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McCallinhart PE, Chade AR, Bender SB, Trask AJ. Expanding landscape of coronary microvascular disease in co-morbid conditions: Metabolic disease and beyond. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 192:26-35. [PMID: 38734061 PMCID: PMC11340124 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular disease (CMD) and impaired coronary blood flow control are defects that occur early in the pathogenesis of heart failure in cardiometabolic conditions, prior to the onset of atherosclerosis. In fact, recent studies have shown that CMD is an independent predictor of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients with obesity and metabolic disease. CMD is comprised of functional, structural, and mechanical impairments that synergize and ultimately reduce coronary blood flow in metabolic disease and in other co-morbid conditions, including transplant, autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, and remote injury-induced CMD. This review summarizes the contemporary state-of-the-field related to CMD in metabolic and these other co-morbid conditions based on mechanistic data derived mostly from preclinical small- and large-animal models in light of available clinical evidence and given the limitations of studying these mechanisms in humans. In addition, we also discuss gaps in current understanding, emerging areas of interest, and opportunities for future investigations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E McCallinhart
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Shawn B Bender
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America; Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, United States of America.
| | - Aaron J Trask
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America.
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2
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Artlett CM. The Mechanism and Regulation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome during Fibrosis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050634. [PMID: 35625564 PMCID: PMC9138796 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is often the end result of chronic inflammation. It is characterized by the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. This leads to structural alterations in the tissue, causing permanent damage and organ dysfunction. Depending on the organ it effects, fibrosis can be a serious threat to human life. The molecular mechanism of fibrosis is still not fully understood, but the NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin–domain–containing protein 3) inflammasome appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been the most extensively studied inflammatory pathway to date. It is a crucial component of the innate immune system, and its activation mediates the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. NLRP3 activation has been strongly linked with fibrosis and drives the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts by the chronic upregulation of IL-1β and IL-18 and subsequent autocrine signaling that maintains an activated inflammasome. Both IL-1β and IL-18 are profibrotic, however IL-1β can have antifibrotic capabilities. NLRP3 responds to a plethora of different signals that have a common but unidentified unifying trigger. Even after 20 years of extensive investigation, regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is still not completely understood. However, what is known about NLRP3 is that its regulation and activation is complex and not only driven by various activators but controlled by numerous post-translational modifications. More recently, there has been an intensive attempt to discover NLRP3 inhibitors to treat chronic diseases. This review addresses the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in fibrotic disorders across many different tissues. It discusses the relationships of various NLRP3 activators to fibrosis and covers different therapeutics that have been developed, or are currently in development, that directly target NLRP3 or its downstream products as treatments for fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol M Artlett
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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3
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Nogueira CW, Barbosa NV, Rocha JBT. Toxicology and pharmacology of synthetic organoselenium compounds: an update. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1179-1226. [PMID: 33792762 PMCID: PMC8012418 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here, we addressed the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic organoselenium compounds and some naturally occurring organoselenium amino acids. The use of selenium as a tool in organic synthesis and as a pharmacological agent goes back to the middle of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. The rediscovery of ebselen and its investigation in clinical trials have motivated the search for new organoselenium molecules with pharmacological properties. Although ebselen and diselenides have some overlapping pharmacological properties, their molecular targets are not identical. However, they have similar anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, possibly, via activation of transcription factors, regulating the expression of antioxidant genes. In short, our knowledge about the pharmacological properties of simple organoselenium compounds is still elusive. However, contrary to our early expectations that they could imitate selenoproteins, organoselenium compounds seem to have non-specific modulatory activation of antioxidant pathways and specific inhibitory effects in some thiol-containing proteins. The thiol-oxidizing properties of organoselenium compounds are considered the molecular basis of their chronic toxicity; however, the acute use of organoselenium compounds as inhibitors of specific thiol-containing enzymes can be of therapeutic significance. In summary, the outcomes of the clinical trials of ebselen as a mimetic of lithium or as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 proteases will be important to the field of organoselenium synthesis. The development of computational techniques that could predict rational modifications in the structure of organoselenium compounds to increase their specificity is required to construct a library of thiol-modifying agents with selectivity toward specific target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina W Nogueira
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Nilda V Barbosa
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João B T Rocha
- Laboratório de Síntese, Reatividade e Avaliação Farmacológica E Toxicológica de Organocalcogênios, Centro de Ciências Naturais E Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, CEP 97105-900, Brazil.
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4
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Nieves-Cintrón M, Flores-Tamez VA, Le T, Baudel MMA, Navedo MF. Cellular and molecular effects of hyperglycemia on ion channels in vascular smooth muscle. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:31-61. [PMID: 32594191 PMCID: PMC7765743 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes affects millions of people worldwide. This devastating disease dramatically increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disorders. A hallmark metabolic abnormality in diabetes is hyperglycemia, which contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications. These cardiovascular complications are, at least in part, related to hyperglycemia-induced molecular and cellular changes in the cells making up blood vessels. Whereas the mechanisms mediating endothelial dysfunction during hyperglycemia have been extensively examined, much less is known about how hyperglycemia impacts vascular smooth muscle function. Vascular smooth muscle function is exquisitely regulated by many ion channels, including several members of the potassium (K+) channel superfamily and voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels. Modulation of vascular smooth muscle ion channels function by hyperglycemia is emerging as a key contributor to vascular dysfunction in diabetes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how diabetic hyperglycemia modulates the activity of these ion channels in vascular smooth muscle. We examine underlying mechanisms, general properties, and physiological relevance in the context of myogenic tone and vascular reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Nieves-Cintrón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Víctor A Flores-Tamez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Thanhmai Le
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Manuel F Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Ebselen is a synthetic organoselenium radical scavenger compound that possesses glutathione peroxidase-like activity and its own unique bioactivity by reacting with thiols, hydroperoxides and peroxynitrites. Owing to its high affinity toward several essential reactions, ebselen protects cellular components from oxidative and free radical damage, and it has been employed as a useful tool for studying redox-related mechanisms. Based on numerous in vitro and in vivo research, mechanisms are proposed to understand the biomedical and molecular actions of ebselen in health and disease, and it is currently under clinical trials for the prevention and treatment of various human disorders. Based on these outstanding discoveries, this review summarizes the current understanding of the biochemical and molecular characteristics, pharmacological applications and future directions of ebselen.
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6
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Gao S, Hua B, Liu Q, Liu H, Li W, Li H. Role of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-gamma in advanced glycation end product-mediated functional loss of voltage-gated potassium channel in rat coronary arteries. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:337. [PMID: 32664860 PMCID: PMC7362521 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High blood glucose impairs voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channel-mediated vasodilation in rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CSMCs) via oxidative stress. Advanced glycation end product (AGE) and receptor for AGE (RAGE) axis has been found to impair coronary dilation by reducing Kv channel activity in diabetic rat small coronary arteries (RSCAs). However, its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Here, we used isolated arteries and primary CSMCs to investigate the effect of AGE incubation on Kv channel-mediated coronary dilation and the possible involvement of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR) -γ pathway. Methods The RSCAs and primary CSMCs were isolated, cultured, and treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA), AGE-BSA, alagrebrium (ALA, AGE cross-linking breaker), pioglitazone (PIO, PPAR-γ activator) and/or GW9662 (PPAR-γ inhibitor). The groups were accordingly divided as control, BSA, AGE, AGE + ALA, AGE + PIO, or AGE + PIO + GW9662. Kv channel-mediated dilation was analyzed using wire myograph. Histology and immunohistochemistry of RSCAs were performed. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of RAGE, major Kv channel subunits expressed in CSMCs (Kv1.2 and Kv1.5), PPAR-γ, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-2 (NOX-2). Results AGE markedly reduced Forskolin-induced Kv channel-mediated dilation of RSCAs by engaging with RAGE, and ALA or PIO significantly reversed the functional loss of Kv channel. In both RSCAs and CSMCs, AGE reduced Kv1.2/1.5 expression, increased RAGE and NOX-2 expression, and inhibited PPAR-γ expression, while ALA or PIO treatment partially reversed the inhibiting effects of AGE on Kv1.2/1.5 expression, accompanied by the downregulation of RAGE and decreased oxidative stress. Meanwhile, silencing of RAGE with siRNA remarkably alleviated the AGE-induced downregulation of Kv1.2/1.5 expression in CSMCs. Conclusion AGE reduces the Kv channel expression in CSMCs and further impairs the Kv channel-mediated dilation in RSCAs. The AGE/RAGE axis may enhance oxidative stress by inhibiting the downstream PPAR-γ pathway, thus playing a critical role in the dysfunction of Kv channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Side Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Bing Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China
| | - Huirong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong An Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, P. R. China.
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Kose A, Kose D, Halici Z, Aydin A, Ezirmik N, Karsan O, Toktay E. Is Ebselen A Therapeutic Target in Fracture Healing? Eurasian J Med 2020; 52:171-175. [PMID: 32612426 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2020.18443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the effect of ebselen on fracture healing in an experimental fracture model. Materials and Methods We divided rats into two groups, 6 rats in each: the experimental femur fracture control group and the ebselen treatment group with an experimental femur fracture. In the experimental femur fracture control group, we created only experimental femur fracture. In the ebselen treatment group, we administered ebselen treatment with creating an experimental femur fracture. We administered ebselen intraperitoneally at 5 mg/kg once daily for 1 month after the 1st day of experimental femur fracture in the ebselen treatment group. We evaluated the recovery status of fractured femurs at the end of 1st month with radiographic, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. Results According to the radiographic fracture healing scores, ebselen treatment increased the extent of new bone formation and fracture cartilage callus significantly compared to the control group. According to the histopathological recovery scores, ebselen treatment significantly improved healing scores compared to the control group. Ebselen treatment increased the expression scores of bone healing markers in the ebselen treatment group, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and osteocalcin, compared to the control group. Conclusion We demonstrated that ebselen treatment increases the formation of new bone in the femur in an experimentally created femoral fracture model. Ebselen has been shown to improve the bone fracture healing in a radiological and histopathological manner, and more detailed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Kose
- Department of Orthophedics and Traumatology, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Duygu Kose
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ali Aydin
- Department of Orthophedics and Traumatology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Naci Ezirmik
- Department of Orthophedics and Traumatology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Orhan Karsan
- Department of Orthophedics and Traumatology, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdem Toktay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Ataturk University, School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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Liu Q, Hua B, Su W, Di B, Yu S, Gao S, Liu H, Zhao X, Li W, Li H. AGEs impair Kv channel-mediated vasodilation of coronary arteries by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway in ZDF rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109527. [PMID: 31629953 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) impairs voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels in rat coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CSMCs), resulting in weakened Kv-mediated coronary vasodilation. We hypothesized that induction of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by AGEs plays a significant role in the regulation of Kv channel-mediated vasodilation in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Assays of mRNA transcripts, protein expression, and intracellular localization as well as patch-clamp experiments in cultured CSMCs revealed that AGEs significantly induced activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, reduced Kv1.2/1.5 expression, and inhibited Kv currents. In addition, silencing of the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) or p65 with siRNA and treatment with alagrebrium (ALA) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) alleviated the AGE-induced impairment of Kv channels in CSMCs. Compared with Zucker lean (ZL) rats, the amount of AGEs, RAGE protein expression, and NF-κB activity in coronary arteries were higher in ZDF rats; whereas Kv1.2/1.5 expression was significantly lower in ZDF rats. Reduced Kv1.2/1.5 expression in coronary arteries and impaired Kv-mediated coronary relaxation tested by wire myography in ZDF rats were markedly improved by treatment with aminoguanidine (AG), ALA, or PDTC. These effects were accompanied by diminished NF-κB activity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Taken together, these results indicate that an increased interaction between AGEs and RAGE in diabetic rats leads to impaired Kv channel-mediated coronary vasodilation. Moreover, activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and a subsequent increase of inflammation and oxidative stress may play an important role in AGE-induced impairment of coronary vasodilation in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Bing Hua
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Beibing Di
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Shandong Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Side Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Huirong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xueqiao Zhao
- Clinical Atherosclerosis Research Lab, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Health Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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9
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Lee CH, Dai ZK, Yen CT, Hsieh SL, Wu BN. KMUP-1 protects against streptozotocin-induced mesenteric artery dysfunction via activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:746-752. [PMID: 29936361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia accompanied by impaired vascular and endothelial function. Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels can protect endothelial function against hypertension and hyperglycemia. KMUP-1, a xanthine derivative, has been demonstrated to modulate K+-channel activity in smooth muscles. This study investigated protective mechanisms of KMUP-1 in impaired mesenteric artery (MA) reactivity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. METHODS Rats were divided into three groups: control, STZ (65 mg/kg, ip) and STZ + KMUP-1 (5 or 10 mg/kg/day, ip). MA reactivity was measured by dual wire myograph. MA smooth muscle cells (MASMCs) were enzymatically dissociated and the KATP currents recorded by a whole-cell patch-clamp technique. RESULTS STZ decreased MA KATP currents in a time-course dependent manner and achieved steady inhibition at day 14. In the MASMCs of STZ-treated rats, KMUP-1 partially recovered the KATP currents, suggesting that vascular KATP channels were activated by KMUP-1. K+ (80 mM KCl)-induced MA contractions in STZ-treated rats were higher than those of control rats. KMUP-1 significantly attenuated STZ-stimulated MA contractions in response to high K+, suggesting that KMUP-1 may partly restore the vascular reactivity of MAs. In addition, STZ decreased the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and this effect was reversed by KMUP-1, suggesting that KMUP-1 could improve STZ-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSION KMUP-1 prevents STZ impairment of MA reactivity, eNOS levels and KATP channels, and accordingly protects against vascular dysfunction in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Zen-Kong Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology and Pulmonology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Yen
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Nan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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10
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Nieves-Cintrón M, Syed AU, Nystoriak MA, Navedo MF. Regulation of voltage-gated potassium channels in vascular smooth muscle during hypertension and metabolic disorders. Microcirculation 2018; 25:10.1111/micc.12423. [PMID: 29044853 PMCID: PMC5760350 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium (KV ) channels are key regulators of vascular smooth muscle contractility and vascular tone, and thus have major influence on the microcirculation. KV channels are important determinants of vascular smooth muscle membrane potential (Em ). A number of KV subunits are expressed in the plasma membrane of smooth muscle cells. Each subunit confers distinct kinetics and regulatory properties that allow for fine control of Em to orchestrate vascular tone. Modifications in KV subunit expression and/or channel activity can contribute to changes in vascular smooth muscle contractility in response to different stimuli and in diverse pathological conditions. Consistent with this, a number of studies suggest alterations in KV subunit expression and/or function as underlying contributing mechanisms for small resistance artery dysfunction in pathologies such as hypertension and metabolic disorders, including diabetes. Here, we review our current knowledge on the effects of these pathologies on KV channel expression and function in vascular smooth muscle cells, and the repercussions on (micro)vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arsalan U. Syed
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Matthew A. Nystoriak
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Manuel F. Navedo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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11
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Li Y, Pagano PJ. Microvascular NADPH oxidase in health and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:33-47. [PMID: 28274817 PMCID: PMC5482368 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The systemic and cerebral microcirculation contribute critically to regulation of local and global blood flow and perfusion pressure. Microvascular dysfunction, commonly seen in numerous cardiovascular pathologies, is associated with alterations in the oxidative environment including potentiated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent activation of redox signaling pathways. NADPH oxidases (Noxs) are a primary source of ROS in the vascular system and play a central role in cardiovascular health and disease. In this review, we focus on the roles of Noxs in ROS generation in resistance arterioles and capillaries, and summarize their contributions to microvascular physiology and pathophysiology in both systemic and cerebral microcirculation. In light of the accumulating evidence that Noxs are pivotal players in vascular dysfunction of resistance arterioles, selectively targeting Nox isozymes could emerge as a novel and effective therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating microvascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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12
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Sun Z, Wu X, Li W, Peng H, Shen X, Ma L, Liu H, Li H. RhoA/rock signaling mediates peroxynitrite-induced functional impairment of Rat coronary vessels. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:193. [PMID: 27724862 PMCID: PMC5057502 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction may arise from reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability, following interaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite can induce formation of 3-nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. RhoA/ROCK signaling is also involved in diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. The study aimed to investigate possible links between Rho/ROCK signaling, hyperglycemia, and peroxynitrite in small coronary arteries. Methods Rat small coronary arteries were exposed to normal (NG; 5.5 mM) or high (HG; 23 mM) D-glucose. Vascular ring constriction to 3 mM 4-aminopyridine and dilation to 1 μM forskolin were measured. Protein expression (immunohistochemistry and western blot), mRNA expression (real-time PCR), and protein activity (luminescence-based G-LISA and kinase activity spectroscopy assays) of RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 were determined. Results Vascular ring constriction and dilation were smaller in the HG group than in the NG group (P < 0.05); inhibition of RhoA or ROCK partially reversed the effects of HG. Peroxynitrite impaired vascular ring constriction/dilation; this was partially reversed by inhibition of RhoA or ROCK. Protein and mRNA expressions of RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 were higher under HG than NG (P < 0.05). This HG-induced upregulation was attenuated by inhibition of RhoA or ROCK (P < 0.05). HG increased RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 activity (P < 0.05). Peroxynitrite also enhanced RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2 activity; these actions were partially inhibited by 100 μM urate (peroxynitrite scavenger). Exogenous peroxynitrite had no effect on the expression of the voltage-dependent K+ channels 1.2 and 1.5. Conclusions Peroxynitrite-induced coronary vascular dysfunction may be mediated, at least in part, through increased expressions and activities of RhoA, ROCK1, and ROCK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Sun
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wu
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Li
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuhua Shen
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disturbance Related Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Heart Center, Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Carotid Body Chemosensory Potentiation and Hypertension Are Critically Dependent on Peroxynitrite Formation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:9802136. [PMID: 26798430 PMCID: PMC4699095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9802136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of carotid body (CB) chemosensory potentiation and systemic hypertension induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), the main feature of obstructive sleep apnea. We tested whether peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a highly reactive nitrogen species, is involved in the enhanced CB oxygen chemosensitivity and the hypertension during CIH. Accordingly, we studied effects of Ebselen, an ONOO− scavenger, on 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity (3-NT-ir) in the CB, the CB chemosensory discharge, and arterial blood pressure (BP) in rats exposed to CIH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CIH (5% O2, 12 times/h, 8 h/day) for 7 days. Ebselen (10 mg/kg/day) was administrated using osmotic minipumps and BP measured with radiotelemetry. Compared to the sham animals, CIH-treated rats showed increased 3-NT-ir within the CB, enhanced CB chemosensory responses to hypoxia, increased BP response to acute hypoxia, and hypertension. Rats treated with Ebselen and exposed to CIH displayed a significant reduction in 3-NT-ir levels (60.8 ± 14.9 versus 22.9 ± 4.2 a.u.), reduced CB chemosensory response to 5% O2 (266.5 ± 13.4 versus 168.6 ± 16.8 Hz), and decreased mean BP (116.9 ± 13.2 versus 82.1 ± 5.1 mmHg). Our results suggest that CIH-induced CB chemosensory potentiation and hypertension are critically dependent on ONOO− formation.
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Morales-Cano D, Moreno L, Barreira B, Pandolfi R, Chamorro V, Jimenez R, Villamor E, Duarte J, Perez-Vizcaino F, Cogolludo A. Kv7 channels critically determine coronary artery reactivity: left-right differences and down-regulation by hyperglycaemia. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:98-108. [PMID: 25616413 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Voltage-gated potassium channels encoded by KCNQ genes (Kv7 channels) are emerging as important regulators of vascular tone. In this study, we analysed the contribution of Kv7 channels to the vasodilation induced by hypoxia and the cyclic AMP pathway in the coronary circulation. We also assessed their regional distribution and possible impairment by diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effects of Kv7 channel modulators on K+ currents and vascular reactivity in rat left and right coronary arteries (LCAs and RCAs, respectively). Currents from LCA were more sensitive to Kv7 channel inhibitors (XE991, linopirdine) and activators (flupirtine, retigabine) than those from RCA. Accordingly, LCAs were more sensitive than RCAs to the relaxation induced by Kv7 channel enhancers. Likewise, relaxation induced by the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and hypoxia, which were mediated through Kv7 channel activation, were greater in LCA than in RCA. KCNQ1 and KCNQ5 expression was markedly higher in LCA than in RCA. After incubation with high glucose (HG, 30 mmol/L), myocytes from LCA, but not from RCA, were more depolarized and showed reduced Kv7 currents. In HG-incubated LCA, the effects of Kv7 channel modulators and forskolin were diminished, and the expression of KCNQ1 and KCNQ5 was reduced. Finally, vascular responses induced by Kv7 channel modulators were impaired in LCA, but not in RCA, from type 1 diabetic rats. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that the high expression and function of Kv7 channels in the LCA and their down-regulation by diabetes critically determine the sensitivity to key regulators of coronary tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morales-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bianca Barreira
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rachele Pandolfi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Chamorro
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Jimenez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Eduardo Villamor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Duarte
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Francisco Perez-Vizcaino
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Cogolludo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University Complutense of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Ciudad Universitaria S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain Ciber Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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Azad GK, Tomar RS. Ebselen, a promising antioxidant drug: mechanisms of action and targets of biological pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:4865-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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16
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Priestley JRC, Buelow MW, McEwen ST, Weinberg BD, Delaney M, Balus SF, Hoeppner C, Dondlinger L, Lombard JH. Reduced angiotensin II levels cause generalized vascular dysfunction via oxidant stress in hamster cheek pouch arterioles. Microvasc Res 2013; 89:134-45. [PMID: 23628292 PMCID: PMC3758804 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of suppressing plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) levels on arteriolar relaxation in the hamster cheek pouch. METHODS Arteriolar diameters were measured via television microscopy during short-term (3-6days) high salt (HS; 4% NaCl) diet and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with captopril (100mg/kg/day). RESULTS ACE inhibition and/or HS diet eliminated endothelium-dependent arteriolar dilation to acetylcholine, endothelium-independent dilation to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside, the prostacyclin analogs carbacyclin and iloprost, and the KATP channel opener cromakalim; and eliminated arteriolar constriction during KATP channel blockade with glibenclamide. Scavenging of superoxide radicals and low dose ANG II infusion (25ng/kg/min, subcutaneous) reduced oxidant stress and restored arteriolar dilation in arterioles of HS-fed hamsters. Vasoconstriction to topically-applied ANG II was unaffected by HS diet while arteriolar responses to elevation of superfusion solution PO2 were unaffected (5% O2, 10% O2) or reduced (21% O2) by HS diet. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that sustained exposure to low levels of circulating ANG II leads to widespread dysfunction in endothelium-dependent and independent vascular relaxation mechanisms in cheek pouch arterioles by increasing vascular oxidant stress, but does not potentiate O2- or ANG II-induced constriction of arterioles in the distal microcirculation of normotensive hamsters.
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Carballal S, Bartesaghi S, Radi R. Kinetic and mechanistic considerations to assess the biological fate of peroxynitrite. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:768-80. [PMID: 23872352 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxynitrite, the product of the reaction between superoxide radicals and nitric oxide, is an elusive oxidant with a short half-life and a low steady-state concentration in biological systems; it promotes nitroxidative damage. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will consider kinetic and mechanistic aspects that allow rationalizing the biological fate of peroxynitrite from data obtained by a combination of methods that include fast kinetic techniques, electron paramagnetic resonance and kinetic simulations. In addition, we provide a quantitative analysis of peroxynitrite production rates and conceivable steady-state levels in living systems. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The preferential reactions of peroxynitrite in vivo include those with carbon dioxide, thiols and metalloproteins; its homolysis represents only <1% of its fate. To note, carbon dioxide accounts for a significant fraction of peroxynitrite consumption leading to the formation of strong one-electron oxidants, carbonate radicals and nitrogen dioxide. On the other hand, peroxynitrite is rapidly reduced by peroxiredoxins, which represent efficient thiol-based peroxynitrite detoxification systems. Glutathione, present at mM concentration in cells and frequently considered a direct scavenger of peroxynitrite, does not react sufficiently fast with it in vivo; glutathione mainly inhibits peroxynitrite-dependent processes by reactions with secondary radicals. The detection of protein 3-nitrotyrosine, a molecular footprint, can demonstrate peroxynitrite formation in vivo. Basal peroxynitrite formation rates in cells can be estimated in the order of 0.1 to 0.5μMs(-1) and its steady-state concentration at ~1nM. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The analysis provides a handle to predict the preferential fate and steady-state levels of peroxynitrite in living systems. This is useful to understand pathophysiological aspects and pharmacological prospects connected to peroxynitrite. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Carballal
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Svoboda LK, Reddie KG, Zhang L, Vesely ED, Williams ES, Schumacher SM, O'Connell RP, Shaw R, Day SM, Anumonwo JM, Carroll KS, Martens JR. Redox-sensitive sulfenic acid modification regulates surface expression of the cardiovascular voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.5. Circ Res 2012; 111:842-53. [PMID: 22843785 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.263525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Kv1.5 (KCNA5) is expressed in the heart, where it underlies the I(Kur) current that controls atrial repolarization, and in the pulmonary vasculature, where it regulates vessel contractility in response to changes in oxygen tension. Atrial fibrillation and hypoxic pulmonary hypertension are characterized by downregulation of Kv1.5 protein expression, as well as with oxidative stress. Formation of sulfenic acid on cysteine residues of proteins is an important, dynamic mechanism for protein regulation under oxidative stress. Kv1.5 is widely reported to be redox-sensitive, and the channel possesses 6 potentially redox-sensitive intracellular cysteines. We therefore hypothesized that sulfenic acid modification of the channel itself may regulate Kv1.5 in response to oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE To investigate how oxidative stress, via redox-sensitive modification of the channel with sulfenic acid, regulates trafficking and expression of Kv1.5. METHODS AND RESULTS Labeling studies with the sulfenic acid-specific probe DAz and horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin Western blotting demonstrated a global increase in sulfenic acid-modified proteins in human patients with atrial fibrillation, as well as sulfenic acid modification to Kv1.5 in the heart. Further studies showed that Kv1.5 is modified with sulfenic acid on a single COOH-terminal cysteine (C581), and the level of sulfenic acid increases in response to oxidant exposure. Using live-cell immunofluorescence and whole-cell voltage-clamping, we found that modification of this cysteine is necessary and sufficient to reduce channel surface expression, promote its internalization, and block channel recycling back to the cell surface. Moreover, Western blotting demonstrated that sulfenic acid modification is a trigger for channel degradation under prolonged oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Sulfenic acid modification to proteins, which is elevated in diseased human heart, regulates Kv1.5 channel surface expression and stability under oxidative stress and diverts channel from a recycling pathway to degradation. This provides a molecular mechanism linking oxidative stress and downregulation of channel expression observed in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie K Svoboda
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, USA
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Toxicology and pharmacology of selenium: emphasis on synthetic organoselenium compounds. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1313-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Hardeland R. Melatonin and its metabolites as anti-nitrosating and anti-nitrating agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/jeim.111210.ir.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal inflammation significantly affects the electrical excitability of smooth muscle cells. Considerable progress over the last few years have been made to establish the mechanisms by which ion channel function is altered in the setting of gastrointestinal inflammation. Details have begun to emerge on the molecular basis by which ion channel function may be regulated in smooth muscle following inflammation. These include changes in protein and gene expression of the smooth muscle isoform of L-type Ca(2+) channels and ATP-sensitive K(+) channels. Recent attention has also focused on post-translational modifications as a primary means of altering ion channel function in the absence of changes in protein/gene expression. Protein phosphorylation of serine/theronine or tyrosine residues, cysteine thiol modifications, and tyrosine nitration are potential mechanisms affected by oxidative/nitrosative stress that alter the gating kinetics of ion channels. Collectively, these findings suggest that inflammation results in electrical remodeling of smooth muscle cells in addition to structural remodeling. PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to synthesize our current understanding regarding molecular mechanisms that result in altered ion channel function during gastrointestinal inflammation and to address potential areas that can lead to targeted new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, VCU Program in Enteric Neuromuscular Sciences (VPENS), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Saunders MJ, Graves SW, Sklar LA, Oprea TI, Edwards BS. High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:37-46. [PMID: 20035615 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their medical importance, proteases have been studied by diverse approaches and screened for small molecule protease inhibitors. Here, we present a multiplexed microsphere-based protease assay that uses high-throughput flow cytometry to screen for inhibitors of the light chain protease of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNTALC). Our assay uses a full-length substrate and several deletion mutants screened in parallel to identify small molecule inhibitors. The use of multiplex flow cytometry has the advantage of using full-length substrates, which contain already identified distal-binding elements for the BoNTALC, and could lead to a new class of BoNTALC inhibitors. In this study, we have screened 880 off patent drugs and bioavailable compounds to identify ebselen as an in vitro inhibitor of BoNTALC. This discovery demonstrates the validity of our microsphere-based approach and illustrates its potential for high-throughput screening for inhibitors of proteases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Saunders
- The Center for Molecular Discovery and Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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Salvemini D, Neumann WL. Peroxynitrite: a strategic linchpin of opioid analgesic tolerance. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2009; 30:194-202. [PMID: 19261337 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe pain syndromes reduce quality of life in patients with inflammatory and neoplastic diseases, partly because the reduced analgesic effectiveness accompanying chronic opiate therapy (i.e. tolerance) leads to escalating doses and distressing side effects. Accordingly, there is major interest in new approaches to maintain opiate efficacy during repetitive dosing without engendering tolerance or causing unacceptable side effects. Recent mounting evidence implicates nitroxidative stress caused by the presence of superoxide (O(2*)(-)), nitric oxide (*NO) and subsequently peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) in opiate analgesic tolerance. Here, we provide a pharmacological basis for developing inhibitors of ONOO(-) biosynthesis and/or ONOO(-) scavengers as potent adjuncts to opiates in the management of chronic pain, addressing an issue of major clinical and socio-economic importance while laying the basis for interventions with strong therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Salvemini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Martínez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Reactive nitrogen species: molecular mechanisms and potential significance in health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:669-702. [PMID: 19014277 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are various nitric oxide-derived compounds, including nitroxyl anion, nitrosonium cation, higher oxides of nitrogen, S-nitrosothiols, and dinitrosyl iron complexes. RNS have been recognized as playing a crucial role in the physiologic regulation of many, if not all, living cells, such as smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, platelets, and nervous and juxtaglomerular cells. They possess pleiotropic properties on cellular targets after both posttranslational modifications and interactions with reactive oxygen species. Elevated levels of RNS have been implicated in cell injury and death by inducing nitrosative stress. The aim of this comprehensive review is to address the mechanisms of formation and removal of RNS, highlighting their potential cellular targets: lipids, DNA, and proteins. The specific importance of RNS and their paradoxic effects, depending on their local concentration under physiologic conditions, is underscored. An increasing number of compounds that modulate RNS processing or targets are being identified. Such compounds are now undergoing preclinical and clinical evaluations in the treatment of pathologies associated with RNS-induced cellular damage. Future research should help to elucidate the involvement of RNS in the therapeutic effect of drugs used to treat neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Martínez
- INSERM, U771, CNRS UMR, 6214, and Université d' Angers, Angers, France
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Vascular control in humans: focus on the coronary microcirculation. Basic Res Cardiol 2009; 104:211-27. [PMID: 19190954 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial perfusion is regulated by a variety of factors that influence arteriolar vasomotor tone. An understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological factors that modulate coronary blood flow provides the basis for the judicious use of medications for the treatment of patients with coronary artery disease. Vasomotor properties of the coronary circulation vary among species. This review highlights the results of recent studies that examine the mechanisms by which the human coronary microcirculation is regulated in normal and disease states, focusing on diabetes. Multiple pathways responsible for myogenic constriction and flow-mediated dilation in human coronary arterioles are addressed. The important role of endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors, their interactions in mediating dilation, as well as speculation regarding the clinical significance are emphasized. Unique properties of coronary arterioles in human vs. other species are discussed.
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Dyachenko V, Rueckschloss U, Isenberg G. Modulation of cardiac mechanosensitive ion channels involves superoxide, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. Cell Calcium 2009; 45:55-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Trujillo M, Ferrer-Sueta G, Radi R. Peroxynitrite detoxification and its biologic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1607-20. [PMID: 18500925 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite is a cytotoxic oxidant formed in vivo from the diffusional-controlled reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Increased peroxynitrite formation has been related to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases, thus underlining the importance of understanding the mechanisms of its detoxification. In nature, different enzymatic routes for peroxynitrite decomposition have evolved. Among them, peroxiredoxins catalytically reduce peroxynitrite in vitro; modulation of their expression affects peroxynitrite-mediated cytotoxicity, and their content changes in pathologic conditions associated with increased peroxynitrite formation in vivo, thus indicating a physiologic role of these enzymes in peroxynitrite reduction. Selenium-containing glutathione peroxidase also catalyzes peroxynitrite reduction, but its role in vivo is still a matter of debate. In selected cellular systems, heme proteins also play a role in peroxynitrite detoxification, such as its isomerization by oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells. Moreover, different pharmacologic approaches have been used to decrease the toxicity related to peroxynitrite formation. Manganese or iron porphyrins catalyze peroxynitrite decomposition, and their protective role in vivo has been confirmed in biologic systems. Glutathione peroxidase mimetics also rapidly reduce peroxynitrite, but their biologic role is less well established. Flavonoids, nitroxides, and tyrosine-containing peptides decreased peroxynitrite-mediated toxicity under different conditions, but their mechanism of action is indirect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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