1
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Mandanas MV, Barrett NA. Epithelial sensing in allergic disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2024; 91:102490. [PMID: 39326203 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells provide a first line of immune defense by maintaining barrier function, orchestrating mucociliary clearance, secreting antimicrobial molecules, and generating sentinel signals to both activate innate immune cells and shape adaptive immunity. Although epithelial alarmins play a particularly important role in the initiation of type 2 inflammation in response to allergens, the mechanisms by which epithelial cells sense the environment and regulate the generation and release of alarmins have been poorly understood. Recent studies have identified new sensors and signaling pathways used by barrier epithelial cells to elicit type 2 inflammation, including a novel pathway for the release of interleukin-33 from the nucleus that depends on apoptotic signaling. These recent findings have implications in the development of allergic diseases, from atopic eczema to food allergy, rhinitis, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Mandanas
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Translational Immunology Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Nora A Barrett
- Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Translational Immunology Research, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
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2
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Ouyang X, Reihill JA, Douglas LEJ, Martin SL. Airborne indoor allergen serine proteases and their contribution to sensitisation and activation of innate immunity in allergic airway disease. Eur Respir Rev 2024; 33:230126. [PMID: 38657996 PMCID: PMC11040391 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0126-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Common airborne allergens (pollen, animal dander and those from fungi and insects) are the main triggers of type I allergic disorder in the respiratory system and are associated with allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, as well as immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. These allergens promote IgE crosslinking, vasodilation, infiltration of inflammatory cells, mucosal barrier dysfunction, extracellular matrix deposition and smooth muscle spasm, which collectively cause remodelling of the airways. Fungus and insect (house dust mite and cockroaches) indoor allergens are particularly rich in proteases. Indeed, more than 40 different types of aeroallergen proteases, which have both IgE-neutralising and tissue-destructive activities, have been documented in the Allergen Nomenclature database. Of all the inhaled protease allergens, 85% are classed as serine protease activities and include trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like and collagenolytic serine proteases. In this article, we review and compare the allergenicity and proteolytic effect of allergen serine proteases as listed in the Allergen Nomenclature and MEROPS databases and highlight their contribution to allergic sensitisation, disruption of the epithelial barrier and activation of innate immunity in allergic airways disease. The utility of small-molecule inhibitors of allergen serine proteases as a potential treatment strategy for allergic airways disease will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ouyang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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3
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O'Grady SM, Kita H. ATP functions as a primary alarmin in allergen-induced type 2 immunity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1369-C1386. [PMID: 37842751 PMCID: PMC10861152 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00370.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental allergens that interact with the airway epithelium can activate cellular stress pathways that lead to the release of danger signals known as alarmins. The mechanisms of alarmin release are distinct from damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which typically escape from cells after loss of plasma membrane integrity. Oxidative stress represents a form of allergen-induced cellular stress that stimulates oxidant-sensing mechanisms coupled to pathways, which facilitate alarmin mobilization and efflux across the plasma membrane. In this review, we highlight examples of alarmin release and discuss their roles in the initiation of type 2 immunity and allergic airway inflammation. In addition, we discuss the concept of alarmin amplification, where "primary" alarmins, which are directly released in response to a specific cellular stress, stimulate additional signaling pathways that lead to secretion of "secondary" alarmins that include proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-33, as well as genomic and mitochondrial DNA that coordinate or amplify type 2 immunity. Accordingly, allergen-evoked cellular stress can elicit a hierarchy of alarmin signaling responses from the airway epithelium that trigger local innate immune reactions, impact adaptive immunity, and exacerbate diseases including asthma and other chronic inflammatory conditions that affect airway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
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4
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Abel-Fernández E, Fernández-Caldas E. Allergy to fungi: Advances in the understanding of fungal allergens. Mol Immunol 2023; 163:216-223. [PMID: 37864931 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are a major health problem due to their increasing incidence and high prevalence worldwide. Asthma has several aetiologies, and allergy plays an important role in its development in approximately 60% of adults and 80% of children and adolescents. Although the link between aeroallergen sensitization and asthma exacerbations has been long recognized, the investigations of the triggering allergens may be superficial in many asthma cases. The main allergenic sources related to asthma, and other allergic diseases, are pollens, mites, fungi, and animal epithelia. Fungi are considered the third most frequent cause of respiratory pathologies. Asthma caused by several fungi species may have a bad prognosis in some cases due to its severity and difficulty in avoidance methods. Despite the recognised relevance of fungi in respiratory allergies, the knowledge about fungal allergens seems to be scarce, with few descriptions of new allergens, compared to other allergenic sources. The study of major, minor, and cross-reactive fungal allergens, and their relevance in the allergic disease, might be crucial, not only to accurately diagnose these allergies, but also to predict exacerbations and responses to therapies, as well as for the development of personalized treatment plans in a fast-changing climate scenario.
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5
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Meloun A, León B. Sensing of protease activity as a triggering mechanism of Th2 cell immunity and allergic disease. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1265049. [PMID: 37810200 PMCID: PMC10552645 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1265049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cells mediate host defense against extracellular parasites, like helminths. However, Th2 cells also play a pivotal role in the onset and progression of allergic inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and food allergy. This happens when allergens, which are otherwise harmless foreign proteins, are mistakenly identified as "pathogenic." Consequently, the encounter with these allergens triggers the activation of specific Th2 cell responses, leading to the development of allergic reactions. Understanding the molecular basis of allergen sensing is vital for comprehending how Th2 cell responses are erroneously initiated in individuals with allergies. The presence of protease activity in allergens, such as house dust mites (HDM), pollen, fungi, or cockroaches, has been found to play a significant role in triggering robust Th2 cell responses. In this review, we aim to examine the significance of protease activity sensing in foreign proteins for the initiation of Th2 cell responses, highlighting how evolving a host protease sensor may contribute to detect invading helminth parasites, but conversely can also trigger unwanted reactions to protease allergens. In this context, we will explore the recognition receptors activated by proteolytic enzymes present in major allergens and their contribution to Th2-mediated allergic responses. Furthermore, we will discuss the coordinated efforts of sensory neurons and epithelial cells in detecting protease allergens, the subsequent activation of intermediary cells, including mast cells and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), and the ultimate integration of all signals by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), leading to the induction of Th2 cell responses. On the other hand, the review highlights the role of monocytes in the context of protease allergen exposure and their interaction with cDCs to mitigate undesirable Th2 cell reactions. This review aims to provide insights into the innate functions and cell communications triggered by protease allergens, which can contribute to the initiation of detrimental Th2 cell responses, but also promote mechanisms to effectively suppress their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatriz León
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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6
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Goode E, Marczylo E. A scoping review: What are the cellular mechanisms that drive the allergic inflammatory response to fungal allergens in the lung epithelium? Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12252. [PMID: 37357550 PMCID: PMC10234180 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic airway disease (AAD) is a collective term for respiratory disorders that can be exacerbated upon exposure to airborne allergens. The contribution of fungal allergens to AAD has become well established over recent years. We conducted a comprehensive review of the literature using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to better understand the mechanisms involved in the allergic response to fungi in airway epithelia, identify knowledge gaps and make recommendations for future research. The search resulted in 61 studies for final analysis. Despite heterogeneity in the models and methods used, we identified major pathways involved in fungal allergy. These included the activation of protease-activated receptor 2, the EGFR pathway, adenosine triphosphate and purinergic receptor-dependent release of IL33, and oxidative stress, which drove mucin expression and goblet cell metaplasia, Th2 cytokine production, reduced barrier integrity, eosinophil recruitment, and airway hyperresponsiveness. However, there were several knowledge gaps and therefore we recommend future research should focus on the use of more physiologically relevant methods to directly compare key allergenic fungal species, clarify specific mechanisms of fungal allergy, and assess the fungal allergy in disease models. This will inform disease management and future interventions, ultimately reducing the burden of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Marczylo
- Toxicology DepartmentUK Health Security AgencyChiltonUK
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7
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Abel-Fernández E, Martínez MJ, Galán T, Pineda F. Going over Fungal Allergy: Alternaria alternata and Its Allergens. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050582. [PMID: 37233293 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal allergy is the third most frequent cause of respiratory pathologies and the most related to a poor prognosis of asthma. The genera Alternaria and Cladosporium are the most frequently associated with allergic respiratory diseases, with Alternaria being the one with the highest prevalence of sensitization. Alternaria alternata is an outdoor fungus whose spores disseminate in warm and dry air, reaching peak levels in temperate summers. Alternaria can also be found in damp and insufficiently ventilated houses, causing what is known as sick building syndrome. Thus, exposure to fungal allergens can occur outdoors and indoors. However, not only spores but also fungal fragments contain detectable amounts of allergens and may function as aeroallergenic sources. Allergenic extracts of Alternaria hyphae and spores are still in use for the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases but are variable and insufficiently standardised, as they are often a random mixture of allergenic ingredients and casual impurities. Thus, diagnosis of fungal allergy has been difficult, and knowledge about new fungal allergens is stuck. The number of allergens described in Fungi remains almost constant while new allergens are being found in the Plantae and Animalia kingdoms. Given Alt a 1 is not the unique Alternaria allergen eliciting allergy symptoms, component-resolved diagnosis strategies should be applied to diagnose fungal allergy. To date, twelve A. alternata allergens are accepted in the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Subcommittee, many of them are enzymes: Alt a 4 (disulfide isomerase), Alt a 6 (enolase), Alt a 8 (mannitol de-hydrogenase), Alt a 10 (aldehyde dehydrogenase), Alt a 13 (glutathione-S-transferase) and Alt a MnSOD (Mn superoxide dismutase), and others have structural and regulatory functions such as Alt a 5 and Alt a 12, Alt a 3, Alt a 7. The function of Alt a 1 and Alt a 9 remains unknown. Other four allergens are included in other medical databases (e.g., Allergome): Alt a NTF2, Alt a TCTP, and Alt a 70 kDa. Despite Alt a 1 being the A. alternata major allergen, other allergens, such as enolase, Alt a 6 or MnSOD, Alt a 14 have been suggested to be included in the diagnosis panel of fungal allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Abel-Fernández
- Applied Science, Inmunotek S.L., Parque Científico Tecnológico Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Martínez
- Applied Science, Inmunotek S.L., Parque Científico Tecnológico Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Galán
- Applied Science, Inmunotek S.L., Parque Científico Tecnológico Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pineda
- Applied Science, Inmunotek S.L., Parque Científico Tecnológico Alcalá de Henares, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Soh WT, Zhang J, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H, Rothenberg ME, Sokol CL, Robinson C, Jacquet A. Protease allergens as initiators-regulators of allergic inflammation. Allergy 2023; 78:1148-1168. [PMID: 36794967 PMCID: PMC10159943 DOI: 10.1111/all.15678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous progress in the last few years has been made to explain how seemingly harmless environmental proteins from different origins can induce potent Th2-biased inflammatory responses. Convergent findings have shown the key roles of allergens displaying proteolytic activity in the initiation and progression of the allergic response. Through their propensity to activate IgE-independent inflammatory pathways, certain allergenic proteases are now considered as initiators for sensitization to themselves and to non-protease allergens. The protease allergens degrade junctional proteins of keratinocytes or airway epithelium to facilitate allergen delivery across the epithelial barrier and their subsequent uptake by antigen-presenting cells. Epithelial injuries mediated by these proteases together with their sensing by protease-activated receptors (PARs) elicit potent inflammatory responses resulting in the release of pro-Th2 cytokines (IL-6, IL-25, IL-1β, TSLP) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs; IL-33, ATP, uric acid). Recently, protease allergens were shown to cleave the protease sensor domain of IL-33 to produce a super-active form of the alarmin. At the same time, proteolytic cleavage of fibrinogen can trigger TLR4 signaling, and cleavage of various cell surface receptors further shape the Th2 polarization. Remarkably, the sensing of protease allergens by nociceptive neurons can represent a primary step in the development of the allergic response. The goal of this review is to highlight the multiple innate immune mechanisms triggered by protease allergens that converge to initiate the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Tuck Soh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jihui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Harissios Vliagoftis
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, and Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marc E. Rothenberg
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Caroline L. Sokol
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Clive Robinson
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Alain Jacquet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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9
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Schiff HV, Rivas CM, Pederson WP, Sandoval E, Gillman S, Prisco J, Kume M, Dussor G, Vagner J, Ledford JG, Price TJ, DeFea KA, Boitano S. β-Arrestin-biased proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist C781 limits allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:667-680. [PMID: 35735078 PMCID: PMC10311467 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asthma is a heterogenous disease strongly associated with inflammation that has many different causes and triggers. Current asthma treatments target symptoms such as bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. Despite recent advances in biological therapies, there remains a need for new classes of therapeutic agents with novel, upstream targets. The proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has long been implicated in allergic airway inflammation and asthma and it remains an intriguing target for novel therapies. Here, we describe the actions of C781, a newly developed low MW PAR2 biased antagonist, in vitro and in vivo in the context of acute allergen exposure. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A human bronchial epithelial cell line expressing PAR2 (16HBE14o- cells) was used to evaluate the modulation in vitro, by C781, of physiological responses to PAR2 activation and downstream β-arrestin/MAPK and Gq/Ca2+ signalling. Acute Alternaria alternata sensitized and challenged mice were used to evaluate C781 as a prophylactically administered modulator of airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammation and mucus overproduction in vivo. KEY RESULTS C781 reduced in vitro physiological signalling in response to ligand and proteinase activation. C781 effectively antagonized β-arrestin/MAPK signalling without significant effect on Gq/Ca2+ signalling in vitro. Given prophylactically, C781 modulated airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation and mucus overproduction of the small airways in an acute allergen-challenged mouse model. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our work demonstrates the first biased PAR2 antagonist for β-arrestin/MAPK signalling. C781 is efficacious as a prophylactic treatment for allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation in mice. It exemplifies a key pharmacophore for PAR2 that can be optimized for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary V. Schiff
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
| | - Candy M. Rivas
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - William P. Pederson
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - Estevan Sandoval
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
| | - Samuel Gillman
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona
| | - Joy Prisco
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
| | - Moeno Kume
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Gregory Dussor
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
| | - Julie G. Ledford
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona
| | - Theodore J. Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Kathryn A. DeFea
- University of California Riverside, Biomedical Sciences and PARMedics, Incorporated
| | - Scott Boitano
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Center, University of Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona
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Satala D, Bras G, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. More than Just Protein Degradation: The Regulatory Roles and Moonlighting Functions of Extracellular Proteases Produced by Fungi Pathogenic for Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010121. [PMID: 36675942 PMCID: PMC9865821 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases belong to the main virulence factors of pathogenic fungi. Their proteolytic activities plays a crucial role in the acquisition of nutrients from the external environment, destroying host barriers and defenses, and disrupting homeostasis in the human body, e.g., by affecting the functions of plasma proteolytic cascades, and playing sophisticated regulatory roles in various processes. Interestingly, some proteases belong to the group of moonlighting proteins, i.e., they have additional functions that contribute to successful host colonization and infection development, but they are not directly related to proteolysis. In this review, we describe examples of such multitasking of extracellular proteases that have been reported for medically important pathogenic fungi of the Candida, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cryptococcus, Rhizopus, and Pneumocystis genera, as well as dermatophytes and selected endemic species. Additional functions of proteinases include supporting binding to host proteins, and adhesion to host cells. They also mediate self-aggregation and biofilm formation. In addition, fungal proteases affect the host immune cells and allergenicity, understood as the ability to stimulate a non-standard immune response. Finally, they play a role in the proper maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Knowledge about the multifunctionality of proteases, in addition to their canonical roles, greatly contributes to an understanding of the mechanisms of fungal pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bras
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence:
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11
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Rivas CM, Yee MC, Addison KJ, Lovett M, Pal K, Ledford JG, Dussor G, Price TJ, Vagner J, DeFea KA, Boitano S. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 antagonist C391 inhibits Alternaria-induced airway epithelial signalling and asthma indicators in acute exposure mouse models. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:2208-2222. [PMID: 34841515 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the availability of a variety of treatment options, many asthma patients have poorly controlled disease with frequent exacerbations. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) has been identified in preclinical animal models as important to asthma initiation and progression following allergen exposure. Proteinase activation of PAR2 raises intracellular Ca2+ , inducing MAPK and β-arrestin signalling in the airway, leading to inflammatory and protective effects. We have developed C391, a potent PAR2 antagonist effective in blocking peptidomimetic- and trypsin-induced PAR2 signalling in vitro as well as reducing inflammatory PAR2-associated pain in vivo. We hypothesized that PAR2 antagonism by C391 would attenuate allergen-induced acutely expressed asthma indicators in murine models. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the ability of C391 to alter Alternaria alternata-induced PAR2 signalling pathways in vitro using a human airway epithelial cell line that naturally expresses PAR2 (16HBE14o-) and a transfected embryonic cell line (HEK 293). We next evaluated the ability for C391 to reduce A. alternata-induced acutely expressed asthma indicators in vivo in two murine strains. KEY RESULTS C391 blocked A. alternata-induced, PAR2-dependent Ca2+ and MAPK signalling in 16HBE14o- cells, as well as β-arrestin recruitment in HEK 293 cells. C391 effectively attenuated A. alternata-induced inflammation, mucus production, mucus cell hyperplasia and airway hyperresponsiveness in acute allergen-challenged murine models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS To our best knowledge, this is the first demonstration of pharmacological intervention of PAR2 to reduce allergen-induced asthma indicators in vivo. These data support further development of PAR2 antagonists as potential first-in-class allergic asthma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy M Rivas
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael C Yee
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Kenneth J Addison
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Marissa Lovett
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Julie G Ledford
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Gregory Dussor
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA.,Corporate Headquarters, PARMedics, Inc., Temecula, California, USA
| | - Scott Boitano
- Physiological Sciences Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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12
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Rivas CM, Schiff H, Moutal A, Khanna R, Kiela PR, Dussor G, Price TJ, Vagner J, DeFea KA, Boitano S. Alternaria alternata-induced airway epithelial signaling and inflammatory responses via protease-activated receptor-2 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 591:13-19. [PMID: 34990903 PMCID: PMC8792334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of the fungus Alternaria alternata is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma development and exacerbations. Recent work in acute exposure animal models suggests that A. alternata-induced asthma symptoms, which include inflammation, mucus overproduction and airway hyperresponsiveness, are due to A. alternata proteases that act via protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2). However, because other active components present in A. alternata may be contributing to asthma pathophysiology through alternative signaling, the specific role PAR2 plays in asthma initiation and maintenance remains undefined. Airway epithelial cells provide the first encounter with A. alternata and are thought to play an important role in initiating the physiologic response. To better understand the role for PAR2 airway epithelial signaling we created a PAR2-deficient human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBEPAR-/-) from a model bronchial parental line (16HBE14o-). Comparison of in vitro physiologic responses in these cell lines demonstrated a complete loss of PAR2 agonist (2at-LIGRL-NH2) response and significantly attenuated protease (trypsin and elastase) and A. alternata responses in the 16HBEPAR-/- line. Apical application of A. alternata to 16HBE14o- and 16HBEPAR2-/- grown at air-liquid interface demonstrated rapid, PAR2-dependent and independent, inflammatory cytokine, chemokine and growth factor basolateral release. In conclusion, the novel human PAR2-deficient cell line allows for direct in vitro examination of the role(s) for PAR2 in allergen challenge with polarized human airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candy M. Rivas
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Hillary Schiff
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Department of Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Pawel R. Kiela
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Gregory Dussor
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Theodore J Price
- Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, TX
| | - Josef Vagner
- Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Kathryn A. DeFea
- University of California Riverside, Biomedical Sciences and PARMedics, Incorporated
| | - Scott Boitano
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Bio5 Collaborative Research Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;,Corresponding Author: Scott Boitano, Ph.D., Professor, Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences, 1501 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona. 85724-5030, , +1 (520) 626-2105
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13
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Werder RB, Ullah MA, Rahman MM, Simpson J, Lynch JP, Collinson N, Rittchen S, Rashid RB, Sikder MAA, Handoko HY, Curren BF, Sebina I, Hartel G, Bissell A, Ngo S, Yarlagadda T, Hasnain SZ, Lu W, Sohal SS, Martin M, Bowler S, Burr LD, Martinez LO, Robaye B, Spann K, Ferreira MAR, Phipps S. Targeting the P2Y13 Receptor Suppresses IL-33 and HMGB1 Release and Ameliorates Experimental Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:300-312. [PMID: 34860143 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3686oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The alarmins IL-33 and HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) contribute to type-2 inflammation and asthma pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To determine whether P2Y13 receptor (P2Y13-R), a purinergic G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and risk allele for asthma, regulates the release of IL-33 and HMGB1. METHODS Bronchial biopsies were obtained from healthy and asthmatic subjects. Primary human airway epithelial cells (AECs), primary mouse (m)AECs, or C57Bl/6 mice were inoculated with various aeroallergens or respiratory viruses, and the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation and release of alarmins measured by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. The role of P2Y13-R in AEC function and in the onset, progression, and an exacerbation of experimental asthma, was assessed using pharmacological antagonists and P2Y13-R gene-deleted mice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Aeroallergen-exposure induced the extracellular release of ADP and ATP, nucleotides that activate P2Y13-R. ATP, ADP, aeroallergen (house dust mite, cockroach or Alternaria) or virus exposure induced the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation and subsequent release of IL-33 and HMGB1, and this response was ablated by genetic deletion or pharmacological antagonism of P2Y13. In mice, prophylactic or therapeutic P2Y13-R blockade attenuated asthma onset, and critically, ablated the severity of a rhinovirus-associated exacerbation in a high-fidelity experimental model of chronic asthma. Moreover, P2Y13-R antagonism derepressed antiviral immunity, increasing IFN-λ production and decreasing viral copies in the lung. CONCLUSIONS We identify P2Y13-R as a novel gatekeeper of the nuclear alarmins IL-33 and HMGB1, and demonstrate that the targeting of this GPCR via genetic deletion or treatment with a small-molecule antagonist protects against the onset and exacerbations of experimental asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon B Werder
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Center for Regenerative Medicine of Boston University and Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States.,Boston University School of Medicine, 12259, The Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Md Ashik Ullah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Muhammed Mahfuzur Rahman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jennifer Simpson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 35037, Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jason P Lynch
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Harvard Medical School, 1811, Department of Microbiology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Natasha Collinson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sonja Rittchen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Medical University of Graz, 31475, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Pharmacology, Graz, Steiermark, Austria
| | - Ridwan B Rashid
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Md Al Amin Sikder
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Herlina Y Handoko
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bodie F Curren
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ismail Sebina
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gunter Hartel
- QIMR Berghofer, 56362, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alec Bissell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sylvia Ngo
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tejasri Yarlagadda
- Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Health, 110544, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sumaira Z Hasnain
- Mater Medical Research Institute, 200098, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- University of Tasmania, 3925, Respiratory Translational Research Group, Launceston , Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- University of Tasmania , Respiratory Translational Research Group, Launceston , Tasmania, Australia
| | - Megan Martin
- Mater Health Services, Respiratory Medicine, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Bowler
- Mater Health Services, Respiratory Medicine, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lucy D Burr
- UQ School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laurent O Martinez
- University of Toulouse, 137668, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Robaye
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, 26659, IRIBHM, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Spann
- Queensland University of Technology, 1969, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manuel A R Ferreira
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon Phipps
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 56362, Respiratory Immunology Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, 1974, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
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14
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Fernandes C, Mota M, Barros L, Dias MI, Ferreira ICFR, Piedade AP, Casadevall A, Gonçalves T. Pyomelanin Synthesis in Alternaria alternata Inhibits DHN-Melanin Synthesis and Decreases Cell Wall Chitin Content and Thickness. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:691433. [PMID: 34512569 PMCID: PMC8430343 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.691433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Alternaria includes several of fungi that are darkly pigmented by DHN-melanin. These are pathogenic to plants but are also associated with human respiratory allergic diseases and with serious infections in immunocompromised individuals. The present work focuses on the alterations of the composition and structure of the hyphal cell wall of Alternaria alternata occuring under the catabolism of L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine when cultured in minimal salt medium (MM). Under these growing conditions, we observed the released of a brown pigment into the culture medium. FTIR analysis demonstrates that the produced pigment is chemically identical to the pigment released when the fungus is grown in MM with homogentisate acid (HGA), the intermediate of pyomelanin, confirming that this pigment is pyomelanin. In contrast to other fungi that also synthesize pyomelanin under tyrosine metabolism, A. alternata inhibits DHN-melanin cell wall accumulation when pyomelanin is produced, and this is associated with reduced chitin cell wall content. When A. alternata is grown in MM containing L-phenylalanine, a L-tyrosine percursor, pyomelanin is synthesized but only at trace concentrations and A. alternata mycelia display an albino-like phenotype since DHN-melanin accumulation is inhibited. CmrA, the transcription regulator for the genes coding for the DHN-melanin pathway, is involved in the down-regulation of DHN-melanin synthesis when pyomelanin is being synthetized, since the CMRA gene and genes of the enzymes involved in DHN-melanin synthesis pathway showed a decreased expression. Other amino acids do not trigger pyomelanin synthesis and DHN-melanin accumulation in the cell wall is not affected. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy show that the cell wall structure and surface decorations are altered in L-tyrosine- and L-phenylalanine-grown fungi, depending on the pigment produced. In summary, growth in presence of L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine leads to pigmentation and cell wall changes, which could be relevant to infection conditions where these amino acids are expected to be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Fernandes
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marta Mota
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC—Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Piedade
- Centre for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC—Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Burr AC, Velazquez JV, Ulu A, Kamath R, Kim SY, Bilg AK, Najera A, Sultan I, Botthoff JK, Aronson E, Nair MG, Nordgren TM. Lung Inflammatory Response to Environmental Dust Exposure in Mice Suggests a Link to Regional Respiratory Disease Risk. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4035-4052. [PMID: 34456580 PMCID: PMC8387588 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s320096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Salton Sea, California's largest lake, is designated as an agricultural drainage reservoir. In recent years, the lake has experienced shrinkage due to reduced water sources, increasing levels of aerosolized dusts in surrounding regions. Communities surrounding the Salton Sea have increased asthma prevalence versus the rest of California; however, a connection between dust inhalation and lung health impacts has not been defined. METHODS We used an established intranasal dust exposure murine model to study the lung inflammatory response following single or repetitive (7-day) exposure to extracts of dusts collected in regions surrounding the Salton Sea (SSDE), complemented with in vitro investigations assessing SSDE impacts on the airway epithelium. RESULTS In these investigations, single or repetitive SSDE exposure induced significant lung inflammatory cytokine release concomitant with neutrophil influx. Repetitive SSDE exposure led to significant lung eosinophil recruitment and altered expression of genes associated with allergen-mediated immune response, including Clec4e. SSDE treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) induced inflammatory cytokine production at 5- and 24-hours post-treatment. When BEAS-2B were exposed to protease activity-depleted SSDE (PDSSDE) or treated with SSDE in the context of protease-activated receptor-1 and -2 antagonism, inflammatory cytokine release was decreased. Furthermore, repetitive exposure to PDSSDE led to decreased neutrophil and eosinophilic influx and IL-6 release in mice compared to SSDE-challenged mice. CONCLUSION These investigations demonstrate potent lung inflammatory responses and tissue remodeling in response to SSDE, in part due to environmental proteases found within the dusts. These studies provide the first evidence supporting a link between environmental dust exposure, protease-mediated immune activation, and respiratory disease in the Salton Sea region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jalene V Velazquez
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Arzu Ulu
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Rohan Kamath
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Amanpreet K Bilg
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Aileen Najera
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Iman Sultan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jon K Botthoff
- Center for Conservation Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Emma Aronson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Meera G Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Tara M Nordgren
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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16
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McMahon DB, Carey RM, Kohanski MA, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. PAR-2-activated secretion by airway gland serous cells: role for CFTR and inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L845-L879. [PMID: 33655758 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00411.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway submucosal gland serous cells are important sites of fluid secretion in conducting airways. Serous cells also express the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that activates secretion from intact airway glands. We tested if and how human nasal serous cells secrete fluid in response to PAR-2 stimulation using Ca2+ imaging and simultaneous differential interference contrast imaging to track isosmotic cell shrinking and swelling reflecting activation of solute efflux and influx pathways, respectively. During stimulation of PAR-2, serous cells exhibited dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca2+. At stimulation levels >EC50 for Ca2+, serous cells simultaneously shrank ∼20% over ∼90 s due to KCl efflux reflecting Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (CaCC, likely TMEM16A)-dependent secretion. At lower levels of PAR-2 stimulation (<EC50 for Ca2+), shrinkage was not evident due to failure to activate CaCC. Low levels of cAMP-elevating VIP receptor (VIPR) stimulation, also insufficient to activate secretion alone, synergized with low-level PAR-2 stimulation to elicit fluid secretion dependent on both cAMP and Ca2+ to activate CFTR and K+ channels, respectively. Polarized cultures of primary serous cells also exhibited synergistic fluid secretion. Pre-exposure to Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned media inhibited PAR-2 activation by proteases but not peptide agonists in primary nasal serous cells, Calu-3 bronchial cells, and primary nasal ciliated cells. Disruption of synergistic CFTR-dependent PAR-2/VIPR secretion may contribute to reduced airway surface liquid in CF. Further disruption of the CFTR-independent component of PAR-2-activated secretion by P. aeruginosa may also be important to CF pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Bürgisser GM, Evrova O, Heuberger DM, Calcagni M, Giovanoli P, Buschmann J. Delineation of the healthy rabbit lung by immunohistochemistry - a technical note. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151648. [PMID: 33131911 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation and studies of pulmonary diseases and injuries require pre-clinical animal models. The rabbit lung model is widely used and allows for a diverse set of readouts. Among them, histology and immunohistochemistry are of invaluable merit because qualitative and quantitative information about tissue morphology and composition can be easily obtained. In this technical note, we performed several histological and immunohistochemical stainings in the rabbit healthy naïve lung tissue. Overnight formalin fixation with subsequent paraffin embedding was compared to cryopreservation with a subsequent 10-minute formalin fixation prior to staining. Antigen retrieval (AR) for paraffin embedded sections proved to enhance the corresponding signals compared to analogous staining without AR. Advantages and disadvantages of chromogenic versus immunofluorescence stainings were discussed. In addition, several morphological structures, such as the intrapulmonary bronchus with its mucosal folds, the pulmonary artery, the alveoli and the lymph nodes, were stained with various stainings at the same site in order to give a comprehensive picture of their composition. Besides Haematoxylin&Eosin and Elastica van Gieson staining, collagen I, collagen III, fibronectin, α-SMA, ki-67 and protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) immunohistochemistry was performed. Collagen I, collagen III and fibronectin expression was positive at the outer rim of the pulmonary arteries, while the inner rim was collagen III positive. Moreover, the fibronectin staining in the intrapulmonary bronchus showed an opposite trend when compared to the collagen III staining. The alveoli exhibited PAR-2 expression, while PAR-2 was not expressed in lymph nodes of the healthy rabbit lung.
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18
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Percopo CM, Ma M, Mai E, Redes JL, Kraemer LS, Minai M, Moore IN, Druey KM, Rosenberg HF. Alternaria alternata Accelerates Loss of Alveolar Macrophages and Promotes Lethal Influenza A Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090946. [PMID: 32867061 PMCID: PMC7552021 DOI: 10.3390/v12090946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inhalation of fungi and fungal components has been linked to the development of respiratory disorders, although their role with respect to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory virus infection remains unclear. Here, we evaluate inflammatory pathology induced by repetitive administration of a filtrate of the ubiquitous fungus, Alternaria alternata, and its impact on susceptibility to infection with influenza A. We showed previously that A. alternata at the nasal mucosae resulted in increased susceptibility to an otherwise sublethal inoculum of influenza A in wild-type mice. Here we demonstrate that A. alternata-induced potentiation of influenza A infection was not dependent on fungal serine protease or ribonuclease activity. Repetitive challenge with A. alternata prior to virus infection resulted proinflammatory cytokines, neutrophil recruitment, and loss of alveolar macrophages to a degree that substantially exceeded that observed in response to influenza A infection alone. Concomitant administration of immunomodulatory Lactobacillus plantarum, a strategy shown previously to limit virus-induced inflammation in the airways, blocked the exaggerated lethal response. These observations promote an improved understanding of severe influenza infection with potential clinical relevance for individuals subjected to continuous exposure to molds and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.M.P.); (M.M.); (E.M.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.M.P.); (M.M.); (E.M.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Eric Mai
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.M.P.); (M.M.); (E.M.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Jamie L. Redes
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.R.); (K.M.D.)
| | - Laura S. Kraemer
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.M.P.); (M.M.); (E.M.); (L.S.K.)
| | - Mahnaz Minai
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.); (I.N.M.)
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (M.M.); (I.N.M.)
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Lung and Vascular Inflammation Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (J.L.R.); (K.M.D.)
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; (C.M.P.); (M.M.); (E.M.); (L.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-761-6682
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19
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Jaiswal AK, Makhija S, Stahr N, Sandey M, Suryawanshi A, Mishra A. Pyruvate kinase M2 in lung APCs regulates Alternaria-induced airway inflammation. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151956. [PMID: 32747016 PMCID: PMC7403530 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity to allergenic fungi (Alternaria alternata) is associated with acute, severe asthma attacks. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the lung sense environmental perturbations that induce cellular stress and metabolic changes and are critical for allergic airway inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying such environmental sensing by APCs in the lung remains unclear. Here we show that acute Alternaria challenge rapidly induces neutrophil accumulation in airways, and alter expressions of Pyruvate Kinase (PKM2) and hypoxia-inducible factor -1α (Hif-1α) that correlates with proinflammatory mediator release. Blockade of IL33 signaling in vivo led to reduce oxidative stress and glycolysis in lung APCs. Lung-specific ablation of CD11c+ cells abrogates Alternaria-induced neutrophil accumulation and inflammation. Furthermore, administration of Alternaria into the airways stimulated APCs and elevate the expression of Glut-1. Mechanistically, we establish that PKM2 is a critical modulator of lung APC activation in Alternaria-induced acute inflammation. Allosteric activation of PKM2 by a small molecule ML265 or siRNA-mediated knock down correlated negatively with glycolysis and activation of APCs. These results collectively demonstrates that PKM2-mediated glycolytic reprogramming by fungal allergen Alternaria influences lung APC activation, thereby promotes acute airway inflammation. Our data support a model in which Alternaria sensitization in airways induce a circuitry of glycolysis and PKM2 regulation that confers an acute activation of APCs in the lung, whose targeting might represent a strategy for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Sangeet Makhija
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Natalie Stahr
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Maninder Sandey
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Amol Suryawanshi
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Amarjit Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
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20
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Penn RB. Mast cells in asthma: Here I am, stuck in the middle with you. Eur Respir J 2020; 56:56/1/2001337. [PMID: 32616549 PMCID: PMC7643049 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01337-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Holme JA, Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Eduard W. Characterization and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor mold particles. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:662-681. [PMID: 32078193 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold is obviously difficult to disentangle from other dampness-related exposure including microbes as well as non-biological particles and chemical pollutants. The association may partly be due to visible mycelial growth and a characteristic musty smell of mold. Thus, the potential role of mold exposure should be further explored by evaluating information from experimental studies elucidating possible mechanistic links. Such studies show that exposure to spores and hyphal fragments may act as allergens and pro-inflammatory mediators and that they may damage airways by the production of toxins, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds. In the present review, we hypothesize that continuous exposure to mold particles may result in chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory responses contributing to respiratory diseases. We summarize some of the main methods for detection and characterization of fungal aerosols and highlight in vitro research elucidating how molds may induce toxicity and pro-inflammatory reactions in human cell models relevant for airway exposure. Data suggest that the fraction of fungal hyphal fragments in indoor air is much higher than that of airborne spores, and the hyphal fragments often have a higher pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, hyphal fragments of prevalent mold species with strong pro-inflammatory potential may be particularly relevant candidates for respiratory diseases associated with damp/mold-contaminated indoor air. Future studies linking of indoor air dampness with health effects should assess the toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor air particulate matter and combined this information with a better characterization of biological components including hyphal fragments from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mold species. Such studies may increase our understanding of the potential role of mold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicines Access, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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22
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Airway Mycosis and the Regulation of Type 2 Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6020074. [PMID: 32485866 PMCID: PMC7344719 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi of the Aspergillus genus and others have long been linked to the induction of type 2 immunity that underlies IgE-mediated hypersensitivity responses. This unique immune response is characterized by the production of the allergy-associated T helper cell type 2 (Th2) and Th17 cytokines interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-13, and IL-17 that drive IgE, eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness and other manifestations of asthma. Proteinases secreted by filamentous fungi promote type 2 immunity, but the mechanism by which this occurs has long remained obscure. Through detailed biochemical analysis of household dust, microbiological dissection of human airway secretions, and extensive modeling in mice, our laboratory has assembled a detailed mechanistic description of how type 2 immunity evolves after exposure to fungi. In this review we summarize three key discoveries: (1) fungal proteinases drive the type 2 immune response; (2) the relationship between fungi, proteinases, and type 2 immunity is explained by airway mycosis, a form of non-invasive fungal infection of the airway lumen; and (3) the innate component of proteinase-driven type 2 immunity is mediated by cleavage of the clotting protein fibrinogen. Despite these advances, additional work is required to understand how Th2 and Th17 responses evolve and the role that non-filamentous fungi potentially play in allergic diseases.
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23
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Wu X, Lee B, Zhu L, Ding Z, Chen Y. Exposure to mold proteases stimulates mucin production in airway epithelial cells through Ras/Raf1/ERK signal pathway. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231990. [PMID: 32320453 PMCID: PMC7176129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental mold (fungus) exposure poses a significant threat to public health by causing illnesses ranging from invasive fungal diseases in immune compromised individuals to allergic hypertensive diseases such as asthma and asthma exacerbation in otherwise healthy people. However, the molecular pathogenesis has not been completely understood, and treatment options are limited. Due to its thermo-tolerance to the normal human body temperature, Aspergillus. fumigatus (A.fumigatus) is one of the most important human pathogens to cause different lung fungal diseases including fungal asthma. Airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness caused by mucus overproduction are the hallmarks of many A.fumigatus induced lung diseases. To understand the underlying molecular mechanism, we have utilized a well-established A.fumigatus extracts (AFE) model to elucidate downstream signal pathways that mediate A.fumigatus induced mucin production in airway epithelial cells. AFE was found to stimulate time- and dose-dependent increase of major airway mucin gene expression (MUC5AC and MUC5B) partly via the elevation of their promoter activities. We also demonstrated that EGFR was required but not sufficient for AFE-induced mucin expression, filling the paradoxical gap from a previous study using the same model. Furthermore, we showed that fungal proteases in AFE were responsible for mucin induction by activating a Ras/Raf1/ERK signaling pathway. Ca2+ signaling, but ROS, both of which were stimulated by fungal proteases, was an indispensable determinant for ERK activation and mucin induction. The discovery of this novel pathway likely contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of fungal sensitization in allergic diseases such as fungal asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Boram Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lingxiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou, China
- * E-mail: (ZD); (YC)
| | - Yin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- Asthma & Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZD); (YC)
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24
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Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Lee RJ. Polarization of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) signaling is altered during airway epithelial remodeling and deciliation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6721-6740. [PMID: 32241907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) is activated by secreted proteases from immune cells or fungi. PAR-2 is normally expressed basolaterally in differentiated nasal ciliated cells. We hypothesized that epithelial remodeling during diseases characterized by cilial loss and squamous metaplasia may alter PAR-2 polarization. Here, using a fluorescent arrestin assay, we confirmed that the common fungal airway pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus activates heterologously-expressed PAR-2. Endogenous PAR-2 activation in submerged airway RPMI 2650 or NCI-H520 squamous cells increased intracellular calcium levels and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin (IL)-6 secretion. RPMI 2650 cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI) responded to apically or basolaterally applied PAR-2 agonists. However, well-differentiated primary nasal epithelial ALIs responded only to basolateral PAR-2 stimulation, indicated by calcium elevation, increased cilia beat frequency, and increased fluid and cytokine secretion. We exposed primary cells to disease-related modifiers that alter epithelial morphology, including IL-13, cigarette smoke condensate, and retinoic acid deficiency, at concentrations and times that altered epithelial morphology without causing breakdown of the epithelial barrier to model early disease states. These altered primary cultures responded to both apical and basolateral PAR-2 stimulation. Imaging nasal polyps and control middle turbinate explants, we found that nasal polyps, but not turbinates, exhibit apical calcium responses to PAR-2 stimulation. However, isolated ciliated cells from both polyps and turbinates maintained basolateral PAR-2 polarization, suggesting that the calcium responses originated from nonciliated cells. Altered PAR-2 polarization in disease-remodeled epithelia may enhance apical responses and increase sensitivity to inhaled proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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25
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Krysko O, Teufelberger A, Van Nevel S, Krysko DV, Bachert C. Protease/antiprotease network in allergy: The role of Staphylococcus aureus protease-like proteins. Allergy 2019; 74:2077-2086. [PMID: 30888697 DOI: 10.1111/all.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is being recognized as a major cofactor in atopic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and asthma. The understanding of the relationship between S aureus virulence factors and the immune system is continuously improving. Although the precise mechanism of the host's immune response adaptation to the variable secretion profile of S aureus strains continues to be a matter of debate, an increasing number of studies have reported on central effects of S aureus secretome in allergy. In this review, we discuss how colonization of S aureus modulates the innate and adaptive immune response, thereby predisposing the organism to allergic sensitization and disrupting immune tolerance in the airways of patients with asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Next, we provide a critical overview of novel concepts dealing with S aureus in the initiation and persistence of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma. The role of the S aureus serine protease-like proteins in the initiation of a type 2 response and the contribution of the IL-33/ST2 signaling axis in allergic responses induced by bacterial allergens are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Andrea Teufelberger
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sharon Van Nevel
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Dmitri V. Krysko
- Institute of Biology and Biomedicine National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod Russian Federation
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent Ghent Belgium
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department Head and Skin Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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26
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Daines M, Zhu L, Pereira R, Zhou X, Bondy C, Pryor BM, Zhou J, Chen Y. Alternaria induces airway epithelial cytokine expression independent of protease-activated receptor. Respirology 2019; 25:502-510. [PMID: 31430011 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE A novel fungal allergen, Alternaria (Alt), has been previously shown to associate with the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Airway epithelial cells are among the first to encounter Alt, and epithelial cytokine production and subsequent airway inflammation are early events in the response to Alt exposure. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. As protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been implicated in most of the Alt-induced biological events, we investigated the regulation of airway inflammation and epithelial cytokine expression by PAR2. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Par2 knockout (Par2-KO) mice were used to evaluate the in vivo role of PAR2. Primary human and mouse airway epithelial cells were used to examine the mechanistic basis of epithelial cytokine regulation in vitro. RESULTS Surprisingly, Par2 deficiency had no negative impact on the change of lung function, inflammation and cytokine production in the mouse model of Alt-induced asthma. Alt-induced cytokine production in murine airway epithelial cells from Par2-KO mice was not significantly different from the WT cells. Consistently, PAR2 knockdown in human cells also had no effect on cytokine expression. In contrast, the cytokine expressions induced by synthetic PAR2 agonist or other asthma-related allergens (e.g. cockroach extracts) were indeed mediated via a PAR2-dependent mechanism. Finally, we found that EGFR pathway was responsible for Alt-induced epithelial cytokine expression. CONCLUSION The activation of EGFR, but not PAR2, was likely to drive the airway inflammation and epithelial cytokine production induced by Alt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Daines
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lingxiang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Rhea Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Cheryl Bondy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Barry M Pryor
- School of Plant Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Yin Chen
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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27
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Causton B, Pardo-Saganta A, Gillis J, Discipio K, Kooistra T, Rajagopal J, Xavier RJ, Cho JL, Medoff BD. CARMA3 Mediates Allergic Lung Inflammation in Response to Alternaria alternata. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 59:684-694. [PMID: 29958012 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2017-0181oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelial cell (AEC) response to allergens helps initiate and propagate allergic inflammation in asthma. CARMA3 is a scaffold protein that mediates G protein-coupled receptor-induced NF-κB activation in airway epithelium. In this study, we demonstrate that mice with CARMA3-deficient AECs have reduced airway inflammation, as well as reduced type 2 cytokine levels in response to Alternaria alternata. These mice also have reduced production of IL-33 and IL-25, and reduced numbers of innate lymphoid cells in the lung. We also show that CARMA3-deficient human AECs have decreased production of proasthmatic mediators in response to A. alternata. Finally, we show that CARMA3 interacts with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in AECs, and that inhibition of CARMA3 signaling reduces A. alternata-induced intracellular calcium release. In conclusion, we show that CARMA3 signaling in AECs helps mediate A. alternata-induced allergic airway inflammation, and that CARMA3 is an important signaling molecule for type 2 immune responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Causton
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ana Pardo-Saganta
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,4 Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Jacob Gillis
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Katherine Discipio
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Tristan Kooistra
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,4 Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, and
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- 5 Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and.,2 Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Josalyn L Cho
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Benjamin D Medoff
- 1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.,3 Center for Regenerative Medicine
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28
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Li E, Knight JM, Wu Y, Luong A, Rodriguez A, Kheradmand F, Corry DB. Airway mycosis in allergic airway disease. Adv Immunol 2019; 142:85-140. [PMID: 31296304 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The allergic airway diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), asthma, allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM) and many others, comprise a heterogeneous collection of inflammatory disorders affecting the upper and lower airways and lung parenchyma that represent the most common chronic diseases of humanity. In addition to their shared tissue tropism, the allergic airway diseases are characterized by a distinct pattern of inflammation involving the accumulation of eosinophils, type 2 macrophages, innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2), IgE-secreting B cells, and T helper type 2 (Th2) cells in airway tissues, and the prominent production of type 2 cytokines including interleukin (IL-) 33, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and many others. These factors and related inflammatory molecules induce characteristic remodeling and other changes of the airways that include goblet cell metaplasia, enhanced mucus secretion, smooth muscle hypertrophy, tissue swelling and polyp formation that account for the major clinical manifestations of nasal obstruction, headache, hyposmia, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, wheezing, and, in the most severe cases of lower airway disease, death due to respiratory failure or disseminated, systemic disease. The syndromic nature of the allergic airway diseases that now include many physiological variants or endotypes suggests that distinct endogenous or environmental factors underlie their expression. However, findings from different perspectives now collectively link these disorders to a single infectious source, the fungi, and a molecular pathogenesis that involves the local production of airway proteinases by these organisms. In this review, we discuss the evidence linking fungi and their proteinases to the surprisingly wide variety of chronic airway and systemic disorders and the immune pathogenesis of these conditions as they relate to environmental fungi. We further discuss the important implications these new findings have for the diagnosis and future therapy of these common conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Li
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - J Morgan Knight
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amber Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Texas Health Science at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Antony Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Michael E. DeBakey VA Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Houston, TX, United States.
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29
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Puttur F, Denney L, Gregory LG, Vuononvirta J, Oliver R, Entwistle LJ, Walker SA, Headley MB, McGhee EJ, Pease JE, Krummel MF, Carlin LM, Lloyd CM. Pulmonary environmental cues drive group 2 innate lymphoid cell dynamics in mice and humans. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaav7638. [PMID: 31175176 PMCID: PMC6744282 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav7638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are enriched in mucosal tissues (e.g., lung) and respond to epithelial cell-derived cytokines initiating type 2 inflammation. During inflammation, ILC2 numbers are increased in the lung. However, the mechanisms controlling ILC2 trafficking and motility within inflamed lungs remain unclear and are crucial for understanding ILC2 function in pulmonary immunity. Using several approaches, including lung intravital microscopy, we demonstrate that pulmonary ILC2s are highly dynamic, exhibit amoeboid-like movement, and aggregate in the lung peribronchial and perivascular spaces. They express distinct chemokine receptors, including CCR8, and actively home to CCL8 deposits located around the airway epithelium. Within lung tissue, ILC2s were particularly motile in extracellular matrix-enriched regions. We show that collagen-I drives ILC2 to markedly change their morphology by remodeling their actin cytoskeleton to promote environmental exploration critical for regulating eosinophilic inflammation. Our study provides previously unappreciated insights into ILC2 migratory patterns during inflammation and highlights the importance of environmental guidance cues in the lung in controlling ILC2 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Puttur
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Denney
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa G Gregory
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Juho Vuononvirta
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Oliver
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lewis J Entwistle
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Simone A Walker
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mark B Headley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Leo M Carlin
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Clare M Lloyd
- Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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30
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Dietz CJ, Sun H, Yao WC, Citardi MJ, Corry DB, Luong AU. Aspergillus fumigatusinduction of IL‐33 expression in chronic rhinosinusitis is PAR2‐dependent. Laryngoscope 2019; 129:2230-2235. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J. Dietz
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
- the Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
- the Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - William C. Yao
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Martin J. Citardi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine and the Biology of Inflammation CenterBaylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Amber U. Luong
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
- the Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, Institute of Molecular MedicineMcGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center Houston Texas U.S.A
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31
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Heuberger DM, Schuepbach RA. Protease-activated receptors (PARs): mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases. Thromb J 2019; 17:4. [PMID: 30976204 PMCID: PMC6440139 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-019-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases have become increasingly prevalent with industrialization. To address this, numerous anti-inflammatory agents and molecular targets have been considered in clinical trials. Among molecular targets, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are abundantly recognized for their roles in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. In particular, several inflammatory effects are directly mediated by the sensing of proteolytic activity by PARs. PARs belong to the seven transmembrane domain G protein-coupled receptor family, but are unique in their lack of physiologically soluble ligands. In contrast with classical receptors, PARs are activated by N-terminal proteolytic cleavage. Upon removal of specific N-terminal peptides, the resulting N-termini serve as tethered activation ligands that interact with the extracellular loop 2 domain and initiate receptor signaling. In the classical pathway, activated receptors mediate signaling by recruiting G proteins. However, activation of PARs alternatively lead to the transactivation of and signaling through receptors such as co-localized PARs, ion channels, and toll-like receptors. In this review we consider PARs and their modulators as potential therapeutic agents, and summarize the current understanding of PAR functions from clinical and in vitro studies of PAR-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Heuberger
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Division, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto A Schuepbach
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Murrison LB, Brandt EB, Myers JB, Hershey GKK. Environmental exposures and mechanisms in allergy and asthma development. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:1504-1515. [PMID: 30741719 DOI: 10.1172/jci124612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures interplay with human host factors to promote the development and progression of allergic diseases. The worldwide prevalence of allergic disease is rising as a result of complex gene-environment interactions that shape the immune system and host response. Research shows an association between the rise of allergic diseases and increasingly modern Westernized lifestyles, which are characterized by increased urbanization, time spent indoors, and antibiotic usage. These environmental changes result in increased exposure to air and traffic pollution, fungi, infectious agents, tobacco smoke, and other early-life and lifelong risk factors for the development and exacerbation of asthma and allergic diseases. It is increasingly recognized that the timing, load, and route of allergen exposure affect allergic disease phenotypes and development. Still, our ability to prevent allergic diseases is hindered by gaps in understanding of the underlying mechanisms and interaction of environmental, viral, and allergen exposures with immune pathways that impact disease development. This Review highlights epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence linking environmental exposures to the development and exacerbation of allergic airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Bronner Murrison
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric B Brandt
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jocelyn Biagini Myers
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Yee MC, Nichols HL, Polley D, Saifeddine M, Pal K, Lee K, Wilson EH, Daines MO, Hollenberg MD, Boitano S, DeFea KA. Protease-activated receptor-2 signaling through β-arrestin-2 mediates Alternaria alkaline serine protease-induced airway inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L1042-L1057. [PMID: 30335499 PMCID: PMC6337008 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00196.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria alternata is a fungal allergen associated with severe asthma and asthma exacerbations. Similarly to other asthma-associated allergens, Alternaria secretes a serine-like trypsin protease(s) that is thought to act through the G protein-coupled receptor protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) to induce asthma symptoms. However, specific mechanisms underlying Alternaria-induced PAR2 activation and signaling remain ill-defined. We sought to determine whether Alternaria-induced PAR2 signaling contributed to asthma symptoms via a PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis, identify the protease activity responsible for PAR2 signaling, and determine whether protease activity was sufficient for Alternaria-induced asthma symptoms in animal models. We initially used in vitro models to demonstrate Alternaria-induced PAR2/β-arrestin-2 signaling. Alternaria filtrates were then used to sensitize and challenge wild-type, PAR2-/- and β-arrestin-2-/- mice in vivo. Intranasal administration of Alternaria filtrate resulted in a protease-dependent increase of airway inflammation and mucin production in wild-type but not PAR2-/- or β-arrestin-2-/- mice. Protease was isolated from Alternaria preparations, and select in vitro and in vivo experiments were repeated to evaluate sufficiency of the isolated Alternaria protease to induce asthma phenotype. Administration of a single isolated serine protease from Alternaria, Alternaria alkaline serine protease (AASP), was sufficient to fully activate PAR2 signaling and induce β-arrestin-2-/--dependent eosinophil and lymphocyte recruitment in vivo. In conclusion, Alternaria filtrates induce airway inflammation and mucus hyperplasia largely via AASP using the PAR2/β-arrestin signaling axis. Thus, β-arrestin-biased PAR2 antagonists represent novel therapeutic targets for treating aeroallergen-induced asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Yee
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Heddie L Nichols
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Danny Polley
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Kasturi Pal
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Kyu Lee
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Michael O Daines
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Cumming School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Medicine, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Scott Boitano
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Kathryn A DeFea
- Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Cell Molecular and Developmental Biology and Biochemistry Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of California Riverside , Riverside, California
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Kim YC, Won HK, Lee JW, Sohn KH, Kim MH, Kim TB, Chang YS, Lee BJ, Cho SH, Bachert C, Song WJ. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization and Asthma in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2018; 7:606-615.e9. [PMID: 30193937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is a frequent colonizer in humans, and it is known to be associated with chronic allergic diseases including asthma. Recent individual studies suggested that nasal SA colonization may be positively associated with asthma. OBJECTIVE To examine relationships between nasal SA colonization and asthma prevalence and activity in adults. METHODS Electronic databases were searched for studies published until June 2018. Studies that reported nasal SA colonization prevalence and asthma outcome (prevalence and disease activity) in general adult populations or patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were included. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled odds ratio (OR) of the relationships. Subgroup analysis was conducted for the presence of nasal polyps within CRS populations. RESULTS A total of 21 cross-sectional studies were identified, and the data from 16 studies using culture methods for SA detection were meta-analyzed (5 general population-based studies and 11 studies of patients with CRS). In studies of general populations, nasal SA colonization had significant relationships with asthma prevalence (OR 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.34; I2 = 1%). In studies of patients with CRS, positive associations were also found but had a considerable heterogeneity (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.18-2.97; I2 = 72%). However, the results were comparable between CRS with and without nasal polyps. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated modest but significant relationships between nasal SA colonization and asthma, supporting potential roles of SA in adult patients with asthma. Further longitudinal cohort and intervention studies are warranted to identify host determinants and to clarify causality of the relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kim
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Kyeong Won
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Lee
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hee Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Hye Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Bum Kim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Byung-Jae Lee
- Division of Allergy, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Cho
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Claus Bachert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Woo-Jung Song
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Allergy and Immunology, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
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Bartemes KR, Kita H. Innate and adaptive immune responses to fungi in the airway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:353-363. [PMID: 30080527 PMCID: PMC6083885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous outdoors and indoors. Exposure, sensitization, or both to fungi are strongly associated with development of asthma and allergic airway diseases. Furthermore, global climate change will likely increase the prevalence of fungi and enhance their antigenicity. Major progress has been made during the past several years regarding our understanding of antifungal immunity. Fungi contain cell-wall molecules, such as β-glucan and chitin, and secrete biologically active proteases and glycosidases. Airway epithelial cells and innate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, are equipped with cell-surface molecules that react to these fungal products, resulting in production of cytokines and proinflammatory mediators. As a result, the adaptive arm of antifungal immunity, including TH1-, TH2-, and TH17-type CD4+ T cells, is established, reinforcing protection against fungal infection and causing detrimental immunopathology in certain subjects. We are only in the beginning stages of understanding the complex biology of fungi and detailed mechanisms of how they activate the immune response that can protect against or drive diseases in human subjects. Here we describe our current understanding with an emphasis on airway allergic immune responses. The gaps in our knowledge and desirable future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Bartemes
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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Ma M, Redes JL, Percopo CM, Druey KM, Rosenberg HF. Alternaria alternata challenge at the nasal mucosa results in eosinophilic inflammation and increased susceptibility to influenza virus infection. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 48:691-702. [PMID: 29473965 PMCID: PMC5992052 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils in the nasal mucosa are an elemental feature of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to explore eosinophilic inflammation and its impact on respiratory virus infection at the nasal mucosa. METHODS Inflammation in the nasal mucosae of mice was evaluated in response to repetitive stimulation with strict intranasal volumes of a filtrate of Alternaria alternata. Mice were then challenged with influenza virus. RESULTS Repetitive stimulation with A. alternata resulted in eosinophil recruitment to the nasal passages in association with elevated levels of IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin-1; eosinophil recruitment was diminished in eotaxin-1-/- mice, and abolished in Rag1-/- mice. A. alternata also resulted in elevated levels of nasal wash IgA in both wild-type and eosinophil-deficient ∆dblGATA mice. Interestingly, A. alternata-treated mice responded to an influenza virus infection with profound weight loss and mortality compared to mice that received diluent alone (0% vs 100% survival, ***P < .001); the lethal response was blunted when A. alternata was heat-inactivated. Minimal differences in virus titre were detected, and eosinophils present in the nasal passages at the time of virus inoculation provided no protection against the lethal sequelae. Interestingly, nasal wash fluids from mice treated with A. alternata included more neutrophils and higher levels of pro-inflammatory mediators in response to virus challenge, among these, IL-6, a biomarker for disease severity in human influenza. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Repetitive administration of A. alternata resulted in inflammation of the nasal mucosae and unanticipated morbidity and mortality in response to subsequent challenge with influenza virus. Interestingly, and in contrast to findings in the lower airways, eosinophils recruited to the nasal passages provided no protection against lethal infection. As increased susceptibility to influenza virus among individuals with rhinitis has been the subject of several clinical reports, this model may be used for further exploration of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ma
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jamie L. Redes
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Caroline M. Percopo
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Scott IC, Majithiya JB, Sanden C, Thornton P, Sanders PN, Moore T, Guscott M, Corkill DJ, Erjefält JS, Cohen ES. Interleukin-33 is activated by allergen- and necrosis-associated proteolytic activities to regulate its alarmin activity during epithelial damage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3363. [PMID: 29463838 PMCID: PMC5820248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is an IL-1 family alarmin released from damaged epithelial and endothelial barriers to elicit immune responses and allergic inflammation via its receptor ST2. Serine proteases released from neutrophils, mast cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes have been proposed to process the N-terminus of IL-33 to enhance its activity. Here we report that processing of full length IL-33 can occur in mice deficient in these immune cell protease activities. We sought alternative mechanisms for the proteolytic activation of IL-33 and discovered that exogenous allergen proteases and endogenous calpains, from damaged airway epithelial cells, can process full length IL-33 and increase its alarmin activity up to ~60-fold. Processed forms of IL-33 of apparent molecular weights ~18, 20, 22 and 23 kDa, were detected in human lungs consistent with some, but not all, proposed processing sites. Furthermore, allergen proteases degraded processed forms of IL-33 after cysteine residue oxidation. We suggest that IL-33 can sense the proteolytic and oxidative microenvironment during tissue injury that facilitate its rapid activation and inactivation to regulate the duration of its alarmin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Scott
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom.
| | - Jayesh B Majithiya
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Sanden
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Thornton
- Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Sanders
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Moore
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Molly Guscott
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic J Corkill
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas S Erjefält
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - E Suzanne Cohen
- Department of Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, MedImmune, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
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Teufelberger AR, Nordengrün M, Braun H, Maes T, De Grove K, Holtappels G, O'Brien C, Provoost S, Hammad H, Gonçalves A, Beyaert R, Declercq W, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Bröker BM, Bachert C, Krysko O. The IL-33/ST2 axis is crucial in type 2 airway responses induced by Staphylococcus aureus –derived serine protease–like protein D. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:549-559.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ramu S, Menzel M, Bjermer L, Andersson C, Akbarshahi H, Uller L. Allergens produce serine proteases-dependent distinct release of metabolite DAMPs in human bronchial epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 48:156-166. [PMID: 29210131 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The respiratory epithelium is a major site for disease interaction with inhaled allergens. Additional to IgE-dependent effects, allergens contain proteases that may stimulate human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) through protease-activated receptors, causing the release of mediators important in driving Th2-mediated immune responses. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate whether different allergens induce metabolite DAMPs such as ATP and uric acid (UA) release in HBECs. METHODS HBECs (BEAS-2B cell line) were exposed to different allergen extracts; house dust mite (HDM), Alternaria alternata, Artemisia vulgaris and Betula pendula and UA, ATP, IL-8 and IL-33 release were measured. Allergen extracts were heat-inactivated or pre-incubated with serine (AEBSF) or cysteine (E64) protease inhibitors to study the involvement of protease activity in ATP, UA and IL-8 release. HDM-induced release of UA was studied in a mouse model of allergic inflammation. RESULTS All allergens caused dose-dependent rapid release of ATP and IL-8, but only HDM induced UA release from HBECs. HDM also caused release of UA in vivo in our mouse model of allergic inflammation. ATP release by all 4 allergen extracts was significantly reduced by heat-inactivation and by serine protease inhibitors. Similarly, the HDM-induced UA release was also abrogated by heat-inactivation of HDM extract and dependent on serine proteases. Furthermore, allergen-induced IL-8 mRNA expression was inhibited by serine protease inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE ATP was released by all 4 allergens in HBECs supporting the role of ATP involvement in asthma pathology. However, HDM stands out by its capacity to cause UA release, which is of interest in view of the proposed role of UA in early initiation of allergic asthma. Although serine proteases may be involved in the activity of all the studied allergens, further work is warranted to explain the differences between HDM and the other 3 allergens regarding the effects on UA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ramu
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M Menzel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Bjermer
- Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - C Andersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - H Akbarshahi
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Uller
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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McMahon DB, Workman AD, Kohanski MA, Carey RM, Freund JR, Hariri BM, Chen B, Doghramji LJ, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Kennedy DW, Lee RJ. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates airway apical membrane chloride permeability and increases ciliary beating. FASEB J 2017; 32:155-167. [PMID: 28874459 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700114rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance, driven by the engine of ciliary beating, is the primary physical airway defense against inhaled pathogens and irritants. A better understanding of the regulation of ciliary beating and mucociliary transport is necessary for identifying new receptor targets to stimulate improved clearance in airway diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and chronic rhinosinusitis. In this study, we examined the protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a GPCR previously shown to regulate airway cell cytokine and mucus secretion, and transepithelial Cl- current. PAR-2 is activated by proteases secreted by airway neutrophils and pathogens. We cultured various airway cell lines, primary human and mouse sinonasal cells, and human bronchial cells at air-liquid interface and examined them using molecular biology, biochemistry, and live-cell imaging. We found that PAR-2 is expressed basolaterally, where it stimulates both intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ influx, which activates low-level nitric oxide production, increases apical membrane Cl- permeability ∼3-5-fold, and increases ciliary beating ∼20-50%. No molecular or functional evidence of PAR-4 was observed. These data suggest a novel and previously overlooked role of PAR-2 in airway physiology, adding to our understanding of the role of this receptor in airway Ca2+ signaling and innate immunity.-McMahon, D. B., Workman, A. D., Kohanski, M. A., Carey, R. M., Freund, J. R., Hariri, B. M., Chen, B., Doghramji, L. J., Adappa, N. D., Palmer, J. N., Kennedy, D. W., Lee, R. J. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates airway apical membrane chloride permeability and increases ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek B McMahon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan D Workman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael A Kohanski
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryan M Carey
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenna R Freund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Benjamin M Hariri
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Laurel J Doghramji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nithin D Adappa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James N Palmer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David W Kennedy
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Isermann B. Homeostatic effects of coagulation protease-dependent signaling and protease activated receptors. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1273-1284. [PMID: 28671351 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic function of the coagulation system in regard to hemostasis is well established. Homeostasis of blood coagulation depends partially on protease activated receptor (PAR)-signaling. Beyond coagulation proteases, numerous other soluble and cell-bound proteases convey cellular effects via PAR signaling. As we learn more about the mechanisms underlying cell-, tissue-, and context-specific PAR signaling, we concurrently gain new insights into physiological and pathophysiological functions of PARs. In this regard, regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis by PAR signaling is an evolving scheme. Akin to the control of blood clotting per se (the fibrin-platelet interaction) coagulation proteases coordinately regulate cell- and tissue-specific functions. This review summarizes recent insights into homeostatic regulation through PAR signaling, focusing on blood coagulation proteases. Considering the common use of drugs altering coagulation protease activity through either broad or targeted inhibitory activities, and the advent of PAR modulating drugs, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms through which coagulation proteases and PAR signaling regulate not only hemostasis, but also cell and tissue homeostasis is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Deckers J, De Bosscher K, Lambrecht BN, Hammad H. Interplay between barrier epithelial cells and dendritic cells in allergic sensitization through the lung and the skin. Immunol Rev 2017; 278:131-144. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Deckers
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Department of Biochemistry; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Receptor Research Laboratories; Nuclear Receptor Lab; VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology; Ghent Belgium
| | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology; VIB Center for Inflammation Research; Ghent Belgium
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Different clinical effect of several types of airborne allergens on the severity of bronchial hyperreactivity. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017; 129:674-679. [PMID: 28593388 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-017-1220-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic sensitization belongs to the most common risk factors for bronchial asthma. However, in clinical practice, it is not clear whether sensitization against pollen and perennial allergens is differently associated with the severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). AIM To find out whether patients sensitized to perennial allergens differ in severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness from patients sensitized to pollen allergens. METHODS The study includes 109 patients. Based on the results of skin prick tests, patients were divided into three groups: sensitivity to pollen allergens - group A; sensitivity to perennial allergens - group B; sensitivity to both pollen and perennial allergens - group C. Based on the histamine bronchoprovocation test, we compared the values of histamine provocative concentration causing a 20% drop in FEV1 (PC20) among particular groups of patients. Mild bronchial hyperresponsiveness was determined if the value of PC20 was >4 mg/ml, while if the value of PC20 was <4 mg/ml, the bronchial hyperresponsiveness was considered as moderate/severe. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found in the degrees of bronchial hyperresponsiveness between the three groups of patients, namely, group A with the patients sensitized only to the pollen allergens, group B comprising patients sensitized to the perennial allergens only, and group C, involving patients sensitized to the combination of both pollen and perennial allergens. The PC20 values were higher among the patients from the group A (7.46 mg/ml) compared to group B (4.25 mg/ml) and C (4.52 mg/ml). The odds ratio for moderate/severe BHR was 5.21 and 5.04 in group B and group C, respectively. CONCLUSION Severity of bronchial hyperresponsiveness shows differences according to sensitization to particular allergens. Perennial allergens are more often associated with serious forms of bronchial hyperresponsiveness which also have an impact on the severity and prognosis of bronchial asthma.
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Zaidman NA, O'Grady KE, Patil N, Milavetz F, Maniak PJ, Kita H, O'Grady SM. Airway epithelial anion secretion and barrier function following exposure to fungal aeroallergens: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C68-C79. [PMID: 28446427 PMCID: PMC5538799 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aeroallergens produced by Alternaria alternata can elicit life-threatening exacerbations of asthma in patients sensitized to this fungus. In this study, the effect of Alternaria on ion transport mechanisms underlying mucociliary clearance and airway epithelial barrier function was investigated in human airway epithelial cells. Apical exposure to Alternaria induced an increase in anion secretion that was inhibited by blockers of CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Stimulation of anion secretion was dependent on Ca2+ uptake from the apical solution. Alternaria exposure also produced an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was blocked by pretreatment with the oxidant scavenger glutathione (GSH). GSH and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor/complex 1 electron transport inhibitor diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI) blocked ATP release and the increase in intracellular [Ca2+] evoked by AlternariaAlternaria also decreased transepithelial resistance, and a portion of this effect was dependent on the increase in ROS. However, the Alternaria-induced increase in unidirectional dextran (molecular mass = 4,000 Da) flux across the epithelium could not be accounted for by increased oxidative stress. These results support the conclusion that oxidative stress induced by Alternaria was responsible for regulating Ca2+-dependent anion secretion and tight junction electrical resistance that would be expected to affect mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Zaidman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelly E O'Grady
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Francesca Milavetz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; .,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Ramachandran R, Altier C, Oikonomopoulou K, Hollenberg MD. Proteinases, Their Extracellular Targets, and Inflammatory Signaling. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:1110-1142. [PMID: 27677721 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.010991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that over 2% of the human genome codes for proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, it is not surprising that proteinases serve many physiologic-pathophysiological roles. In this context, we provide an overview of proteolytic mechanisms regulating inflammation, with a focus on cell signaling stimulated by the generation of inflammatory peptides; activation of the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), with a mechanism in common with adhesion-triggered GPCRs (ADGRs); and by proteolytic ion channel regulation. These mechanisms are considered in the much wider context that proteolytic mechanisms serve, including the processing of growth factors and their receptors, the regulation of matrix-integrin signaling, and the generation and release of membrane-tethered receptor ligands. These signaling mechanisms are relevant for inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases as well as for cancer. We propose that the inflammation-triggering proteinases and their proteolytically generated substrates represent attractive therapeutic targets and we discuss appropriate targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithwik Ramachandran
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Christophe Altier
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Inflammation Research Network-Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology (R.R., C.A., M.D.H.) and Department of Medicine (M.D.H.),University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (K.O.); and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada (R.R.)
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47
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Asaduzzaman M, Nadeem A, Arizmendi N, Davidson C, Nichols HL, Abel M, Ionescu LI, Puttagunta L, Thebaud B, Gordon J, DeFea K, Hollenberg MD, Vliagoftis H. Functional inhibition of PAR2 alleviates allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 45:1844-55. [PMID: 26312432 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2 ) is a G protein-coupled receptor activated by trypsin-like serine proteinases. PAR2 activation has been associated with inflammation including allergic airway inflammation. We have also shown that PAR2 activation in the airways leads to allergic sensitization. The exact contribution of PAR2 in the development of eosinophilic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in sensitized individuals is not clear. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether functional inhibition of PAR2 during allergen challenge of allergic mice would inhibit allergen-induced AHR and inflammation in mouse models of asthma. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) or cockroach extract (CE). To investigate the role of PAR2 in the development of AHR and airway inflammation, we administered blocking anti-PAR2 antibodies, or a cell permeable peptide inhibitor of PAR2 signalling, pepducin, i.n. before allergen challenges and then assessed AHR and airway inflammation. RESULTS Administration of anti-PAR2 antibodies significantly inhibited OVA- and CE-induced AHR and airway inflammation. In particular, two anti-PAR2 antibodies, the monoclonal SAM-11 and polyclonal B5, inhibited AHR, airway eosinophilia, the increase of cytokines in the lung tissue and antigen-specific T cell proliferation, but had no effect on antigen-specific IgG and IgE levels. Pepducin was also effective in inhibiting AHR and airway inflammation in an OVA model of allergic airway inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Functional blockade of PAR2 in the airways during allergen challenge improves allergen-induced AHR and inflammation in mice. Therefore, topical PAR2 blockade in the airways, through anti-PAR2 antibodies or molecules that interrupt PAR2 signalling, has the potential to be used as a therapeutic option in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Asaduzzaman
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A Nadeem
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - N Arizmendi
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Davidson
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - H L Nichols
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - M Abel
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L I Ionescu
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - L Puttagunta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - B Thebaud
- Department of Physiology, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J Gordon
- Immunology Research Group, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - K DeFea
- Division of Biomedical Sciences and Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - M D Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - H Vliagoftis
- Pulmonary Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Swedin L, Saarne T, Rehnberg M, Glader P, Niedzielska M, Johansson G, Hazon P, Catley MC. Patient stratification and the unmet need in asthma. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 169:13-34. [PMID: 27373855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is often described as an inflammatory disease of the lungs and in most patients symptomatic treatment with bronchodilators or inhaled corticosteroids is sufficient to control disease. Unfortunately there are a proportion of patients who fail to achieve control despite treatment with the best current treatment. These severe asthma patients have been considered a homogeneous group of patients that represent the unmet therapeutic need in asthma. Many novel therapies have been tested in unselected asthma patients and the effects have often been disappointing, particularly for the highly specific monoclonal antibody-based drugs such as anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-5. More recently, it has become clear that asthma is a syndrome with many different disease drivers. Clinical trials of anti-IL-13 and anti-IL-5 have focused on biomarker-defined patient groups and these trials have driven the clinical progression of these drugs. Work on asthma phenotyping indicates that there is a group of asthma patients where T helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines and inflammation predominate and these type 2 high (T2-high) patients can be defined by biomarkers and response to therapies targeting this type of immunity, including anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-13. However, there is still a subset of T2-low patients that do not respond to these new therapies. This T2-low group will represent the new unmet medical need now that the T2-high-targeting therapies have made it to the market. This review will examine the current thinking on patient stratification in asthma and the identification of the T2-high subset. It will also look at the T2-low patients and examine what may be the drivers of disease in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Swedin
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tiiu Saarne
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Rehnberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Glader
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Niedzielska
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gustav Johansson
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petra Hazon
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matthew C Catley
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMED, Translational Biology, AstraZeneca R&D Gothenburg, Sweden.
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49
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Anderson EL, Kobayashi T, Iijima K, Bartemes KR, Chen CC, Kita H. IL-33 mediates reactive eosinophilopoiesis in response to airborne allergen exposure. Allergy 2016; 71:977-88. [PMID: 26864308 DOI: 10.1111/all.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to aeroallergens induces eosinophilic airway inflammation in patients with asthma and allergic airway diseases. The circulating number of eosinophils in peripheral blood is relatively small, leading us to hypothesize that bone marrow needs to be engaged quickly to meet the demands of the tissues. METHODS To investigate the communication between the lungs and bone marrow, we used acute allergen exposure and airway inflammation models in mice. Gene-deficient mice and cytokine reporter mice as well as in vitro cell culture models were used to dissect the mechanisms. RESULTS Naïve BALB/c mice produced increased numbers of eosinophil precursors and mature eosinophils in the bone marrow when their airways were exposed to a common fungal allergen, Alternaria alternata. Expression of IL-5 and IL-33 increased rapidly in the lungs, but not in the bone marrow. Sera from allergen-exposed mice promoted eosinophilopoiesis in bone marrow cells from naïve mice, which was blocked by anti-IL-5 antibody. Mice deficient in the IL-33 receptor ST2 (i.e., Il1rl1(-/-) mice) were unable to increase their serum levels of IL-5 and allergen-induced eosinophilopoiesis in the bone marrow after allergen exposure. Finally, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in the lungs showed robust expression of IL-5 after Alternaria exposure. CONCLUSIONS These finding suggests that lung IL-33, through innate activation of ILC2s and their production of IL-5, plays a key role in promoting acute reactive eosinophilopoiesis in the bone marrow when naïve animals are exposed to airborne allergens. Therefore, bone marrow eosinophilopoiesis may be affected by atmospheric environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. Kobayashi
- Division of Allergic Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - K. Iijima
- Division of Allergic Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | | | - C.-C. Chen
- Department of Immunology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
| | - H. Kita
- Department of Immunology; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
- Division of Allergic Diseases; Department of Internal Medicine; Mayo Clinic; Rochester MN USA
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50
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Gauvreau GM, Arm JP, Boulet LP, Leigh R, Cockcroft DW, Davis BE, Mayers I, FitzGerald JM, Dahlen B, Killian KJ, Laviolette M, Carlsten C, Lazarinis N, Watson RM, Milot J, Swystun V, Bowen M, Hui L, Lantz AS, Meiser K, Maahs S, Lowe PJ, Skerjanec A, Drollmann A, O'Byrne PM. Efficacy and safety of multiple doses of QGE031 (ligelizumab) versus omalizumab and placebo in inhibiting allergen-induced early asthmatic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1051-1059. [PMID: 27185571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omalizumab is an established anti-IgE therapy for the treatment of allergic diseases that prevents IgE from binding to its receptor. QGE031 is an investigational anti-IgE antibody that binds IgE with higher affinity than omalizumab. OBJECTIVE This study compared the effects of QGE031 with those of omalizumab on clinical efficacy, IgE levels, and FcεRI expression in a clinical model of allergic asthma. METHODS Thirty-seven patients with mild allergic asthma were randomized to subcutaneous omalizumab, placebo, or QGE031 at 24, 72, or 240 mg every 2 weeks for 10 weeks in a double-blind, parallel-group multicenter study. Inhaled allergen challenges and skin tests were conducted before dosing and at weeks 6, 12, and 18, and blood was collected until 24 weeks after the first dose. RESULTS QGE031 elicited a concentration- and time-dependent change in the provocative concentration of allergen causing a 15% decrease in FEV1 (allergen PC15) that was maximal and approximately 3-fold greater than that of omalizumab (P = .10) and 16-fold greater than that of placebo (P = .0001) at week 12 in the 240-mg cohort. Skin responses reached 85% suppression at week 12 in the 240-mg cohort and were maximal at week 18. The top doses of QGE031 consistently suppressed skin test responses among subjects but had a variable effect on allergen PC15 (2-fold to 500-fold change). QGE031 was well tolerated. CONCLUSION QGE031 has greater efficacy than omalizumab on inhaled and skin allergen responses in patients with mild allergic asthma. These data support the clinical development of QGE031 as a treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Arm
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, and Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Louis-Philippe Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donald W Cockcroft
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Beth E Davis
- Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Irvin Mayers
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - J Mark FitzGerald
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Barbro Dahlen
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kieran J Killian
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nikolaos Lazarinis
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard M Watson
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Milot
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veronica Swystun
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miranda Bowen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Linda Hui
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ann-Sofie Lantz
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Meiser
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, and Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philip J Lowe
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, and Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrej Skerjanec
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, and Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton Drollmann
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, and Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paul M O'Byrne
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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