which directs glucose to glycogen resynthesis. In physically trained individuals, insulin sensitivity is also higher than in untrained individuals due to adaptations in the vasculature, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In this paper, we review the interactions between insulin and exercise during and after exercise, as well as the effects of regular exercise training on insulin action.
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12
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Jørgensen NO, Kjøbsted R, Larsen MR, Birk JB, Andersen NR, Albuquerque B, Schjerling P, Miller R, Carling D, Pehmøller CK, Wojtaszewski JFP. Direct small molecule ADaM-site AMPK activators reveal an AMPKγ3-independent mechanism for blood glucose lowering. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101259. [PMID: 34033941 PMCID: PMC8381035 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle is an attractive target for blood glucose-lowering pharmacological interventions. Oral dosing of small molecule direct pan-activators of AMPK that bind to the allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site, lowers blood glucose through effects in skeletal muscle. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this effect are not described in detail. This study aimed to illuminate the mechanisms by which ADaM-site activators of AMPK increase glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Further, we investigated the consequence of co-stimulating muscles with two types of AMPK activators i.e., ADaM-site binding small molecules and the prodrug AICAR. METHODS The effect of the ADaM-site binding small molecules (PF739 and 991), AICAR or co-stimulation with PF739 or 991 and AICAR on muscle glucose uptake was investigated ex vivo in m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) excised from muscle-specific AMPKα1α2 as well as whole-body AMPKγ3-deficient mouse models. In vitro complex-specific AMPK activity was measured by immunoprecipitation and molecular signaling was assessed by western blotting in muscle lysate. To investigate the transferability of these studies, we treated diet-induced obese mice in vivo with PF739 and measured complex-specific AMPK activation in skeletal muscle. RESULTS Incubation of skeletal muscle with PF739 or 991 increased skeletal muscle glucose uptake in a dose-dependent manner. Co-incubating PF739 or 991 with a maximal dose of AICAR increased glucose uptake to a greater extent than any of the treatments alone. Neither PF739 nor 991 increased AMPKα2β2γ3 activity to the same extent as AICAR, while co-incubation led to potentiated effects on AMPKα2β2γ3 activation. In muscle from AMPKγ3 KO mice, AICAR-stimulated glucose uptake was ablated. In contrast, the effect of PF739 or 991 on glucose uptake was not different between WT and AMPKγ3 KO muscles. In vivo PF739 treatment lowered blood glucose levels and increased muscle AMPKγ1-complex activity 2-fold, while AMPKα2β2γ3 activity was not affected. CONCLUSIONS ADaM-site binding AMPK activators increase glucose uptake independently of AMPKγ3. Co-incubation with PF739 or 991 and AICAR potentiates the effects on muscle glucose uptake and AMPK activation. In vivo, PF739 lowers blood glucose and selectively activates muscle AMPKγ1-complexes. Collectively, this suggests that pharmacological activation of AMPKγ1-containing complexes in skeletal muscle can increase glucose uptake and can lead to blood glucose lowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas O Jørgensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus R Larsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicoline R Andersen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Russell Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David Carling
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christian K Pehmøller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Zhang JJ, Wang YS, Li YQ, Chen L, Wang XZ. Identification and function prediction of novel microRNAs in adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase-activated Sertoli cells of immature boar. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13622. [PMID: 34418237 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out with the objective to identify function prediction of novel microRNAs (miRNAs) in immature boar Sertoli cells (SCs) treated with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), which is an agonist of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) for regulating cellular energy homeostasis. Two small RNA libraries (control and AICAR treatment) prepared from immature boar SCs were constructed and sequenced by the Illumina small RNA deep sequencing. We identified 77 novel miRNAs and predicted 177 potential target genes for 26 differential novel miRNAs (four miRNAs up-regulation and 22 miRNAs down-regulation) in AICAR-treated SCs. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway suggested that target genes of differential novel miRNAs were implicated in many biological processes and metabolic pathways. Our findings provided useful information for the functional regulation of novel miRNAs and target mRNAs on AMPK-activated immature boar SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Sha Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ya Qi Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian Zhong Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Natural Compounds Attenuate Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158310. [PMID: 34361076 PMCID: PMC8348757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The weight of skeletal muscle accounts for approximately 40% of the whole weight in a healthy individual, and the normal metabolism and motor function of the muscle are indispensable for healthy life. In addition, the skeletal muscle of the maxillofacial region plays an important role not only in eating and swallowing, but also in communication, such as facial expressions and conversations. In recent years, skeletal muscle atrophy has received worldwide attention as a serious health problem. However, the mechanism of skeletal muscle atrophy that has been clarified at present is insufficient, and a therapeutic method against skeletal muscle atrophy has not been established. This review provides views on the importance of skeletal muscle in the maxillofacial region and explains the differences between skeletal muscles in the maxillofacial region and other regions. We summarize the findings to change in gene expression in muscle remodeling and emphasize the advantages and disadvantages of denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy model. Finally, we discuss the newly discovered beneficial effects of natural compounds on skeletal muscle atrophy.
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15
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Wang H, Arias EB, Cartee GD. Reduced membrane cholesterol content in skeletal muscle is not essential for greater insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after acute exercise by rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:685-689. [PMID: 33765397 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
One exercise session can elevate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) by skeletal muscle, but it is uncertain if this effect is accompanied by altered membrane cholesterol content, which is reportedly inversely related to insulin-stimulated GU. Muscles from sedentary (SED) or exercised 3 h post-exercise (3hPEX) rats were evaluated for GU, membrane cholesterol, and phosphorylation of cholesterol regulatory proteins (pHMCGRSer872 and pABCA1Ser2054). Insulin-stimulated GU for 3hPEX exceeded SED. Membrane cholesterol, pHMCGRSer872 and pABCA1Ser2054 did not differ between groups. Novelty: Alterations in membrane cholesterol and phosphorylation of proteins that regulate muscle cholesterol are not essential for elevated insulin-stimulated GU in skeletal muscle after acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.,Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.,Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.,Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA
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16
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Iwasa M, Takezoe S, Kitaura N, Sutani T, Miyazaki H, Aoi W. A milk casein hydrolysate-derived peptide enhances glucose uptake through the AMP-activated protein kinase signalling pathway in skeletal muscle cells. Exp Physiol 2020; 106:496-505. [PMID: 33369793 DOI: 10.1113/ep088770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? How do common active ingredients contained in both Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milk and milk casein hydrolysate (MCH) enhance glucose metabolism by skeletal muscle? What is the main finding and its importance? MCH enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells by stimulating AMP-activated kinase, but not insulin, signalling. Moreover, the MCH-derived specific peptide Ile-Pro-Pro mimicked this effect, suggesting a mechanism for MCH-induced metabolic improvement. ABSTRACT Improvement of glucose metabolism in the skeletal muscle has a key role in exercise performance and prevention of metabolic diseases. In our previous study, we showed that intake of milk casein hydrolysate improves glucose metabolism in humans, but the mechanism of action was not elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of action of milk casein hydrolysate and its derived peptides on glucose uptake and glucose metabolic signalling in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Differentiated C2C12 myotubes were used for the experiments. The differentiated cells were incubated with milk casein hydrolysate, valine-proline-proline and isoleucine-proline-proline. Subsequently, the rate of 2-deoxy-glucose uptake and the phosphorylation levels of insulin-dependent and -independent signalling factors were examined. We found that the rate of 2-deoxy-glucose uptake in both milk casein hydrolysate and isoleucine-proline-proline-treated cells was higher than that in the control cells. Immunoblotting assays showed that the phosphorylation levels of AMP-activated protein kinase, a rate-limiting factor in insulin-independent signalling, and of liver kinase B1, an upstream factor of AMP-activated protein kinase, in both milk casein hydrolysate and isoleucine-proline-proline-treated cells were higher than those in the control cells. Such significant effects were not observed after treatment with valine-proline-proline. Moreover, the insulin-dependent signalling was not significantly affected under the different conditions. The findings of our study suggest that milk casein hydrolysate enhances glucose uptake by activating insulin-independent AMP-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle cells, which might be mediated by a milk casein hydrolysate-derived peptide, namely, isoleucine-proline-proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayo Iwasa
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyoto Kacho University, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiina Takezoe
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoko Kitaura
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Sutani
- Food Safety Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd, Moriya, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Miyazaki
- Core Technology Laboratories, Asahi Quality & Innovations, Ltd, Moriya, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The glucose transporter GLUT4 is critical for skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to insulin and muscle contraction/exercise. Exercise increases GLUT4 translocation to the sarcolemma and t-tubule and, over the longer term, total GLUT4 protein content. Here, we review key aspects of GLUT4 biology in relation to exercise, with a focus on exercise-induced GLUT4 translocation, postexercise metabolism and muscle insulin sensitivity, and exercise effects on GLUT4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Flores-Opazo
- Laboratory of Exercise and Physical Activity Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy, University Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sean L McGee
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine and Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Waurn Ponds
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Jiang H, Zhang N, Ji C, Meng X, Qian K, Zheng Y, Wang J. Metabolic and transcriptome responses of RNAi-mediated AMPKα knockdown in Tribolium castaneum. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:655. [PMID: 32967608 PMCID: PMC7510082 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an intracellular fuel sensor for lipid and glucose metabolism. In addition to the short-term regulation of metabolic enzymes by phosphorylation, AMPK may also exert long-term effects on the transcription of downstream genes through the regulation of transcription factors and coactivators. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) was conducted to investigate the effects of knockdown of TcAMPKα on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, and the transcriptome profiles of dsTcAMPKα-injected and dsEGFP-injected beetles under normal conditions were compared by RNA-sequencing. Results RNAi-mediated suppression of TcAMPKα increased whole-body triglyceride (TG) level and the ratio between glucose and trehalose, as was confirmed by in vivo treatment with the AMPK-activating compound, 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). A total of 1184 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between dsTcAMPKα-injected and dsEGFP-injected beetles. These include genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism as well as insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the differential expression of selected genes. Interestingly, metabolism-related transcription factors such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) were also significantly upregulated in dsTcAMPKα-injected beetles. Conclusions AMPK plays a critical role in the regulation of beetle metabolism. The findings of DEGs involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism provide valuable insight into the role of AMPK signaling in the transcriptional regulation of insect metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China. .,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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19
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Lantier L, Williams AS, Williams IM, Guerin A, Bracy DP, Goelzer M, Foretz M, Viollet B, Hughey CC, Wasserman DH. Reciprocity Between Skeletal Muscle AMPK Deletion and Insulin Action in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:1636-1649. [PMID: 32439824 PMCID: PMC7372072 DOI: 10.2337/db19-1074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance due to overnutrition places a burden on energy-producing pathways in skeletal muscle (SkM). Nevertheless, energy state is not compromised. The hypothesis that the energy sensor AMPK is necessary to offset the metabolic burden of overnutrition was tested using chow-fed and high-fat (HF)-fed SkM-specific AMPKα1α2 knockout (mdKO) mice and AMPKα1α2lox/lox littermates (wild-type [WT]). Lean mdKO and WT mice were phenotypically similar. HF-fed mice were equally obese and maintained lean mass regardless of genotype. Results did not support the hypothesis that AMPK is protective during overnutrition. Paradoxically, mdKO mice were more insulin sensitive. Insulin-stimulated SkM glucose uptake was approximately twofold greater in mdKO mice in vivo. Furthermore, insulin signaling, SkM GLUT4 translocation, hexokinase activity, and glycolysis were increased. AMPK and insulin signaling intersect at mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a critical node for cell proliferation and survival. Basal mTOR activation was reduced by 50% in HF-fed mdKO mice, but was normalized by insulin stimulation. Mitochondrial function was impaired in mdKO mice, but energy charge was preserved by AMP deamination. Results show a surprising reciprocity between SkM AMPK signaling and insulin action that manifests with diet-induced obesity, as insulin action is preserved to protect fundamental energetic processes in the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ashley S Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Ian M Williams
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Amanda Guerin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Deanna P Bracy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Mickael Goelzer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Curtis C Hughey
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - David H Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Vanderbilt Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Nashville, TN
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20
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Knudsen JR, Steenberg DE, Hingst JR, Hodgson LR, Henriquez-Olguin C, Li Z, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP, Verkade P, Jensen TE. Prior exercise in humans redistributes intramuscular GLUT4 and enhances insulin-stimulated sarcolemmal and endosomal GLUT4 translocation. Mol Metab 2020; 39:100998. [PMID: 32305516 PMCID: PMC7240215 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Exercise is a cornerstone in the management of skeletal muscle insulin-resistance. A well-established benefit of a single bout of exercise is increased insulin sensitivity for hours post-exercise in the previously exercised musculature. Although rodent studies suggest that the insulin-sensitization phenomenon involves enhanced insulin-stimulated GLUT4 cell surface translocation and might involve intramuscular redistribution of GLUT4, the conservation to humans is unknown. Methods Healthy young males underwent an insulin-sensitizing one-legged kicking exercise bout for 1 h followed by fatigue bouts to exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were obtained 4 h post-exercise before and after a 2-hour hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Results A detailed microscopy-based analysis of GLUT4 distribution within seven different myocellular compartments revealed that prior exercise increased GLUT4 localization in insulin-responsive storage vesicles and T-tubuli. Furthermore, insulin-stimulated GLUT4 localization was augmented at the sarcolemma and in the endosomal compartments. Conclusions An intracellular redistribution of GLUT4 post-exercise is proposed as a molecular mechanism contributing to the insulin-sensitizing effect of prior exercise in human skeletal muscle. Intramyocellular GLUT4 is redistributed 4 h after exercise in humans. GLUT4 content is increased in GLUT4 storage vesicles and T-tubuli post-exercise. Prior exercise + insulin increases sarcolemmal and endosomal GLUT4. GLUT4 redistribution may thus contribute to post-exercise muscle insulin-sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas R Knudsen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark; Laboratory of Microsystems 2, Institute of Microengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batiment BM, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dorte E Steenberg
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Lorna R Hodgson
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Henriquez-Olguin
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Zhencheng Li
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark
| | - Paul Verkade
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, BS8 1TD, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Molecular Physiology Section, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen Oe, Denmark.
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21
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Edinburgh RM, Bradley HE, Abdullah NF, Robinson SL, Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Walhin JP, Joanisse S, Manolopoulos KN, Philp A, Hengist A, Chabowski A, Brodsky FM, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Thompson D, Wallis GA, Gonzalez JT. Lipid Metabolism Links Nutrient-Exercise Timing to Insulin Sensitivity in Men Classified as Overweight or Obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgz104. [PMID: 31628477 PMCID: PMC7112968 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pre-exercise nutrient availability alters acute metabolic responses to exercise, which could modulate training responsiveness. OBJECTIVE To assess acute and chronic effects of exercise performed before versus after nutrient ingestion on whole-body and intramuscular lipid utilization and postprandial glucose metabolism. DESIGN (1) Acute, randomized, crossover design (Acute Study); (2) 6-week, randomized, controlled design (Training Study). SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS Men with overweight/obesity (mean ± standard deviation, body mass index: 30.2 ± 3.5 kg⋅m-2 for Acute Study, 30.9 ± 4.5 kg⋅m-2 for Training Study). INTERVENTIONS Moderate-intensity cycling performed before versus after mixed-macronutrient breakfast (Acute Study) or carbohydrate (Training Study) ingestion. RESULTS Acute Study-exercise before versus after breakfast consumption increased net intramuscular lipid utilization in type I (net change: -3.44 ± 2.63% versus 1.44 ± 4.18% area lipid staining, P < 0.01) and type II fibers (-1.89 ± 2.48% versus 1.83 ± 1.92% area lipid staining, P < 0.05). Training Study-postprandial glycemia was not differentially affected by 6 weeks of exercise training performed before versus after carbohydrate intake (P > 0.05). However, postprandial insulinemia was reduced with exercise training performed before but not after carbohydrate ingestion (P = 0.03). This resulted in increased oral glucose insulin sensitivity (25 ± 38 vs -21 ± 32 mL⋅min-1⋅m-2; P = 0.01), associated with increased lipid utilization during exercise (r = 0.50, P = 0.02). Regular exercise before nutrient provision also augmented remodeling of skeletal muscle phospholipids and protein content of the glucose transport protein GLUT4 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Experiments investigating exercise training and metabolic health should consider nutrient-exercise timing, and exercise performed before versus after nutrient intake (ie, in the fasted state) may exert beneficial effects on lipid utilization and reduce postprandial insulinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen E Bradley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nurul-Fadhilah Abdullah
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Coaching, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Scott L Robinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sophie Joanisse
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew Philp
- Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Chabowski
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Frances M Brodsky
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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22
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Pataky MW, Arias EB, Wang H, Zheng X, Cartee GD. Exercise effects on γ3-AMPK activity, phosphorylation of Akt2 and AS160, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in insulin-resistant rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:410-421. [PMID: 31944891 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00428.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One exercise session can increase subsequent insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (ISGU) by skeletal muscle. Prior research on healthy muscle suggests that enhanced postexercise ISGU depends on elevated γ3-AMPK activity leading to greater phosphorylation of Akt substrate of 160 kDa (pAS160) on an AMPK-phosphomotif (Ser704). Phosphorylation of AS160Ser704, in turn, may favor greater insulin-stimulated pAS160 on an Akt-phosphomotif (Thr642) that regulates ISGU. Accordingly, we tested if exercise-induced increases in γ3-AMPK activity and pAS160 on key regulatory sites accompany improved ISGU at 3 h postexercise (3hPEX) in insulin-resistant muscle. Rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 2-wk) that induces insulin resistance either performed acute swim-exercise (2 h) or were sedentary (SED). SED rats fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 2 wk) served as healthy controls. Isolated epitrochlearis muscles from 3hPEX and SED rats were analyzed for ISGU, pAS160, pAkt2 (Akt-isoform that phosphorylates pAS160Thr642), and γ1-AMPK and γ3-AMPK activity. ISGU was lower in HFD-SED muscles versus LFD-SED, but this decrement was eliminated in the HFD-3hPEX group. γ3-AMPK activity, but not γ1-AMPK activity, was elevated in HFD-3hPEX muscles versus both SED controls. Furthermore, insulin-stimulated pAS160Thr642, pAS160Ser704, and pAkt2Ser474 in HFD-3hPEX muscles were elevated above HFD-SED and equal to values in LFD-SED muscles, but insulin-independent pAS160Ser704 was unaltered at 3hPEX. These results demonstrated, for the first time in an insulin-resistant model, that the postexercise increase in ISGU was accompanied by sustained enhancement of γ3-AMPK activation and greater pAkt2Ser474. Our working hypothesis is that these changes along with enhanced insulin-stimulated pAS160 increase ISGU of insulin-resistant muscles to values equaling insulin-sensitive sedentary controls.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Earlier research focusing on signaling events linked to increased insulin sensitivity in muscle has rarely evaluated insulin resistant muscle after exercise. We assessed insulin resistant muscle after an exercise protocol that improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Prior exercise also amplified several signaling steps expected to favor enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake: increased γ3-AMP-activated protein kinase activity, greater insulin-stimulated Akt2 phosphorylation on Ser474, and elevated insulin-stimulated Akt substrate of 160 kDa phosphorylation on Ser588, Thr642, and Ser704.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xiaohua Zheng
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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23
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Jiang H, Zhang N, Chen M, Meng X, Ji C, Ge H, Dong F, Miao L, Yang X, Xu X, Qian K, Wang J. Transcriptional and post-translational activation of AMPKα by oxidative, heat, and cold stresses in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Cell Stress Chaperones 2019; 24:1079-1089. [PMID: 31401772 PMCID: PMC6882985 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) has important roles in the regulation of energy metabolism, and AMPK activity and its regulation have been the focus of relevant investigations. However, functional characterization of AMPK is still limited in insects. In this study, the full-length cDNA coding AMPKα (TcAMPKα) was isolated from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. The TcAMPKα gene contains an ORF of 1581 bp encoding a protein of 526 amino acid residues, which shared conserved domain structure with Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian orthologs. Exposure of female adults to oxidative, heat, and cold stresses caused an increase in TcAMPKα mRNA expression levels and phosphorylation of Thr-173 in the activation loop. The RNAi-mediated knockdown of TcAMPKα resulted in the increased sensitivity of T. castaneum to oxidative, heat, and cold stresses. These results suggest that stress signals regulate TcAMPKα activity, and TcAMPKα plays an important role in enabling protective mechanisms and processes that confer resistance to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Minxuan Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiangkun Meng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Caihong Ji
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huichen Ge
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Fan Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Lijun Miao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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24
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Kjøbsted R, Chadt A, Jørgensen NO, Kido K, Larsen JK, de Wendt C, Al-Hasani H, Wojtaszewski JFP. TBC1D4 Is Necessary for Enhancing Muscle Insulin Sensitivity in Response to AICAR and Contraction. Diabetes 2019; 68:1756-1766. [PMID: 31175100 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle insulin sensitivity for stimulating glucose uptake is enhanced in the period after a single bout of exercise. We recently demonstrated that AMPK is necessary for AICAR, contraction, and exercise to enhance muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity in mice. Correlative observations from both human and rodent skeletal muscle suggest that regulation of the phosphorylation status of TBC1D4 may relay this insulin sensitization. However, the necessity of TBC1D4 for this phenomenon has not been proven. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine whether TBC1D4 is necessary for enhancing muscle insulin sensitivity in response to AICAR and contraction. We found that immediately after contraction and AICAR stimulation, phosphorylation of AMPKα-Thr172 and downstream targets were increased similarly in glycolytic skeletal muscle from wild-type and TBC1D4-deficient mice. In contrast, 3 h after contraction or 6 h after AICAR stimulation, enhanced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was evident in muscle from wild-type mice only. The enhanced insulin sensitivity in muscle from wild-type mice was associated with improved insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of TBC1D4 (Thr649 and Ser711) but not of TBC1D1. These results provide genetic evidence linking signaling through TBC1D4 to enhanced muscle insulin sensitivity after activation of the cellular energy sensor AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas O Jørgensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kohei Kido
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe K Larsen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian de Wendt
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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25
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Jaiswal N, Gavin MG, Quinn WJ, Luongo TS, Gelfer RG, Baur JA, Titchenell PM. The role of skeletal muscle Akt in the regulation of muscle mass and glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2019; 28:1-13. [PMID: 31444134 PMCID: PMC6822261 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Skeletal muscle insulin signaling is a major determinant of muscle growth and glucose homeostasis. Protein kinase B/Akt plays a prominent role in mediating many of the metabolic effects of insulin. Mice and humans harboring systemic loss-of-function mutations in Akt2, the most abundant Akt isoform in metabolic tissues, are glucose intolerant and insulin resistant. Since the skeletal muscle accounts for a significant amount of postprandial glucose disposal, a popular hypothesis in the diabetes field suggests that a reduction in Akt, specifically in skeletal muscle, leads to systemic glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Despite this common belief, the specific role of skeletal muscle Akt in muscle growth and insulin sensitivity remains undefined. METHODS We generated multiple mouse models of skeletal muscle Akt deficiency to evaluate the role of muscle Akt signaling in vivo. The effects of these genetic perturbations on muscle mass, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity were assessed using both in vivo and ex vivo assays. RESULTS Surprisingly, mice lacking Akt2 alone in skeletal muscle displayed normal skeletal muscle insulin signaling, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity despite a dramatic reduction in phosphorylated Akt. In contrast, deletion of both Akt isoforms (M-AktDKO) prevented downstream signaling and resulted in muscle atrophy. Despite the absence of Akt signaling, in vivo and ex vivo insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were normal in M-AktDKO mice. Similar effects on insulin sensitivity were observed in mice with prolonged deletion (4 weeks) of both skeletal muscle Akt isoforms selectively in adulthood. Conversely, short term deletion (2 weeks) of skeletal muscle specific Akt in adult muscles impaired insulin tolerance paralleling the effect observed by acute pharmacological inhibition of Akt in vitro. Mechanistically, chronic ablation of Akt induced mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of AMPK, which was required for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the absence of Akt. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data indicate that chronic reduction in Akt activity alone in skeletal muscle is not sufficient to induce insulin resistance or prevent glucose uptake in all conditions. Therefore, since insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in skeletal muscle is markedly impaired in insulin-resistant states, we hypothesize that alterations in signaling molecules in addition to skeletal muscle Akt are necessary to perturb glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jaiswal
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M G Gavin
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - W J Quinn
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T S Luongo
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R G Gelfer
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J A Baur
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - P M Titchenell
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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26
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Takahashi Y, Terada S, Banjo M, Seike K, Nakano S, Hatta H. Effects of β-hydroxybutyrate treatment on glycogen repletion and its related signaling cascades in epitrochlearis muscle during 120 min of postexercise recovery. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1311-1319. [PMID: 31051088 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), the most abundant type of ketone body in mammals, on postexercise glycogen recovery in skeletal muscle by using an in vitro experimental model. Male ICR mice swam for 60 min and then their epitrochlearis muscles were removed and incubated with either physiological levels of glucose (8 mmol/L) and insulin (60 μU/mL) or glucose and insulin plus 1, 2, or 4 mmol/L of sodium β-HB. Four millimoles per liter β-HB had a significant positive effect on glycogen repletion in epitrochlearis muscle at 120 min after exercise (p < 0.01), while 2 mmol/L of β-HB showed a tendency to increase the glycogen level (p < 0.09), and 1 mmol/L of β-HB had no significant effect. We further investigated the effect of 4 mmol/L β-HB treatment on the signaling cascade related to glycogen repletion in the epitrochlearis muscles throughout a 120-min recovery period. After incubating the muscles in 4 mmol/L of β-HB for 15 min postexercise, the Akt substrate of 160 kDa Thr642 (p < 0.05) and Akt Thr308 (p < 0.05) phosphorylations were significantly increased compared with the control treatment. At the same time point, 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase phosphorylations were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the epitrochlearis muscle incubated with 4 mmol/L of β-HB than in the control muscle. Our results demonstrate that postexercise 4 mmol/L β-HB administration enhanced glycogen repletion in epitrochlearis muscle. Four millimoles per liter β-HB treatment was associated with alternation of the phosphorylated status of several proteins involved in glucose uptake and metabolic/energy homeostasis at the early stage of postexercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Takahashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shin Terada
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mai Banjo
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Kohei Seike
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Suguru Nakano
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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27
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Zhang JJ, Yang WR, Wang Y, Chen L, Jeong DK, Wang XZ. Identification of microRNAs for regulating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase expression in immature boar Sertoli cells in vitro. Mol Reprod Dev 2019; 86:450-464. [PMID: 30779249 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays a key role in cellular energy homeostasis and cell proliferation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in biological processes. It is unclear to whether miRNAs are involved in AMPK-regulated Sertoli cell (SC) proliferation. To further understand the regulation of miRNAs in the immature boar SC proliferation, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) was added to activate AMPK. By an Illumina small RNA deep sequencing, we obtained sequences and relative expression levels of 272 known mature miRNAs, among which 9 miRNAs were significantly upregulated whereas 16 miRNAs were downregulated following the AICAR treatment. The results identified 38 conserved miRNAs, with 8 significantly downregulated miRNAs whereas no upregulated miRNAs. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses suggested that miR-1285 was involved in many activities and pathways associated with cell proliferation via targeting on AMPKα2. We validated that AICAR significantly downregulated miR-1285 level in SCs. Transfection of miR-1285 mimic increased the SC viability and cell cycle progression but reduced AMPKα2 mRNA and protein levels, indicating that miR-1285 is involved in the immature boar SC proliferation via downregulating AMPKα2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Jiao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Rong Yang
- Institute of Ecological Research, China West Normal University, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Research School of Electrical, Energy and Materials Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xian Zhong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage and Herbivore, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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28
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Abstract
Physical inactivity is one of the leading health problems in the world. Strong epidemiological and clinical evidence demonstrates that exercise decreases the risk of more than 35 different disorders and that exercise should be prescribed as medicine for many chronic diseases. The physiology and molecular biology of exercise suggests that exercise activates multiple signaling pathways of major health importance. An anti-inflammatory environment is produced with each bout of exercise, and long-term anti-inflammatory effects are mediated via an effect on abdominal adiposity. There is, however, a need to close the gap between knowledge and practice and assure that basic research is translated, implemented, and anchored in society, leading to change of praxis and political statements. In order to make more people move, we need a true translational perspective on exercise as medicine, from molecular and physiological events to infrastructure and architecture, with direct implications for clinical practice and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Hagberg JM, Coyle EF, Baldwin KM, Cartee GD, Fontana L, Joyner MJ, Kirwan JP, Seals DR, Weiss EP. The historical context and scientific legacy of John O. Holloszy. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:277-305. [PMID: 30730811 PMCID: PMC6732442 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00669.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
John O. Holloszy, as perhaps the world's preeminent exercise biochemist/physiologist, published >400 papers over his 50+ year career, and they have been cited >41,000 times. In 1965 Holloszy showed for the first time that exercise training in rodents resulted in a doubling of skeletal muscle mitochondria, ushering in a very active era of skeletal muscle plasticity research. He subsequently went on to describe the consequences of and the mechanisms underlying these adaptations. Holloszy was first to show that muscle contractions increase muscle glucose transport independent of insulin, and he studied the mechanisms underlying this response throughout his career. He published important papers assessing the impact of training on glucose and insulin metabolism in healthy and diseased humans. Holloszy was at the forefront of rodent studies of caloric restriction and longevity in the 1980s, following these studies with important cross-sectional and longitudinal caloric restriction studies in humans. Holloszy was influential in the discipline of cardiovascular physiology, showing that older healthy and diseased populations could still elicit beneficial cardiovascular adaptations with exercise training. Holloszy and his group made important contributions to exercise physiology on the effects of training on numerous metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular adaptations. Holloszy's outstanding productivity was made possible by his mentoring of ~100 postdoctoral fellows and substantial NIH grant funding over his entire career. Many of these fellows have also played critical roles in the exercise physiology/biochemistry discipline. Thus it is clear that exercise biochemistry and physiology will be influenced by John Holloszy for numerous years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland
| | - Edward F Coyle
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Kenneth M Baldwin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology; and Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University Medical School, Brescia, Italy; and School of Medicine and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - John P Kirwan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Edward P Weiss
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Doisy College of Health Science, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri
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Nakayama A, Aoi W, Takami M, Hirano N, Ogaya Y, Wada S, Higashi A. Effect of downhill walking on next-day muscle damage and glucose metabolism in healthy young subjects. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:31-38. [PMID: 29679309 PMCID: PMC10717950 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effect of downhill walking on muscle damage and glucose metabolism in healthy subjects. All ten healthy young men and women (age, 24.0 ± 1.4 years) performed rest, uphill walking, and downhill walking trials. In the exercise trials, uphill (+ 5%) or downhill (- 5%) treadmill walking was performed at 6 km/h for 30 min. On the next day, muscle soreness was significantly higher in the downhill trial than in the uphill trial (P < 0.01). Respiratory metabolic performance did not differ between trials. However, carbohydrate oxidation was negatively correlated with plasma creatine kinase (r = - 0.41) and muscle soreness (r = - 0.47). Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in the uphill trial than in the rest trial (P < 0.01) but not in the downhill trial. These observations suggest that downhill but not uphill walking causes mild delayed-onset muscle damage, which did not cause marked impairment in glucose metabolism. However, higher muscle damage responders might exhibit lower glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Nakayama
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan.
| | - Maki Takami
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Nariyuki Hirano
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Yumi Ogaya
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Sayori Wada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
| | - Akane Higashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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Bahne E, Sun EWL, Young RL, Hansen M, Sonne DP, Hansen JS, Rohde U, Liou AP, Jackson ML, de Fontgalland D, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Sposato L, Due S, Wattchow DA, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Keating DJ, Vilsbøll T, Knop FK. Metformin-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion contributes to the actions of metformin in type 2 diabetes. JCI Insight 2018; 3:93936. [PMID: 30518693 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin reduces plasma glucose and has been shown to increase glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion. Whether this is a direct action of metformin on GLP-1 release, and whether some of the glucose-lowering effect of metformin occurs due to GLP-1 release, is unknown. The current study investigated metformin-induced GLP-1 secretion and its contribution to the overall glucose-lowering effect of metformin and underlying mechanisms in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS Twelve patients with type 2 diabetes were included in this placebo-controlled, double-blinded study. On 4 separate days, the patients received metformin (1,500 mg) or placebo suspended in a liquid meal, with subsequent i.v. infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin9-39 (Ex9-39) or saline. During 240 minutes, blood was sampled. The direct effect of metformin on GLP-1 secretion was tested ex vivo in human ileal and colonic tissue with and without dorsomorphin-induced inhibiting of the AMPK activity. RESULTS Metformin increased postprandial GLP-1 secretion compared with placebo (P = 0.014), and the postprandial glucose excursions were significantly smaller after metformin + saline compared with metformin + Ex9-39 (P = 0.004). Ex vivo metformin acutely increased GLP-1 secretion (colonic tissue, P < 0.01; ileal tissue, P < 0.05), but the effect was abolished by inhibition of AMPK activity. CONCLUSIONS Metformin has a direct and AMPK-dependent effect on GLP-1-secreting L cells and increases postprandial GLP-1 secretion, which seems to contribute to metformin's glucose-lowering effect and mode of action. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02050074 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02050074). FUNDING This study received grants from the A.P. Møller Foundation, the Novo Nordisk Foundation, the Danish Medical Association research grant, the Australian Research Council, the National Health and Medical Research Council, and Pfizer Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bahne
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Emily W L Sun
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Morten Hansen
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Hansen
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Rohde
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alice P Liou
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret L Jackson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dayan de Fontgalland
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luigi Sposato
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Due
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Discipline of Surgery, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Damien J Keating
- Discipline of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,Nutrition and Metabolism, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Clinical Metabolic Physiology, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Park S, Turner KD, Zheng D, Brault JJ, Zou K, Chaves AB, Nielsen TS, Tanner CJ, Treebak JT, Houmard JA. Electrical pulse stimulation induces differential responses in insulin action in myotubes from severely obese individuals. J Physiol 2018; 597:449-466. [PMID: 30414190 DOI: 10.1113/jp276990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Exercise/exercise training can enhance insulin sensitivity through adaptations in skeletal muscle, the primary site of insulin-mediated glucose disposal; however, in humans the range of improvement can vary substantially. The purpose of this study was to determine if obesity influences the magnitude of the exercise response in relation to improving insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle. Electrical pulse stimulation (EPS; 24 h) of primary human skeletal muscle myotubes improved insulin action in tissue from both lean and severely obese individuals, but responses to EPS were blunted with obesity. EPS improved insulin signal transduction in myotubes from lean but not severely obese subjects and increased AMP accumulation and AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, but to a lesser degree in myotubes from the severely obese. These data reveal that myotubes of severely obese individuals enhance insulin action and stimulate exercise-responsive molecules with contraction, but in a manner and magnitude that differs from lean subjects. ABSTRACT Exercise/muscle contraction can enhance whole-body insulin sensitivity; however, in humans the range of improvements can vary substantially. In order, to determine if obesity influences the magnitude of the exercise response, this study compared the effects of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS)-induced contractile activity upon primary myotubes derived from lean and severely obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 ) women. Prior to muscle contraction, insulin action was compromised in myotubes from the severely obese as was evident from reduced insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation, glucose uptake, insulin signal transduction (IRS1, Akt, TBC1D4), and insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. EPS (24 h) increased AMP, IMP, AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, PGC1α content, and insulin action in myotubes of both the lean and severely obese subjects. However, despite normalizing indices of insulin action to levels seen in the lean control (non-EPS) condition, responses to EPS were blunted with obesity. EPS improved insulin signal transduction in myotubes from lean but not severely obese subjects and EPS increased AMP accumulation and AMPK Thr172 phosphorylation, but to a lesser degree in myotubes from the severely obese. These data reveal that myotubes of severely obese individuals enhance insulin action and stimulate exercise-responsive molecules with contraction, but in a manner and magnitude that differs from lean subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghee Park
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kristen D Turner
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Brault
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alec B Chaves
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Thomas S Nielsen
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles J Tanner
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ward Sports Medicine Building, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Steenberg DE, Jørgensen NB, Birk JB, Sjøberg KA, Kiens B, Richter EA, Wojtaszewski JFP. Exercise training reduces the insulin-sensitizing effect of a single bout of exercise in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2018; 597:89-103. [PMID: 30325018 DOI: 10.1113/jp276735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A single bout of exercise is capable of increasing insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle. Whether this ability is affected by training status is not clear. Studies in mice suggest that the AMPK-TBC1D4 signalling axis is important for the increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after a single bout of exercise. The present study is the first longitudinal intervention study to show that, although exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle at rest, it diminishes the ability of a single bout of exercise to enhance muscle insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The present study provides novel data indicating that AMPK in human skeletal muscle is important for the insulin-sensitizing effect of a single bout of exercise. ABSTRACT Not only chronic exercise training, but also a single bout of exercise, increases insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. However, it is not well described how adaptations to exercise training affect the ability of a single bout of exercise to increase insulin sensitivity. Rodent studies suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effect of a single bout of exercise is AMPK-dependent (presumably via the α2 β2 γ3 AMPK complex). Whether this is also the case in humans is unknown. Previous studies have shown that exercise training decreases the expression of the α2 β2 γ3 AMPK complex and diminishes the activation of this complex during exercise. Thus, we hypothesized that exercise training diminishes the ability of a single bout of exercise to enhance muscle insulin sensitivity. We investigated nine healthy male subjects who performed one-legged knee-extensor exercise at the same relative intensity before and after 12 weeks of exercise training. Training increased V ̇ O 2 peak and expression of mitochondrial proteins in muscle, whereas the expression of AMPKγ3 was decreased. Training also increased whole body and muscle insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the acutely exercised leg was not enhanced further by training. Thus, the increase in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake following a single bout of one-legged exercise was lower in the trained vs. untrained state. This was associated with reduced signalling via confirmed α2 β2 γ3 AMPK downstream targets (ACC and TBC1D4). These results suggest that the insulin-sensitizing effect of a single bout of exercise is also AMPK-dependent in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte E Steenberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nichlas B Jørgensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Molecular Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Chemical biology probes of mammalian GLUT structure and function. Biochem J 2018; 475:3511-3534. [PMID: 30459202 PMCID: PMC6243331 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of glucose transporters of the mammalian GLUT family of proteins has been studied over many decades, and the proteins have fascinated numerous research groups over this time. This interest is related to the importance of the GLUTs as archetypical membrane transport facilitators, as key limiters of the supply of glucose to cell metabolism, as targets of cell insulin and exercise signalling and of regulated membrane traffic, and as potential drug targets to combat cancer and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. This review focusses on the use of chemical biology approaches and sugar analogue probes to study these important proteins.
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Wang H, Arias EB, Pataky MW, Goodyear LJ, Cartee GD. Postexercise improvement in glucose uptake occurs concomitant with greater γ3-AMPK activation and AS160 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E859-E871. [PMID: 30130149 PMCID: PMC6293165 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00020.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A single exercise session can increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU) by skeletal muscle, concomitant with greater Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160) phosphorylation on Akt-phosphosites (Thr642 and Ser588) that regulate insulin-stimulated GU. Recent research using mouse skeletal muscle suggested that ex vivo 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) or electrically stimulated contractile activity-inducing increased γ3-AMPK activity and AS160 phosphorylation on a consensus AMPK-motif (Ser704) resulted in greater AS160 Thr642 phosphorylation and GU by insulin-stimulated muscle. Our primary goal was to determine whether in vivo exercise that increases insulin-stimulated GU in rat skeletal muscle would also increase γ3-AMPK activity and AS160 site-selective phosphorylation (Ser588, Thr642, and Ser704) immediately postexercise (IPEX) and/or 3 h postexercise (3hPEX). Epitrochlearis muscles isolated from sedentary and exercised (2-h swim exercise; studied IPEX and 3hPEX) rats were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose to determine GU (without insulin at IPEX; without or with insulin at 3hPEX). Muscles were also assessed for γ1-AMPK activity, γ3-AMPK activity, phosphorylated AMPK (pAMPK), and phosphorylated AS160 (pAS160). IPEX versus sedentary had greater γ3-AMPK activity, pAS160 (Ser588, Thr642, Ser704), and GU with unaltered γ1-AMPK activity. 3hPEX versus sedentary had greater γ3-AMPK activity, pAS160 Ser704, and GU with or without insulin; greater pAS160 Thr642 only with insulin; and unaltered γ1-AMPK activity. These results using an in vivo exercise protocol that increased insulin-stimulated GU in rat skeletal muscle are consistent with the hypothesis that in vivo exercise-induced enhancement of γ3-AMPK activation and AS160 Ser704 IPEX and 3hPEX are important for greater pAS160 Thr642 and enhanced insulin-stimulated GU by skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward B Arias
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark W Pataky
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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36
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Bakshi I, Brown SHJ, Brandon AE, Suryana E, Mitchell TW, Turner N, Cooney GJ. Increasing Acyl CoA thioesterase activity alters phospholipid profile without effect on insulin action in skeletal muscle of rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13967. [PMID: 30228369 PMCID: PMC6143561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased lipid metabolism in muscle is associated with insulin resistance and therefore, many strategies have been employed to alter fatty acid metabolism and study the impact on insulin action. Metabolism of fatty acid requires activation to fatty acyl CoA by Acyl CoA synthases (ACSL) and fatty acyl CoA can be hydrolysed by Acyl CoA thioesterases (Acot). Thioesterase activity is low in muscle, so we overexpressed Acot7 in muscle of chow and high-fat diet (HFD) rats and investigated effects on insulin action. Acot7 overexpression modified specific phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species in tibialis muscle of chow rats to levels similar to those observed in control HFD muscle. The changes in phospholipid species did not alter glucose uptake in tibialis muscle under hyperinsulinaemic/euglycaemic clamped conditions. Acot7 overexpression in white extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle increased complete fatty acid oxidation ex-vivo but was not associated with any changes in glucose uptake in-vivo, however overexpression of Acot7 in red EDL reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in-vivo which correlated with increased incomplete fatty acid oxidation ex-vivo. In summary, although overexpression of Acot7 in muscle altered some aspects of lipid profile and metabolism in muscle, this had no major effect on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Bakshi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eurwin Suryana
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Liu X, Bauman WA, Cardozo CP. Myostatin inhibits glucose uptake via suppression of insulin-dependent and -independent signaling pathways in myoblasts. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13837. [PMID: 30252210 PMCID: PMC6121119 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) mediates insulin-dependent glucose uptake. Glut4 expression levels are correlated with whole-body glucose homeostasis. Insulin signaling is known to recruit Glut4 to the cell surface. Expression of Glut4 is subject to tissue-specific hormonal and metabolic regulation. The molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle Glut4 expression remain to be elucidated. Myostatin (Mstn) is reported to be involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. While elevated Mstn levels in muscle are associated with obesity and type-2 diabetes in both human and mouse models, Mstn null mice exhibit immunity to dietary-induced obesity and insulin resistance. The molecular mechanisms by which Mstn initiates the development of insulin resistance and disorders of glucose disposal are not well delineated. Here we investigated effects of Mstn on insulin action in C2C12 cells. Mstn significantly reduced basal and insulin-induced IRS-1 tyrosine (Tyr495) phosphorylation, and expression and activation of PI3K, associated with diminished AKT phosphorylation and elevated GSK3β phosphorylation at Ser9. In addition, Mstn inhibited Glut4 mRNA and protein expression, and reduced insulin-induced Glut4 membrane translocation and glucose uptake. Conversely, SB431542, a Smad2/3 inhibitor, significantly increased cellular response to insulin. Mstn decreased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity accompanied by reduced Glut4 gene expression and glucose uptake, which were partially reversed by AICAR, an AMPK activator. These data suggest that Mstn inhibits Glut4 expression and insulin-induced Glut4 integration into cytoplasmic membranes and glucose uptake and that these changes are mediated by direct insulin-desensitizing effect and indirect suppression of AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Hua Liu
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peter VA Medical CenterBronxNew York
- Department of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - William A. Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peter VA Medical CenterBronxNew York
- Department of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
| | - Christopher P. Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord InjuryJames J. Peter VA Medical CenterBronxNew York
- Department of MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
- Department of Rehabilitation MedicineMount Sinai School of MedicineNew YorkNew York
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Hingst JR, Bruhn L, Hansen MB, Rosschou MF, Birk JB, Fentz J, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sakamoto K, Færgeman NJ, Havelund JF, Parker BL, James DE, Kiens B, Richter EA, Jensen J, Wojtaszewski JFP. Exercise-induced molecular mechanisms promoting glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2018; 16:24-34. [PMID: 30093357 PMCID: PMC6158101 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A single bout of exercise followed by intake of carbohydrates leads to glycogen supercompensation in prior exercised muscle. Our objective was to illuminate molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon in skeletal muscle of man. Methods We studied the temporal regulation of glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle during a 5 day recovery period following a single bout of exercise. Nine healthy men depleted (day 1), normalized (day 2) and supercompensated (day 5) muscle glycogen in one leg while the contralateral leg served as a resting control. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps in combination with leg balance technique allowed for investigating insulin-stimulated leg glucose uptake under these 3 experimental conditions. Cellular signaling in muscle biopsies was investigated by global proteomic analyses and immunoblotting. We strengthened the validity of proposed molecular effectors by follow-up studies in muscle of transgenic mice. Results Sustained activation of glycogen synthase (GS) and AMPK in combination with elevated expression of proteins determining glucose uptake capacity were evident in the prior exercised muscle. We hypothesize that these alterations offset the otherwise tight feedback inhibition of glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake by glycogen. In line with key roles of AMPK and GS seen in the human experiments we observed abrogated ability for glycogen supercompensation in muscle with inducible AMPK deletion and in muscle carrying a G6P-insensitive form of GS in muscle. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that both AMPK and GS are key regulators of glycogen supercompensation following a single bout of glycogen-depleting exercise in skeletal muscle of both man and mouse. A single bout of exercise followed by carbohydrate intake leads to glycogen supersompensation in the prior exercised muscle. Skeletal muscle AMPK and glycogen synthase remain activated beyound normalized muscle glycogen content. Glycogen synthesis above resting levels is mediated independent of muscle insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lea Bruhn
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads B Hansen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie F Rosschou
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Birk
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fentz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper F Havelund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Benjamin L Parker
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Heo MG, Byun JH, Kim J, Choung SY. Treatment of Dendropanax morbifera leaves extract improves diabetic phenotype and inhibits diabetes induced retinal degeneration in db/db mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Siques P, Brito J, Flores K, Ordenes S, Arriaza K, Pena E, León-Velarde F, López de Pablo ÁL, Gonzalez MC, Arribas S. Long-Term Chronic Intermittent Hypobaric Hypoxia Induces Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Translocation Through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) in the Soleus Muscle in Lean Rats. Front Physiol 2018; 9:799. [PMID: 30002630 PMCID: PMC6031730 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In chronic hypoxia (CH) and short-term chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure, glycemia and insulin levels decrease and insulin sensitivity increases, which can be explained by changes in glucose transport at skeletal muscles involving GLUT1, GLUT4, Akt, and AMPK, as well as GLUT4 translocation to cell membranes. However, during long-term CIH, there is no information regarding whether these changes occur similarly or differently than in other types of hypoxia exposure. This study evaluated the levels of AMPK and Akt and the location of GLUT4 in the soleus muscles of lean rats exposed to long-term CIH, CH, and normoxia (NX) and compared the findings. Methods: Thirty male adult rats were randomly assigned to three groups: a NX (760 Torr) group (n = 10), a CIH group (2 days hypoxia/2 days NX; n = 10) and a CH group (n = 10). Rats were exposed to hypoxia for 30 days in a hypobaric chamber set at 428 Torr (4,600 m). Feeding (10 g daily) and fasting times were accurately controlled. Measurements included food intake (every 4 days), weight, hematocrit, hemoglobin, glycemia, serum insulin (by ELISA), and insulin sensitivity at days 0 and 30. GLUT1, GLUT4, AMPK levels and Akt activation in rat soleus muscles were determined by western blot. GLUT4 translocation was measured with confocal microscopy at day 30. Results: (1) Weight loss and increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin were found in both hypoxic groups (p < 0.05). (2) A moderate decrease in glycemia and plasma insulin was found. (3) Insulin sensitivity was greater in the CIH group (p < 0.05). (4) There were no changes in GLUT1, GLUT4 levels or in Akt activation. (5) The level of activated AMPK was increased only in the CIH group (p < 0.05). (6) Increased GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane of soleus muscle cells was observed in the CIH group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In lean rats experiencing long-term CIH, glycemia and insulin levels decrease and insulin sensitivity increases. Interestingly, there is no increase of GLUT1 or GLUT4 levels or in Akt activation. Therefore, cellular regulation of glucose seems to primarily involve GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane in response to hypoxia-mediated AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Siques
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Julio Brito
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Karen Flores
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Stefany Ordenes
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Karem Arriaza
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Eduardo Pena
- Institute of Health Studies, University Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Fabiola León-Velarde
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía/IIA, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
| | - Ángel L López de Pablo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M C Gonzalez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Arribas
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Autonoma of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2-[2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid (Activator-3) is a potent activator of AMPK. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9599. [PMID: 29942003 PMCID: PMC6018554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AMPK is considered as a potential high value target for metabolic disorders. Here, we present the molecular modeling, in vitro and in vivo characterization of Activator-3, 2-[2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylamino)thiazol-4-yl]acetic acid, an AMP mimetic and a potent pan-AMPK activator. Activator-3 and AMP likely share common activation mode for AMPK activation. Activator-3 enhanced AMPK phosphorylation by upstream kinase LKB1 and protected AMPK complex against dephosphorylation by PP2C. Molecular modeling analyses followed by in vitro mutant AMPK enzyme assays demonstrate that Activator-3 interacts with R70 and R152 of the CBS1 domain on AMPK γ subunit near AMP binding site. Activator-3 and C2, a recently described AMPK mimetic, bind differently in the γ subunit of AMPK. Activator-3 unlike C2 does not show cooperativity of AMPK activity in the presence of physiological concentration of ATP (2 mM). Activator-3 displays good pharmacokinetic profile in rat blood plasma with minimal brain penetration property. Oral treatment of High Sucrose Diet (HSD) fed diabetic rats with 10 mg/kg dose of Activator-3 once in a day for 30 days significantly enhanced glucose utilization, improved lipid profiles and reduced body weight, demonstrating that Activator-3 is a potent AMPK activator that can alleviate the negative metabolic impact of high sucrose diet in rat model.
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Ambery AG, Tackett L, Penque BA, Brozinick JT, Elmendorf JS. Exercise training prevents skeletal muscle plasma membrane cholesterol accumulation, cortical actin filament loss, and insulin resistance in C57BL/6J mice fed a western-style high-fat diet. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/16/e13363. [PMID: 28811359 PMCID: PMC5582260 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin action and glucose disposal are enhanced by exercise, yet the mechanisms involved remain imperfectly understood. While the causes of skeletal muscle insulin resistance also remain poorly understood, new evidence suggest excess plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol may contribute by damaging the cortical filamentous actin (F-actin) structure essential for GLUT4 glucose transporter redistribution to the PM upon insulin stimulation. Here, we investigated whether PM cholesterol toxicity was mitigated by exercise. Male C57BL/6J mice were placed on low-fat (LF, 10% kCal) or high-fat (HF, 45% kCal) diets for a total of 8 weeks. During the last 3 weeks of this LF/HF diet intervention, all mice were familiarized with a treadmill for 1 week and then either sham-exercised (0 m/min, 10% grade, 50 min) or exercised (13.5 m/min, 10% grade, 50 min) daily for 2 weeks. HF-feeding induced a significant gain in body mass by 3 weeks. Sham or chronic exercise did not affect food consumption, water intake, or body mass gain. Prior to sham and chronic exercise, "pre-intervention" glucose tolerance tests were performed on all animals and demonstrated that HF-fed mice were glucose intolerant. While sham exercise did not affect glucose tolerance in the LF or HF mice, exercised mice showed an improvement in glucose tolerance. Muscle from sham-exercised HF-fed mice showed a significant increase in PM cholesterol, loss of cortical F-actin, and decrease in insulin-stimulated glucose transport compared to sham-exercised LF-fed mice. These HF-fed skeletal muscle membrane/cytoskeletal abnormalities and insulin resistance were improved in exercised mice. These data reveal a new therapeutic aspect of exercise being regulation of skeletal muscle PM cholesterol homeostasis. Further studies on this mechanism of insulin resistance and the benefits of exercise on its prevention are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley G Ambery
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lixuan Tackett
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brent A Penque
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Joseph T Brozinick
- Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeffrey S Elmendorf
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana .,Center for Diabetes Metabolic Disease Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Serum Is Not Necessary for Prior Pharmacological Activation of AMPK to Increase Insulin Sensitivity of Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041201. [PMID: 29662023 PMCID: PMC5979416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise, contraction, and pharmacological activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) have all been shown to increase muscle insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake. Intriguingly, improvements in insulin sensitivity following contraction of isolated rat and mouse skeletal muscle and prior AICAR stimulation of isolated rat skeletal muscle seem to depend on an unknown factor present in serum. One study recently questioned this requirement of a serum factor by showing serum-independency with muscle from old rats. Whether a serum factor is necessary for prior AICAR stimulation to increase insulin sensitivity of mouse skeletal muscle is not known. Therefore, we investigated the necessity of serum for this effect of AICAR in mouse skeletal muscle. We found that the ability of prior AICAR stimulation to improve insulin sensitivity of mouse skeletal muscle did not depend on the presence of serum during AICAR stimulation. Although prior AICAR stimulation did not enhance proximal insulin signaling, insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Tre-2/BUB2/CDC16- domain family member 4 (TBC1D4) Ser711 was greater in prior AICAR-stimulated muscle compared to all other groups. These results imply that the presence of a serum factor is not necessary for prior AMPK activation by AICAR to enhance insulin sensitivity of mouse skeletal muscle.
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Oki K, Arias EB, Kanzaki M, Cartee GD. Prior treatment with the AMPK activator AICAR induces subsequently enhanced glucose uptake in isolated skeletal muscles from 24-month-old rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018. [PMID: 29518344 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation may be part of the exercise-induced process that enhances insulin sensitivity. Independent of exercise, acute prior treatment of skeletal muscles isolated from young rats with a pharmacological AMPK activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), causes subsequently improved insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (GU). However, efficacy of a single prior AICAR exposure on insulin-stimulated GU in muscles from old animals has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to determine whether brief, prior exposure to AICAR (3.5 h before GU assessment) leads to subsequently increased GU in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscles from old rats. Epitrochlearis muscles from 24-month-old male rats were isolated and initially incubated ±AICAR (60 min), followed by incubation without AICAR (3 h), then incubation ±insulin (50 min). Muscles were assessed for GU (via 3-O-methyl-[3H]-glucose accumulation) and site-specific phosphorylation of key proteins involved in enhanced GU, including AMPK, Akt, and Akt substrate of 160 kDa (AS160), via Western blotting. Prior ex vivo AICAR treatment resulted in greater GU by insulin-stimulated muscles from 24-month-old rats. Prior AICAR treatment also resulted in greater phosphorylation of AMPK (T172) and AS160 (S588, T642, and S704). Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) protein abundance was unaffected by prior AICAR and/or insulin treatment. These findings demonstrate that skeletal muscles from older rats are susceptible to enhanced insulin-stimulated GU after brief activation of AMPK by prior AICAR. Consistent with earlier research using muscles from young rodents, increased phosphorylation of AS160 is implicated in this effect, which was not attributable to altered GLUT4 glucose transporter protein abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oki
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Edward B Arias
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- b Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Gregory D Cartee
- a Muscle Biology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,c Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and The Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Restoration of Muscle Glycogen and Functional Capacity: Role of Post-Exercise Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10020253. [PMID: 29473893 PMCID: PMC5852829 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of post-exercise recovery nutrition has been well described in recent years, leading to its incorporation as an integral part of training regimes in both athletes and active individuals. Muscle glycogen depletion during an initial prolonged exercise bout is a main factor in the onset of fatigue and so the replenishment of glycogen stores may be important for recovery of functional capacity. Nevertheless, nutritional considerations for optimal short-term (3–6 h) recovery remain incompletely elucidated, particularly surrounding the precise amount of specific types of nutrients required. Current nutritional guidelines to maximise muscle glycogen availability within limited recovery are provided under the assumption that similar fatigue mechanisms (i.e., muscle glycogen depletion) are involved during a repeated exercise bout. Indeed, recent data support the notion that muscle glycogen availability is a determinant of subsequent endurance capacity following limited recovery. Thus, carbohydrate ingestion can be utilised to influence the restoration of endurance capacity following exhaustive exercise. One strategy with the potential to accelerate muscle glycogen resynthesis and/or functional capacity beyond merely ingesting adequate carbohydrate is the co-ingestion of added protein. While numerous studies have been instigated, a consensus that is related to the influence of carbohydrate-protein ingestion in maximising muscle glycogen during short-term recovery and repeated exercise capacity has not been established. When considered collectively, carbohydrate intake during limited recovery appears to primarily determine muscle glycogen resynthesis and repeated exercise capacity. Thus, when the goal is to optimise repeated exercise capacity following short-term recovery, ingesting carbohydrate at an amount of ≥1.2 g kg body mass−1·h−1 can maximise muscle glycogen repletion. The addition of protein to carbohydrate during post-exercise recovery may be beneficial under circumstances when carbohydrate ingestion is sub-optimal (≤0.8 g kg body mass−1·h−1) for effective restoration of muscle glycogen and repeated exercise capacity.
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Chen S, Zhao Z, Ke L, Li Z, Li W, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Feng X, Zhu W. Resveratrol improves glucose uptake in insulin-resistant adipocytes via Sirt1. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 55:209-218. [PMID: 29554499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance serves as "common soil" for promoting the development of metabolic diseases; however, the precise pathological factors leading to insulin resistance are not well clarified. Resveratrol (Res) is a natural polyphenolic compound with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. However, effects and mechanisms of Res on glucose metabolism in adipocytes remain largely unknown. In this study, we show Res treatment significantly increases glucose uptake in insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. Mechanistically, Res up-regulates the protein level of Sirt1 that improves insulin signaling pathway and promotes cellular membrane Glut4 accumulation. Meanwhile, Sirt1 enhances phosphorylation level of AMPK which elevates p-AKT level. Consequently, the transcription factor FOXO1 translocalizes from nucleus to cytoplasm where protein degradation occurs. Therefore, the gene expression of resistin, a direct transcriptional target of FOXO1, is reduced and insulin sensitivity is improved. Importantly, we recapitulate the similar pattern of related protein changes in epididymal adipose tissues of insulin-resistant mice after Res intervention in vivo, reinforcing the hypothesis of Res being involved in regulation of glucose uptake via Sirt1-AMPK axis. Our findings clarify the beneficial effects of Res on glucose transportation in insulin-resistant adipocytes and involved pathway including Sirt1-AMPK, suggesting its potential therapeutic application in the treatment or prevention of insulin-resistance-related metabolic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Chen
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P. R. China; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
| | - Zhongliang Zhao
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liangru Ke
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health; School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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Metabolic and molecular changes associated with the increased skeletal muscle insulin action 24-48 h after exercise in young and old humans. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:111-118. [PMID: 29330356 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and metabolic mechanisms underlying the increase in insulin sensitivity (i.e. increased insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake, phosphorylation and storage as glycogen) observed from 12 to 48 h following a single bout of exercise in humans remain unresolved. Moreover, whether these mechanisms differ with age is unclear. It is well established that a single bout of exercise increases the translocation of the glucose transporter, GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. Previous research using unilateral limb muscle contraction models in combination with hyperinsulinaemia has demonstrated that the increase in insulin sensitivity and glycogen synthesis 24 h after exercise is also associated with an increase in hexokinase II (HKII) mRNA and protein content, suggesting an increase in the capacity of the muscle to phosphorylate glucose and divert it towards glycogen synthesis. Interestingly, this response is altered in older individuals for up to 48 h post exercise and is associated with molecular changes in skeletal muscle tissue that are indicative of reduced lipid oxidation, increased lipogenesis, increased inflammation and a relative inflexibility of changes in intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content. Reduced insulin sensitivity (insulin resistance) is generally related to IMCL content, particularly in the subsarcolemmal (SSL) region, and both are associated with increasing age. Recent research has demonstrated that ageing per se appears to cause an exacerbated lipolytic response to exercise that may result in SSL IMCL accumulation. Further research is required to determine if increased IMCL content affects HKII expression in the days after exercise in older individuals, and the effect of this on skeletal muscle insulin action.
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Holdsworth DA, Cox PJ, Kirk T, Stradling H, Impey SG, Clarke K. A Ketone Ester Drink Increases Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 49:1789-1795. [PMID: 28398950 PMCID: PMC5556006 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Physical endurance can be limited by muscle glycogen stores, in that glycogen depletion markedly reduces external work. During carbohydrate restriction, the liver synthesizes the ketone bodies, d-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate from fatty acids. In animals and in the presence of glucose, d-β-hydroxybutyrate promotes insulin secretion and increases glycogen synthesis. Here we determined whether a dietary ketone ester, combined with plentiful glucose, can increase postexercise glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle. Methods After an interval-based glycogen depletion exercise protocol, 12 well-trained male athletes completed a randomized, three-arm, blinded crossover recovery study that consisted of consumption of either a taste-matched, zero-calorie control or a ketone monoester drink, followed by a 10-mM glucose clamp or saline infusion for 2 h. The three postexercise conditions were control drink then saline infusion, control drink then hyperglycemic clamp, or ketone ester drink then hyperglycemic clamp. Skeletal muscle glycogen content was determined in muscle biopsies of vastus lateralis taken before and after the 2-h clamps. Results The ketone ester drink increased blood d-β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations to a maximum of 5.3 versus 0.7 mM for the control drink (P < 0.0001). During the 2-h glucose clamps, insulin levels were twofold higher (31 vs 16 mU·L−1, P < 0.01) and glucose uptake 32% faster (1.66 vs 1.26 g·kg−1, P < 0.001). The ketone drink increased by 61 g, the total glucose infused for 2 h, from 197 to 258 g, and muscle glycogen was 50% higher (246 vs 164 mmol glycosyl units per kilogram dry weight, P < 0.05) than after the control drink. Conclusion In the presence of constant high glucose concentrations, a ketone ester drink increased endogenous insulin levels, glucose uptake, and muscle glycogen synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Holdsworth
- 1Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UNITED KINGDOM; and 2Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moore's University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
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Kjøbsted R, Hingst JR, Fentz J, Foretz M, Sanz MN, Pehmøller C, Shum M, Marette A, Mounier R, Treebak JT, Wojtaszewski JFP, Viollet B, Lantier L. AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism. FASEB J 2018; 32:1741-1777. [PMID: 29242278 PMCID: PMC5945561 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700442r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses a remarkable ability to adapt to various physiologic conditions. AMPK is a sensor of intracellular energy status that maintains energy stores by fine-tuning anabolic and catabolic pathways. AMPK’s role as an energy sensor is particularly critical in tissues displaying highly changeable energy turnover. Due to the drastic changes in energy demand that occur between the resting and exercising state, skeletal muscle is one such tissue. Here, we review the complex regulation of AMPK in skeletal muscle and its consequences on metabolism (e.g., substrate uptake, oxidation, and storage as well as mitochondrial function of skeletal muscle fibers). We focus on the role of AMPK in skeletal muscle during exercise and in exercise recovery. We also address adaptations to exercise training, including skeletal muscle plasticity, highlighting novel concepts and future perspectives that need to be investigated. Furthermore, we discuss the possible role of AMPK as a therapeutic target as well as different AMPK activators and their potential for future drug development.—Kjøbsted, R., Hingst, J. R., Fentz, J., Foretz, M., Sanz, M.-N., Pehmøller, C., Shum, M., Marette, A., Mounier, R., Treebak, J. T., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., Viollet, B., Lantier, L. AMPK in skeletal muscle function and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Kjøbsted
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Janne R Hingst
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joachim Fentz
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Foretz
- INSERM, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Nieves Sanz
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, and.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Pehmøller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Shum
- Axe Cardiologie, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - André Marette
- Axe Cardiologie, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, Québec, Canada.,Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Remi Mounier
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM Unité 1217, CNRS UMR, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benoit Viollet
- INSERM, Unité 1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Pedersen BK. Anti-inflammatory effects of exercise: role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:600-611. [PMID: 28722106 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). AIMS The aim of this review was to provide the reader with an update of the mechanisms whereby exercise-induced cytokines may impact cardiometabolic diseases. RESULTS Evidence exists that interleukin (IL)-1β is involved in pancreatic β-cell damage, whereas TNF-α is a key molecule in peripheral insulin resistance. In addition, TNF-α appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and heart failure. A marked increase in IL-6 and IL-10 is provoked by exercise and exerts direct anti-inflammatory effects by an inhibition of TNF-α and by stimulating IL-1ra, thereby limiting IL-1β signalling. Moreover, muscle-derived IL-6 appears to have direct anti-inflammatory effects and serves as a mechanism to improve glucose tolerance. In addition, indirect anti-inflammatory effects of long-term exercise are mediated via improvements in body composition. CONCLUSION Physical activity represents a natural, strong anti-inflammatory strategy with minor side effects and should be integrated in the management of patients with cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism/Centre for Physical Activity Research (CIM/CFAS), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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