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Opdebeeck B, Van den Branden A, Adriaensen S, Orriss IR, Patel JJ, Geryl H, Zwijsen K, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. β,γ-Methylene-ATP and its metabolite medronic acid affect both arterial media calcification and bone mineralization in non-CKD and CKD rats. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae057. [PMID: 38764790 PMCID: PMC11102572 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Arterial media calcification or pathological deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals in the vessel wall contributes significantly to the high mortality rate observed in patients with CKD. Extracellular nucleotides (ie, ATP or UTP) regulate the arterial calcification process by interacting with (1) purinergic receptors and (2) breakdown via ecto-nucleotidases, such as ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase NPP1 or NPP3, affecting the local levels of calcification inhibitor, pyrophosphate, and stimulator inorganic phosphate (PPi/Pi ratio). Also, it has been shown that ATP analogs (ie, β,γ-methylene-ATP [β,γ-meATP]) inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell calcification in vitro. In the first experiment, daily dosing of β,γ-meATP (2 mg/kg) was investigated in rats fed a warfarin diet to trigger the development of non-CKD-related arterial medial calcifications. This study showed that β,γ-meATP significantly lowered the calcium scores in the aorta and peripheral vessels in warfarin-exposed rats. In a second experiment, daily dosing of 4 mg/kg β,γ-meATP and its metabolite medronic acid (MDP) was analyzed in rats fed an adenine diet to promote the development of CKD-related arterial medial calcification. Administration of β,γ-meATP and MDP did not significantly decrease aortic calcification scores in this model. Moreover, both compounds induced deleterious effects on physiological bone mineralization, causing an imminent risk for worsening the already compromised bone status in CKD. Due to this, it was not possible to raise the dosage of both compounds to tackle CKD-related arterial calcification. Again, this points out the difficult task of targeting solely ectopic calcifications without negatively affecting physiological bone mineralization. On the other hand, aortic mRNA expression of Enpp1 and Enpp3 was significantly and positively associated with aortic calcification scores, suggesting that normalizing the aortic NPP1/3 activity to control values might be a possible target to treat (CKD-induced) arterial media calcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Astrid Van den Branden
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Saar Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Science, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom
| | - Hilde Geryl
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Zwijsen
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Inflamed Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D’Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, Belgium
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Villa-Bellosta R. Vascular Calcification: A Passive Process That Requires Active Inhibition. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:111. [PMID: 38392329 PMCID: PMC10886409 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The primary cause of worldwide mortality and morbidity stems from complications in the cardiovascular system resulting from accelerated atherosclerosis and arterial stiffening. Frequently, both pathologies are associated with the pathological calcification of cardiovascular structures, present in areas such as cardiac valves or blood vessels (vascular calcification). The accumulation of hydroxyapatite, the predominant form of calcium phosphate crystals, is a distinctive feature of vascular calcification. This phenomenon is commonly observed as a result of aging and is also linked to various diseases such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and several genetic disorders. A substantial body of evidence indicates that vascular calcification involves two primary processes: a passive process and an active process. The physicochemical process of hydroxyapatite formation and deposition (a passive process) is influenced significantly by hyperphosphatemia. However, the active synthesis of calcification inhibitors, including proteins and low-molecular-weight inhibitors such as pyrophosphate, is crucial. Excessive calcification occurs when there is a loss of function in enzymes and transporters responsible for extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism. Current in vivo treatments to prevent calcification involve addressing hyperphosphatemia with phosphate binders and implementing strategies to enhance the availability of pyrophosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Campus Vida, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- The Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Travesia da Choupana S/N, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Kauffenstein G, Martin L, Le Saux O. The Purinergic Nature of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:74. [PMID: 38392293 PMCID: PMC10886499 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE) is an inherited disease characterized by elastic fiber calcification in the eyes, the skin and the cardiovascular system. PXE results from mutations in ABCC6 that encodes an ABC transporter primarily expressed in the liver and kidneys. It took nearly 15 years after identifying the gene to better understand the etiology of PXE. ABCC6 function facilitates the efflux of ATP, which is sequentially hydrolyzed by the ectonucleotidases ENPP1 and CD73 into pyrophosphate (PPi) and adenosine, both inhibitors of calcification. PXE, together with General Arterial Calcification of Infancy (GACI caused by ENPP1 mutations) as well as Calcification of Joints and Arteries (CALJA caused by NT5E/CD73 mutations), forms a disease continuum with overlapping phenotypes and shares steps of the same molecular pathway. The explanation of these phenotypes place ABCC6 as an upstream regulator of a purinergic pathway (ABCC6 → ENPP1 → CD73 → TNAP) that notably inhibits mineralization by maintaining a physiological Pi/PPi ratio in connective tissues. Based on a review of the literature and our recent experimental data, we suggest that PXE (and GACI/CALJA) be considered as an authentic "purinergic disease". In this article, we recapitulate the pathobiology of PXE and review molecular and physiological data showing that, beyond PPi deficiency and ectopic calcification, PXE is associated with wide and complex alterations of purinergic systems. Finally, we speculate on the future prospects regarding purinergic signaling and other aspects of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Kauffenstein
- UMR INSERM 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Ludovic Martin
- PXE Consultation Center, MAGEC Nord Reference Center for Rare Skin Diseases, Angers University Hospital, 49000 Angers, France
- MITOVASC-UMR CNRS 6015 INSERM 1083, University of Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Olivier Le Saux
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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Alcantara EH, Kwon JH, Kang MK, Cho YE, Kwun IS. Zinc Deficiency Promotes Calcification in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Independent of Alkaline Phosphatase Action and Partly Impacted by Pit1 Upregulation. Nutrients 2024; 16:291. [PMID: 38257184 PMCID: PMC10819640 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is a critical determinant of calcification, and its concentration is regulated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Pit1. ALP is a key regulator of osteogenic calcification and acts by modulating local inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentrations through hydrolyzing pyrophosphate in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Pit1, a sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, regulates calcification via facilitating phosphate uptake within the cells. To investigate whether zinc differentially regulates osteoblastic and vascular calcifications, we examined ALP activity and Pit1 in osteoblastic and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Our findings demonstrate that calcification in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells is decreased via diminished ALP action under zinc deficiency. In contrast, zinc-deficiency-induced calcification in VSMCs is independent of ALP action, as demonstrated by very weak ALP activity and expression in calcified VSMCs. In zinc-deficient A7r5 VSMC, P accumulation increased with increasing Na phosphate concentration (3-7 mM) but not with β-GP treatment, which requires ALP activity to generate Pi. Ca deposition also increased with Na phosphate in a dose-dependent manner; in contrast, β-GP did not affect Ca deposition. In osteoblastic cells, Pit1 expression was not affected by zinc treatments. In contrast, Pit1 expression is highly upregulated in A7r5 VSMC under zinc deficiency. Using phosphonoformic acid, a competitive inhibitor of Pit1, we showed that calcification is inhibited in both A7r5 and MC3T3-E1 cells, indicating a requirement for Pit1 in both calcifications. Moreover, the downregulation of VSMC markers under zinc deficiency was restored by blocking Pit1. Taken together, our results imply that zinc-deficiency-induced calcification in VSMC is independent of ALP action in contrast to osteoblastic calcification. Moreover, Pit1 expression in VSMCs is a target for zinc deficiency and may mediate the inhibition of VSMC marker expression under zinc deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Young-Eun Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea; (E.H.A.); (J.-H.K.); (M.-K.K.)
| | - In-Sook Kwun
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Andong National University, Andong 36729, Republic of Korea; (E.H.A.); (J.-H.K.); (M.-K.K.)
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Gu W, Wei Y, Tang Y, Zhang S, Li S, Shi Y, Tang F, Awad AM, Zhang X, Tang F. Supplement of exogenous inorganic pyrophosphate inhibits atheromatous calcification in Apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19214. [PMID: 37654451 PMCID: PMC10465865 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) is the endogenous inhibitor for vascular calcification (VC). The present study was to investigate the effects of adenosine disodium triphosphate (ADTP) and alendronate sodium (AL), two exogenous PPi sources, on the atheromatous calcification (AC) in Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. ApoE KO mice were randomly divided into five groups: ApoE KO group, ApoE KO + ADTP (Low) group, ApoE KO + ADTP (High) group, ApoE KO + AL (Low) group and ApoE KO + AL (High) group. The mice in ApoE KO + ADTP (Low) group and ApoE KO + ADTP (High) group were intraperitoneally injected with ADTP with dose of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 2 months respectively. The mice in ApoE KO + AL (Low) group and ApoE KO + AL (High) group were intraperitoneally injected with AL with dose of 0.6 and 1.2 mg/kg/day for 2 months respectively. The age matched C57 mice were used as control group. All ApoE KO and C57 mice were fed with normal chow throughout the experiment. The calcification was evaluated using von Kossa method. The contents of PPi, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum were measured. The results showed that compared with C57 mice, ApoE KO mice developed severe AC accompanied with high levels of TC, TG, LDL, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum and with low levels of PPi and IL-10 in serum. Both ADTP and AL dose-dependently reduced the AC in ApoE KO mice compared with that of ApoE mice, without affecting the contents of lipid profiles. In addition, ADTP and AL increased the contents of PPi and IL-10 while decreased the contents of TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in serum of ApoE KO mice, having no affection on ALP activity. The results suggested that ADTP and AL reduced AC in ApoE KO mice by increasing the PPi level and regulating the inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Gu
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yujie Wei
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yu Tang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shining Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Shuangyi Li
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Youming Shi
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Fenxia Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ali Mohamed Awad
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Futian Tang
- Second Clinical School of Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
- Key Laboratory of Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730030, China
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Dai Z, Zhang X. Pathophysiology and Clinical Impacts of Chronic Kidney Disease on Coronary Artery Calcification. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:jcdd10050207. [PMID: 37233174 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10050207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has increased in recent years. Adverse cardiovascular events have become the main cause of life-threatening events in patients with CKD, and vascular calcification is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Vascular calcification, especially coronary artery calcification, is more prevalent, severe, rapidly progressive, and harmful in patients with CKD. Some features and risk factors are unique to vascular calcification in patients with CKD; the formation of vascular calcification is not only influenced by the phenotypic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells, but also by electrolyte and endocrine dysfunction, uremic toxin accumulation, and other novel factors. The study on the mechanism of vascular calcification in patients with renal insufficiency can provide a basis and new target for the prevention and treatment of this disease. This review aims to illustrate the impact of CKD on vascular calcification and to discuss the recent research data on the pathogenesis and factors involved in vascular calcification, mainly focusing on coronary artery calcification, in patients with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Dai
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Raizada N, Aslam M, Mishra BK, Chawla D, Madhu SV. Can Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase be a Marker of Vascular Calcification in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2023; 27:127-132. [PMID: 37292071 PMCID: PMC10245301 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_418_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme has been linked to vascular calcification. Unexplained elevations in serum ALP levels have been reported in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We assessed bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) levels in patients with T2DM who had unexplained ALP elevations and studied the association between BAP and other markers of vascular calcification. Methods Patients with T2DM who had high serum ALP in the absence of known causes of ALP elevation were studied. The control group was T2DM patients with normal ALP. We measured the serum levels of BAP along with the leptin, fetuin-A, and vitamin K2 levels. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) was also measured in both groups. Results Serum BAP levels were significantly higher in the group with high ALP when compared with the normal ALP group. A significant positive correlation was present between BAP and serum fetuin-A as well as between BAP and Vit K2 levels. There was no correlation between BAP and serum leptin. ABI was comparable between the two groups. Conclusions Patients with T2DM may have unexplained elevation in ALP due to an increase in BAP. Elevation in BAP may be associated with other markers of vascular calcification suggesting an increased risk of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Raizada
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Aslam
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - BK Mishra
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Diwesh Chawla
- Central Research Laboratory, Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - SV Madhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism University College of Medical Sciences (University of Delhi) and GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
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Opdebeeck B, Neven E, Maudsley S, Leysen H, Walter D, Geryl H, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. A Proteomic Screen to Unravel the Molecular Pathways Associated with Warfarin-Induced or TNAP-Inhibited Arterial Calcification in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043657. [PMID: 36835062 PMCID: PMC9963640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial media calcification refers to the pathological deposition of calcium phosphate crystals in the arterial wall. This pathology is a common and life-threatening complication in chronic kidney disease, diabetes and osteoporosis patients. Recently, we reported that the use of a TNAP inhibitor, SBI-425, attenuated arterial media calcification in a warfarin rat model. Employing a high-dimensionality unbiased proteomic approach, we also investigated the molecular signaling events associated with blocking arterial calcification through SBI-425 dosing. The remedial actions of SBI-425 were strongly associated with (i) a significant downregulation of inflammatory (acute phase response signaling) and steroid/glucose nuclear receptor signaling (LXR/RXR signaling) pathways and (ii) an upregulation of mitochondrial metabolic pathways (TCA cycle II and Fatty Acid β-oxidation I). Interestingly, we previously demonstrated that uremic toxin-induced arterial calcification contributes to the activation of the acute phase response signaling pathway. Therefore, both studies suggest a strong link between acute phase response signaling and arterial calcification across different conditions. The identification of therapeutic targets in these molecular signaling pathways may pave the way to novel therapies against the development of arterial media calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Ellen Neven
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Hilde Geryl
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Patrick C. D’Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-2659085
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Chunn LM, Bissonnette J, Heinrich SV, Mercurio SA, Kiel MJ, Rutsch F, Ferreira CR. Estimation of ENPP1 deficiency genetic prevalence using a comprehensive literature review and population databases. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:421. [PMID: 36461014 PMCID: PMC9717445 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02577-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ENPP1 Deficiency-caused by biallelic variants in ENPP1-leads to widespread arterial calcification in early life (Generalized Arterial Calcification of Infancy, GACI) or hypophosphatemic rickets in later life (Autosomal Recessive Hypophosphatemic Rickets type 2, ARHR2). A prior study using the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC)-a database of exomes obtained from approximately 60,000 individuals-estimated the genetic prevalence at approximately 1 in 200,000 pregnancies. METHODS We estimated the genetic prevalence of ENPP1 Deficiency by evaluating allele frequencies from a population database, assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. This estimate benefitted from a comprehensive literature review using Mastermind ( https://mastermind.genomenon.com/ ), which uncovered additional variants and supporting evidence, a larger population database with approximately 140,000 individuals, and improved interpretation of variants as per current clinical guidelines. RESULTS We estimate a genetic prevalence of approximately 1 in 64,000 pregnancies, thus more than tripling the prior estimate. In addition, the carrier frequency of ENPP1 variants was found to be highest in East Asian populations, albeit based on a small sample. CONCLUSION These results indicate that a significant number of patients with ENPP1 Deficiency remain undiagnosed. Efforts to increase disease awareness as well as expand genetic testing, particularly in non-European populations are warranted, especially now that clinical trials for enzyme replacement therapy, which proved successful in animal models, are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frank Rutsch
- grid.16149.3b0000 0004 0551 4246Department of General Paediatrics, Muenster University Children’s Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Carlos R. Ferreira
- grid.280128.10000 0001 2233 9230Metabolic Medicine Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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Zhu Y, Li Z, Zhong X, Wu X, Lu Y, Khan MA, Li H. Coordination Patterns of the Diphosphate in IDP Coordination Complexes: Crystal Structure and Chirality. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19425-19439. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, China
| | - Zhongkui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Maroof Ahmad Khan
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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Ullah S, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Arylamide Sulphonate Derivatives as Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase-1 and -3 Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26905-26918. [PMID: 35936461 PMCID: PMC9352230 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant level of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 and -3 is linked with numerous disorders, for instance, diabetes, cancer, osteoarthritis, chondrocalcinosis, and allergic reactions. These disorders may be cured or minimized by blocking the activity of ENPP1 and ENPP3 isozymes. In this study, arylamide sulphonates were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their capability to affect the activity of isozymes ENPP1 and ENPP3. Among the selective inhibitors of ENPP1, compounds 4f and 4q exhibited sub-micromolar IC50 values of 0.28 ± 0.08 and 0.37 ± 0.03 μM, respectively, followed by 7a, with IC50 equal to 0.81 ± 0.05 μM, whereas out of the selective inhibitors of isozyme ENPP3, 4t and 7d preferably lessened the activity to half of the maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.15 ± 0.04 and 0.16 ± 0.01 μM alternatively. In addition, many structures including 4c, 4g, 4k, 4l, 4n, 4o, 4r, 4s, 7b, 7c, and 7e inhibited the activity of both isozymes to a significant level. Enzyme kinetic study of compound 4j revealed an uncompetitive mode of inhibition of ENPP1 isozyme, while 7e competitively blocked the activity of ENPP3. Cell viability analysis revealed the compound 4o as a cytotoxic agent against MCF7 (human breast cancer cell line) with a percentage inhibition of 63.2 ± 2.51%, whereas compounds 4c, 4d, 4n, and 7d decreased the HeLa cell viability (human cervical cancer cell line) to more than 50%. The tested compounds were non-cytotoxic against HEK293 (a human embryonic kidney cell line). Molecular docking analysis of selected inhibitors of both isozymes produced optimistic interactions with the influential amino acids, such as Leu290, Lys295, Tyr340, Asp376, His380, and Pro323 of ENPP1, whereas residues Asn226, His329, Leu239, Tyr289, Pro272, Tyr320, and Ala205 of ENPP3 crystallographic structure formed interactions with the potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah
- Centre
for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University
Islamabad, Abbottabad
Campus, Abbottabad22060, Pakistan
- Department
of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad22060, Pakistan
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre
de Recherche Du CHU de Québec−Université Laval, QuébecG1V 4G2, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre
de Recherche Du CHU de Québec−Université Laval, QuébecG1V 4G2, QC, Canada
- Département
de Microbiologie-infectiologie et D’immunologie, Faculté
de Médecine, Université Laval, QuébecG1V 0A6, QC, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre
for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University
Islamabad, Abbottabad
Campus, Abbottabad22060, Pakistan
- Department
of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad22060, Pakistan
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12
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Mitok KA, Keller MP, Attie AD. Sorting through the extensive and confusing roles of sortilin in metabolic disease. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100243. [PMID: 35724703 PMCID: PMC9356209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a post-Golgi trafficking receptor homologous to the yeast vacuolar protein sorting receptor 10 (VPS10). The VPS10 motif on sortilin is a 10-bladed β-propeller structure capable of binding more than 50 proteins, covering a wide range of biological functions including lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, neuronal growth and death, inflammation, and lysosomal degradation. Sortilin has a complex cellular trafficking itinerary, where it functions as a receptor in the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, secretory vesicles, multivesicular bodies, and at the cell surface. In addition, sortilin is associated with hypercholesterolemia, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, Parkinson's disease, and inflammation syndromes. The 1p13.3 locus containing SORT1, the gene encoding sortilin, carries the strongest association with LDL-C of all loci in human genome-wide association studies. However, the mechanism by which sortilin influences LDL-C is unclear. Here, we review the role sortilin plays in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and describe in detail the large and often contradictory literature on the role of sortilin in the regulation of LDL-C levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Mitok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark P Keller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alan D Attie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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13
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Villa-Bellosta R. Role of the extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism cycle in vascular calcification. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09867-1. [PMID: 35511317 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09867-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventionally, ATP is considered to be the principal energy source in cells. However, over the last few years, a novel role for ATP as a potent extracellular signaling molecule and the principal source of extracellular pyrophosphate, the main endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification, has emerged. A large body of evidence suggests that two principal mechanisms are involved in the initiation and progression of ectopic calcification: high phosphate concentration and pyrophosphate deficiency. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is a feature of several genetic diseases and a common complication of chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and aging. Previous studies have shown that the loss of function of several enzymes and transporters involved in extracellular ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism is associated with vascular calcification. Therefore, pyrophosphate homeostasis should be further studied to facilitate the design of novel therapeutic approaches for ectopic calcification of cardiovascular structures, including strategies to increase pyrophosphate concentrations by targeting the ATP/pyrophosphate metabolism cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Av Barcelona, Campus Vida, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Plaza do Obradoiro s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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14
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New Therapeutics Targeting Arterial Media Calcification: Friend or Foe for Bone Mineralization? Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040327. [PMID: 35448514 PMCID: PMC9027727 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of arterial media calcification, a highly complex and multifactorial disease, puts patients at high risk for developing serious cardiovascular consequences and mortality. Despite the numerous insights into the mechanisms underlying this pathological mineralization process, there is still a lack of effective treatment therapies interfering with the calcification process in the vessel wall. Current anti-calcifying therapeutics may induce detrimental side effects at the level of the bone, as arterial media calcification is regulated in a molecular and cellular similar way as physiological bone mineralization. This especially is a complication in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes, who are the prime targets of this pathology, as they already suffer from a disturbed mineral and bone metabolism. This review outlines recent treatment strategies tackling arterial calcification, underlining their potential to influence the bone mineralization process, including targeting vascular cell transdifferentiation, calcification inhibitors and stimulators, vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) death and oxidative stress: are they a friend or foe? Furthermore, this review highlights nutritional additives and a targeted, local approach as alternative strategies to combat arterial media calcification. Paving a way for the development of effective and more precise therapeutic approaches without inducing osseous side effects is crucial for this highly prevalent and mortal disease.
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15
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Jang Y, Park S, Lee H, Kim YH, Lee JP, Park SK, Jung IM, Ha J, Lim CS, Kim YS, Kwon H, Kim YC. Prognostic Value of Pre- and Post-Serum Alkaline Phosphatase Among Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2022; 54:678-684. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Martin-Ventura JL, Roncal C, Orbe J, Blanco-Colio LM. Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Biomarkers in Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:813885. [PMID: 35155428 PMCID: PMC8827403 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.813885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the first cause of death worldwide. In recent years, there has been great interest in the analysis of extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microparticles, as potential mediators of biological communication between circulating cells/plasma and cells of the vasculature. Besides their activity as biological effectors, EVs have been also investigated as circulating/systemic biomarkers in different acute and chronic CVDs. In this review, the role of EVs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in chronic cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis (mainly, peripheral arterial disease, PAD), aortic stenosis (AS) and aortic aneurysms (AAs), will be described. Mechanistically, we will analyze the implication of EVs in pathological processes associated to cardiovascular remodeling, with special emphasis in their role in vascular and valvular calcification. Specifically, we will focus on the participation of EVs in calcium accumulation in the pathological vascular wall and aortic valves, involving the phenotypic change of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or valvular interstitial cells (IC) to osteoblast-like cells. The knowledge of the implication of EVs in the pathogenic mechanisms of cardiovascular remodeling is still to be completely deciphered but there are promising results supporting their potential translational application to the diagnosis and therapy of different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Martin-Ventura
- Vascular Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose Luis Martin-Ventura, ; Carmen Roncal,
| | - Carmen Roncal
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jose Luis Martin-Ventura, ; Carmen Roncal,
| | - Josune Orbe
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Program of Cardiovascular Diseases, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Blanco-Colio
- Vascular Research Laboratory, IIS-Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Vascular Calcification: Key Roles of Phosphate and Pyrophosphate. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413536. [PMID: 34948333 PMCID: PMC8708352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications due to accelerated arterial stiffening and atherosclerosis are the leading cause of morbimortality in Western society. Both pathologies are frequently associated with vascular calcification. Pathologic calcification of cardiovascular structures, or vascular calcification, is associated with several diseases (for example, genetic diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease) and is a common consequence of aging. Calcium phosphate deposition, mainly in the form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification and can occur in the medial layer of arteries (medial calcification), in the atheroma plaque (intimal calcification), and cardiac valves (heart valve calcification). Although various mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of vascular calcification, our understanding of the pathogenesis of calcification is far from complete. However, in recent years, some risk factors have been identified, including high serum phosphorus concentration (hyperphosphatemia) and defective synthesis of pyrophosphate (pyrophosphate deficiency). The balance between phosphate and pyrophosphate, strictly controlled by several genes, plays a key role in vascular calcification. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning phosphate and pyrophosphate homeostasis, focusing on the role of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism in aortic smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
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18
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Shen J, Zhao M, Zhang C, Sun X. IL-1β in atherosclerotic vascular calcification: From bench to bedside. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4353-4364. [PMID: 34803503 PMCID: PMC8579452 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular calcification contributes to increased risk of death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Assessing the type and severity of inflammation is crucial in the treatment of numerous cardiovascular conditions. IL-1β, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, plays diverse roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular calcification. Several large-scale, population cohort trials have shown that the incidence of cardiovascular events is clinically reduced by the administration of anti-IL-1β therapy. Anti-IL-1β therapy might reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events by affecting atherosclerotic vascular calcification, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the role of IL-1β in atherosclerotic vascular calcification, and describe the latest results reported in clinical trials evaluating anti-IL-1β therapies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This review will aid in improving current understanding of the pathophysiological roles of IL-1β and mechanisms underlying its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Shen
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Interventional Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National high-level talents, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Department of Interventional Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Laboratory of Nucleic Acids in Medicine for National high-level talents, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom.,Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom.,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education & Medical Electrophysiological Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Luzhou, 646000, China.,Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou 646000, China
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19
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Sekaran S, Vimalraj S, Thangavelu L. The Physiological and Pathological Role of Tissue Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase beyond Mineralization. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111564. [PMID: 34827562 PMCID: PMC8615537 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is a key enzyme responsible for skeletal tissue mineralization. It is involved in the dephosphorylation of various physiological substrates, and has vital physiological functions, including extra-skeletal functions, such as neuronal development, detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an anti-inflammatory role, bile pH regulation, and the maintenance of the blood brain barrier (BBB). TNAP is also implicated in ectopic pathological calcification of soft tissues, especially the vasculature. Although it is the crucial enzyme in mineralization of skeletal and dental tissues, it is a logical clinical target to attenuate vascular calcification. Various tools and studies have been developed to inhibit its activity to arrest soft tissue mineralization. However, we should not neglect its other physiological functions prior to therapies targeting TNAP. Therefore, a better understanding into the mechanisms mediated by TNAP is needed for minimizing off targeted effects and aid in the betterment of various pathological scenarios. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of mineralization and functions of TNAP beyond its primary role of hard tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Sekaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Selvaraj Vimalraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
- Centre for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (V.S.)
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India;
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20
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Waring OJ, Skenteris NT, Biessen EAL, Donners MMPC. Two-faced Janus: The dual role of macrophages in atherosclerotic calcification. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2768-2777. [PMID: 34550346 PMCID: PMC9586561 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification is an independent predictor of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events. Microcalcification is linked to inflamed, unstable lesions, in comparison to the fibrotic stable plaque phenotype generally associated with advanced calcification. This paradox relates to recognition that calcification presents in a wide spectrum of manifestations that differentially impact plaque’s fate. Macrophages, the main inflammatory cells in atherosclerotic plaque, have a multifaceted role in disease progression. They crucially control the mineralization process, from microcalcification to the osteoid metaplasia of bone-like tissue. It is a bilateral interaction that weighs heavily on the overall plaque fate but remains rather unexplored. This review highlights current knowledge about macrophage phenotypic changes in relation to and interaction with the calcifying environment. On the one hand, macrophage-led inflammation kickstarts microcalcification through a multitude of interlinked mechanisms, which in turn stimulates phenotypic changes in vascular cell types to drive microcalcification. Macrophages may also modulate the expression/activity of calcification inhibitors and inducers, or eliminate hydroxyapatite nucleation points. Contrarily, direct exposure of macrophages to an early calcifying milieu impacts macrophage phenotype, with repercussions for plaque progression and/or stability. Macrophages surrounding macrocalcification deposits show a more reparative phenotype, modulating extracellular matrix, and expressing osteoclast genes. This phenotypic shift favours gradual displacement of the pro-inflammatory hubs; the lipid necrotic core, by macrocalcification. Parallels to bone metabolism may explain many of these changes to macrophage phenotype, with advanced calcification able to show homeostatic osteoid metaplasia. As the targeted treatment of vascular calcification developing in atherosclerosis is thus far severely lacking, it is crucial to better understand its mechanisms of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J Waring
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - N T Skenteris
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - E A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, German
| | - M M P C Donners
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
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21
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Masbuchin AN, Rohman MS, Liu PY. Role of Glycosylation in Vascular Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9829. [PMID: 34575990 PMCID: PMC8469761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an important step in post-translational protein modification. Altered glycosylation results in an abnormality that causes diseases such as malignancy and cardiovascular diseases. Recent emerging evidence highlights the importance of glycosylation in vascular calcification. Two major types of glycosylation, N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation, are involved in vascular calcification. Other glycosylation mechanisms, which polymerize the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain onto protein, resulting in proteoglycan (PG), also have an impact on vascular calcification. This paper discusses the role of glycosylation in vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Nizar Masbuchin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70457, Taiwan;
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65111, Indonesia;
| | - Mohammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65111, Indonesia;
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70457, Taiwan;
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70403, Taiwan
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22
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Wu QF, Wang WS, Chen SB, Xu B, Li YD, Chen JH. Crystal Structure of Inorganic Pyrophosphatase From Schistosoma japonicum Reveals the Mechanism of Chemicals and Substrate Inhibition. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:712328. [PMID: 34458268 PMCID: PMC8386120 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.712328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases (PPases) are essential for facilitating the growth and development of organisms, making them attractive functional proteins. To provide insight into the molecular basis of PPases in Schistosoma japonicum (SjPPase), we expressed the recombinant SjPPase, analyzed the hydrolysis mechanism of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and measured its activity. Moreover, we solved the crystal structure of SjPPase in complex with orthophosphate (Pi) and performed PPi and methylene diphosphonic acid (MDP) docking into the active site. Our results suggest that the SjPPase possesses PPi hydrolysis activity, and the activity declines with increased MDP or NaF concentration. However, the enzyme shows unexpected substrate inhibition properties. Through PPi metabolic pathway analysis, the physiological action of substrate inhibition might be energy saving, adaptably cytoprotective, and biosynthetic rate regulating. Furthermore, the structure of apo-SjPPase and SjPPase with Pi has been solved at 2.6 and 2.3 Å, respectively. The docking of PPi into the active site of the SjPPase-Pi complex revealed that substrate inhibition might result from blocking Pi exit due to excess PPi in the SjPPase-Pi complex of the catalytic cycle. Our results revealed the structural features of apo-SjPPase and the SjPPase-Pi complex by X-ray crystallography, providing novel insights into the physiological functions of PPase in S. japonicum without the PPi transporter and the mechanism of its substrate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Feng Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wei-Si Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Bo Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Dong Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jun-Hu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Diseases Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,The School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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23
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Inflammation: a putative link between phosphate metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:201-227. [PMID: 33416083 PMCID: PMC7796315 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dietary habits in the western world lead to increasing phosphate intake. Under physiological conditions, extraosseous precipitation of phosphate with calcium is prevented by a mineral buffering system composed of calcification inhibitors and tight control of serum phosphate levels. The coordinated hormonal regulation of serum phosphate involves fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), αKlotho, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol. A severe derangement of phosphate homeostasis is observed in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), a patient collective with extremely high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Higher phosphate levels in serum have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in CKD patients, but also in the general population. The causal connections between phosphate and CVD are currently incompletely understood. An assumed link between phosphate and cardiovascular risk is the development of medial vascular calcification, a process actively promoted and regulated by a complex mechanistic interplay involving activation of pro-inflammatory signalling. Emerging evidence indicates a link between disturbances in phosphate homeostasis and inflammation. The present review focuses on critical interactions of phosphate homeostasis, inflammation, vascular calcification and CVD. Especially, pro-inflammatory responses mediating hyperphosphatemia-related development of vascular calcification as well as FGF23 as a critical factor in the interplay between inflammation and cardiovascular alterations, beyond its phosphaturic effects, are addressed.
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Chronic Kidney Disease-Induced Arterial Media Calcification in Rats Prevented by Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase Substrate Supplementation Rather Than Inhibition of the Enzyme. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081138. [PMID: 34452102 PMCID: PMC8399849 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffer from arterial media calcification and a disturbed bone metabolism. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) hydrolyzes the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate (PPi) into inorganic phosphate (Pi) and thereby stimulates arterial media calcification as well as physiological bone mineralization. This study investigates whether the TNAP inhibitor SBI-425, PPi or the combination of both inhibit arterial media calcification in an 0.75% adenine rat model of CKD. Treatments started with the induction of CKD, including (i) rats with normal renal function (control diet) treated with vehicle and CKD rats treated with either (ii) vehicle, (iii) 10 mg/kg/day SBI-425, (iv) 120 µmol/kg/day PPi and (v) 120 µmol/kg/day PPi and 10 mg/kg/day SBI-425. All CKD groups developed a stable chronic renal failure reflected by hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and high serum creatinine levels. CKD induced arterial media calcification and bone metabolic defects. All treatments, except for SBI-425 alone, blocked CKD-related arterial media calcification. More important, SBI-425 alone and in combination with PPi increased osteoid area pointing to a less efficient bone mineralization. Clearly, potential side effects on bone mineralization will need to be assessed in any clinical trial aimed at modifying the Pi/PPi ratio in CKD patients who already suffer from a compromised bone status.
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Wu X, Di F, Shen S, Wang S, Li Q, Dong Z, Guan J, He J, Wang Y. Levels of serum ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) predicts severity of abdominal aortic calcification in end-stage renal disease patients receiving regular dialysis. Hemodial Int 2021; 26:23-29. [PMID: 34235847 DOI: 10.1111/hdi.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the correlation between serum ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 (ENPP1) level and severity of abdominal vascular calcification in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients receiving dialysis. METHODS A total of 124 patients were consecutively enrolled into the study in our local institution. Based on the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines and recommendations, abdomen lateral X-ray was used to determine abdominal aortic calcification score (AACS) for each patient at enrollment. Patients were divided into three groups based on AACS: no or mild calcification group, moderate calcification group, and severe calcification group. The relationships between ENPP1 levels and AACS were assessed by Spearman analysis and the value of ENPP1 in predicting severity of abdominal aortic calcification was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC). RESULTS The level of ENPP1 in dialysis patients was (7.68 ± 1.67) ng/ml. There was no significant difference in serum ENPP1 level between peritoneal dialysis patients and hemodialysis patients (p > 0.05). The AACS of dialysis patients was negatively correlated with ENPP1 value (r = -0.70). Compared to no/mild calcification patients, the levels of serum ENPP1 in patients with moderate/severe calcification were decreased significantly (p < 0.01). The severity of vascular calcification was correlated with serum ENPP1 value, the severer the vascular calcification, the lower the serum ENPP1 level, and the difference was statistically significant (all p < 0.05). The area under ROC curve of ENPP1 was 0.90, the corresponding sensitivity was 0.86, and the specificity was 0.87. CONCLUSION Levels of serum ENPP1 in non-diabetic ESRD patients are negatively related to the severity of abdominal aortic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Feng Di
- Department of Respiratory, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shuijuan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Zhichao Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jichao Guan
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Jianling He
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
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Jablonska P, Kutryb‐Zajac B, Mierzejewska P, Jasztal A, Bocian B, Lango R, Rogowski J, Chlopicki S, Smolenski RT, Slominska EM. The new insight into extracellular NAD + degradation-the contribution of CD38 and CD73 in calcific aortic valve disease. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:5884-5898. [PMID: 34142751 PMCID: PMC8256368 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ ) is crucial for cell energy metabolism and many signalling processes. Recently, we proved the role of ecto-enzymes in controlling adenine nucleotide-dependent pathways during calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). This study aimed to investigate extracellular hydrolysis of NAD+ and mononucleotide nicotinamide (NMN) in aortic valves and aorta fragments of CAVD patients and on the inner aortic surface of ecto-5'-nucleotidase knockout mice (CD73-/-). Human non-stenotic valves (n = 10) actively converted NAD+ and NMN via both CD73 and NAD+ -glycohydrolase (CD38) according to our analysis with RP-HPLC and immunofluorescence. In stenotic valves (n = 50), due to reduced CD73 activity, NAD+ was degraded predominantly by CD38 and additionally by ALP and eNPP1. CAVD patients had significantly higher hydrolytic rates of NAD+ (0.81 ± 0.07 vs 0.56 ± 0.10) and NMN (1.12 ± 0.10 vs 0.71 ± 0.08 nmol/min/cm2 ) compared with controls. CD38 was also primarily engaged in human vascular NAD+ metabolism. Studies using specific ecto-enzyme inhibitors and CD73-/- mice confirmed that CD73 is not the only enzyme involved in NAD+ and NMN hydrolysis and that CD38 had a significant contribution to these pathways. Modifications of extracellular NAD+ and NMN metabolism in aortic valve cells may be particularly important in valve pathology and could be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental TherapeuticsJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Barbara Bocian
- Department of Cardiac & Vascular SurgeryMedical University of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Romuald Lango
- Department of Cardiac AnaesthesiologyMedical University of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Jan Rogowski
- Department of Cardiac & Vascular SurgeryMedical University of GdanskGdanskPoland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental TherapeuticsJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | | | - Ewa M. Slominska
- Department of BiochemistryMedical University of GdanskGdanskPoland
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Buchet R, Tribes C, Rouaix V, Doumèche B, Fiore M, Wu Y, Magne D, Mebarek S. Hydrolysis of Extracellular ATP by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Transdifferentiated into Chondrocytes Generates P i but Not PP i. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062948. [PMID: 33799449 PMCID: PMC8000465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is suspected to induce atherosclerosis plaque calcification. TNAP, during physiological mineralization, hydrolyzes the mineralization inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi). Since atherosclerosis plaques are characterized by the presence of necrotic cells that probably release supraphysiological concentrations of ATP, we explored whether this extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is hydrolyzed into the mineralization inhibitor PPi or the mineralization stimulator inorganic phosphate (Pi), and whether TNAP is involved. (2) Methods: Murine aortic smooth muscle cell line (MOVAS cells) were transdifferentiated into chondrocyte-like cells in calcifying medium, containing ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate. ATP hydrolysis rates were determined in extracellular medium extracted from MOVAS cultures during their transdifferentiation, using 31P-NMR and IR spectroscopy. (3) Results: ATP and PPi hydrolysis by MOVAS cells increased during transdifferentiation. ATP hydrolysis was sequential, yielding adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine without any detectable PPi. The addition of levamisole partially inhibited ATP hydrolysis, indicating that TNAP and other types of ectonucleoside triphoshatediphosphohydrolases contributed to ATP hydrolysis. (4) Conclusions: Our findings suggest that high ATP levels released by cells in proximity to vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerosis plaques generate Pi and not PPi, which may exacerbate plaque calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Buchet
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Camille Tribes
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Valentine Rouaix
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Bastien Doumèche
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Michele Fiore
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China;
| | - David Magne
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Saida Mebarek
- Institute for Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université Lyon 1, French National Centre for Scientific Research, F-69622 Lyon, France; (C.T.); (V.R.); (B.D.); (M.F.); (D.M.); (S.M.)
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Shi W, Lu J, Li J, Qiu M, Lu Y, Gu J, Kong X, Sun W. Piperlongumine Attenuates High Calcium/Phosphate-Induced Arterial Calcification by Preserving P53/PTEN Signaling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:625215. [PMID: 33644124 PMCID: PMC7903972 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.625215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification frequently occurs in the process of chronic kidney disease, atherosclerosis and aging, resulting in an increased prevalence of cardiovascular events. Piperlongumine (PLG) is a natural product isolated from Piper longum L. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of PLG in high calcium- and phosphate-induced vascular calcification and the associated mechanism. Flow cytometry assays showed that PLG at concentrations <10 μM did not promote vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) apoptosis, and PLG at concentrations >2.5 μM inhibited VSMCs proliferation. Thus, 2.5 μM PLG was selected for subsequent experiments. Alizarin red staining and ALP activity assays showed that PLG inhibited calcium deposition of VSMCs treated with high calcium/phosphate medium. PLG also decreased the expression of osteogenic genes and proteins, including Runx2, Bmp2, and OPN, as determined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. In a vitamin D-induced aortic calcification mouse model, a 5 mg/kg dose of PLG decreased calcium deposition in the aortic wall as well as Runx2 expression. With regard to the mechanism, we found that the levels of P53 mRNA and protein in both VSMCs and mouse aortic tissues were decreased in the calcification models, and we observed that PLG preserved the levels of P53 and its downstream gene PTEN. Concurrent treatment of VSMCs with P53 ShRNA and PLG blunted the anti-calcific effect of PLG. In conclusion, PLG attenuates high calcium/phosphate-induced vascular calcification by upregulating P53/PTEN signaling in VSMCs. PLG may act as a promising herbal extract for the clinical management of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jieyu Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Translational Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Yegutkin GG. Adenosine metabolism in the vascular system. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 187:114373. [PMID: 33340515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The concept of extracellular purinergic signaling was first proposed by Geoffrey Burnstock in the early 1970s. Since then, extracellular ATP and its metabolites ADP and adenosine have attracted an enormous amount of attention in terms of their involvement in a wide range of immunomodulatory, thromboregulatory, angiogenic, vasoactive and other pathophysiological activities in different organs and tissues, including the vascular system. In addition to significant progress in understanding the properties of nucleotide- and adenosine-selective receptors, recent studies have begun to uncover the complexity of regulatory mechanisms governing the duration and magnitude of the purinergic signaling cascade. This knowledge has led to the development of new paradigms in understanding the entire purinome by taking into account the multitude of signaling and metabolic pathways involved in biological effects of ATP and adenosine and compartmentalization of the adenosine system. Along with the "canonical route" of ATP breakdown to adenosine via sequential ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities, it has now become clear that purine metabolism is the result of concerted effort between ATP release, its metabolism through redundant nucleotide-inactivating and counteracting ATP-regenerating ectoenzymatic pathways, as well as cellular nucleoside uptake and phosphorylation of adenosine to ATP through complex phosphotransfer reactions. In this review I provide an overview of key enzymes involved in adenosine metabolic network, with special emphasis on the emerging roles of purine-converting ectoenzymes as novel targets for cancer and vascular therapies.
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Extracellular Nucleotides Regulate Arterial Calcification by Activating Both Independent and Dependent Purinergic Receptor Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207636. [PMID: 33076470 PMCID: PMC7589647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial calcification, the deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals in the extracellular matrix, resembles physiological bone mineralization. It is well-known that extracellular nucleotides regulate bone homeostasis raising an emerging interest in the role of these molecules on arterial calcification. The purinergic independent pathway involves the enzymes ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (NPPs), ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases), 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase. These regulate the production and breakdown of the calcification inhibitor—pyrophosphate and the calcification stimulator—inorganic phosphate, from extracellular nucleotides. Maintaining ecto-nucleotidase activities in a well-defined range is indispensable as enzymatic hyper- and hypo-expression has been linked to arterial calcification. The purinergic signaling dependent pathway focusses on the activation of purinergic receptors (P1, P2X and P2Y) by extracellular nucleotides. These receptors influence arterial calcification by interfering with the key molecular mechanisms underlying this pathology, including the osteogenic switch and apoptosis of vascular cells and possibly, by favoring the phenotypic switch of vascular cells towards an adipogenic phenotype, a recent, novel hypothesis explaining the systemic prevention of arterial calcification. Selective compounds influencing the activity of ecto-nucleotidases and purinergic receptors, have recently been developed to treat arterial calcification. However, adverse side-effects on bone mineralization are possible as these compounds reasonably could interfere with physiological bone mineralization.
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Kim DW, Hwang SY, Nam YJ, Kim D, Shin SJ, Yoon HE. The combined prognostic significance of alkaline phosphatase and vascular calcification in patients with end-stage kidney disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 30:1476-1483. [PMID: 32586735 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Little is known about the interaction between serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and vascular calcification (VC) affecting cardiovascular events (CVE) and mortality in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients. This study investigated the combined effect of ALP and VC on prognosis in ESKD patients starting dialysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Data from 587 ESKD patients treated at a single center between January 2006 and July 2017 were retrospectively evaluated. VC was assessed by the aortic calcification index (ACI) using abdominal computed tomography. Patients were stratified into four groups according to the median ACI (17.18) and serum ALP value (108.0 U/L) as low ACI-low ALP, low ACI-high ALP, high ACI-low ALP, or high ACI-high ALP. The association between ALP and VC and the composite of CVE and death was analyzed. During a median follow-up of 3.1 years (range, 1.5-5.6 years), 140 patients (23.8%) developed CVE and 130 deaths (22.1%) occurred. In the stratified analysis, patients with high ACI-low ALP had a greater risk of the composite endpoint than patients with low ACI-low ALP (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.09; 95% confidence interval, 1.58-2.60; P = 0.004). Patients with high ACI-high ALP had the greatest risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.77-2.72; P = 0.001). The interaction between ACI and ALP on CVE and mortality was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The combined effect of VC and higher ALP was associated with a greater risk of CVE and death, and high serum ALP amplified the risk associated with VC in ESKD patients starting dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Won Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jung Nam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongryul Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Joon Shin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Eun Yoon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea.
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Opdebeeck B, Neven E, Millán JL, Pinkerton AB, D'Haese PC, Verhulst A. Pharmacological TNAP inhibition efficiently inhibits arterial media calcification in a warfarin rat model but deserves careful consideration of potential physiological bone formation/mineralization impairment. Bone 2020; 137:115392. [PMID: 32360899 PMCID: PMC8406684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Arterial media calcification is frequently seen in elderly and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes and osteoporosis. Pyrophosphate is a well-known calcification inhibitor that binds to nascent hydroxyapatite crystals and prevents further incorporation of inorganic phosphate into these crystals. However, the enzyme tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), which is expressed in calcified arteries, degrades extracellular pyrophosphate into phosphate ions, by which pyrophosphate loses its ability to block vascular calcification. Here, we aimed to evaluate whether pharmacological TNAP inhibition is able to prevent the development of arterial calcification in a rat model of warfarin-induced vascular calcification. To investigate the effect of the pharmacological TNAP inhibitor SBI-425 on vascular calcification and bone metabolism, a 0.30% warfarin rat model was used. Warfarin exposure resulted in distinct calcification in the aorta and peripheral arteries. Daily administration of the TNAP inhibitor SBI-425 (10 mg/kg/day) for 7 weeks significantly reduced vascular calcification as indicated by a significant decrease in calcium content in the aorta (vehicle 3.84 ± 0.64 mg calcium/g wet tissue vs TNAP inhibitor 0.70 ± 0.23 mg calcium/g wet tissue) and peripheral arteries and a distinct reduction in area % calcification on Von Kossa stained aortic sections as compared to vehicle. Administration of SBI-425 resulted in decreased bone formation rate and mineral apposition rate, and increased osteoid maturation time and this without significant changes in osteoclast- and eroded perimeter. Administration of TNAP inhibitor SBI-425 significantly reduced the calcification in the aorta and peripheral arteries of a rat model of warfarin-induced vascular calcification. However, suppression of TNAP activity should be limited in order to maintain adequate physiological bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ellen Neven
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Anthony B Pinkerton
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States of America
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
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Orriss IR. Extracellular pyrophosphate: The body's "water softener". Bone 2020; 134:115243. [PMID: 31954851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular pyrophosphate (ePPi) was first identified as a key endogenous inhibitor of mineralisation in the 1960's by Fleisch and colleagues. The main source of ePPi seems to be extracellular ATP which is continually released from cells in a controlled way. ATP is rapidly broken down by enzymes including ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases to produce ePPi. The major function of ePPi is to directly inhibit hydroxyapatite formation and growth meaning that this simple molecule acts as the body's own "water softener". However, studies have also shown that ePPi can influence gene expression and regulate its own production and breakdown. This review will summarise our current knowledge of ePPi metabolism and how it acts to prevent pathological soft tissue calcification and regulate physiological bone mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK.
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Lee SJ, Lee IK, Jeon JH. Vascular Calcification-New Insights Into Its Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082685. [PMID: 32294899 PMCID: PMC7216228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), which is categorized by intimal and medial calcification, depending on the site(s) involved within the vessel, is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Specifically, medial calcification is prevalent in certain medical situations, including chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The past few decades have seen extensive research into VC, revealing that the mechanism of VC is not merely a consequence of a high-phosphorous and -calcium milieu, but also occurs via delicate and well-organized biologic processes, including an imbalance between osteochondrogenic signaling and anticalcific events. In addition to traditionally established osteogenic signaling, dysfunctional calcium homeostasis is prerequisite in the development of VC. Moreover, loss of defensive mechanisms, by microorganelle dysfunction, including hyper-fragmented mitochondria, mitochondrial oxidative stress, defective autophagy or mitophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, may all contribute to VC. To facilitate the understanding of vascular calcification, across any number of bioscientific disciplines, we provide this review of a detailed updated molecular mechanism of VC. This encompasses a vascular smooth muscle phenotypic of osteogenic differentiation, and multiple signaling pathways of VC induction, including the roles of inflammation and cellular microorganelle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea;
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Jae-Han Jeon
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41404, Korea;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(53)-200-3182; Fax: +82-(53)-200-3155
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Sun Z, Li L, Zhang L, Yan J, Shao C, Bao Z, Liu J, Li Y, Zhou M, Hou L, Jing L, Pang Q, Geng Y, Mao X, Gu W, Wang Z. Macrophage galectin-3 enhances intimal translocation of vascular calcification in diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H1068-H1079. [PMID: 32216615 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00690.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The clinical risks and prognosis of diabetic vascular intimal calcification (VIC) and medial calcification (VMC) are different. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of VIC/VMC translocation. Anterior tibial arteries were collected from patients with diabetic foot amputation. The patients were then divided into VIC and VMC groups. There were plaques in all anterior tibial arteries, while the enrichment of galectin-3 in arterial plaques in the VIC group was significantly higher than that in the VMC group. Furthermore, a macrophage/vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) coculture system was constructed. VSMC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) was labeled with fluorescent probe. After macrophages were pretreated with recombinant galectin-3 protein, the migration of VSMC-derived EVs and VSMC-derived calcification was more pronounced. And anti-galectin-3 antibody can inhibit this process of EVs and calcification translocation. Then, lentivirus (LV)-treated bone marrow cells (BMCs) were transplanted into apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, and a diabetic atherosclerosis mouse model was constructed. After 15 wk of high-fat diet, ApoE-/- mice transplanted with LV-shgalectin-3 BMCs exhibited medial calcification and a concentrated distribution of EVs in the media. In conclusion, upregulation of galectin-3 in macrophages promotes the migration of VSMC-derived EVs to the intima and induces diabetic vascular intimal calcification.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The clinical risk and prognosis of vascular intimal and medial calcification are different. Macrophage galectin-3 regulates the migration of vascular smooth muscle cell-derived extracellular vesicles and mediates diabetic vascular intimal/medial calcification translocation. This study may provide insights into the early intervention in diabetic vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jinchuan Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chen Shao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhengyang Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lina Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lele Jing
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiwen Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yue Geng
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Villa-Bellosta R. New insights into endogenous mechanisms of protection against arterial calcification. Atherosclerosis 2020; 306:68-74. [PMID: 32209233 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications due to accelerated atherosclerosis and arterial stiffening are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western society. Both pathologies are frequently associated with vascular calcification. Deposits of calcium phosphate salts, mainly in form of hydroxyapatite, is the hallmark of vascular calcification. Calcification is frequently observed in atherosclerotic lesions (intimal calcification) associated with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and macrophages. By contrast, medial calcification, occurring in the elastic region of the arteries, is almost exclusively associated with VSMCs, and is common in arteriosclerosis related to aging, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. In extracellular fluids, a range of endogenous low- and high-molecular weight calcification inhibitors are present, including osteopontin, matrix-Gla proteins and Fetuin A. Moreover, pyrophosphate deficiency plays a key role in vascular calcification. Pyrophosphate is produced by extracellular hydrolysis of ATP and is degraded to phosphate by tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase. Loss of function in the enzymes and transporters involved in the extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism leads to excessive deposition of calcium-phosphate salts. This review summarizes the current knowledge about endogenous mechanisms of protection against calcification in the aortic wall, focusing on the role of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism in vascular smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (FIIS-FJD), Avenida Reyes Católicos 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Hamczyk MR, Villa-Bellosta R. Pyrophosphate metabolism and calcification. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 10:3652-3653. [PMID: 30530922 PMCID: PMC6326657 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Magda R Hamczyk
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Opdebeeck B, D'Haese PC, Verhulst A. Inhibition of tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase; a novel therapy against arterial media calcification? J Pathol 2020; 250:248-250. [PMID: 31859361 DOI: 10.1002/path.5377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Arterial media calcification refers to ectopic mineralization in the arterial wall and favors arterial stiffness and cardiovascular events. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, or osteoporosis are highly vulnerable to the development of arterial media calcifications. Tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is upregulated in calcified arteries and plays a key role in the degradation of the calcification inhibitor pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate ions. A recent study published in The Journal of Pathology showed that an oral dosage of 10 or 30 mg/kg/day SBI-425, a selective TNAP inhibitor, inhibited the development of arterial media calcification in mice with CKD, without affecting bone mineralization. Their results indicated that SBI-425 is an effective and safe treatment for arterial media calcification. However, additional studies regarding the effect of TNAP-inhibitor SBI-425 on the progression and even the reversion of pre-existing pathological arterial media calcifications without affecting physiological bone mineralization are deserved. Furthermore, investigating the extent to which SBI-425 inhibits arterial calcification in a non-CKD context would be of particular interest to treat this comorbidity in diabetes and osteoporosis patients. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Opdebeeck
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick C D'Haese
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anja Verhulst
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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ATP-based therapy prevents vascular calcification and extends longevity in a mouse model of Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:23698-23704. [PMID: 31690656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910972116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrophosphate deficiency may explain the excessive vascular calcification found in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) and in a mouse model of this disease. The present study found that hydrolysis products of ATP resulted in a <9% yield of pyrophosphate in wild-type blood and aortas, showing that eNTPD activity (ATP → phosphate) was greater than eNPP activity (ATP → pyrophosphate). Moreover, pyrophosphate synthesis from ATP was reduced and pyrophosphate hydrolysis (via TNAP; pyrophosphate → phosphate) was increased in both aortas and blood obtained from mice with HGPS. The reduced production of pyrophosphate, together with the reduction in plasma ATP, resulted in marked reduction of plasma pyrophosphate. The combination of TNAP inhibitor levamisole and eNTPD inhibitor ARL67156 increased the synthesis and reduced the degradation of pyrophosphate in aortas and blood ex vivo, suggesting that these combined inhibitors could represent a therapeutic approach for this devastating progeroid syndrome. Treatment with ATP prevented vascular calcification in HGPS mice but did not extend longevity. By contrast, combined treatment with ATP, levamisole, and ARL67156 prevented vascular calcification and extended longevity by 12% in HGPS mice. These findings suggest a therapeutic approach for children with HGPS.
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40
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Inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by ATP analogues. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:315-326. [PMID: 31338672 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) has been associated with phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that reportedly makes them more osteoblast-like. Previous work has shown that ATP/UTP can inhibit AMC directly via P2 receptors and indirectly by NPP1-mediated hydrolysis to produce the mineralisation inhibitor, pyrophosphate (PPi). This study investigated the role of P2X receptors in the inhibitory effects of extracellular nucleotides on VSMC calcification. We found that Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP inhibited calcification by up to 100%. Culture in a high-phosphate medium (2 mM) was associated with increased VSMC death and apoptosis; treatment with Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP reduced apoptosis to levels seen in non-calcifying cells. Calcification was also associated with alterations in the protein levels of VSMC (e.g. SM22α and SMA) and osteoblast-associated (e.g. Runx2 and osteopontin) markers; Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP attenuated these changes in protein expression. Long-term culture with Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP resulted in lower extracellular ATP levels and an increased rate of ATP breakdown. P2X receptor antagonists failed to prevent the inhibitory effects of these analogues suggesting that they act via P2X receptor-independent mechanisms. In agreement, the breakdown products of α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP (α,β-meADP and methylene diphosphonate, respectively) also dose-dependently inhibited VSMC calcification. Furthermore, the actions of Bz-ATP, α,β-meATP and β,γ-meATP were unchanged in VSMCs isolated from NPP1-knockout mice, suggesting that the functional effects of these compounds do not involve NPP1-mediated generation of PPi. Together, these results indicate that the inhibitory effects of ATP analogues on VSMC calcification and apoptosis in vitro may be mediated, at least in part, by mechanisms that are independent of purinergic signalling and PPi.
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Villa-Bellosta R. Synthesis of Extracellular Pyrophosphate Increases in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Phosphate-Induced Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2137-2147. [PMID: 30002059 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Hydroxyapatite deposition on the medial layer of the aortic walls is the hallmark of vascular calcification and the most common complication in aging individuals and in patients with diabetes mellitus and those undergoing hemodialysis. Extracellular pyrophosphate is a potent physicochemical inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal formation. This study analyzed changes in extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism during the phosphate-induced calcification process. Approach and Results- Phosphate-induced calcification of ex vivo-cultured aortic rings resulted in calcium accumulation after 7 days. This accumulation was enhanced when aortic walls were devitalized. BMP2 (bone morphogenic protein 2) expression was associated with calcium accumulation in cultured aortic rings, as well as in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and in calcitriol-induced calcification in rats. Hydroxyapatite dose dependently induced BMP2 overexpression in VSMCs. Moreover, TNAP (tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase) mRNA levels and activity were found to be downregulated in early phases and upregulated in later phases of calcification in all 3 models studied. eNPP1 (ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1) increased from early to later phases of calcification, whereas eNTPD1 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1) was downregulated during later phases. Synthesis of pyrophosphate in VSMCs increased significantly over time, in all 3 models studied. Because the rate of pyrophosphate hydrolysis was 10× slower than the rate of pyrophosphate synthesis, pyrophosphate synthesis is determined mainly by the ratio of eNPP1 to eNTPD1 activity. Hydroxyapatite also induces increments both in TNAP and eNPP1/eNTPD1 ratio in VSMCs. Conclusions- Pyrophosphate synthesis increases in VSMCs during phosphate-induced calcification because of compensatory regulation of extracellular pyrophosphate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- From the Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
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Quantitative Trait Locus and Integrative Genomics Revealed Candidate Modifier Genes for Ectopic Mineralization in Mouse Models of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:2447-2457.e7. [PMID: 31207231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a prototype of heritable multisystem ectopic mineralization disorders, is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene encoding a putative efflux transporter, ABCC6. The phenotypic spectrum of pseudoxanthoma elasticum varies, and the correlation between genotype and phenotype has not been established. To identify genetic modifiers, we performed quantitative trait locus analysis in inbred mouse strains that carry the same hypomorphic allele in Abcc6 yet with highly variable ectopic mineralization phenotypes of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Abcc6 was confirmed as a major determinant for ectopic mineralization in multiple tissues. Integrative analysis using functional genomics tools that included GeneWeaver, String, and Mouse Genome Informatics identified a total of nine additional candidate modifier genes that could influence the organ-specific ectopic mineralization phenotypes. Integration of the candidate genes into the existing ectopic mineralization gene network expands the current knowledge on the complexity of the network that, as a whole, governs ectopic mineralization in soft connective tissues.
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Semreen MH, El-Gamal MI, Ullah S, Jalil S, Zaib S, Anbar HS, Lecka J, Sévigny J, Iqbal J. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking study of sulfonate derivatives as nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2741-2752. [PMID: 31088715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new series of sulfonate derivatives 1a-zk were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of nucleotide pyrophosphatases. Most of the compounds exhibited good to moderate inhibition towards NPP1, NPP2, and NPP3 isozymes. Compound 1m was a potent and selective inhibitor of NPP1 with an IC50 value of 0.387 ± 0.007 µM. However, the most potent inhibitor of NPP3 was found as 1x with an IC50 value of 0.214 ± 0.012 µM. In addition, compound 1e was the most active inhibitor of NPP2 with an IC50 value of 0.659 ± 0.007 µM. Docking studies of the most potent compounds were carried out, and the computational results supported the in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Semreen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed I El-Gamal
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Saif Ullah
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Saquib Jalil
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Zaib
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hanan S Anbar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Joanna Lecka
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan.
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Azpiazu D, Gonzalo S, Villa-Bellosta R. Tissue Non-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase and Vascular Calcification: A Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Cardiol Rev 2019; 15:91-95. [PMID: 30381085 PMCID: PMC6520574 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666181031141226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a pathologic phenomenon consisting of calcium phosphate crystal deposition in the vascular walls. Vascular calcification has been found to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, due to its correlation with cardiovascular events and mortality, and it has been associated with aging, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Studies of vascular calcification have focused on phosphate homeostasis, primarily on the important role of hyperphosphatemia. Moreover, vascular calcification has been associated with loss of plasma pyrophosphate, one of the main inhibitors of calcification, thus indicating the importance of the phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio. Extracellular pyrophosphate can be synthesized from extracellular ATP by ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/ phosphodiesterase, whereas pyrophosphate is hydrolyzed to phosphate by tissuenonspecific alkaline phosphatase, contributing to the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals. Over the last decade, vascular calcification has been the subject of numerous reviews and studies, which have revealed new agents and activities that may aid in explaining the complex physiology of this condition. This review summarizes current knowledge about alkaline phosphatase and its role in the process of vascular calcification as a key regulator of the phosphate/pyrophosphate ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Azpiazu
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Gonzalo
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Villa-Bellosta
- Fundacion Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Avenida Reyes Catolicos 2, Madrid, Spain
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Nassir M, Arad U, Lee SY, Journo S, Mirza S, Renn C, Zimmermann H, Pelletier J, Sévigny J, Müller CE, Fischer B. Identification of adenine-N9-(methoxy)ethyl-β-bisphosphonate as NPP1 inhibitor attenuates NPPase activity in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:247-263. [PMID: 31025169 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overproduction of extracellular diphosphate due to hydrolysis of ATP by NPP1 leads to pathological calcium diphosphate (pyrophosphate) dihydrate deposition (CPPD) in cartilage, resulting in a degenerative joint disease that today lacks a cure. Here, we targeted the identification of novel NPP1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for CPPD deposition disease. Specifically, we synthesized novel analogs of AMP (NPP1 reaction product) and ADP (NPP1 inhibitor). These derivatives incorporate several chemical modifications of the natural nucleotides including (1) a methylene group replacing the Pα,β-bridging oxygen atom to provide metabolic resistance, (2) sulfonate group(s) replacing phosphonate(s) to improve binding to NPP1's catalytic zinc ions, (3) an acyclic nucleotide analog to allow flexible binding in the NPP1 catalytic site, and (4) a benzimidazole base replacing adenine. Among the investigated compounds, adenine-N9-(methoxy)ethyl-β-bisphosphonate, 10, was identified as an NPP1 inhibitor (Ki 16.3 μM vs. the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl thymidine-5'-monophosphate (p-Nph-5'-TMP), and 9.60 μM vs. the natural substrate, ATP). Compound 10 was selective for NPP1 vs. human NPP3, human CD39, and tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), but also inhibited human CD73 (Ki 12.6 μM). Thus, 10 is a dual NPP1/CD73 inhibitor, which could not only be of interest for treating CPPD deposition disease and calcific aortic valve disease but may also be considered for the immunotherapy of cancer. Compound 10 proved to be a promising inhibitor, which almost completely reduces NPPase activity in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes at a concentration of 100 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molhm Nassir
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Uri Arad
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sang-Yong Lee
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shani Journo
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center and the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Salahuddin Mirza
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Renn
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Herbert Zimmermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Goethe-University, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Christa E Müller
- PharmaCenter Bonn, Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bilha Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Patel JJ, Bourne LE, Davies BK, Arnett TR, MacRae VE, Wheeler-Jones CP, Orriss IR. Differing calcification processes in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells and osteoblasts. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:100-113. [PMID: 31004580 PMCID: PMC6520648 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Arterial medial calcification (AMC) is the deposition of calcium phosphate mineral, often as hydroxyapatite, in the medial layer of the arteries. AMC shares some similarities to skeletal mineralisation and has been associated with the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) towards an osteoblast-like phenotype. This study used primary mouse VSMCs and calvarial osteoblasts to directly compare the established and widely used in vitro models of AMC and bone formation. Significant differences were identified between osteoblasts and calcifying VSMCs. First, osteoblasts formed large mineralised bone nodules that were associated with widespread deposition of an extracellular collagenous matrix. In contrast, VSMCs formed small discrete regions of calcification that were not associated with collagen deposition and did not resemble bone. Second, calcifying VSMCs displayed a progressive reduction in cell viability over time (≤7-fold), with a 50% increase in apoptosis, whereas osteoblast and control VSMCs viability remained unchanged. Third, osteoblasts expressed high levels of alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) activity and TNAP inhibition reduced bone formation by to 90%. TNAP activity in calcifying VSMCs was ∼100-fold lower than that of bone-forming osteoblasts and cultures treated with β-glycerophosphate, a TNAP substrate, did not calcify. Furthermore, TNAP inhibition had no effect on VSMC calcification. Although, VSMC calcification was associated with increased mRNA expression of osteoblast-related genes (e.g. Runx2, osterix, osteocalcin, osteopontin), the relative expression of these genes was up to 40-fold lower in calcifying VSMCs versus bone-forming osteoblasts. In summary, calcifying VSMCs in vitro display some limited osteoblast-like characteristics but also differ in several key respects: 1) their inability to form collagen-containing bone; 2) their lack of reliance on TNAP to promote mineral deposition; and, 3) the deleterious effect of calcification on their viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessal J Patel
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK; School of Life & Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK.
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47
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Giuliani AL, Sarti AC, Di Virgilio F. Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides as signalling molecules. Immunol Lett 2018; 205:16-24. [PMID: 30439478 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars, adenosine, and adenine base participate in the "purinergic signalling" pathway, an ubiquitous system of cell-to-cell communication. Fundamental pathophysiological processes such as tissue homeostasis, wound healing, neurodegeneration, immunity, inflammation and cancer are modulated by purinergic signalling. Nucleotides can be released from cells via unspecific or specific mechanisms. A non-regulated nucleotide release can occur from damaged or dying cells, whereas exocytotic granules, plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, membrane channels (connexins, pannexins, calcium homeostasis modulator (CALHM) channels and P2X7 receptor) or specific ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the controlled release. Four families of specific receptors, i.e. nucleotide P2X and P2Y receptors, adenosine P1 receptors, and the adenine-selective P0 receptor, and several ecto- nucleotidases are essential components of the "purinergic signalling" pathway. Thanks to the activity of ecto-nucleotidases, ATP (and possibly other nucleotides) are degraded into additional messenger molecules with specific action. The final biological effects depend on the type and amount of released nucleotides, their modification by ecto-nucleotidases, and their possible cellular re-uptake. Overall, these processes confer a remarkable level of selectivity and plasticity to purinergic signalling that makes this network one of the most relevant extracellular messenger systems in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferarra, Italy
| | - Alba Clara Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferarra, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferarra, Italy.
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Ferreira DD, Mesquita JT, da Costa Silva TA, Romanelli MM, da Gama Jaen Batista D, da Silva CF, da Gama ANS, Neves BJ, Melo-Filho CC, Correia Soeiro MDN, Andrade CH, Tempone AG. Efficacy of sertraline against Trypanosoma cruzi: an in vitro and in silico study. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:30. [PMID: 30450114 PMCID: PMC6208092 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Drug repurposing has been an interesting and cost-effective approach, especially for neglected diseases, such as Chagas disease. Methods In this work, we studied the activity of the antidepressant drug sertraline against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of the Y and Tulahuen strains, and investigated its action mode using cell biology and in silico approaches. Results Sertraline demonstrated in vitro efficacy against intracellular amastigotes of both T. cruzi strains inside different host cells, including cardiomyocytes, with IC50 values between 1 to 10 μM, and activity against bloodstream trypomastigotes, with IC50 of 14 μM. Considering the mammalian cytotoxicity, the drug resulted in a selectivity index of 17.8. Sertraline induced a change in the mitochondrial integrity of T. cruzi, resulting in a decrease in ATP levels, but not affecting reactive oxygen levels or plasma membrane permeability. In silico approaches using chemogenomic target fishing, homology modeling and molecular docking suggested the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 of T. cruzi (TcIDH2) as a potential target for sertraline. Conclusions The present study demonstrated that sertraline had a lethal effect on different forms and strains of T. cruzi, by affecting the bioenergetic metabolism of the parasite. These findings provide a starting point for future experimental assays and may contribute to the development of new compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40409-018-0165-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Dias Ferreira
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 351, 8° andar, sala 9, CEP, São Paulo, SP 01246-000 Brazil
| | - Juliana Tonini Mesquita
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 351, 8° andar, sala 9, CEP, São Paulo, SP 01246-000 Brazil
| | - Thais Alves da Costa Silva
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 351, 8° andar, sala 9, CEP, São Paulo, SP 01246-000 Brazil
| | - Maiara Maria Romanelli
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 351, 8° andar, sala 9, CEP, São Paulo, SP 01246-000 Brazil
| | - Denise da Gama Jaen Batista
- 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360 Brazil
| | - Cristiane França da Silva
- 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360 Brazil
| | - Aline Nefertiti Silva da Gama
- 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360 Brazil
| | - Bruno Junior Neves
- 3Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605170 Brazil
| | - Cleber Camilo Melo-Filho
- 3Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605170 Brazil
| | - Maria de Nazare Correia Soeiro
- 2Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia Celular do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 Manguinhos, CEP, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360 Brazil
| | - Carolina Horta Andrade
- 3Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240 Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605170 Brazil
| | - Andre Gustavo Tempone
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Centre for Parasitology and Mycology, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo 351, 8° andar, sala 9, CEP, São Paulo, SP 01246-000 Brazil
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Hydrolysis of Extracellular Pyrophosphate increases in post-hemodialysis plasma. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11089. [PMID: 30038263 PMCID: PMC6056505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29432-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality of dialysis patients. Previous studies showed an association between loss of plasma pyrophosphate and VC. Moreover, loss of pyrophosphate occurs during dialysis in this population, suggesting that therapeutic approaches that prevent reduction of plasma pyrophosphate levels during dialysis could improve the quality of life of dialysis patients. This study found that pyrophosphate hydrolysis was 51% higher in post- than pre-dialysis plasma. Dialysis sessions modified the kinetic behavior of alkaline phosphatase, increasing its Vmax and reducing its Km, probably due to the elimination of uremic toxins during dialysis. At least 75% of alkaline phosphatase activity in human plasma was found to depend on a levamisole-sensitive enzyme probably corresponding to tissue non-specific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP). Dialysis increased total plasma protein concentration by 14% and reduced TNAP enzyme by 20%, resulting in an underestimation of pyrophosphate hydrolysis in post-dialysis plasma. Levamisole inhibited TNAP activity (IC50, 7.2 µmol/L), reducing pyrophosphate hydrolysis in plasma and increasing plasma pyrophosphate availability. Alkaline phosphatase is also found in many tissues and cells types; therefore, our results in plasma may be indicative of changes in phosphatase activity in other locations that collectively could contribute significantly to pyrophosphate hydrolysis in vivo. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that dialysis increases pyrophosphate hydrolysis, which, taken together with previously reported increases in alkalization and calcium ion levels in post-dialysis plasma, causes VC and could be prevented by adding calcification inhibitors during dialysis.
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50
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Crystal structure and substrate binding mode of ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase-3 (NPP3). Sci Rep 2018; 8:10874. [PMID: 30022031 PMCID: PMC6052110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotide phosphodiesterase/pyrophosphatase-3 (NPP3) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that regulates extracellular levels of nucleotides. NPP3 is known to contribute to the immune response on basophils by hydrolyzing ATP and to regulate the glycosyltransferase activity in Neuro2a cells. Here, we report on crystal structures of the nuclease and phosphodiesterase domains of rat NPP3 in complex with different substrates, products and substrate analogs giving insight into details of the catalytic mechanism. Complex structures with a phosphate ion, the product AMP and the substrate analog AMPNPP provide a consistent picture of the coordination of the substrate in which one zinc ion activates the threonine nucleophile whereas the other zinc ion binds the phosphate group. Co-crystal structures with the dinucleotide substrates Ap4A and UDPGlcNAc reveal a binding pocket for the larger leaving groups of these substrates. The crystal structures as well as mutational and kinetic analysis demonstrate that the larger leaving groups interact only weakly with the enzyme such that the substrate affinity is dominated by the interactions of the first nucleoside group. For this moiety, the nucleobase is stacked between Y290 and F207 and polar interactions with the protein are only formed via water molecules thus explaining the limited nucleobase selectivity.
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