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Hunt JE, Christiansen CB, Yassin M, Hartmann B, Offermanns S, Dragsted LO, Holst JJ, Kissow H. The Severity of DSS-Induced Colitis Is Independent of the SCFA-FFAR2/3-GLP-1 Pathway Despite SCFAs Inducing GLP-1 Secretion via FFAR2/3. Metabolites 2024; 14:395. [PMID: 39057718 PMCID: PMC11278623 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14070395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major microbial metabolites produced from the fermentation of dietary fiber in the gut. They are recognised as secretagogues of the glucagon-like peptides, GLP-1 and GLP-2, likely mediated by the activation of free fatty acid receptors 2 and 3 (FFAR2 and 3) expressed on enteroendocrine L-cells. Fiber-deficient diets are associated with decreased intestinal function and decreased colonic GLP-1 and GLP-2 content. Here, we speculated that the lowered colonic GLP-1 observed following a fiber-free diet was a consequence of decreased SCFA production and a subsequent decrease in FFAR2/3 activation. Furthermore, we explored the consequences of a fiber-free diet followed by intestinal injury, and we mechanistically explored the SCFA-FFAR2/3-GLP-1 pathway to explain the increased severity. Colonic luminal content from mice fed either a fiber-free or chow diet were analysed for SCFA content by LC-MS. FFAR2/3 receptor contributions to SCFA-mediated colonic GLP-1 secretion were assessed in isolated perfused preparations of the colon from FFAR2/3 double knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Colitis was induced by the delivery of 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) for 4 days in the drinking water of mice exposed to a fiber-free diet for 21 days. Colitis was induced by the delivery of 3% DSS for 7 days in FFAR2/3 KO mice. The removal of dietary fiber significantly decreased SCFA concentrations in the luminal contents of fiber-free fed mice compared to chow-fed mice. In the perfused colon, luminal SCFAs significantly increased colonic GLP-1 secretion in WT mice but not in FFAR2/3 KO mice. In the DSS-induced colitis model, the removal of dietary fiber increased the severity and prevented the recovery from intestinal injury. Additionally, colitis severity was similar in FFAR2/3 KO and WT mice after DSS application. In conclusion, the results confirm that the removal of dietary fiber is sufficient to decrease the colonic concentrations of SCFAs. Additionally, we show that a fiber-free diet predisposes the colon to increased intestinal injury, but this effect is independent of FFAR2 and FFAR3 signalling; therefore, it is unlikely that a fiber-free diet induces a decrease in luminal SCFAs and sensitivity to intestinal disease involves the SCFA-FFAR2/3-GLP-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Elizabeth Hunt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.H.); (C.B.C.); (B.H.)
| | - Charlotte Bayer Christiansen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.H.); (C.B.C.); (B.H.)
| | - Mohammad Yassin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.H.); (C.B.C.); (B.H.)
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Lars Ove Dragsted
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (J.E.H.); (C.B.C.); (B.H.)
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Fujii A, Kimura R, Mori A, Yoshimura Y. Sucrose Solution Ingestion Exacerbates Dinitrofluorobenzene-Induced Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:1962. [PMID: 38931315 PMCID: PMC11206373 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Allergic dermatitis is a skin disease with growing prevalence worldwide that has been associated with diets high in fats and sugars. Regular consumption of sucrose-containing beverages may increase the risk for several health problems, including allergic diseases and particularly asthma, but the association between sucrose consumption and allergic dermatitis is understudied. We investigated the effects of sucrose solution intake on allergic contact dermatitis in rats and found early exacerbation of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced disease symptoms and altered composition of the gut microbiota after 14 d of intake. The levels of short-chain fatty acids-produced by fermentation by the intestinal microbiota-were not affected in the cecal contents and feces but decreased in the blood; this effect was especially notable for acetate. To restore blood acetate concentrations, triacetin was mixed with a 10% sucrose solution and fed to the rat model. This strategy prevented the early exacerbation of DNFB-induced symptoms. The decreased absorption of short-chain fatty acids from the intestinal lumen was not linked to the decreased expression of short-chain fatty acid transporters in the small intestine; instead, the mechanism involves a reduction in the sodium concentration in the intestinal lumen due to increased expression of sodium-glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yukihiro Yoshimura
- Department of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe City 651-2180, Japan
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Petakh P, Duve K, Oksenych V, Behzadi P, Kamyshnyi O. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities of short-chain fatty acids in posttraumatic stress disorder patients: a mini-review. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1394953. [PMID: 38887367 PMCID: PMC11182003 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1394953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This mini-review explores the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Highlighting the microbiota-gut-brain axis, this study investigated the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and mental health. SCFAs, byproducts of gut microbial fermentation, have been examined for their potential impact on PTSD, with a focus on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. This review discusses changes in SCFA levels and bacterial profiles in individuals with PTSD, emphasizing the need for further research. Promising outcomes from clinical trials using probiotics and fermented formulations suggest potential avenues for PTSD management. Future directions involve establishing comprehensive human cohorts, integrating multiomics data, and employing advanced computational methods, with the goal of deepening our understanding of the role of SCFAs in PTSD and exploring microbiota-targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo Petakh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Uzhhorod National University, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Khrystyna Duve
- Department of Neurology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
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Xv Y, Chen J, Lin J. Gut microbiota and functional dyspepsia: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1377392. [PMID: 38881665 PMCID: PMC11176457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have established that alterations in the gut microbiota (GM) constitute an embedded mechanism in functional dyspepsia (FD). However, the specific GM taxa implicated in the pathological process of FD have remained unclear. Methods A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis was initially conducted to examine the causal relationships between GM and FD, utilizing GWAS data from the MiBioGen Consortium (18,340 cases) and FinnGenn (8,875 cases vs. 320,387 controls). The MR study primarily employed the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test for heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of causal GM taxa were mapped to genes, which were subsequently assessed for causal relationships with FD employing the same methodology. Results IVW results revealed that the genus Clostridium innocuum group (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.02-1.24, P = 0.020) and genus Ruminiclostridium 9 were positively associated with FD risk (OR: 1.27, 95% CI: 1.03-1.57, P = 0.028), while the genus Lachnospiraceae FCS020 group tended to exert a negative effect on FD risk (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73-0.98, P = 0.023). Among GM-related genes, a notable association was observed between RSRC1 and increased FD risk (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07-1.20, P < 0.001). In sensitivity analyses, no significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity of the results was found. Conclusions This study furnished evidence for distinct effects of specific GM taxa on FD risk and hinted at a potential biological mechanism, thereby offering theoretical underpinning for future microbiotherapy of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Xv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Chen Q, Su R. Interplay of human gastrointestinal microbiota metabolites: Short-chain fatty acids and their correlation with Parkinson's disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37960. [PMID: 38669388 PMCID: PMC11049718 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are, the metabolic byproducts of intestinal microbiota that, are generated through anaerobic fermentation of undigested dietary fibers. SCFAs play a pivotal role in numerous physiological functions within the human body, including maintaining intestinal mucosal health, modulating immune functions, and regulating energy metabolism. In recent years, extensive research evidence has indicated that SCFAs are significantly involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson disease (PD). However, the precise mechanisms remain elusive. This review comprehensively summarizes the progress in understanding how SCFAs impact PD pathogenesis and the underlying mechanisms. Primarily, we delve into the synthesis, metabolism, and signal transduction of SCFAs within the human body. Subsequently, an analysis of SCFA levels in patients with PD is presented. Furthermore, we expound upon the mechanisms through which SCFAs induce inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein, and the intricacies of the gut-brain axis. Finally, we provide a critical analysis and explore the potential therapeutic role of SCFAs as promising targets for treating PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Liu
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qi Chen
- The Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Ruijun Su
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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Cheng S, Li B, Ding Y, Hou B, Hung W, He J, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Man C. The probiotic fermented milk of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 and Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 alleviates constipation via improving gastrointestinal motility and gut microbiota. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1857-1876. [PMID: 37923200 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Constipation is directly related to the intestinal microenvironment, in which the promotion of gastrointestinal (GI) motility and improvement of gut microbiota distribution are important for alleviating symptoms. Herein, after the intervention of probiotic fermented milk (FMMIX) containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei JY062 and Lactobacillus gasseri JM1 for 14 d in Kunming mice with loperamide-induced constipation, the results indicated that FMMIX significantly increased the secretion of serum motilin, gastrin and 5-hydroxytryptamine, as well as decreased the secretion of peptide YY, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and nitric oxide in mice. As determined by immunohistochemical analysis, FMMIX promoted an augmentation in the quantity of Cajal interstitial cells. In addition, the mRNA and protein expression of c-kit and stem cell factor (SCF) were upregulated to facilitate intestinal motility. High-throughput sequencing and gas chromatography techniques revealed that FMMIX led to an increase in the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, and Akkermansia), reduced the presence of harmful bacteria (Prevotella), and resulted in elevated levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) with a superior improvement compared with unfermented milk. Untargeted metabolomics revealed significant upregulation of functional metabolites such as l-pipecolinic acid, dl-phenylalanine, and naringenin in FMMIX, presumably playing a potential role in constipation relief. Overall, our results showed that FMMIX had the potential to alleviate constipation symptoms in mice by improving the secretion of serum GI regulatory peptides and neurotransmitters, increasing the expression of c-kit and SCF proteins, and modulating the gut microbiota structure and SCFA levels, and may be associated with an increase in these functional metabolites. This suggested that FMMIX could be a promising adjunctive strategy for managing constipation symptoms and could contribute to the development of functional foods aimed at improving gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Baolei Li
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Yixin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Baochao Hou
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Weilian Hung
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Jian He
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy, Shanghai 201111, China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Chaoxin Man
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Vagnerová K, Hudcovic T, Vodička M, Ergang P, Klusoňová P, Petr Hermanová P, Šrůtková D, Pácha J. The effect of oral butyrate on colonic short-chain fatty acid transporters and receptors depends on microbial status. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1341333. [PMID: 38595917 PMCID: PMC11002167 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1341333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a metabolite produced by gut bacteria, has demonstrated beneficial effects in the colon and has been used to treat inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the mechanism by which butyrate operates remains incompletely understood. Given that oral butyrate can exert either a direct impact on the gut mucosa or an indirect influence through its interaction with the gut microbiome, this study aimed to investigate three key aspects: (1) whether oral intake of butyrate modulates the expression of genes encoding short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) transporters (Slc16a1, Slc16a3, Slc16a4, Slc5a8, Abcg2) and receptors (Hcar2, Ffar2, Ffar3, Olfr78, Olfr558) in the colon, (2) the potential involvement of gut microbiota in this modulation, and (3) the impact of oral butyrate on the expression of colonic SCFA transporters and receptors during colonic inflammation. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) mice with or without DSS-induced inflammation were provided with either water or a 0.5% sodium butyrate solution. The findings revealed that butyrate decreased the expression of Slc16a1, Slc5a8, and Hcar2 in SPF but not in GF mice, while it increased the expression of Slc16a3 in GF and the efflux pump Abcg2 in both GF and SPF animals. Moreover, the presence of microbiota was associated with the upregulation of Hcar2, Ffar2, and Ffar3 expression and the downregulation of Slc16a3. Interestingly, the challenge with DSS did not alter the expression of SCFA transporters, regardless of the presence or absence of microbiota, and the effect of butyrate on the transporter expression in SPF mice remained unaffected by DSS. The expression of SCFA receptors was only partially affected by DSS. Our results indicate that (1) consuming a relatively low concentration of butyrate can influence the expression of colonic SCFA transporters and receptors, with their expression being modulated by the gut microbiota, (2) the effect of butyrate does not appear to result from direct substrate-induced regulation but rather reflects an indirect effect associated with the gut microbiome, and (3) acute colon inflammation does not lead to significant changes in the transcriptional regulation of most SCFA transporters and receptors, with the effect of butyrate in the inflamed colon remaining intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vagnerová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Ergang
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Klusoňová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Dagmar Šrůtková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Nový Hrádek, Czechia
| | - Jiří Pácha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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Liu X, Wang S, Wu X, Zhao Z, Jian C, Li M, Qin X. Astragaloside IV Alleviates Depression in Rats by Modulating Intestinal Microbiota, T-Immune Balance, and Metabolome. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:259-273. [PMID: 38064688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects of Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on abnormal behaviors, intestinal microbiota, intestinal T-immune balance, and fecal metabolism of a model of depression in rats. Herein, we integrally applied 16S rRNA sequencing, molecular biological techniques, and 1H NMR-based fecal metabolomics to demonstrate the antidepression activity of AS-IV. The results suggested that AS-IV regulated the depression-like behaviors of rats, which are presented by an increase of body weight, upregulation of sucrose preference rates, and a decrease of immobility time. Additionally, AS-IV increased the abundances of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Oscillospira) in a model of depression in rats. Moreover, AS-IV regulated significantly the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells, and the abnormal contents of both anti-inflammatory factors and pro-inflammatory factors. Besides, fecal metabolomics showed that AS-IV improved the abnormal levels of short-chain fatty acids and amino acids. Collectively, our research supplemented new data, supporting the potential of AS-IV as an effective diet or diet composition to improve depression-like behaviors, dysfunctions of microbiota, imbalance of T immune, and the abnormality of fecal metabolome. However, the causality of the other actions was not proven because of the experimental design and the methodology used. The current findings suggest that AS-IV could function as a promising diet or diet composition to alleviate depressed symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Senyan Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Shen X, Xie A, Li Z, Jiang C, Wu J, Li M, Yue X. Research Progress for Probiotics Regulating Intestinal Flora to Improve Functional Dyspepsia: A Review. Foods 2024; 13:151. [PMID: 38201179 PMCID: PMC10778471 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. The pathophysiology remains poorly understood; however, alterations in the small intestinal microbiome have been observed. Current treatments for FD with drugs are limited, and there are certain safety problems. A class of active probiotic bacteria can control gastrointestinal homeostasis, nutritional digestion and absorption, and the energy balance when taken in certain dosages. Probiotics play many roles in maintaining intestinal microecological balance, improving the intestinal barrier function, and regulating the immune response. The presence and composition of intestinal microorganisms play a vital role in the onset and progression of FD and serve as a critical factor for both regulation and potential intervention regarding the management of this condition. Thus, there are potential advantages to alleviating FD by regulating the intestinal flora using probiotics, targeting intestinal microorganisms. This review summarizes the research progress of probiotics regarding improving FD by regulating intestinal flora and provides a reference basis for probiotics to improve FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shen
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.S.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Aijun Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Zijing Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.S.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Chengxi Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.S.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.S.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Mohan Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.S.); (Z.L.); (C.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Xiqing Yue
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Animal Product Processing, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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10
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Tanelian A, Nankova B, Hu F, Sahawneh JD, Sabban EL. Effect of acetate supplementation on traumatic stress-induced behavioral impairments in male rats. Neurobiol Stress 2023; 27:100572. [PMID: 37781563 PMCID: PMC10539924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota and their metabolites have emerged as key players in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Recently, we demonstrated that animals susceptible to Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) have an overall pro-inflammatory gut microbiota and significantly lower cecal acetate levels than SPS-resilient rats, which correlated inversely with the anxiety index. Here, we investigated whether the microbial metabolite, acetate, could ameliorate SPS-triggered impairments. Male rats were randomly divided into unstressed controls or groups exposed to SPS. The groups received continued oral supplementation of either 150 mM of sodium acetate or 150 mM of sodium chloride-matched water. Two weeks after SPS, a battery of behavioral tests was performed, and the animals were euthanized the following day. While not affecting the unstressed controls, acetate supplementation reduced the impact of SPS on body weight gain and ameliorated SPS-induced anxiety-like behavior and the impairments in social interaction, but not depressive-like behavior. These changes were accompanied by several beneficial effects of acetate supplementation. Acetate alleviated the stress response by reducing urinary epinephrine levels, induced epigenetic modification by decreasing histone deacetylase (HDAC2) gene expression, inhibited neuroinflammation by reducing the density of Iba1+ cells and the gene expression of IL-1ß in the hippocampus, and increased serum β-hydroxybutyrate levels. The findings reveal a causal relationship between oral acetate treatment and mitigation of several SPS-induced behavioral impairments. Mechanistically, it impacted neuronal and metabolic pathways including changes in stress response, epigenetic modifications, neuroinflammation and showed novel link to ketone body production. The study demonstrates the preventive-therapeutic potential of acetate supplementation to alleviate adverse responses to traumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arax Tanelian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Bistra Nankova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Furong Hu
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Jordan D. Sahawneh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Esther L. Sabban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
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11
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Guo B, Zhang J, Zhang W, Chen F, Liu B. Gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids act as mediators of the gut-brain axis targeting age-related neurodegenerative disorders: a narrative review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37897083 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2272769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases associated with aging are often accompanied by cognitive decline and gut microbiota disorder. But the impact of gut microbiota on these cognitive disturbances remains incompletely understood. Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are major metabolites produced by gut microbiota during the digestion of dietary fiber, serving as an energy source for gut epithelial cells and/or circulating to other organs, such as the liver and brain, through the bloodstream. SCFAs have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier and played crucial roles in brain metabolism, with potential implications in mediating Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the underlying mechanisms that SCFAs might influence psychological functioning, including affective and cognitive processes and their neural basis, have not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, the dietary sources which determine these SCFAs production was not thoroughly evaluated yet. This comprehensive review explores the production of SCFAs by gut microbiota, their transportation through the gut-brain axis, and the potential mechanisms by which they influence age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Also, the review discusses the importance of dietary fiber sources and the challenges associated with harnessing dietary-derived SCFAs as promoters of neurological health in elderly individuals. Overall, this study suggests that gut microbiota-derived SCFAs and/or dietary fibers hold promise as potential targets and strategies for addressing age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Guo
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Weihao Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Health, Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Wang A, Li Z, Sun Z, Zhang D, Ma X. Gut-derived short-chain fatty acids bridge cardiac and systemic metabolism and immunity in heart failure. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 120:109370. [PMID: 37245797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) represents a group of complex clinical syndromes with high morbidity and mortality and has a significant global health burden. Inflammation and metabolic disorders are closely related to the development of HF, which are complex and depend on the severity and type of HF and common metabolic comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes. An increasing body of evidence indicates the importance of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in regulating cardiac function. In addition, SCFAs represent a unique class of metabolites and play a distinct role in shaping systemic immunity and metabolism. In this review, we reveal the role of SCFAs as a link between metabolism and immunity, which regulate cardiac and systemic immune and metabolic systems by acting as energy substrates, inhibiting the expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) regulated genes and activating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling. Ultimately cardiac efficiency is improved, cardiac inflammation alleviated and cardiac function in failing hearts enhanced. In conclusion, SCFAs represent a new therapeutic approach for HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anzhu Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Li
- Qingdao West Coast New Area People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Qingdao West Coast New Area People's Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Dawu Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochang Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China.
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13
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Caetano MAF, Magalhães HIR, Duarte JRL, Conceição LB, Castelucci P. Butyrate Protects Myenteric Neurons Loss in Mice Following Experimental Ulcerative Colitis. Cells 2023; 12:1672. [PMID: 37443707 PMCID: PMC10340616 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is affected by inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Gut microbiota ferments dietary fibers and produces short-chain fatty acids, such as Butyrate, which bind to G protein-coupled receptors, such as GPR41, and contribute to maintaining intestinal health. This work aimed to study the GPR41 in myenteric neurons and analyze the effect of Butyrate in mice submitted to experimental ulcerative colitis. The 2, 4, 6 trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) was injected intrarectally in C57BL/6 mice (Colitis). Sham group received ethanol (vehicle). One group was treated with 100 mg/kg of Sodium Butyrate (Butyrate), and the other groups received saline. Animals were euthanized 7 days after colitis induction. Analyzes demonstrated colocalization of GPR41 with neurons immunoreactive (-ir) to nNOS and ChAT-ir and absence of colocalization of the GPR41 with GFAP-ir glia. Quantitative results demonstrated losses of nNOS-ir, ChAT-ir, and GPR41-ir neurons in the Colitis group and Butyrate treatment attenuated neuronal loss. The number of GFAP-ir glia increased in the Colitis group, whereas Butyrate reduced the number of these cells. In addition, morphological alterations observed in the Colitis group were attenuated in the Butyrate group. The presence of GPR41 in myenteric neurons was identified, and the treatment with Butyrate attenuated the damage caused by experimental ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A. F. Caetano
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.A.F.C.); (J.R.L.D.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Henrique I. R. Magalhães
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil;
| | - Jheniffer R. L. Duarte
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.A.F.C.); (J.R.L.D.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Laura B. Conceição
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.A.F.C.); (J.R.L.D.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Patricia Castelucci
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.A.F.C.); (J.R.L.D.); (L.B.C.)
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14
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Tziatzios G, Gkolfakis P, Leite G, Mathur R, Damoraki G, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Triantafyllou K. Probiotics in Functional Dyspepsia. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020351. [PMID: 36838317 PMCID: PMC9964889 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common disorder in everyday clinical practice identified nowadays as a multi-factorial, difficult to treat condition with a significant burden on patients' quality of life (QoL) and healthcare systems worldwide. Despite its high prevalence in the general population, the precise etiology of the disorder remains elusive, with its pathophysiological spectrum evolving over time, including variable potential mechanisms, i.e., impaired gastric accommodation, gastric motor disorders, hypersensitivity to gastric distention, disorders of the brain-gut axis, as well as less evident ones, i.e., altered duodenal microbiota composition and genetic susceptibility. In light of these implications, a definitive, universal treatment that could be beneficial for all FD patients is not available yet. Recently, probiotics have been suggested to be an effective therapeutic option that could alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), potentially due to anti-inflammatory properties or by modulating the complex bidirectional interactions between gastrointestinal microbiota and host crosstalk; however, their impact on the multiple aspects of FD remains ambiguous. In this review, we aim to summarize all currently available evidence for the efficacy of probiotics as a novel therapeutic approach for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Tziatzios
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Konstantopoulio-Patision” General Hospital, 3–5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou Street, Nea Ionia, 142 33 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-213-2057000
| | - Paraskevas Gkolfakis
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Konstantopoulio-Patision” General Hospital, 3–5, Theodorou Konstantopoulou Street, Nea Ionia, 142 33 Athens, Greece
| | - Gabriela Leite
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Ruchi Mathur
- Medically Associated Science and Technology (MAST) Program, Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Georgia Damoraki
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 72 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Triantafyllou
- Hepatogastroenterology Unit, Second Department of Internal Medicine—Propaedeutic, Medical School, Research Institute and Diabetes Center, “Attikon” University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece
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15
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Ameliorating Role of Hydrogen-Rich Water Against NSAID-Induced Enteropathy via Reduction of ROS and Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 68:1824-1834. [PMID: 36478314 PMCID: PMC9734488 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy, the mechanism of which is involved in oxidative stress, can be lethal due to hemorrhage. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of hydrogen-rich water (HRW), in terms of oxidative stress, on intestinal mucosal damage as well as changes in the gut microbiome and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) content in feces. METHODS Hydrogen-rich water was orally administered for 5 days to investigate the effectiveness of indomethacin-induced enteropathy in mice. Small intestinal damage and luminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated to investigate the ameliorating effects of hydrogen. Then, components of the gut microbiome were analyzed; fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed using the cecal contents obtained from mice drinking HRW. The cecal contents were analyzed for the SCFAs content. Finally, cells from the macrophage cell line RAW264 were co-cultured with the supernatants of cecal contents. RESULTS Hydrogen-rich water significantly ameliorated IND-induced enteropathy histologically and reduced the expression of IND-induced inflammatory cytokines. Microscopic evaluation revealed that luminal ROS was significantly reduced and that HRW did not change the gut microbiota; however, FMT from HRW-treated animals ameliorated IND-induced enteropathy. The SCFA content in the cecal contents of HRW-treated animals was significantly higher than that in control animals. The supernatant had significantly increased interleukin-10 expression in RAW264 cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Hydrogen-rich water ameliorated NSAID-induced enteropathy, not only via direct antioxidant effects but also via anti-inflammatory effects by increasing luminal SCFAs. These results suggest that hydrogen may have therapeutic potential in small intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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16
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Liu X, Li M, Jian C, Wei F, Liu H, Li K, Qin X. Astragalus Polysaccharide Alleviates Constipation in the Elderly Via Modification of Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolism. Rejuvenation Res 2022; 25:275-290. [PMID: 36205566 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders, whose incidence increasing with age. As one of the main components, Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has been used to treat a variety of diseases. This study aimed to explore the effects of APS on the improvement of gastrointestinal functions and learning memory in elderly rats with constipation. In this study, both 16S rRNA sequencing-based microbiome and 1H NMR-based metabolomics were applied to demonstrate the effects of APS on host metabolism and gut microbiota of the elderly rats with constipation. On top of this, we constructed both inter- and inner-layer networks, intuitively showing the correlations among behavioral indicators, intestinal bacteria, and differential metabolites. Our results showed that APS significantly ameliorated the constipation and the cognitive dysfunctions of rats. Microbiome analysis revealed that APS raised the relative abundance of Blautia, whereas decreased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the elderly rats with constipation. In addition, APS decreased the levels of acetate, butyrate, and propionate in the fecal samples, correspondingly regulating glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism and pyruvate metabolism. These findings lay solid foundations for understanding the pathogenesis of constipation in the elderly, and also offer a promising new treatment strategy for constipation in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chen Jian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fuxiao Wei
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Huanle Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qin
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Effective Substances Research and Utilization in TCM of Shanxi Province, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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17
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Rekha K, Venkidasamy B, Samynathan R, Nagella P, Rebezov M, Khayrullin M, Ponomarev E, Bouyahya A, Sarkar T, Shariati MA, Thiruvengadam M, Simal-Gandara J. Short-chain fatty acid: An updated review on signaling, metabolism, and therapeutic effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2461-2489. [PMID: 36154353 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are good energy sources (9 kcal per gram) that aerobic tissues can use except for the brain (glucose is an alternative source). Apart from the energy source, fatty acids are necessary for cell signaling, learning-related memory, modulating gene expression, and functioning as cytokine precursors. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are saturated fatty acids arranged as a straight chain consisting minimum of 6 carbon atoms. SCFAs possess various beneficial effects like improving metabolic function, inhibiting insulin resistance, and ameliorating immune dysfunction. In this review, we discussed the biogenesis, absorption, and transport of SCFA. SCFAs can act as signaling molecules by stimulating G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and suppressing histone deacetylases (HDACs). The role of SCFA on glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and its effect on the immune system is also reviewed with updated details. SCFA possess anticancer, anti-diabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, the association of protective effects of SCFA against brain-related diseases, kidney diseases, cardiovascular damage, and inflammatory bowel diseases were also reviewed. Nanotherapy is a branch of nanotechnology that employs nanoparticles at the nanoscale level to treat various ailments with enhanced drug stability, solubility, and minimal side effects. The SCFA functions as drug carriers, and nanoparticles were also discussed. Still, much research was not focused on this area. SCFA functions in host gene expression through inhibition of HDAC inhibition. However, the study has to be focused on the molecular mechanism of SCFA against various diseases that still need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliaperumal Rekha
- Department of Environmental and Herbal Science, Tamil University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Praveen Nagella
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Maksim Rebezov
- Department of Scientific Research, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Mars Khayrullin
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny Ponomarev
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Department of Food Processing Technology, Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Department of Scientific Research, Russian State Agrarian University-Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Scientific Research, K. G. Razumovsky Moscow State University of technologies and management (The First Cossack University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Ourense, Spain
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18
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You H, Tan Y, Yu D, Qiu S, Bai Y, He J, Cao H, Che Q, Guo J, Su Z. The Therapeutic Effect of SCFA-Mediated Regulation of the Intestinal Environment on Obesity. Front Nutr 2022; 9:886902. [PMID: 35662937 PMCID: PMC9157426 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.886902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal environment disorder is a potential pathological mechanism of obesity. There is increasing evidence that disorders in the homeostasis of the intestinal environment can affect various metabolic organs, such as fat and liver, and lead to metabolic diseases. However, there are few therapeutic approaches for obesity targeting the intestinal environment. In this review, on the one hand, we discuss how intestinal microbial metabolites SCFA regulate intestinal function to improve obesity and the possible mechanisms and pathways related to obesity-related pathological processes (depending on SCFA-related receptors such as GPCRs, MCT and SMCT, and through epigenetic processes). On the other hand, we discuss dietary management strategies to enrich SCFA-producing bacteria and target specific SCFA-producing bacteria and whether fecal bacteria transplantation therapy to restore the composition of the gut microbiota to regulate SCFA can help prevent or improve obesity. Finally, we believe that it will be of great significance to establish a working model of gut– SCFA– metabolic disease development in the future for the improvement this human health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin You
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Tan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Bai
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincan He
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qishi Che
- Guangzhou Rainhome Pharm & Tech Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Natural Products and New Drugs, Guangdong Provincial University Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Products and Drugs, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder, Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Disease Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Damanskienė E, Balnytė I, Valančiūtė A, Alonso MM, Stakišaitis D. Different Effects of Valproic Acid on SLC12A2, SLC12A5 and SLC5A8 Gene Expression in Pediatric Glioblastoma Cells as an Approach to Personalised Therapy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:968. [PMID: 35625705 PMCID: PMC9138981 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with sex-specific immunomodulatory and anticancer effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 0.5 and 0.75 mM VPA on NKCC1 (SLC12A2), KCC2 (SLC12A5) and SLC5A8 (SLC5A8) co-transporter gene expressions in pediatric PBT24 (boy's) and SF8628 (girl's) glioblastoma cells. The SLC12A2, SLC12A5 and SLC5A8 RNA expressions were determined by the RT-PCR method. The SLC12A2 and SLC5A8 expressions did not differ between the PBT24 and SF8628 controls. The SLC12A5 expression in the PBT24 control was significantly higher than in the SF8628 control. VPA treatment significantly increased the expression of SLC12A2 in PBT24 but did not affect SF8628 cells. VPA increased the SLC12A5 expression in PBT24 and SF8628 cells. The SLC12A5 expression of the PBT24-treated cells was significantly higher than in corresponding SF8628 groups. Both VPA doses increased the SLC5A8 expression in PBT24 and SF8628 cells, but the expression was significantly higher in the PBT24-treated, compared to the respective SF8628 groups. The SLC5A8 expression in PBT24-treated cells was 10-fold higher than in SF8628 cells. The distinct effects of VPA on the expression of SLC12A2, SLC12A5 and SLC5A8 in PBT24 and SF8628 glioblastoma cells suggest differences in tumor cell biology that may be gender-related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eligija Damanskienė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Marta Marija Alonso
- Department of Pediatrics, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Donatas Stakišaitis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (E.D.); (I.B.); (A.V.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, 08660 Vilnius, Lithuania
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20
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Kim SH. [Duodenal Microbiome and Its Clinical Implications in Functional Dyspepsia]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2022; 79:91-98. [PMID: 35342166 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2022.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders with chronic bothersome epigastric pain or postprandial fullness without a definite organic cause. Despite its high clinical burden, the treatment modalities for modulating impaired motor dysfunction and visceral hypersensitivity have been unsatisfactory. Recently, studies demonstrating low-grade inflammation and dysbiosis of the duodenal mucosa as potential triggers of the disease have attracted attention. Observations, such as an increase in the proportion of oral commensal bacteria in the duodenal mucosa, such as Streptococcus species, highlight the importance of bacterial ecology in developing symptoms of functional dyspepsia. In the near future, anti-inflammatory drugs and probiotics that modulate the host-microbiome interaction are expected to emerge to treat functional dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea
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21
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Juknevičienė M, Balnytė I, Valančiūtė A, Stanevičiūtė J, Sužiedėlis K, Stakišaitis D. The effect of valproic acid on SLC5A8 expression in gonad-intact and gonadectomized rat thymocytes. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:20587384211051954. [PMID: 35120418 PMCID: PMC8819739 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211051954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) pharmacological mechanisms are related to the anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. VPA is a histone deacetylases inhibitor and serves a role in its immunomodulatory impacts. VPA has complex effects on immune cell's mitochondrial metabolism. The SLC5A8 transporter of short fatty acids has an active role in regulating mitochondrial metabolism. The study aimed to investigate whether SLC5A8 expresses the sex-related difference and how SLC5A8 expression depends on gonadal hormones, VPA treatment, and NKCC1 expression in rat thymocytes. METHODS Control groups and VPA-treated gonad-intact and gonadectomized Wistar male and female rats were investigated (n = 6 in a group). The VPA 300 mg/kg/day in drinking water was given for 4 weeks. The SLC5A8 (Slc5a8 gene) and NKCC1 (Slc12a2 gene) RNA expressions were determined by the RT-PCR method. RESULTS The higher Slc5a8 expression was found in the gonad-intact males than respective females (p = 0.004). VPA treatment decreased the Slc5a8 expression in gonad-intact and castrated males (p = 0.02 and p = 0.03, respectively), and increased in gonad-intact female rats compared to their control (p = 0.03). No significant difference in the Slc5a8 expression between the ovariectomized female control and VPA-treated females was determined (p > 0.05). VPA treatment alters the correlation between Slc5a8 and Slc12a2 gene expression in thymocytes of gonad-intact rats. CONCLUSION VPA effect on the Slc5a8 expression in rat thymocytes is gender- and gonadal hormone-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milda Juknevičienė
- Department of Histology and
Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health
Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Balnytė
- Department of Histology and
Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health
Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Angelija Valančiūtė
- Department of Histology and
Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health
Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jūratė Stanevičiūtė
- Department of Histology and
Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health
Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kęstutis Sužiedėlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer
Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Donatas Stakišaitis
- Department of Histology and
Embryology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health
Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer
Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
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22
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Nortunen M, Parkkila S, Saarnio J, Huhta H, Karttunen TJ. Carbonic Anhydrases II and IX in Non-ampullary Duodenal Adenomas and Adenocarcinoma. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:677-690. [PMID: 34636283 DOI: 10.1369/00221554211050133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ampullary duodenal adenocarcinoma (DAC) is a rare malignancy. Little information is available concerning the histopathological prognostic factors associated with DAC. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are metalloenzymes catalyzing the universal reaction of CO2 hydration. Isozymes CAII, CAIX, and CAXII are associated with prognosis in various cancers. Our aim was to analyze the immunohistochemical expressions of CAII, CAIX, and CAXII in normal duodenal epithelium, duodenal adenomas, and adenocarcinoma and their associations with clinicopathological variables and survival. Our retrospective study included all 27 DACs treated in Oulu University Hospital during years 2000-2020. For comparison, samples of 42 non-ampullary adenomas were collected. CAII expression was low in duodenal adenomas and adenocarcinoma. CAIX expression in adenomas and adenocarcinoma was comparable with the high expression of normal duodenal crypts. Expression patterns in carcinomas were largely not related to clinicopathological features. However, low expression of CAII associated with poorer differentiation of the tumor (p=0.049) and low expression of CAIX showed a trend for association with nodal spread, although statistical significance was not reached (p=0.091). CAII and CAIX lost their epithelial polarization and staining intensity in adenomas. CAXII expression was not detected in the studied samples. CAs were not associated with survival. The prognostic value of CAII and CAIX downregulation should be further investigated. Both isozymes may serve as biomarkers of epithelial dysplasia in the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Nortunen
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (SP)
| | - Juha Saarnio
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Huhta
- Research Unit of Surgery, Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo J Karttunen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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23
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Kaji I, Roland JT, Rathan-Kumar S, Engevik AC, Burman A, Goldstein AE, Watanabe M, Goldenring JR. Cell differentiation is disrupted by MYO5B loss through Wnt/Notch imbalance. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e150416. [PMID: 34197342 PMCID: PMC8409988 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.150416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional loss of myosin Vb (MYO5B) induces a variety of deficits in intestinal epithelial cell function and causes a congenital diarrheal disorder, microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). The impact of MYO5B loss on differentiated cell lineage choice has not been investigated. We quantified the populations of differentiated epithelial cells in tamoxifen-induced, epithelial cell–specific MYO5B-knockout (VilCreERT2 Myo5bfl/fl) mice utilizing digital image analysis. Consistent with our RNA-sequencing data, MYO5B loss induced a reduction in tuft cells in vivo and in organoid cultures. Paneth cells were significantly increased by MYO5B deficiency along with expansion of the progenitor cell zone. We further investigated the effect of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling on epithelial cell differentiation. Intraperitoneal LPA significantly increased tuft cell populations in both control and MYO5B-knockout mice. Transcripts for Wnt ligands were significantly downregulated by MYO5B loss in intestinal epithelial cells, whereas Notch signaling molecules were unchanged. Additionally, treatment with the Notch inhibitor dibenzazepine (DBZ) restored the populations of secretory cells, suggesting that the Notch pathway is maintained in MYO5B-deficient intestine. MYO5B loss likely impairs progenitor cell differentiation in the small intestine in vivo and in vitro, partially mediated by Wnt/Notch imbalance. Notch inhibition and/or LPA treatment may represent an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of MVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences and.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joseph T Roland
- Section of Surgical Sciences and.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sudiksha Rathan-Kumar
- Section of Surgical Sciences and.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy C Engevik
- Section of Surgical Sciences and.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andreanna Burman
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Anna E Goldstein
- Section of Surgical Sciences and.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - James R Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences and.,Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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24
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Ma H, Zhao Y, Li L, Liu Y. Effects of Combinations of Goat Milk and Oligosaccharides on Altering the Microbiota, Immune Responses, and Short Chain Fatty Acid Levels in the Small Intestines of Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8828-8837. [PMID: 34314156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Goat milk and oligosaccharides play important roles in gastrointestinal health. A combination of goat milk with three oligosaccharides, stachyose (STS), fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), and a prebiotics mixture (FGS), was fed to mice. Changes and functions of the microbiota, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and immune gene expression in the small intestines were determined. The FOS treatment increased the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, the FGS treatment helped stabilize the microbial community, and the STS treatment significantly enhanced microbial diversity and the growth of Bacteroidetes. The oligosaccharide treatments regulated the gene expression levels of the immune factors tumor necrosis factor alpha (Tnfα), granzyme B (Gzmb), perforin (Prf), and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr). Stachyose significantly increased the concentrations of acetate and propionate compared with other treatments. These findings demonstrate that STS is the preferred carbon source for microbiota, slightly modulates SCFA production, and results in low immunogenicity in the small intestines of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorui Ma
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Linqiang Li
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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25
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Chen C, Jenkins J, Zomorodi K, Skowronski R. Pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and bioequivalence of lower-sodium oxybate in healthy participants in two open-label, randomized, crossover studies. Clin Transl Sci 2021; 14:2278-2287. [PMID: 34121333 PMCID: PMC8604214 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
American Academy of Sleep Medicine practice parameters designate sodium oxybate (SXB) as a standard of care for cataplexy, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and disrupted night‐time sleep in narcolepsy. Recently, a lower‐sodium oxybate (LXB) with 92% less sodium than SXB was approved in the United States for the treatment of cataplexy or EDS in patients 7 years of age and older with narcolepsy. Two phase I, open‐label, randomized, single‐dose crossover pharmacokinetic studies in healthy adults were conducted. Single 4.5‐g oral doses of LXB and SXB were administered in a fasted or fed state. In the fasted state at equivalent oxybate doses, LXB, compared with SXB, had a lower maximum plasma concentration (Cmax; study 1 [total aqueous volume, 240 ml]: 101.8 vs. 135.7 µg/ml; study 2 [60 ml]: 94.6 vs. 123.0 μg/ml), delayed time to Cmax (Tmax; study 1: 0.75 vs. 0.5 h; study 2: 1.0 vs. 0.5 h), but similar area under the curve (AUC; study 1: AUC0‐t, 235.4 vs. 263.9 μg∙h/ml; AUC0‐∞, 236.5 vs. 265.2 μg∙h/ml; study 2: AUC0‐t, 241.5 vs. 254.7 μg∙h/ml; AUC0‐∞, 243.1 vs. 256.3 μg∙h/ml). Bioequivalence criteria were met for AUC but not Cmax (both studies). Cmax and AUC were lower under fed than fasted conditions (LXB and SXB); differences between fed versus fasted were smaller for LXB than SXB. These pharmacokinetic differences between LXB and SXB are likely due to the lower sodium content in LXB. Pooled analyses demonstrated that a higher Cmax is associated with a higher incidence of nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Chen
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Jack Jenkins
- Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Palo Alto, California, USA
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26
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Mechanism of Intestinal Flora and Proteomics on Regulating Immune Function of Durio zibethinus Rind Polysaccharide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally to establish an immunosuppressive mouse model to study the immune regulating effects of Durio zibethinus Murr rind polysaccharide (DZMP) through proteomics and intestinal flora. The results showed that the thymus and spleen indexes of the high-dose DZMP (200 mg/kg) group were significantly increased, and the tissue structure of the spleen was improved compared with the model group (
). The contents of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in the high-dose group of DZMP were significantly increased (
). Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) were increased in serum (
). In the liver, catalase (CAT) activity was increased (
) while the malondialdehyde (MDA) content was decreased and immune activity was increased (
). Proteomics studies showed that the drug group could significantly increase the low-affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor III (FcγRIII) protein and protein kinase C-α (PKC-α) compared with the model group (
). In addition, the result showed that those proteins were likely involved in the regulation of the metabolic pathways of autoimmune thyroid disease, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Intestinal microbial studies showed that short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) content was increased as well as the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia, Bacteroides, and Paraprevotella, while the relative abundance of Ruminococcus and Oscillospira was decreased compared with the model group (
). The results showed that DZMP might play a beneficial role in immune regulation by improving intestinal flora.
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27
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Jiang H, Dong J, Jiang S, Liang Q, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Ma C, Wang J, Kang W. Effect of Durio zibethinus rind polysaccharide on functional constipation and intestinal microbiota in rats. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109316. [PMID: 32846524 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of constipation increases rapidly with the increased pressure of some people's life, which seriously affects the quality of life in related patients. In this study, the improvement of functional constipation by Durio zibethinus Murr rind polysaccharide (DZMP) and the effects of DZMP on intestinal microbiota were investigated in a constipation model of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats established by loperamide hydrochloride. Results showed that DZMP at 200 mg/kg could significantly (P < 0.05) increase the intestinal transit rate, motilin, gastrin, substance P levels and concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), reduce the somatostatin levels and improve the gastrointestinal peristalsis of rats. Sequencing showed that the Lachnospiraceae-NK4A136-group in the rats given 200 mg/kg DZMP (16.07%) was significantly higher than that of the model group (10.13%), while the Desulfovibrio was lower (2.99%) than that of the model group (4.19%). Principal co-ordinates analysis (PcoA) revealed a significant difference in intestinal microbiota composition between the model group and the high-dose DZMP group (200 mg/kg). The results demonstrated that DZMP has a regulatory effect of treating functional constipation and regulating intestinal flora in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jiang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jing Dong
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Shengjun Jiang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiongxin Liang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Functional Components in Health Food, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hebei Food Inspection and Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Functional Components in Health Food, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Changyang Ma
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Jinmei Wang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Wenyi Kang
- National R & D Center for Edible Fungus Processing Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Food & Medicine Resource Function, Henan Province, Kaifeng 475004, China.
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28
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Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Functional Dyspepsia. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050691. [PMID: 32397332 PMCID: PMC7285034 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most prevalent chronic functional gastrointestinal disorders. Several distinct pathophysiological mechanisms, including gastro duodenal motor disorders, visceral hypersensitivity, brain-gut interactions, duodenal subtle inflammation, and genetic susceptibility, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease, so far. However, emerging evidence suggests that both quantitative and qualitative disturbances of the gastrointestinal microbiota may also be implicated. In this context, several studies have demonstrated differences of the commensal bacterial community between patients with FD and healthy controls, while others have shown that intestinal dysbiosis might associate with disease’s symptoms severity. Elucidating these complex interactions constituting the microbiota and host crosstalk, may eventually lead to the discovery of novel, targeted therapeutic approaches that may be efficacious in treating the multiple aspects of the disorder. In this review, we summarize the data of the latest research with focus on the association between gut microbiota alterations and host regarding the pathogenesis of FD.
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Binder
- Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, PO Box 208019, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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30
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Kawai K, Negoro R, Ichikawa M, Yamashita T, Deguchi S, Harada K, Hirata K, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Establishment of SLC15A1/PEPT1-Knockout Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Line for Intestinal Drug Absorption Studies. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 17:49-57. [PMID: 31890740 PMCID: PMC6926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because many peptide and peptide-mimetic drugs are substrates of peptide transporter 1, it is important to evaluate the peptide transporter 1-mediated intestinal absorption of drug candidates in the early phase of drug development. Although intestinal cell lines treated with inhibitors of peptide transporter 1 are widely used to examine whether drug candidates are substrates for peptide transporter 1, these inhibitors are not sufficiently specific for peptide transporter 1. In this study, to generate a more precise evaluation model, we established peptide transporter 1-knockout induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by using a CRISPR-Cas9 system and differentiated the cells into intestinal epithelial-like cells. The permeability value and uptake capacity of glycylsarcosine (substrate of peptide transporter 1) in peptide transporter 1-knockout intestinal epithelial-like cells were significantly lower than those in wild-type intestinal epithelial-like cells, suggesting that peptide transporter 1 was successfully depleted in the epithelial cells. Taken together, our model can be useful in the development of peptide and peptide-mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Kawai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Negoro
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Ichikawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sayaka Deguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Harada
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Laboratory of Hepatocyte Regulation, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka 567-0085, Japan.,Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (OTRI), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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31
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Iwasaki M, Akiba Y, Kaunitz JD. Duodenal Chemosensing of Short-Chain Fatty Acids: Implications for GI Diseases. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2019; 21:35. [PMID: 31289927 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-019-0702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the main bacterial fermentation products in the hindgut of hindgut fermenters, are also present in the foregut lumen. We discuss the impact of SCFAs in the duodenal defense mechanisms and in the gastrointestinal (GI) pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Luminal SCFAs augment the duodenal mucosal defenses via release of serotonin (5-HT) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) from enteroendocrine cells. Released GLP-2 protects the small intestinal mucosa from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy. SCFAs are also rapidly absorbed via SCFA transporters and interact with afferent and myenteric nerves. Excessive SCFA signals with 5-HT3 receptor overactivation may be implicated in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. SCFA production exhibits diurnal rhythms with host physiological responses, suggesting that oral SCFA treatment may adjust the GI clocks. SCFAs are not only a source of energy but also signaling molecules for the local regulation of the GI tract and systemic regulation via release of gut hormones. Targeting SCFA signals may be a novel therapeutic for GI diseases and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iwasaki
- West Los Angeles VAMC, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- West Los Angeles VAMC, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Department of Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- West Los Angeles VAMC, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
- Department of Medicine, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
- Department of Surgery, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
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32
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Shin A, Preidis GA, Shulman R, Kashyap PC. The Gut Microbiome in Adult and Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:256-274. [PMID: 30153517 PMCID: PMC6314902 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The importance of gut microbiota in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology was well described, but our ability to study gut microbial ecosystems in their entirety was limited by culture-based methods prior to the sequencing revolution. The advent of high-throughput sequencing opened new avenues, allowing us to study gut microbial communities as an aggregate, independent of our ability to culture individual microbes. Early studies focused on association of changes in gut microbiota with different disease states, which was necessary to identify a potential role for microbes and generate novel hypotheses. Over the past few years the field has moved beyond associations to better understand the mechanistic implications of the microbiome in the pathophysiology of complex diseases. This movement also has resulted in a shift in our focus toward therapeutic strategies, which rely on better understanding the mediators of gut microbiota-host cross-talk. It is not surprising the gut microbiome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of functional gastrointestinal disorders given its role in modulating physiological processes such as immune development, GI motility and secretion, epithelial barrier integrity, and brain-gut communication. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge and future directions in microbiome research as it pertains to functional gastrointestinal disorders. We summarize the factors that help shape the gut microbiome in human beings. We discuss data from animal models and human studies to highlight existing paradigms regarding the mechanisms underlying microbiota-mediated alterations in physiological processes and their relevance in human interventions. While translation of microbiome science is still in its infancy, the outlook is optimistic and we are advancing in the right direction toward precise mechanism-based microbiota therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Geoffrey A Preidis
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert Shulman
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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Inagaki A, Hayashi M, Andharia N, Matsuda H. Involvement of butyrate in electrogenic K + secretion in rat rectal colon. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:313-327. [PMID: 30250967 PMCID: PMC6334752 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are synthesized from dietary carbohydrates by colonic bacterial fermentation. These SCFAs supply energy, suppress cancer, and affect ion transport. However, their roles in ion transport and regulation in the intracellular environment remain unknown. In order to elucidate the roles of SCFAs, we measured short-circuit currents (ISC) and performed RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses of ion transporters in rat rectal colon. The application of 30 mM butyrate shifted ISC in a negative direction, but did not attenuate the activity of epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC). The application of bumetanide, a Na+-K+-2Cl− cotransporter inhibitor, to the basolateral side reduced the negative ISC shift induced by butyrate. The application of XE991, a KCNQ-type K+ channel inhibitor, to the apical side decreased the ISC shift induced by butyrate in a dose-dependent manner. The ISC shift was independent of HCO3− and insensitive to ibuprofen, an SMCT1 inhibitor. The mucosa from rat rectal colon expressed mRNAs of H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters (MCT1, MCT4, and MCT5, also referred to as SLC16A1, SLC16A3, and SLC16A4, respectively). RT-PCR and immunofluorescence analyses demonstrated that KCNQ2 and KCNQ4 localized to the apical membrane of surface cells in rat rectal colon. These results indicate that butyrate, which may be transported by H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters, activates K+ secretion through KCNQ-type K+ channels on the apical membrane in rat rectal colon. KCNQ-type K+ channels may play a role in intestinal secretion and defense mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Inagaki
- Medical Research Project, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Mikio Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Naaz Andharia
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroko Matsuda
- Department of Physiology, Kansai Medical University, 2-5-1 Shinmachi, Hirakata, 573-1010, Japan
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Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Yang S, Ganapathy V. Short-Chain Fatty Acid Transporters: Role in Colonic Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:299-314. [PMID: 29357130 PMCID: PMC6019286 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are generated in colon by bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber. Though diffusion in protonated form is a significant route, carrier-mediated mechanisms constitute the major route for the entry of SCFA in their anionic form into colonic epithelium. Several transport systems operate in cellular uptake of SCFA. MCT1 (SLC16A1) and MCT4 (SLC16A3) are H+-coupled and mediate electroneutral transport of SCFA (H+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). MCT1 is expressed both in the apical membrane and basolateral membrane of colonic epithelium whereas MCT4 specifically in the basolateral membrane. SMCT1 (SLC5A8) and SMCT2 (SLC5A12) are Na+-coupled; SMCT1-mediated transport is electrogenic (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 2:1) whereas SMCT2-mediated transport is electroneutral (Na+: SCFA stoichiometry; 1:1). SMCT1 and SMCT2 are expressed exclusively in the apical membrane. An anion-exchange mechanism also operates in the apical membrane in which SCFA entry in anionic form is coupled to bicarbonate efflux; the molecular identity of this exchanger however remains unknown. All these transporters are subject to regulation, notably by their substrates themselves; this process involves cell-surface receptors with SCFA as signaling molecules. There are significant alterations in the expression of these transporters in ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. The tumor-associated changes occur via transcriptional regulation by p53 and HIF1α and by promoter methylation. As SCFA are obligatory for optimal colonic health, the transporters responsible for the entry and transcellular transfer of these bacterial products in colonic epithelium are critical determinants of colonic function under physiological conditions and in disease states. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:299-314, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sivaprakasam
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Yangzom D. Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Shengping Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We report recently published knowledge regarding gut chemosensory mechanisms focusing on nutrient-sensing G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed on gut enteroendocrine cells (EECs), tuft cells, and in afferent nerves in the gastroduodenal mucosa and submucosa. RECENT FINDINGS Gene profiling of EECs and tuft cells have revealed expression of a variety of nutrient-sensing GPCRs. The density of EEC and tuft cells is altered by luminal environmental changes that may occur following bypass surgery or in the presence of mucosal inflammation. Some EECs and tuft cells are directly linked to sensory nerves in the subepithelial space. Vagal afferent neurons that innervate the intestinal villi express nutrient receptors, contributing to the regulation of duodenal anion secretion in response to luminal nutrients. Nutrients are also absorbed via specific epithelial transporters. SUMMARY Gastric and duodenal epithelial cells are continually exposed to submolar concentrations of nutrients that activate GPCRs expressed on EECs, tuft cells, and submucosal afferent nerves and are also absorbed through specific transporters, regulating epithelial cell proliferation, gastrointestinal physiological function, and metabolism. The chemical coding and distribution of EECs and tuft cells are keys to the development of GPCR-targeted therapies.
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Akiba Y, Maruta K, Narimatsu K, Said H, Kaji I, Kuri A, Iwamoto KI, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. FFA2 activation combined with ulcerogenic COX inhibition induces duodenal mucosal injury via the 5-HT pathway in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G117-G128. [PMID: 28526687 PMCID: PMC5582879 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00041.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT), predominantly synthesized and released by enterochromaffin cells, is implicated in gastrointestinal symptoms such as emesis, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Because luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) release 5-HT from enterochromaffin cells, which express the SCFA receptor free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFA2) in rat duodenum, we examined the effects of the selective FFA2 agonist phenylacetamide-1 (PA1) on duodenal 5-HT release with consequent bicarbonate secretion [duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS)] and on indomethacin (IND)-induced enteropathy. Intestinal injury was induced by IND (10 mg/kg sc) with or without PA1. We measured DBS in vivo in a duodenal loop perfused with PA1 while measuring 5-HT released in the portal vein. Duodenal blood flow was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. IND induced small intestinal ulcers with duodenal sparing. PA1 given with IND (IND + PA1) dose dependently induced duodenal erosions. IND + PA1-induced duodenal lesions were inhibited by the FFA2 antagonist GLPG-0974, ondansetron, or omeprazole but not by RS-23597 or atropine. Luminal perfusion of PA1 augmented DBS accompanied by increased portal blood 5-HT concentrations with approximately eight times more release at 0.1 mM than at 1 µM, with the effects inhibited by coperfusion of GLPG-0974. Luminal PA1 at 1 µM increased, but at 0.1 mM diminished, duodenal blood flow. Cosuperfusion of PA1 (0.1 mM) decreased acid-induced hyperemia, further reduced by IND pretreatment but restored by ondansetron. These results suggest that, although FFA2 activation enhances duodenal mucosal defenses, FFA2 overactivation during ulcerogenic cyclooxygenase inhibition may increase the vulnerability of the duodenal mucosa to gastric acid via excessive 5-HT release and 5-HT3 receptor activation, implicated in foregut-related symptoms such as emesis and epigastralgia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Luminal free fatty acid receptor 2 agonists stimulate enterochromaffin cells and release serotonin, which enhances mucosal defenses in rat duodenum. However, overdriving serotonin release with high luminal concentrations of free fatty acid 2 ligands such as short-chain fatty acids injures the mucosa by decreasing mucosal blood flow. These results are likely implicated in serotonin-related dyspeptic symptom generation because of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, which is hypothesized to generate excess SCFAs in the foregut, overdriving serotonin release from enterochromaffin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutada Akiba
- 1Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Koji Maruta
- 2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- 2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Hyder Said
- 2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Izumi Kaji
- 1Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Ayaka Kuri
- 5University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Iwamoto
- 5University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- 5University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan D. Kaunitz
- 1Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,2Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,3Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, California; and
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Said H, Akiba Y, Narimatsu K, Maruta K, Kuri A, Iwamoto KI, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. FFA3 Activation Stimulates Duodenal Bicarbonate Secretion and Prevents NSAID-Induced Enteropathy via the GLP-2 Pathway in Rats. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1944-1952. [PMID: 28523577 PMCID: PMC5511769 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with enteropathy in humans and experimental animals, a cause of considerable morbidity. Unlike foregut NSAID-associated mucosal lesions, most treatments for this condition are of little efficacy. We propose that the endogenously released intestinotrophic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) prevents the development of NSAID-induced enteropathy. Since the short-chain fatty acid receptor FFA3 is expressed on enteroendocrine L cells and on enteric nerves in the gastrointestinal tract, we further hypothesized that activation of FFA3 on L cells protects the mucosa from injury via GLP-2 release with enhanced duodenal HCO3- secretion. We thus investigated the effects of synthetic selective FFA3 agonists with consequent GLP-2 release on NSAID-induced enteropathy. METHODS We measured duodenal HCO3- secretion in isoflurane-anesthetized rats in a duodenal loop perfused with the selective FFA3 agonists MQC or AR420626 (AR) while measuring released GLP-2 in the portal vein (PV). Intestinal injury was produced by indomethacin (IND, 10 mg/kg, sc) with or without MQC (1-10 mg/kg, ig) or AR (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, ig or ip) treatment. RESULTS Luminal perfusion with MQC or AR (0.1-10 µM) dose-dependently augmented duodenal HCO3- secretion accompanied by increased GLP-2 concentrations in the PV. The effect of FFA3 agonists was inhibited by co-perfusion of the selective FFA3 antagonist CF3-MQC (30 µM). AR-induced augmented HCO3- secretion was reduced by iv injection of the GLP-2 receptor antagonist GLP-2(3-33) (3 nmol/kg), or by pretreatment with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) inhibitor CFTRinh-172 (1 mg/kg, ip). IND-induced small intestinal ulcers were dose-dependently inhibited by intragastric administration of MQC or AR. GLP-2(3-33) (1 mg/kg, ip) or CF3-MQC (1 mg/kg, ig) reversed AR-associated reduction in IND-induced enteropathy. In contrast, ip injection of AR had no effect on enteropathy. CONCLUSION These results suggest that luminal FFA3 activation enhances mucosal defenses and prevents NSAID-induced enteropathy via the GLP-2 pathway. The selective FFA3 agonist may be a potential therapeutic candidate for NSAID-induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyder Said
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Bldg 115, Suite 217, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kazuyuki Narimatsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koji Maruta
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ayaka Kuri
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iwamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Bldg 115, Suite 217, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Brentwood Biomedical Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Wan Saudi WS, Sjöblom M. Short-chain fatty acids augment rat duodenal mucosal barrier function. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:791-803. [PMID: 28436589 DOI: 10.1113/ep086110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Small intestinal epithelium is exposed to high concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), but their role in regulating intestinal mucosal barrier function and motility is not fully understood. What is the main finding and its importance? By perfusing the duodenal segment in anaesthetized rats, we show that acetate and propionate significantly decrease mucosal paracellular permeability and transepithelial net fluid flux and increase mucosal bicarbonate secretion. Likewise, SCFAs administered i.v. decrease mucosal permeability but decrease bicarbonate secretion. Altered luminal chemosensing or aberrant signalling in response to SCFAs might contribute to symptoms observed in patients with suppressed mucosal barrier function. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by bacterial fermentation in the large intestine, particularly from diets containing fibres and carbohydrates. The small intestinal epithelium is exposed to SCFAs derived mainly from oral bacteria or food supplementation. Although luminal nutrients are important in regulation of intestinal functions, the role of SCFAs in regulation of small intestinal mucosal barrier function and motility has not been fully described. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of acetate and propionate on duodenal mucosal barrier function and motility. Rats were anaesthetized with thiobarbiturate, and a 30 mm segment of proximal duodenum with an intact blood supply was perfused. The effects on duodenal bicarbonate secretion, blood-to-lumen clearance of 51 Cr-EDTA, motility and transepithelial net fluid flux were investigated. Perfusion of the duodenum with acetate or propionate significantly decreased mucosal paracellular permeability and transepithelial net fluid flux and significantly increased bicarbonate secretion. Acetate or propionate administered as an i.v. infusion decreased the mucosal paracellular permeability, but significantly decreased bicarbonate secretion. Luminal SCFAs changed the duodenal motility pattern from migrating motor complexes to fed patterns. Systemic administration of glucagon-like peptide-2 induced increases in both bicarbonate secretion and net fluid absorption, but did not change motility. Glucagon-like peptide-2 infusion during luminal perfusion of SCFAs significantly reduced the motility. In conclusion, SCFAs decreased duodenal paracellular permeability and net fluid flux. Short-chain fatty acids induced opposite effects on bicarbonate secretion after luminal and i.v. administration. Presence of SCFAs in the lumen induces fed motility patterns. Altered luminal chemosensing and aberrant signalling in response to SCFAs might contribute to symptoms observed in patients with suppressed barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Salman Wan Saudi
- Division of Gastrointestinal Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Sjöblom
- Division of Gastrointestinal Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Xia Z, Han Y, Wang K, Guo S, Wu D, Huang X, Li Z, Zhu L. Oral administration of propionic acid during lactation enhances the colonic barrier function. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:62. [PMID: 28335773 PMCID: PMC5364657 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propionic acid is a three-carbon short chain fatty acid (SCFA) that has various effects on colonic functions. Although several studies have shown the effects of propionic acid on intestinal mucosal barrier function, studies of the promotion effect during pre-weaning are rare in the literature as far as we know. Methods Pre-weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats 7 days after birth were given an oral 0.2 mL/10 g of 200 mM propionic acid solution in the propionic acid group or normal saline solution in the control group by gavage twice a day for ten days. The proximal colonic contents were used for extraction and determination of propionic acid by gas chromatographic analysis; the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of colonic tissue was detected by an Ussing chamber; the alterations of ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-8 and Occludin proteins were analyzed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry; and The activity of ERK and p38 MAPK was determined by the phosphorylation status of ERK1/2 and p38 with Western blot. Results Our results suggested a higher concentration (23.5 ± 1.9 mmol/kg) of propionic acid compared to the physiological concentration (18.1 ± 0.9 mmol/kg) in colonic contents after oral administration increased the value of TER and the expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-8 and Occludin compared to the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were increased in propionic acid group. Conclusions We concluded that continuous oral administration of propionic acid during lactation may increase its concentration in the proximal colon and promote epithelial barrier function of proximal colon by enhancing the expression of ZO-1, Claudin-8, Claudin-1 and Occludin via increases in the expression of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yijiang Han
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Shikun Guo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Dazhou Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Baixiang South, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaozhong Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zhongrong Li
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
| | - Libin Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Xueyuan West Road, 109#, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.
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Kaji I, Akiba Y, Kato I, Maruta K, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. Xenin Augments Duodenal Anion Secretion via Activation of Afferent Neural Pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:151-161. [PMID: 28115552 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenin-25, a neurotensin (NT)-related anorexigenic gut hormone generated mostly in the duodenal mucosa, is believed to increase the rate of duodenal ion secretion, because xenin-induced diarrhea is not present after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. Because the local effects of xenin on duodenal ion secretion have remained uninvestigated, we thus examined the neural pathways underlying xenin-induced duodenal anion secretion. Intravenous infusion of xenin-8, a bioactive C-terminal fragment of xenin-25, dose dependently increased the rate of duodenal HCO3- secretion in perfused duodenal loops of anesthetized rats. Xenin was immunolocalized to a subset of enteroendocrine cells in the rat duodenum. The mRNA of the xenin/NT receptor 1 (NTS1) was predominantly expressed in the enteric plexus, nodose and dorsal root ganglia, and in the lamina propria rather than in the epithelium. The serosal application of xenin-8 or xenin-25 rapidly and transiently increased short-circuit current in Ussing-chambered mucosa-submucosa preparations in a concentration-dependent manner in the duodenum and jejunum, but less so in the ileum and colon. The selective antagonist for NTS1, substance P (SP) receptor (NK1), or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)3, but not NTS2, inhibited the responses to xenin. Xenin-evoked Cl- secretion was reduced by tetrodotoxin (TTX) or capsaicin-pretreatment, and abolished by the inhibitor of TTX-resistant sodium channel Nav1.8 in combination with TTX, suggesting that peripheral xenin augments duodenal HCO3- and Cl- secretion through NTS1 activation on intrinsic and extrinsic afferent nerves, followed by release of SP and 5-HT. Afferent nerve activation by postprandial, peripherally released xenin may account for its secretory effects in the duodenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Los Angeles, California (I.K., Y.A., J.D.K.); Departments of Medicine (I.K., Y.A., K.M., J.D.K.) and Surgery (J.D.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Kobe, Japan (I.K.); and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan (A.K.)
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Los Angeles, California (I.K., Y.A., J.D.K.); Departments of Medicine (I.K., Y.A., K.M., J.D.K.) and Surgery (J.D.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Kobe, Japan (I.K.); and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan (A.K.)
| | - Ikuo Kato
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Los Angeles, California (I.K., Y.A., J.D.K.); Departments of Medicine (I.K., Y.A., K.M., J.D.K.) and Surgery (J.D.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Kobe, Japan (I.K.); and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan (A.K.)
| | - Koji Maruta
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Los Angeles, California (I.K., Y.A., J.D.K.); Departments of Medicine (I.K., Y.A., K.M., J.D.K.) and Surgery (J.D.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Kobe, Japan (I.K.); and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan (A.K.)
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Los Angeles, California (I.K., Y.A., J.D.K.); Departments of Medicine (I.K., Y.A., K.M., J.D.K.) and Surgery (J.D.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Kobe, Japan (I.K.); and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan (A.K.)
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Los Angeles, California (I.K., Y.A., J.D.K.); Departments of Medicine (I.K., Y.A., K.M., J.D.K.) and Surgery (J.D.K.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Kobe, Japan (I.K.); and Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan (A.K.)
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Kishimoto A, Takahashi-Iwanaga H, Watanabe M M, Iwanaga T. Differential expression of endothelial nutrient transporters (MCT1 and GLUT1) in the developing eyes of mice. Exp Eye Res 2016; 153:170-177. [PMID: 27793618 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier in the neonatal brain expresses the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)-1 rather than the glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, due to the special energy supply during the suckling period. The hyaloid vascular system, consisting of the vasa hyaloidea propria and tunica vasculosa lentis, is a temporary vasculature present only during the early development of mammalian eyes and later regresses. Although the ocular vasculature manifests such a unique developmental process, no information is available concerning the expression of endothelial nutrient transporters in the developing eye. The present immunohistochemical study using whole mount preparations of murine eyes found that the hyaloid vascular system predominantly expressed GLUT1 in the endothelium, in contrast to the brain endothelium. Characteristically, the endothelium in peripheral regions of the neonatal hyaloid vessels displayed a mosaic pattern of MCT1-immunoreactive cells scattered within the GLUT1-expressing endothelium. The proper retinal vessels first developed by sprouting angiogenesis endowed with filopodia, which were absolutely free from the immunoreactivities of GLUT1 and MCT1. The remodeling retinal capillary networks and veins in the surface layer of the retina mainly expressed MCT1 until the weaning period. Immunostaining of MCT1 in the retina revealed fine radicular processes projecting from the endothelium, differing from the MCT1-immunonegative filopodia. These findings suggest that the expression of nutrient transporters in the ocular blood vessels is differentially regulated at a cellular level and that the neonatal eyes provide an interesting model for research on nutrient transporters in the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuko Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takahashi-Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe M
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
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Jones RM. The Influence of the Gut Microbiota on Host Physiology: In Pursuit of Mechanisms. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:285-297. [PMID: 27698613 PMCID: PMC5045138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The results generated from the NIH funded Human Microbiome Project (HMP) are necessarily tied to the overall mission of the agency, which is to foster scientific discoveries as a basis for protecting and improving health. The investment in the HMP phase 1 accomplished many of its goals including the preliminary characterization of the human microbiome and the identification of links between microbiome diversity and disease states. Going forward, the next step in these studies must involve the identification of the functional molecular elements that mediate the positive influence of a eubiotic microbiome on health and disease. This review will focus on recent advances describing mechanistic events in the intestine elicited by the microbiome. These include symbiotic bacteria-induced activation of redox-dependent cell signaling, the bacterial production of short chain fatty acids and ensuing cellular responses, and the secretion of bacteriocins by bacteria that have anti-microbial activities against potential pathogens.
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Zheng M, Lee S, Tsuzuki S, Inoue K, Masuda D, Yamashita S, Iwanaga T. Immunohistochemical localization of fatty acid transporters and MCT1 in the sebaceous glands of mouse skin. Biomed Res 2016; 37:265-70. [PMID: 27545003 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sebaceous glands secrete sebum to protect the epidermis and hairs by the oily products. The glands express several transporters and binding proteins for the production of fatty acids and uptake of their sources. The present immunohistochemical study examined the expression and localization of CD36, MCT1, FATP4, and E-FABP in the sebaceous glands, including the meibomian and preputial glands of mice. CD36 and MCT1 in sebaceous glands were largely co-localized along the plasma membrane of secretory cells, while they were separately expressed in the glandular portion of meibomian and preputial glands. Immunoreactivities for FATP4 and E-FABP appeared diffusely in the cytoplasm of secretory cells. Genetic deletion of CD36 did not affect the immunolocalization of the three other molecules. The sebaceous glands were judged to be useful for analyzing the functions and relation of fatty acid transporters and binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zheng
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat deposition in hepatocytes, and a strong association with nutritional factors. Dietary fatty acids are classified according to their biochemical properties, which confer their bioactive roles. Monounsaturated fatty acids have a dual role in various human and murine models. In contrast, polyunsaturated fatty acids exhibit antiobesity, anti steatosic and anti-inflammatory effects. The combination of these forms of fatty acids—according to dietary type, daily intake and the proportion of n-6 to n-3 fats—can compromise hepatic lipid metabolism. A chemosensory rather than a nutritional role makes bioactive fatty acids possible biomarkers for NAFLD. Bioactive fatty acids provide health benefits through modification of fatty acid composition and modulating the activity of liver cells during liver fibrosis. More and better evidence is necessary to elucidate the role of bioactive fatty acids in nutritional and clinical treatment strategies for patients with NAFLD.
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Kaji I, Akiba Y, Konno K, Watanabe M, Kimura S, Iwanaga T, Kuri A, Iwamoto KI, Kuwahara A, Kaunitz JD. Neural FFA3 activation inversely regulates anion secretion evoked by nicotinic ACh receptor activation in rat proximal colon. J Physiol 2016; 594:3339-52. [PMID: 26854275 DOI: 10.1113/jp271441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Luminal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence gut physiological function via SCFA receptors and transporters. The contribution of an SCFA receptor, free fatty acid receptor (FFA)3, to the enteric nervous system is unknown. FFA3 is expressed in enteric cholinergic neurons. Activation of neural FFA3 suppresses Cl(-) secretion induced by nicotinic ACh receptor activation via a Gi/o pathway. Neural FFA3 may have an anti-secretory function by modulating cholinergic neural reflexes in the enteric nervous system. ABSTRACT The proximal colonic mucosa is constantly exposed to high concentrations of microbially-produced short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Although luminal SCFAs evoke electrogenic anion secretion and smooth muscle contractility via neural and non-neural cholinergic pathways in the colon, the involvement of the SCFA receptor free fatty acid receptor (FFA)3, one of the free fatty acid receptor family members, has not been clarified. We investigated the contribution of FFA3 to cholinergic-mediated secretory responses in rat proximal colon. FFA3 was immunolocalized to enteroendocrine cells and to the enteric neural plexuses. Most FFA3-immunoreactive nerve fibres and nerve endings were cholinergic, colocalized with protein gene product (PGP)9.5, the vesicular ACh transporter, and the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1. In Ussing chambered mucosa-submucosa preparations (including the submucosal plexus) of rat proximal colon, carbachol (CCh)-induced Cl(-) secretion was decreased by TTX, hexamethonium, and the serosal FFA3 agonists acetate or propionate, although not by an inactive analogue 3-chloropropionate. Serosal application of a selective FFA3 agonist (N-[2-methylphenyl]-[4-furan-3-yl]-2-methyl-5-oxo-1,4,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-quinoline-3-carboxamide; MQC) dose-dependently suppressed the response to CCh but not to forskolin, with an IC50 of 13 μm. Pretreatment with MQC inhibited nicotine-evoked but not bethanechol-evoked secretion. The inhibitory effect of MQC was reversed by pretreatment with pertussis toxin, indicating that FFA3 acts via the Gi/o pathway. Luminal propionate induced Cl(-) secretion via the cholinergic pathway, which was reduced by MQC, as well as by TTX, hexamethonium or removal of the submucosal plexus. These results suggest that the SCFA-FFA3 pathway has a novel anti-secretory function in that it inhibits cholinergic neural reflexes in the enteric nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institution, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yasutada Akiba
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institution, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kimura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Kuri
- University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Iwamoto
- University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Atsukazu Kuwahara
- University of Shizuoka Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jonathan D Kaunitz
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brentwood Biomedical Research Institution, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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IWANAGA T, KISHIMOTO A. Cellular distributions of monocarboxylate transporters: a review . Biomed Res 2015; 36:279-301. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.36.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko IWANAGA
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Ayuko KISHIMOTO
- Laboratory of Histology and Cytology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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