1
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Qi Y, Chang SS, Wang Y, Chen C, Baek KI, Hsiai T, Roper M. Hemodynamic regulation allows stable growth of microvascular networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2310993121. [PMID: 38386707 PMCID: PMC10907248 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2310993121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
How do vessels find optimal radii? Capillaries are known to adapt their radii to maintain the shear stress of blood flow at the vessel wall at a set point, yet models of adaptation purely based on average shear stress have not been able to produce complex loopy networks that resemble real microvascular systems. For narrow vessels where red blood cells travel in a single file, the shear stress on vessel endothelium peaks sharply when a red blood cell passes through. We show that stable shear-stress-based adaptation is possible if vessel shear stress set points are cued to the stress peaks. Model networks that respond to peak stresses alone can quantitatively reproduce the observed zebrafish trunk microcirculation, including its adaptive trajectory when hematocrit changes or parts of the network are amputated. Our work reveals the potential for mechanotransduction alone to generate stable hydraulically tuned microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Shyr-Shea Chang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Cynthia Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Kyung In Baek
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Tzung Hsiai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
| | - Marcus Roper
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
- Department of Computational Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA90095
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2
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Chelcea I, Vogs C, Hamers T, Koekkoek J, Legradi J, Sapounidou M, Örn S, Andersson PL. Physiology-informed toxicokinetic model for the zebrafish embryo test developed for bisphenols. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140399. [PMID: 37839743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos (ZFE) is a widely used model organism, employed in various research fields including toxicology to assess e.g., developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption. Variation in effects between chemicals are difficult to compare using nominal dose as toxicokinetic properties may vary. Toxicokinetic (TK) modeling is a means to estimate internal exposure concentration or dose at target and to enable extrapolation between experimental conditions and species, thereby improving hazard assessment of potential pollutants. In this study we advance currently existing TK models for ZFE with physiological ZFE parameters and novel experimental bisphenol data, a class of chemicals with suspected endocrine activity. We developed a five-compartment model consisting of water, plastic, chorion, yolk sack and embryo in which surface area and volume changes as well as the processes of biotransformation and blood circulation influence mass fluxes. For model training and validation, we measured internal concentrations in ZFE exposed individually to BPA, bisphenol AF (BPAF) and Z (BPZ). Bayesian inference was applied for parameter calibration based on the training data set of BPZ. The calibrated TK model predicted internal ZFE concentrations of the majority of external test data within a 5-fold error and half of the data within a 2-fold error for bisphenols A, AF, F, and tetrabromo bisphenol A (TBBPA). We used the developed model to rank the hazard of seven bisphenols based on predicted internal concentrations and measured in vitro estrogenicity. This ranking indicated a higher hazard for BPAF, BPZ, bisphenol B and C (BPB, BPC) than for BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Chelcea
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 65, Solna, Sweden
| | - Timo Hamers
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacco Koekkoek
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jessica Legradi
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Sapounidou
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, SE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Galli GLJ, Lock MC, Smith KLM, Giussani DA, Crossley DA. Effects of Developmental Hypoxia on the Vertebrate Cardiovascular System. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 36317939 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental hypoxia has profound and persistent effects on the vertebrate cardiovascular system, but the nature, magnitude, and long-term outcome of the hypoxic consequences are species specific. Here we aim to identify common and novel cardiovascular responses among vertebrates that encounter developmental hypoxia, and we discuss the possible medical and ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L J Galli
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mitchell C Lock
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kerri L M Smith
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dino A Giussani
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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4
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Watanabe-Asaka T, Niihori M, Sonobe H, Igarashi K, Oda S, Iwasaki KI, Katada Y, Yamashita T, Terada M, Baba SA, Mitani H, Mukai C. Acquirement of the autonomic nervous system modulation evaluated by heart rate variability in medaka (Oryzias latipes). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273064. [PMID: 36584168 PMCID: PMC9803310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Small teleosts have recently been established as models of human diseases. However, measuring heart rate by electrocardiography is highly invasive for small fish and not widely used. The physiological nature and function of vertebrate autonomic nervous system (ANS) modulation of the heart has traditionally been investigated in larvae, transparent but with an immature ANS, or in anesthetized adults, whose ANS activity may possibly be disturbed under anesthesia. Here, we defined the frequency characteristics of heart rate variability (HRV) modulated by the ANS from observations of heart movement in high-speed movie images and changes in ANS regulation under environmental stimulation in unanesthetized adult medaka (Oryzias latipes). The HRV was significantly reduced by atropine (1 mM) in the 0.25-0.65 Hz and by propranolol (100 μM) at 0.65-1.25 Hz range, suggesting that HRV in adult medaka is modulated by both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems within these frequency ranges. Such modulations of HRV by the ANS in adult medaka were remarkably suppressed under anesthesia and continuous exposure to light suppressed HRV only in the 0.25-0.65 Hz range, indicating parasympathetic withdrawal. Furthermore, pre-hatching embryos did not show HRV and the power of HRV developed as fish grew. These results strongly suggest that ANS modulation of the heart in adult medaka is frequency-dependent phenomenon, and that the impact of long-term environmental stimuli on ANS activities, in addition to development of ANS activities, can be precisely evaluated in medaka using the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Watanabe-Asaka
- Space Biomedical Research Office, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Maki Niihori
- Space Biomedical Research Office, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sonobe
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Shoji Oda
- Space Biomedical Research Office, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Iwasaki
- Space Biomedical Research Office, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Social Medicine, Division of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Katada
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yamashita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Shoji A. Baba
- Department of Biology, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mitani
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Chiaki Mukai
- Space Biomedical Research Office, JAXA, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Prescott LA, Regish AM, McMahon SJ, McCormick SD, Rummer JL. Rapid embryonic development supports the early onset of gill functions in two coral reef damselfishes. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272637. [PMID: 34708857 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The gill is one of the most important organs for growth and survival of fishes. Early life stages in coral reef fishes often exhibit extreme physiological and demographic characteristics that are linked to well-established respiratory and ionoregulatory processes. However, gill development and function in coral reef fishes is not well understood. Therefore, we investigated gill morphology, oxygen uptake and ionoregulatory systems throughout embryogenesis in two coral reef damselfishes, Acanthochromis polyacanthus and Amphiprion melanopus (Pomacentridae). In both species, we found key gill structures to develop rapidly early in the embryonic phase. Ionoregulatory cells appear on gill filaments 3-4 days post-fertilization and increase in density, whilst disappearing or shrinking in cutaneous locations. Primary respiratory tissue (lamellae) appears 5-7 days post-fertilization, coinciding with a peak in oxygen uptake rates of the developing embryos. Oxygen uptake was unaffected by phenylhydrazine across all ages (pre-hatching), indicating that haemoglobin is not yet required for oxygen uptake. This suggests that gills have limited contribution to respiratory functions during embryonic development, at least until hatching. Rapid gill development in damselfishes, when compared with that in most previously investigated fishes, may reflect preparations for a high-performance, challenging lifestyle on tropical reefs, but may also make reef fishes more vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leteisha A Prescott
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Amy M Regish
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA
| | - Shannon J McMahon
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Stephen D McCormick
- US Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Laboratory, Turners Falls, MA 01376, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Jodie L Rummer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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6
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Joyce W, Perry SF. Hif-1α is not required for the development of cardiac adrenergic control in zebrafish (Danio rerio). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2021; 335:623-631. [PMID: 34288573 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic regulation, acting via the sympathetic nervous system, provides a major mechanism to control cardiac function. It has recently been shown that hypoxia inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) is necessary for normal development of sympathetic innervation and control of cardiac function in the mouse. To investigate whether this may represent a fundamental trait shared across vertebrates, we assessed adrenergic regulation of the heart in wild-type and Hif-1α knockout (hif-1α -/- ) zebrafish (Danio rerio). Wild-type and hif-1α -/- zebrafish larvae (aged 4 and 7 days postfertilisation) exhibited similar routine heart rates within a given age group, and β-adrenergic receptor blockade with propranolol universally reduced heart rate to comparable levels, indicating similar adrenergic tone in both genotypes. In adult fish, in vivo heart rate measured during anaesthesia was identical between genotypes. Treatment of spontaneously beating hearts in vitro with adrenaline revealed a similar positive chronotropic effect and similar maximum heart rates in both genotypes. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry with confocal microscopy demonstrated that the bulbus arteriosus (outflow tract of the teleost heart) of adult fish was particularly well innervated by sympathetic nerves, and nerve density (as a percentage of bulbus arteriosus area) was similar between wild-types and hif-1α -/- mutants. In summary, we did not find any evidence that adrenergic cardiac control was perturbed in larval or adult zebrafish lacking Hif-1α. We conclude that Hif-1α is not essential for the normal development of cardiovascular control or adult sympathetic cardiac innervation in zebrafish, although it is possible that it plays a redundant or auxiliary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Hughes MC, Perry SF. Does blood flow limit acute hypoxia performance in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)? J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:469-478. [PMID: 33580284 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-020-01331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen uptake (ṀO2) in larval zebrafish prior to maturation of the gill relies on cutaneous O2 transfer. Under normoxic conditions, rates of cutaneous O2 transfer are unaffected by haemoglobin availability but are diminished in fish lacking a functional circulatory system, suggesting that internal convection is critically involved in setting the resting ṀO2 in zebrafish larvae, even when relying on cutaneous O2 transfer. The reliance of ṀO2 on blood circulation led to the first objective of the current study, to determine whether loss of internal convection would reduce acute hypoxia performance (as determined by measuring critical PO2; Pcrit) in larval zebrafish under conditions of moderate hypoxia (PO2 = 55 mmHg) at 28.5 and 34 °C. Internal convection was eliminated by preventing development of blood vessels using morpholino knockdown of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); these fish are termed VEGF morphants. Breathing frequency (fV) and heart rate (fH) also were measured (at 28.5 °C) to determine whether any detriment in performance might be linked to cardiorespiratory dysfunction. Although ṀO2 was reduced in the VEGF morphants, there was no significant effect on Pcrit at 28.5 °C. Raising temperature to 34 °C resulted in the VEGF morphants exhibiting a higher Pcrit than the shams, suggesting an impairment of hypoxia tolerance in the morphants at the higher temperature. The usual robust increase in fV during hypoxia was absent or attenuated in VEGF morphants at 4 and 5 days post fertilization (dpf), respectively. Resting fH was reduced in the VEGF morphants and unlike the sham fish, the morphants did not exhibit hypoxic tachycardia at 4 or 5 dpf. The number of cutaneous neuroepithelial cells (presumptive O2 chemoreceptors) was significantly higher in the VEGF morphants and thus the cardiorespiratory impairment in the morphants during hypoxia was unlikely related to inadequate peripheral O2 sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hughes
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N6N5, Canada.
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8
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The influence of hypoxia on the cardiac transcriptomes of two estuarine species - C. variegatus and F. grandis. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100837. [PMID: 33892309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Increased nutrient loading has led to eutrophication of coastal shelf waters which has resulted in increased prevalence of persistent hypoxic zones - areas in which the dissolved oxygen content of the water drops below 2 mg/L. The northern Gulf of Mexico, fed primarily by the Mississippi River watershed, undergoes annual establishment of one of the largest hypoxic zones in the world. Exposure to hypoxia can induce physiological impacts in fish cardiac systems that include bradycardia, changes in stroke volume, and altered cardiovascular vessel development. While these impacts have been addressed at the functional level, there is little information regarding the molecular basis for these changes. This study used transcriptomic analysis techniques to interrogate the effects of hypoxia exposure on the developing cardiovascular system in newly hatched larvae of two estuarine species that occupy the same ecological niche - the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) and the Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Results suggest that while differential gene expression is largely distinct between the two species, downstream impacts on pathways and functional responses such as reduced cardiac hypertrophy, modulation of blood pressure, and increased incidence of apoptosis appear to be conserved. Further, differences in the magnitude of these conserved responses may suggest that the length of embryonic development could impart a level of resiliency to hypoxic perturbation in early life stage fish.
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9
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Dhakal S, Rotem-Bamberger S, Sejd JR, Sebbagh M, Ronin N, Frey RA, Beitsch M, Batty M, Taler K, Blackerby JF, Inbal A, Stenkamp DL. Selective Requirements for Vascular Endothelial Cells and Circulating Factors in the Regulation of Retinal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:628737. [PMID: 33898420 PMCID: PMC8060465 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.628737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the vertebrate eye requires signaling interactions between neural and non-neural tissues. Interactions between components of the vascular system and the developing neural retina have been difficult to decipher, however, due to the challenges of untangling these interactions from the roles of the vasculature in gas exchange. Here we use the embryonic zebrafish, which is not yet reliant upon hemoglobin-mediated oxygen transport, together with genetic strategies for (1) temporally-selective depletion of vascular endothelial cells, (2) elimination of blood flow through the circulation, and (3) elimination of cells of the erythroid lineage, including erythrocytes. The retinal phenotypes in these genetic systems were not identical, with endothelial cell-depleted retinas displaying laminar disorganization, cell death, reduced proliferation, and reduced cell differentiation. In contrast, the lack of blood flow resulted in a milder retinal phenotype showing reduced proliferation and reduced cell differentiation, indicating that an endothelial cell-derived factor(s) is/are required for laminar organization and cell survival. The lack of erythrocytes did not result in an obvious retinal phenotype, confirming that defects in retinal development that result from vascular manipulations are not due to poor gas exchange. These findings underscore the importance of the cardiovascular system supporting and controlling retinal development in ways other than supplying oxygen. In addition, these findings identify a key developmental window for these interactions and point to distinct functions for vascular endothelial cells vs. circulating factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susov Dhakal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Shahar Rotem-Bamberger
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Josilyn R Sejd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Meyrav Sebbagh
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathan Ronin
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruth A Frey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
| | - Mya Beitsch
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Megan Batty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.,Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Kineret Taler
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jennifer F Blackerby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States.,Department of Biology, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Adi Inbal
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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10
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Does hypoxia-inducible factor 1α play a role in regulating cutaneous oxygen flux in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio)? J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:645-655. [PMID: 33774721 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that hypoxia tolerance is improved in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae after prior exposure to lowered ambient O2 levels. Such improved hypoxia performance was attributed in part, to increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) exerting downstream effects on various physiological processes including promotion of trunk skin angiogenesis. Since O2 uptake ([Formula: see text]) in larvae is facilitated largely by O2 diffusion across the skin, enhanced cutaneous vascularization is expected to enhance [Formula: see text] during hypoxia and thus contribute to improved hypoxia tolerance. In this study, we used the scanning micro-optrode technique together with quantification of cutaneous vascularity in wild types (WT) and Hif-1α knockouts (hif1aa-/-ab-/-) to test the hypothesis that improved hypoxia tolerance after hypoxia acclimation in larvae at 4 or 7 days post-fertilization (dpf) was associated with Hif-1α-dependent increases in skin vascularity and regional cutaneous O2 fluxes (JO2). Hypoxia tolerance, as determined by measurements of critical PO2 (Pcrit), was unaltered by hypoxia pre-exposure in larvae at 4 dpf and there were no significant differences in Pcrit between WT and hif1aa-/-ab-/- larvae at this developmental stage. However, at 7 dpf there was a significant effect of genotype with WT larvae showing a lower Pcrit than hif1aa-/-ab-/- larvae, an effect that was being driven by a reduced Pcrit in the WT larvae after hypoxia pre-exposure (19.2 ± 1.9 mmHg) compared to hif1aa-/-ab-/- fish (35.5 ± 3.5 mmHg). Regardless of genotype, pre-exposure status or developmental age, JO2 decreased along the body in the anterior-to-posterior direction. Neither hypoxia pre-exposure nor genotype affected JO2 at any region along the body. The lack of any effect of hypoxia pre-exposure or genotype on JO2 was consistent with the lack of any effect on skin vascularity as measured in Tg(fli1:EGFP)yl transgenic larvae. Thus, the decreased hypoxia performance (increased Pcrit) at 7 dpf in the hif1aa-/-ab-/- larvae did not appear to be reliant on changes in trunk vascularity or cutaneous O2 diffusion.
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11
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Koudrina N, Perry SF, Gilmour KM. The role of TASK-2 channels in CO 2 sensing in zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R329-R342. [PMID: 32697653 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00132.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral chemosensitivity in fishes is thought to be mediated by serotonin-enriched neuroepithelial cells (NECs) that are localized to the gills of adults and the integument of larvae. In adult zebrafish (Danio rerio), branchial NECs are presumed to mediate the cardiorespiratory reflexes associated with hypoxia or hypercapnia, whereas in larvae, there is indirect evidence linking cutaneous NECs to hypoxic hyperventilation and hypercapnic tachycardia. No study yet has examined the ventilatory response of larval zebrafish to hypercapnia, and regardless of developmental stage, the signaling pathways involved in CO2 sensing remain unclear. In the mouse, a background potassium channel (TASK-2) contributes to the sensitivity of chemoreceptor cells to CO2. Zebrafish possess two TASK-2 channel paralogs, TASK-2 and TASK-2b, encoded by kcnk5a and kcnk5b, respectively. The present study aimed to determine whether TASK-2 channels are expressed in NECs of larval zebrafish and whether they are involved in CO2 sensing. Using immunohistochemical approaches, TASK-2 protein was observed on the surface of NECs in larvae. Exposure of larvae to hypercapnia caused cardiac and breathing frequencies to increase, and these responses were blunted in fish experiencing TASK-2 and/or TASK-2b knockdown. The results of these experiments suggest that TASK-2 channels are involved in CO2 sensing by NECs and contribute to the initiation of reflex cardiorespiratory responses during exposure of larvae to hypercapnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Koudrina
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - S F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - K M Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Fang Y, Sun Y, Luo C, Gu J, Shi Z, Lu G, Silvestre JS, Chen Z. Evaluation of cardiac dysfunction in adult zebrafish using high frequency echocardiography. Life Sci 2020; 253:117732. [PMID: 32360570 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently, the zebrafish has gained attention as an innovative experimental model to decipher molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in cardiovascular development and diseases. Nevertheless, the use of zebrafish models has been challenged because the transparency of these fish, which allows for accurate cardiac evaluation, disappears in adulthood. In this study, the epicardial outline method was performed to investigate the feasibility of echocardiography in assessing cardiac function in pathological adult zebrafish. MATERIALS AND METHODS We attempted to estimate heart failure in adult zebrafish treated with three distinct regulators of cardiac function: phenylhydrazine hydrochloride (PHZ), doxorubicin (DOX), and ethanol. B-mode and Doppler images were evaluated at frequencies of up to 50 MHz and 40 MHz, respectively. The correlation between alterations in cardiac function, haemoglobin concentration, and myocardial histopathology were assessed. KEY FINDINGS Cardiac output (CO) in PHZ-treated zebrafish was significantly higher than that in control zebrafish (151 ± 67 vs. 84 ± 37 μl/min, P = 0.004), whereas ejection fraction (EF) was lower (36.3 ± 10.9 vs. 50.9 ± 8.7%, P < 0.001), indicating typical high output heart failure derived from anaemia. Additionally, ventricular dysfunction in DOX-treated zebrafish was characterised by low CO (57 ± 38 μl/min) and EF (28.8 ± 10.4%), accompanied by an enlarged ventricle in diastole and systole, representing low output heart failure. For ethanol-treated zebrafish, EF was markedly reduced (39.6 ± 7.2%) indicating a dilated heart, while CO remained unchanged (90 ± 40 μl/min). SIGNIFICANCE The epicardial outline method is an effective way of using echocardiography to assess cardiac dysfunction in pathological adult zebrafish, unlocking a major bottleneck in this research field with limited cardiac functional assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Fang
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyi Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianing Gu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongwei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Zhenyue Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Development of a Simple ImageJ-Based Method for Dynamic Blood Flow Tracking in Zebrafish Embryos and Its Application in Drug Toxicity Evaluation. INVENTIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/inventions4040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a simple and cost-effective method to measure blood flow in zebrafish by using an image-based approach. Three days post fertilization (dpf) zebrafish embryos were mounted with methylcellulose and subjected to video recording for tracking blood flow under an inverted microscope equipped with a high-speed CCD camera. In addition, Hoffman lens was used to enhance the blood cell contrast. The red blood cell movement was tracked by using the TrackMate plug-in in the ImageJ image processing program. Moreover, Stack Difference and Time Series Analyzer plug-in were used to detect dynamic pixel changes over time to calculate the blood flow rate. In addition to blood flow velocity and heart rate, the effect of drug treatments on other cardiovascular function parameters, such as stroke volume and cardiac output remains to be explored. Therefore, by using this method, the potential side effects on the cardiovascular performance of ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulfonate (MS222) and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) were evaluated. MS222 is a common anesthetic, while IBMX is a naturally occurring methylxanthine. Compared to normal embryos, MS222- and IBMX-treated embryos had a reduced blood flow velocity by approximately 72% and 58%, respectively. This study showed that MS222 significantly decreased the heart rate, whereas IBMX increased the heart rate. Moreover, it also demonstrated that MS222 treatment reduced 50% of the stroke volume and cardiac output. While IBMX decreased the stroke volume only. The results are in line with previous studies that used expensive instruments and complicated software analysis to assess cardiovascular function. In conclusion, a simple and low-cost method can be used to study blood flow in zebrafish embryos for compound screening. Furthermore, it could provide a precise measurement of clinically relevant cardiac functions, specifically heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output.
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14
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Foo YY, Pant S, Tay HS, Imangali N, Chen N, Winkler C, Yap CH. 4D modelling of fluid mechanics in the zebrafish embryonic heart. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2019; 19:221-232. [PMID: 31446522 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-019-01205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal blood flow mechanics can result in pathological heart malformation, underlining the importance of understanding embryonic cardiac fluid mechanics. In the current study, we performed image-based computational fluid dynamics simulation of the zebrafish embryonic heart ventricles and characterized flow mechanics, organ dynamics, and energy dynamics in detail. 4D scans of 5 days post-fertilization embryonic hearts with GFP-labelled myocardium were acquired using line-scan focal modulation microscopy. This revealed that the zebrafish hearts exhibited a wave-like contractile/relaxation motion from the inlet to the outlet during both systole and diastole, which we showed to be an energy efficient configuration. No impedance pumping effects of pressure and velocity waves were observed. Due to its tube-like configuration, inflow velocities were higher near the inlet and smaller at the outlet and vice versa for outflow velocities. This resulted in an interesting spatial wall shear stress (WSS) pattern where WSS waveforms near the inlet and those near the outlet were out of phase. There was large spatial variability in WSS magnitudes. Peak WSS was in the range of 47.5-130 dyne/cm2 at the inflow and outflow tracts, but were much smaller, in the range of 4-11 dyne/cm2, in the mid-ventricular segment. Due to very low Reynolds number and the highly viscous environment, intraventricular pressure gradients were high, suggesting substantial energy losses of flow through the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Yin Foo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shilpa Pant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huiping Shermaine Tay
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurgul Imangali
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nanguang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christoph Winkler
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Hwai Yap
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Phenotypic plasticity and local adaptations to dissolved oxygen in larvae fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata). Oecologia 2019; 190:737-746. [PMID: 31250185 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A key environmental factor that varies both spatially and temporally in surface waters is dissolved oxygen (DO). In stagnant ephemeral freshwater ponds, DO can fluctuate diurnally and seasonally, while the constant mixing of water in streams typically maintain DO levels close to saturation with only minor fluctuations. Larvae of the Near Eastern fire salamander (Salamandra infraimmaculata) develop in a range of waterbodies that vary in flow and permanence. To study inter-population variation in larval response to environmental change, we translocated larvae between stream and pond habitats and exposed larvae sampled from different habitat types to hypoxic and normoxic conditions in the laboratory. Larvae transferred from stream to pond retain gill size, while larvae transferred from pond to stream show a reduction in gill size. Larvae that were caged within their native habitat, either stream or pond, display a decrease in gill size similar to larvae transferred from pond to stream. When exposed to experimentally manipulated levels of DO in the laboratory larvae, respectively, increase and decrease gill size under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Habitat-type origin had a significant effect on the degree of change in gill size with larvae from permanent streams demonstrating the lowest absolute variation in gill size. There was no interaction between DO level (hypoxic/normoxic) and the larvae habitat-type origin. These results suggest that S. infraimmaculata larvae are locally adapted to their aquatic breeding habitat through the plastic ability to respond to the prevailing respiratory conditions by rapidly decreasing or increasing gill size.
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16
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Vagner M, Zambonino-Infante JL, Mazurais D. Fish facing global change: are early stages the lifeline? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 147:159-178. [PMID: 31027942 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The role of phenotypic plasticity in the acclimation and adaptive potential of an organism to global change is not currently accounted for in prediction models. The high plasticity of marine fishes is mainly attributed to their early stages, during which morphological, structural and behavioural functions are particularly sensitive to environmental constraints. This developmental plasticity can determine later physiological performances and fitness, and may further affect population dynamics and ecosystem functioning. This review asks the essential question of what role early stages play in the ability of fish to later cope with the effects of global change, considering three key environmental factors (temperature, hypoxia and acidification). After having identified the carry-over effects of early exposure reported in the literature, we propose areas that we believe warrant the most urgent attention for further research to better understand the role of developmental plasticity in the responses of marine organisms to global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vagner
- CNRS, UMR 7266 LIENSs, Institut du littoral et de l'environnement, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, 17000, La Rochelle, France.
| | | | - David Mazurais
- Ifremer, UMR 6539 LEMAR, ZI pointe du diable, 29280, Plouzané, France
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17
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Krzykwa JC, Saeid A, Jeffries MKS. Identifying sublethal endpoints for evaluating neurotoxic compounds utilizing the fish embryo toxicity test. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:521-529. [PMID: 30557710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos are increasingly being utilized in aquatic toxicity testing, as evidenced by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's approval of the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test. However, the FET test only allows for the estimation of acute toxicity, whereas other test methods such as the larval growth and survival (LGS) test allow for the estimation of both acute and chronic toxicity. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that the FET test is less sensitive than other test methods for some neurotoxic compounds. To address these limitations, efforts to identify sublethal endpoints that increase FET test sensitivity and allow for the prediction of sublethal adverse effects have begun. As such, the objectives of the current study were 1) to compare estimated LC50 values from the FET and LGS test for three known neurotoxicants: fluoride (F), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) and 2) to evaluate the responsiveness of potential sublethal endpoints for the FET test related to growth (i.e., wet weight and snout-vent length), neurological development (i.e., spontaneous contraction frequency and eye size), and cardiovascular function (i.e., heart rate and pericardial area). The calculated LC50 values from the F and Cd FET test were significantly higher than those from the LGS test, demonstrating that the FET test is less sensitive than the LGS test for neurotoxic compounds. Only Cd exposure resulted in alterations in any of the sublethal endpoints investigated. Embryos/eleutheroembryos exposed to Cd displayed alterations in length, eye size, and pericardial area at concentrations five-fold less than the estimated LC50 value, suggesting that for Cd the inclusion of these sublethal endpoints would improve the sensitivity of the FET test. Overall, these results provide evidence that for some neurotoxicants, the inclusion of sublehtal endpoints may improve the utility of the FET test; however, further research utilizing a broader range of neurotoxicants with differing mechanisms of action, is needed to fully establish such endpoints in the context of routine FET test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Krzykwa
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Asal Saeid
- Department of Biology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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18
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Cardiovascular Effects of PCB 126 (3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl) in Zebrafish Embryos and Impact of Co-Exposure to Redox Modulating Chemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051065. [PMID: 30823661 PMCID: PMC6429282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing cardiovascular system of zebrafish is a sensitive target for many environmental pollutants, including dioxin-like compounds and pesticides. Some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can compromise the cardiovascular endothelial function by activating oxidative stress-sensitive signaling pathways. Therefore, we exposed zebrafish embryos to PCB126 or to several redox-modulating chemicals to study their ability to modulate the dysmorphogenesis produced by PCB126. PCB126 produced a concentration-dependent induction of pericardial edema and circulatory failure, and a concentration-dependent reduction of cardiac output and body length at 80 hours post fertilization (hpf). Among several modulators tested, the effects of PCB126 could be both positively and negatively modulated by different compounds; co-treatment with α-tocopherol (vitamin E liposoluble) prevented the adverse effects of PCB126 in pericardial edema, whereas co-treatment with sodium nitroprusside (a vasodilator compound) significantly worsened PCB126 effects. Gene expression analysis showed an up-regulation of cyp1a, hsp70, and gstp1, indicative of PCB126 interaction with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), while the transcription of antioxidant genes (sod1, sod2; cat and gpx1a) was not affected. Further studies are necessary to understand the role of oxidative stress in the developmental toxicity of low concentrations of PCB126 (25 nM). Our results give insights into the use of zebrafish embryos for exploring mechanisms underlying the oxidative potential of environmental pollutants.
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19
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Hughes MC, Zimmer AM, Perry SF. Role of internal convection in respiratory gas transfer and aerobic metabolism in larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R255-R264. [PMID: 30601704 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00315.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purely diffusive O2 transport typically is insufficient to sustain aerobic metabolism in most multicellular organisms. In animals that are small enough, however, a high surface-to-volume ratio may allow passive diffusion alone to supply sufficient O2 transfer. The purpose of this study was to explore the impacts of internal convection on respiratory gas transfer in a small complex organism, the larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that internal convection is required for the normal transfer of the respiratory gases O2 and CO2 and maintenance of resting aerobic metabolic rate in larvae at 4 days postfertilization (dpf). Morpholino knockdown of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) proteins allowed an examination of gas transfer in two independent models lacking internal convection. With the use of a scanning micro-optrode technique to measure regional epithelial O2 fluxes ( Jo2), it was demonstrated that larvae lacking convection exhibited reduced Jo2 in regions spanning the head to the trunk. Moreover, the acute loss of internal convection caused by heart stoppage resulted in reduced rates of cutaneous Jo2, an effect that was reversed upon the restoration of internal convection. With the use of whole body respirometry, it was shown that loss of internal convection was associated with reduced resting rates of O2 consumption and CO2 excretion in larvae at 4 dpf. The results of these experiments clearly demonstrate that internal convection is required to maintain resting rates of respiratory gas transfer in larval zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm C Hughes
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Alex M Zimmer
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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20
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Dasgupta S, Cheng V, Vliet SMF, Mitchell CA, Volz DC. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Exposure During the Early-Blastula Stage Alters the Normal Trajectory of Zebrafish Embryogenesis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10820-10828. [PMID: 30157643 PMCID: PMC6169527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is an organophosphate flame retardant used around the world. Within zebrafish, we previously showed that initiation of TDCIPP exposure during cleavage (0.75 h post-fertilization, hpf) results in epiboly disruption at 6 hpf, leading to dorsalized embryos by 24 hpf, a phenotype that mimics the effects of dorsomorphin (DMP), a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist that dorsalizes embryos in the absence of epiboly defects. The objective of this study was to (1) investigate the role of BMP signaling in TDCIPP-induced toxicity during early embryogenesis, (2) identify other pathways and processes targeted by TDCIPP, and (3) characterize the downstream impacts of early developmental defects. Using zebrafish as a model, we first identified a sensitive window for TDCIPP-induced effects following exposure initiation at 0.75 hpf. We then investigated the effects of TDCIPP on the transcriptome during the first 24 h of development using mRNA sequencing and amplicon sequencing. Finally, we relied on whole-mount immunohistochemistry, dye-based labeling, and morphological assessments to study abnormalities later in embryonic development. Overall, our data suggest that the initiation of TDCIPP exposure during early blastula alters the normal trajectory of early embryogenesis by inducing gastrulation defects and aberrant germ-layer formation, leading to abnormal tissue and organ development within the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sara M. F. Vliet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Constance A. Mitchell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David C. Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Phone: (951) 827-4450; Fax: (951) 827 3993;
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21
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Pelster B, Egg M. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factors in fish: expression, function and interconnection with the circadian clock. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/13/jeb163709. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.163709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The hypoxia-inducible transcription factors are key regulators for the physiological response to low oxygen availability. In vertebrates, typically three Hif-α isoforms, Hif-1α, Hif-2α and Hif-3α, are expressed, each of which, together with Hif-1β, may form a functional heterodimer under hypoxic conditions, controlling expression of hundreds of genes. A teleost-specific whole-genome duplication complicates the analysis of isoform-specific functions in fish, but recent studies suggest that the existence of paralogues of a specific isoform opens up the possibility for a subfunctionalization. In contrast to during development inside the uterus, fish eggs are freely accessible and studies analyzing Hif expression in fish embryos during development have revealed that Hif proteins are not only controlling the hypoxic response, but are also crucial for proper development and organ differentiation. Significant advances have been made in our knowledge about tissue-specific functions of Hif proteins, especially with respect to gill or gonadal tissue. The hypoxia signalling pathway is known to be tightly and mutually intertwined with the circadian clock in zebrafish and mammals. Recently, a mechanistic explanation for the hypoxia-induced dampening of the transcriptional clock was detected in zebrafish, including also metabolically induced alterations of cellular redox signalling. In turn, MAP kinase-mediated H2O2 signalling modulates the temporal expression of Hif-1α protein, similar to the redox regulation of the circadian clock itself. Once again, the zebrafish has emerged as an excellent model organism with which to explore these specific functional aspects of basic eukaryotic cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Pelster
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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22
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Kithcart AP, MacRae CA. Zebrafish assay development for cardiovascular disease mechanism and drug discovery. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 138:126-131. [PMID: 30518489 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, USA.
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23
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Mendez-Sanchez JF, Burggren WW. Cardiorespiratory physiological phenotypic plasticity in developing air-breathing anabantid fishes ( Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/15/e13359. [PMID: 28778991 PMCID: PMC5555888 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology in response to chronic hypoxia is poorly understood in larval fishes, especially larval air‐breathing fishes, which eventually in their development can at least partially “escape” hypoxia through air breathing. Whether the development air breathing makes these larval fishes less or more developmentally plastic than strictly water breathing larval fishes remains unknown. Consequently, developmental plasticity of cardiorespiratory physiology was determined in two air‐breathing anabantid fishes (Betta splendens and Trichopodus trichopterus). Larvae of both species experienced an hypoxic exposure that mimicked their natural environmental conditions, namely chronic nocturnal hypoxia (12 h at 17 kPa or 14 kPa), with a daily return to diurnal normoxia. Chronic hypoxic exposures were made from hatching through 35 days postfertilization, and opercular and heart rates measured as development progressed. Opercular and heart rates in normoxia were not affected by chronic nocturnal hypoxic. However, routine oxygen consumption M˙O2 (~4 μmol·O2/g per hour in normoxia in larval Betta) was significantly elevated by chronic nocturnal hypoxia at 17 kPa but not by more severe (14 kPa) nocturnal hypoxia. Routine M˙O2 in Trichopodus (6–7 μmol·O2/g per hour), significantly higher than in Betta, was unaffected by either level of chronic hypoxia. PCrit, the PO2 at which M˙O2 decreases as ambient PO2 falls, was measured at 35 dpf, and decreased with increasing chronic hypoxia in Betta, indicating a large, relatively plastic hypoxic tolerance. However, in contrast, PCrit in Trichopodus increased as rearing conditions grew more hypoxic, suggesting that hypoxic acclimation led to lowered hypoxic resistance. Species‐specific differences in larval physiological developmental plasticity thus emerge between the relatively closely related Betta and Trichopodus. Hypoxic rearing increased hypoxic tolerance in Betta, which inhabits temporary ponds with nocturnal hypoxia. Trichopodus, inhabiting more permanent oxygenated bodies of water, showed few responses to hypoxia, reflecting a lower degree of developmental phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose F Mendez-Sanchez
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas .,Department of Biology, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
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24
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Scholz S, Schreiber R, Armitage J, Mayer P, Escher BI, Lidzba A, Léonard M, Altenburger R. Meta-analysis of fish early life stage tests-Association of toxic ratios and acute-to-chronic ratios with modes of action. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:955-969. [PMID: 29350428 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fish early life stage (ELS) tests (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development test guideline 210) are widely conducted to estimate chronic fish toxicity. In these tests, fish are exposed from the embryonic to the juvenile life stages. To analyze whether certain modes of action are related to high toxic ratios (i.e., ratios between baseline toxicity and experimental effect) and/or acute-to-chronic ratios (ACRs) in the fish ELS test, effect concentrations (ECs) for 183 compounds were extracted from the US Environmental Protection Agency's ecotoxicity database. Analysis of ECs of narcotic compounds indicated that baseline toxicity could be observed in the fish ELS test at similar concentrations as in the acute fish toxicity test. All nonnarcotic modes of action were associated with higher toxic ratios, with median values ranging from 4 to 9.3 × 104 (uncoupling < reactivity < neuromuscular toxicity < methemoglobin formation < endocrine disruption < extracellular matrix formation inhibition). Four modes of action were also found to be associated with high ACRs: 1) lysyl oxidase inhibition leading to notochord distortion, 2) putative methemoglobin formation or hemolytic anemia, 3) endocrine disruption, and 4) compounds with neuromuscular toxicity. For the prediction of ECs in the fish ELS test with alternative test systems, endpoints targeted to the modes of action of compounds with enhanced toxic ratios or ACRs could be used to trigger fish ELS tests or even replace these tests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:955-969. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rene Schreiber
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - James Armitage
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annegret Lidzba
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marc Léonard
- Environmental Research Department, L'Oréal Advanced Research, Aulnay sous Bois, France
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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25
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Sobanska M, Scholz S, Nyman AM, Cesnaitis R, Gutierrez Alonso S, Klüver N, Kühne R, Tyle H, de Knecht J, Dang Z, Lundbergh I, Carlon C, De Coen W. Applicability of the fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) test (OECD 236) in the regulatory context of Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:657-670. [PMID: 29226368 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In 2013 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline (236) for fish embryo acute toxicity (FET) was adopted. It determines the acute toxicity of chemicals to embryonic fish. Previous studies show a good correlation of FET with the standard acute fish toxicity (AFT) test; however, the potential of the FET test to predict AFT, which is required by the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulation (EC 1907/2006) and the Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation (EC 1272/2008), has not yet been fully clarified. In 2015 the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) requested that a consultant perform a scientific analysis of the applicability of FET to predict AFT. The purpose was to compare the toxicity of substances to fish embryos and to adult fish, and to investigate whether certain factors (e.g., physicochemical properties, modes of action, or chemical structures) could be used to define the applicability boundaries of the FET test. Given the limited data availability, the analysis focused on organic substances. The present critical review summarizes the main findings and discusses regulatory application of the FET test under REACH. Given some limitations (e.g., neurotoxic mode of action) and/or remaining uncertainties (e.g., deviation of some narcotic substances), it has been found that the FET test alone is currently not sufficient to meet the essential information on AFT as required by the REACH regulation. However, the test may be used within weight-of-evidence approaches together with other independent, relevant, and reliable sources of information. The present review also discusses further research needs that may overcome the remaining uncertainties and help to increase acceptance of FET as a replacement for AFT in the future. For example, an increase in the availability of data generated according to OECD test guideline 236 may provide evidence of a higher predictive power of the test. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:657-670. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Scholz
- Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Nils Klüver
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Kühne
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrik Tyle
- Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joop de Knecht
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Zhichao Dang
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Wim De Coen
- European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Folkerts EJ, Blewett TA, He Y, Goss GG. Alterations to Juvenile Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Swim Performance after Acute Embryonic Exposure to Sub-lethal Exposures of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:50-59. [PMID: 29035725 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water (FPW) is a wastewater produced during fracturing activities in an operating well which is hyper saline and chemically heterogeneous in nature, containing both anthropogenic and petrogenic chemicals. Determination of FPW associated toxicity to embryonic fish is limited, while investigation into how embryonic exposures may affect later life stages is not yet studied. Zebrafish embryos (24hrs post fertilization) were acutely exposed to 2.5% and 5% FPW fractions for either 24 or 48hrs and returned to freshwater. After either 24 or 48h exposures, embryos were examined for expression of 3 hypoxia related genes. Erythropoietin (epoa) but not hypoxia inducible factor (hif1aa) nor hemoglobin -ß chain (hbbe1.1) was up-regulated after either 24 or 48h FPW exposure. Surviving embryos were placed in freshwater and grown to a juvenile stage (60days post fertilization). Previously exposed zebrafish were analyzed for both swim performance (Ucrit and Umax) and aerobic capacity. Fish exposed to both sediment containing (FPW-S) or sediment free (FPW-SF) FPW displayed significantly reduced aerobic scope and Ucrit/Umax values compared to control conditions. Our results collectively suggest that organics present in our FPW sample may be responsible for sub-lethal fitness and metabolic responses. We provide evidence supporting the theory that the cardio-respiratory system is impacted by FPW exposure. This is the first known research associating embryonic FPW exposures to sub-lethal performance related responses in later life fish stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Folkerts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Yuhe He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada; National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2M9, Canada
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Matrone G, Meng S, Gu Q, Lv J, Fang L, Chen K, Cooke JP. Lmo2 (LIM-Domain-Only 2) Modulates Sphk1 (Sphingosine Kinase) and Promotes Endothelial Cell Migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1860-1868. [PMID: 28775072 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lmo (LIM-domain-only)2 transcription factor is involved in hematopoiesis and vascular remodeling. Sphk (sphingosine kinase)1 phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P (sphingosine-1-phosphate). We hypothesized that Lmo2 regulates Sphk1 to promote endothelial cell (EC) migration and vascular development. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Lmo2 and Sphk1 knockdown (KD) were performed in Tg(fli1:EGFP) y1 zebrafish and in human umbilical vein EC. Rescue of phenotypes or overexpression of these factors were achieved using mRNA encoding Lmo2 or Sphk1. EC proliferation in vivo was assessed by BrdU (bromodeoxyuridine) immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of dissociated Tg(fli1:EGFP) y1 embryos. Cell migration was assessed by scratch assay in human umbilical vein EC and mouse aortic rings. Lmo2 interactions with Sphk1 promoter were assessed by ChIP-PCR (chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction). Lmo2 or Sphk1 KD reduced number and length of intersegmental vessels. There was no reduction in the numbers of GFP+ (green fluorescent protein) ECs after Lmo2 KD. However, reduced numbers of BrdU+GFP+ nuclei were observed along the dysmorphic intersegmental vessels, accumulating instead at the sprouting origin of the intersegmental vessels. This anomaly was likely because of impaired EC migration, which was confirmed in migration assays using Lmo2 KD human umbilical vein ECs and mouse aortic rings. Both in vivo and in vitro, Lmo2 KD reduced Sphk1 gene expression, associated with less Lmo2 binding to the Sphk1 promoter as assessed by ChIP-PCR. Sphk1 mRNA rescued the Lmo2 KD phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that Lmo2 is necessary for Sphk1 gene expression in ECs. Lmo2 KD reduced Lmo2-Sphk1 gene interaction, impaired intersegmental vessels formation, and reduced cell migration. We identified for the first time Sphk1 as downstream effector of Lmo2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Shu Meng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Qilin Gu
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Jie Lv
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Longhou Fang
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - Kaifu Chen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX
| | - John P Cooke
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Research Institute, TX.
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28
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Perrichon P, Pasparakis C, Mager EM, Stieglitz JD, Benetti DD, Grosell M, Burggren WW. Morphology and cardiac physiology are differentially affected by temperature in developing larvae of the marine fish mahi-mahi ( Coryphaena hippurus). Biol Open 2017; 6:800-809. [PMID: 28432103 PMCID: PMC5483030 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular performance is altered by temperature in larval fishes, but how acute versus chronic temperature exposures independently affect cardiac morphology and physiology in the growing larva is poorly understood. Consequently, we investigated the influence of water temperature on cardiac plasticity in developing mahi-mahi. Morphological (e.g. standard length, heart angle) and physiological cardiac variables (e.g. heart rate fH, stroke volume, cardiac output) were recorded under two conditions by imaging: (i) under acute temperature exposure where embryos were reared at 25°C up to 128 h post-fertilization (hpf) and then acutely exposed to 25 (rearing temperature), 27 and 30°C; and (ii) at two rearing (chronic) temperatures of 26 and 30°C and performed at 32 and 56 hpf. Chronic elevated temperature improved developmental time in mahi-mahi. Heart rates were 1.2–1.4-fold higher under exposure of elevated acute temperatures across development (Q10≥2.0). Q10 for heart rate in acute exposure was 1.8-fold higher compared to chronic exposure at 56 hpf. At same stage, stroke volume was temperature independent (Q10∼1.0). However, larvae displayed higher stroke volume later in stage. Cardiac output in developing mahi-mahi is mainly dictated by chronotropic rather than inotropic modulation, is differentially affected by temperature during development and is not linked to metabolic changes. Summary: Acute and chronic temperature exposures affect differentially heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prescilla Perrichon
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Christina Pasparakis
- Division of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - John D Stieglitz
- Division of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Daniel D Benetti
- Division of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Division of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- University of North Texas, Department of Biological Sciences, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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29
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Harrington JK, Sorabella R, Tercek A, Isler JR, Targoff KL. Nkx2.5 is essential to establish normal heart rate variability in the zebrafish embryo. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R265-R271. [PMID: 28615160 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00223.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) has become an important clinical marker of cardiovascular health and a research measure for the study of the cardiac conduction system and its autonomic controls. While the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal vertebrate model for understanding heart development, HRV has only recently been investigated in this system. We have previously demonstrated that nkx2.5 and nkx2.7, two homologues of Nkx2-5 expressed in zebrafish cardiomyocytes, play vital roles in maintaining cardiac chamber-specific characteristics. Given observed defects in ventricular and atrial chamber identities in nkx2.5-/- embryos coupled with conduction system abnormalities in murine models of Nkx2.5 insufficiency, we postulated that reduced HRV would serve as a marker of poor cardiac health in nkx2.5 mutants and in other zebrafish models of human congenital heart disease. Using live video image acquisition, we derived beat-to-beat intervals to compare HRV in wild-type and nkx2.5-/- embryos. Our data illustrate that the nkx2.5 loss-of-function model exhibits increased heart rate and decreased HRV when compared with wild type during embryogenesis. These findings validate HRV analysis as a useful quantitative tool for assessment of cardiac health in zebrafish and underscore the importance of nkx2.5 in maintaining normal heart rate and HRV during early conduction system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Harrington
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Robert Sorabella
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; and
| | - Abigail Tercek
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Joseph R Isler
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York;
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30
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Puybareau E, Genest D, Barbeau E, Léonard M, Talbot H. An automated assay for the assessment of cardiac arrest in fish embryo. Comput Biol Med 2017; 81:32-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Klüver N, Vogs C, Altenburger R, Escher BI, Scholz S. Development of a general baseline toxicity QSAR model for the fish embryo acute toxicity test. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 164:164-173. [PMID: 27588575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos have become a popular model in ecotoxicology and toxicology. The fish embryo acute toxicity test (FET) with the zebrafish embryo was recently adopted by the OECD as technical guideline TG 236 and a large database of concentrations causing 50% lethality (LC50) is available in the literature. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) of baseline toxicity (also called narcosis) are helpful to estimate the minimum toxicity of chemicals to be tested and to identify excess toxicity in existing data sets. Here, we analyzed an existing fish embryo toxicity database and established a QSAR for fish embryo LC50 using chemicals that were independently classified to act according to the non-specific mode of action of baseline toxicity. The octanol-water partition coefficient Kow is commonly applied to discriminate between non-polar and polar narcotics. Replacing the Kow by the liposome-water partition coefficient Klipw yielded a common QSAR for polar and non-polar baseline toxicants. This developed baseline toxicity QSAR was applied to compare the final mode of action (MOA) assignment of 132 chemicals. Further, we included the analysis of internal lethal concentration (ILC50) and chemical activity (La50) as complementary approaches to evaluate the robustness of the FET baseline toxicity. The analysis of the FET dataset revealed that specifically acting and reactive chemicals converged towards the baseline toxicity QSAR with increasing hydrophobicity. The developed FET baseline toxicity QSAR can be used to identify specifically acting or reactive compounds by determination of the toxic ratio and in combination with appropriate endpoints to infer the MOA for chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Klüver
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Carolina Vogs
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Altenburger
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research, Biologie V, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Center for Applied Geosciences, Environmental Toxicology, Hölderlinstr. 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Burggren WW, Bautista GM, Coop SC, Couturier GM, Delgadillo SP, García RM, González CAA. Developmental cardiorespiratory physiology of the air-breathing tropical gar, Atractosteus tropicus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R689-R701. [PMID: 27465731 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00022.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The physiological transition to aerial breathing in larval air-breathing fishes is poorly understood. We investigated gill ventilation frequency (fG), heart rate (fH), and air breathing frequency (fAB) as a function of development, activity, hypoxia, and temperature in embryos/larvae from day (D) 2.5 to D30 posthatch of the tropical gar, Atractosteus tropicus, an obligate air breather. Gill ventilation at 28°C began at approximately D2, peaking at ∼75 beats/min on D5, before declining to ∼55 beats/min at D30. Heart beat began ∼36-48 h postfertilization and ∼1 day before hatching. fH peaked between D3 and D10 at ∼140 beats/min, remaining at this level through D30. Air breathing started very early at D2.5 to D3.5 at 1-2 breaths/h, increasing to ∼30 breaths/h at D15 and D30. Forced activity at all stages resulted in a rapid but brief increase in both fG and fH, (but not fAB), indicating that even in these early larval stages, reflex control existed over both ventilation and circulation prior to its increasing importance in older fishes. Acute progressive hypoxia increased fG in D2.5-D10 larvae, but decreased fG in older larvae (≥D15), possibly to prevent branchial O2 loss into surrounding water. Temperature sensitivity of fG and fH measured at 20°C, 25°C, 28°C and 38°C was largely independent of development, with a Q10 between 20°C and 38°C of ∼2.4 and ∼1.5 for fG and fH, respectively. The rapid onset of air breathing, coupled with both respiratory and cardiovascular reflexes as early as D2.5, indicates that larval A. tropicus develops "in the fast lane."
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren W Burggren
- Developmental Integrative Biology Group, Department of Biology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas; and
| | - Gil Martinez Bautista
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Susana Camarillo Coop
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Márquez Couturier
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Salomón Páramo Delgadillo
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Rafael Martínez García
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Alfonso Alvarez González
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura Tropical, División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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33
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Powell R, Bubenshchikova E, Fukuyo Y, Hsu C, Lakiza O, Nomura H, Renfrew E, Garrity D, Obara T. Wtip is required for proepicardial organ specification and cardiac left/right asymmetry in zebrafish. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2665-78. [PMID: 27484451 PMCID: PMC4991684 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wilm's tumor 1 interacting protein (Wtip) was identified as an interacting partner of Wilm's tumor protein (WT1) in a yeast two-hybrid screen. WT1 is expressed in the proepicardial organ (PE) of the heart, and mouse and zebrafish wt1 knockout models appear to lack the PE. Wtip's role in the heart remains unexplored. In the present study, we demonstrate that wtip expression is identical in wt1a-, tcf21-, and tbx18-positive PE cells, and that Wtip protein localizes to the basal body of PE cells. We present the first genetic evidence that Wtip signaling in conjunction with WT1 is essential for PE specification in the zebrafish heart. By overexpressing wtip mRNA, we observed ectopic expression of PE markers in the cardiac and pharyngeal arch regions. Furthermore, wtip knockdown embryos showed perturbed cardiac looping and lacked the atrioventricular (AV) boundary. However, the chamber-specific markers amhc and vmhc were unaffected. Interestingly, knockdown of wtip disrupts early left-right (LR) asymmetry. Our studies uncover new roles for Wtip regulating PE cell specification and early LR asymmetry, and suggest that the PE may exert non-autonomous effects on heart looping and AV morphogenesis. The presence of cilia in the PE, and localization of Wtip in the basal body of ciliated cells, raises the possibility of cilia-mediated PE signaling in the embryonic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Powell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ekaterina Bubenshchikova
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Yayoi Fukuyo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chaonan Hsu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Olga Lakiza
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hiroki Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Erin Renfrew
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Deborah Garrity
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Tomoko Obara
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
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34
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Tzaneva V, Perry SF. Evidence for a role of heme oxygenase-1 in the control of cardiac function in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae exposed to hypoxia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1563-71. [PMID: 26994186 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.136853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter produced from the breakdown of heme via heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1; hypoxia-inducible isoform) and heme oxygenase-2 (HO-2; constitutively expressed isoform). In mammals, CO is involved in modulating cardiac function. The role of the HO-1/CO system in the control of heart function in fish, however, is unknown and investigating its physiological function in lower vertebrates will provide a better understanding of the evolution of this regulatory mechanism. We explored the role of the HO-1/CO system in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio) in vivo by investigating the impact of translational gene knockdown of HO-1 on cardiac function. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of HO-1 in the pacemaker cells of the heart at 4 days post-fertilization and thus the potential for CO production at these sites. Sham-treated zebrafish larvae (experiencing normal levels of HO-1) significantly increased heart rate (fH) when exposed to hypoxia (PwO2 =30 mmHg). Zebrafish larvae lacking HO-1 expression after morpholino knockdown (morphants) exhibited significantly higher fH under normoxic (but not hypoxic) conditions when compared with sham-treaded fish. The increased fH in HO-1 morphants was rescued (fH was restored to control levels) after treatment of larvae with a CO-releasing molecule (40 µmol l(-1) CORM). The HO-1-deficient larvae developed significantly larger ventricles and when exposed to hypoxia they displayed higher cardiac output ([Formula: see text]) and stroke volume (SV). These results suggest that under hypoxic conditions, HO-1 regulates [Formula: see text] and SV presumably via the production of CO. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the role of the HO-1/CO system in controlling heart function in lower vertebrates. We demonstrate for the first time the ability for CO to be produced in presumptive pacemaker cells of the heart where it plays an inhibitory role in setting the resting cardiac frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velislava Tzaneva
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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35
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Ohnmacht J, Yang Y, Maurer GW, Barreiro-Iglesias A, Tsarouchas TM, Wehner D, Sieger D, Becker CG, Becker T. Spinal motor neurons are regenerated after mechanical lesion and genetic ablation in larval zebrafish. Development 2016; 143:1464-74. [PMID: 26965370 PMCID: PMC4986163 DOI: 10.1242/dev.129155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In adult zebrafish, relatively quiescent progenitor cells show lesion-induced generation of motor neurons. Developmental motor neuron generation from the spinal motor neuron progenitor domain (pMN) sharply declines at 48 hours post-fertilisation (hpf). After that, mostly oligodendrocytes are generated from the same domain. We demonstrate here that within 48 h of a spinal lesion or specific genetic ablation of motor neurons at 72 hpf, the pMN domain reverts to motor neuron generation at the expense of oligodendrogenesis. By contrast, generation of dorsal Pax2-positive interneurons was not altered. Larval motor neuron regeneration can be boosted by dopaminergic drugs, similar to adult regeneration. We use larval lesions to show that pharmacological suppression of the cellular response of the innate immune system inhibits motor neuron regeneration. Hence, we have established a rapid larval regeneration paradigm. Either mechanical lesions or motor neuron ablation is sufficient to reveal a high degree of developmental flexibility of pMN progenitor cells. In addition, we show an important influence of the immune system on motor neuron regeneration from these progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Ohnmacht
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Yujie Yang
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gianna W Maurer
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Antón Barreiro-Iglesias
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Themistoklis M Tsarouchas
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thomas Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Davis BE, Miller NA, Flynn EE, Todgham AE. Juvenile Antarctic rockcod (Trematomus bernacchii) are physiologically robust to CO2-acidified seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1203-13. [PMID: 26944503 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To date, numerous studies have shown negative impacts of CO2-acidified seawater (i.e. ocean acidification, OA) on marine organisms, including calcifying invertebrates and fishes; however, limited research has been conducted on the physiological effects of OA on polar fishes and even less on the impact of OA on early developmental stages of polar fishes. We evaluated aspects of aerobic metabolism and cardiorespiratory physiology of juvenile emerald rockcod, ITALIC! Trematomus bernacchii, an abundant fish in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, to elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( ITALIC! PCO2 ) [420 (ambient), 650 (moderate) and 1050 (high) μatm ITALIC! PCO2 ] over a 1 month period. We examined cardiorespiratory physiology, including heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and ventilation rate, whole organism metabolism via oxygen consumption rate and sub-organismal aerobic capacity by citrate synthase enzyme activity. Juvenile fish showed an increase in ventilation rate under high ITALIC! PCO2 compared with ambient ITALIC! PCO2 , whereas cardiac performance, oxygen consumption and citrate synthase activity were not significantly affected by elevated ITALIC! PCO2 Acclimation time had a significant effect on ventilation rate, stroke volume, cardiac output and citrate synthase activity, such that all metrics increased over the 4 week exposure period. These results suggest that juvenile emerald rockcod are robust to near-future increases in OA and may have the capacity to adjust for future increases in ITALIC! PCO2 by increasing acid-base compensation through increased ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nathan A Miller
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA Romberg Tiburon Center for Environmental Studies, San Francisco State University, Tiburon, CA 94920, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Anne E Todgham
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Rudin-Bitterli TS, Spicer JI, Rundle SD. Differences in the timing of cardio-respiratory development determine whether marine gastropod embryos survive or die in hypoxia. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:1076-85. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.134411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Physiological plasticity of early developmental stages is a key way by which organisms can survive and adapt to environmental change. We investigated developmental plasticity of aspects of the cardio-respiratory physiology of encapsulated embryos of a marine, gastropod Littorina obtusata surviving exposure to moderate hypoxia (pO2=8 kPa) and compared the development of these survivors with that of individuals that died before hatching. Individuals surviving hypoxia exhibited a slower rate of development and altered ontogeny of cardio-respiratory structure and function compared with normoxic controls (pO2>20 kPa). The onset and development of the larval and adult hearts were delayed in chronological time in hypoxia, but both organs appeared earlier in developmental time and cardiac activity rates were greater. The velum, a transient, ‘larval’ organ thought to play a role in gas exchange, was larger in hypoxia but developed more slowly (in chronological time), and velar cilia-driven, rotational activity was lower. Despite these effects of hypoxia, 38% of individuals survived to hatching. Compared with those embryos that died during development, these surviving embryos had advanced expression of adult structures, i.e. a significantly earlier occurrence and greater activity of their adult heart and larger shells. In contrast, embryos that died retained larval cardio-respiratory features (the velum and larval heart) for longer in chronological time. Surviving embryos came from eggs with significantly higher albumen provisioning than those that died, suggesting an energetic component for advanced development of adult traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Rudin-Bitterli
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - J. I. Spicer
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - S. D. Rundle
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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Matrone G, Wilson KS, Mullins JJ, Tucker CS, Denvir MA. Temporal cohesion of the structural, functional and molecular characteristics of the developing zebrafish heart. Differentiation 2015; 89:117-27. [PMID: 26095446 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heart formation is a complex, dynamic and highly coordinated process of molecular, morphogenetic and functional factors with each interacting and contributing to formation of the mature organ. Cardiac abnormalities in early life can be lethal in mammals but not in the zebrafish embryo which has been widely used to study the developing heart. While early cardiac development in the zebrafish has been well characterized, functional changes during development and how these relate to architectural, cellular and molecular aspects of development have not been well described previously. To address this we have carefully characterised cardiac structure, function, cardiomyocyte proliferation and cardiac-specific gene expression between 48 and 120 hpf in the zebrafish. We show that the zebrafish heart increases in volume and changes shape significantly between 48 and 72 hpf accompanied by a 40% increase in cardiomyocyte number. Between 96 and 120 hpf, while external heart expansion slows, there is rapid formation of a mature and extensive trabecular network within the ventricle chamber. While ejection fraction does not change during the course of development other determinants of contractile function increase significantly particularly between 72 and 96 hpf leading to an increase in cardinal vein blood flow. This study has revealed a number of novel aspects of cardiac developmental dynamics with striking temporal orchestration of structure and function within the first few days of development. These changes are associated with changes in expression of developmental and maturational genes. This study provides important insights into the complex temporal relationship between structure and function of the developing zebrafish heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Matrone
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Kathryn S Wilson
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - John J Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Carl S Tucker
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin A Denvir
- University of Edinburgh/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
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Developmental Expression and Hypoxic Induction of Hypoxia Inducible Transcription Factors in the Zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128938. [PMID: 26052946 PMCID: PMC4460093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia inducible transcription factor (HIF) has been shown to coordinate the hypoxic response of vertebrates and is expressed in three different isoforms, HIF-1α, HIF-2α and HIF-3α. Knock down of either Hif-1α or Hif-2α in mice results in lethality in embryonic or perinatal stages, suggesting that this transcription factor is not only controlling the hypoxic response, but is also involved in developmental phenomena. In the translucent zebrafish embryo the performance of the cardiovascular system is not essential for early development, therefore this study was designed to analyze the expression of the three Hif-isoforms during zebrafish development and to test the hypoxic inducibility of these transcription factors. To complement the existing zfHif-1α antibody we expressed the whole zfHif-2α protein and used it for immunization and antibody generation. Similarly, fragments of the zfHif-3α protein were used for immunization and generation of a zfHif-3α specific antibody. To demonstrate presence of the Hif-isoforms during development [between 1 day post fertilization (1 dpf) and 9 dpf] affinity-purified antibodies were used. Hif-1α protein was present under normoxic conditions in all developmental stages, but no significant differences between the different developmental stages could be detected. Hif-2α was also present from 1 dpf onwards, but in post hatching stages (between 5 and 9 dpf) the expression level was significantly higher than prior to hatching. Similarly, Hif-3α was expressed from 1 dpf onwards, and the expression level significantly increased until 5 dpf, suggesting that Hif-2α and Hif-3α play a particular role in early development. Hypoxic exposure (oxygen partial pressure = 5 kPa) in turn caused a significant increase in the level of Hif-1α protein even at 1 dpf and in later stages, while neither Hif-2α nor Hif-3α protein level were affected. In these early developmental stages Hif-1α therefore appears to be more important for the coordination of hypoxic responsiveness.
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Klüver N, König M, Ortmann J, Massei R, Paschke A, Kühne R, Scholz S. Fish embryo toxicity test: identification of compounds with weak toxicity and analysis of behavioral effects to improve prediction of acute toxicity for neurotoxic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7002-11. [PMID: 25939044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fish embryo toxicity test has been proposed as an alternative for the acute fish toxicity test, but concerns have been raised for its predictivity given that a few compounds have been shown to exhibit a weak acute toxicity in the fish embryo. In order to better define the applicability domain and improve the predictive capacity of the fish embryo test, we performed a systematic analysis of existing fish embryo and acute fish toxicity data. A correlation analysis of a total of 153 compounds identified 28 compounds with a weaker or no toxicity in the fish embryo test. Eleven of these compounds exhibited a neurotoxic mode of action. We selected a subset of eight compounds with weaker or no embryo toxicity (cyanazine, picloram, aldicarb, azinphos-methyl, dieldrin, diquat dibromide, endosulfan, and esfenvalerate) to study toxicokinetics and a neurotoxic mode of action as potential reasons for the deviating fish embryo toxicity. Published fish embryo LC50 values were confirmed by experimental analysis of zebrafish embryo LC50 according to OECD guideline 236. Except for diquat dibromide, internal concentration analysis did not indicate a potential relation of the low sensitivity of fish embryos to a limited uptake of the compounds. Analysis of locomotor activity of diquat dibromide and the neurotoxic compounds in 98 hpf embryos (exposed for 96 h) indicated a specific effect on behavior (embryonic movement) for the neurotoxic compounds. The EC50s of behavior for neurotoxic compounds were close to the acute fish toxicity LC50. Our data provided the first evidence that the applicability domain of the fish embryo test (LC50s determination) may exclude neurotoxic compounds. However, neurotoxic compounds could be identified by changes in embryonic locomotion. Although a quantitative prediction of acute fish toxicity LC50 using behavioral assays in fish embryos may not yet be possible, the identification of neurotoxicity could trigger the conduction of a conventional fish acute toxicity test or application of assessment factors while considering the very good fish embryo-acute fish toxicity correlation for other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Klüver
- †Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria König
- †Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Ortmann
- †Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Riccardo Massei
- †Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- ‡Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralph Kühne
- ‡Department of Ecological Chemistry, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scholz
- †Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Jonz MG, Buck LT, Perry SF, Schwerte T, Zaccone G. Sensing and surviving hypoxia in vertebrates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1365:43-58. [PMID: 25959851 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surviving hypoxia is one of the most critical challenges faced by vertebrates. Most species have adapted to changing levels of oxygen in their environment with specialized organs that sense hypoxia, while only few have been uniquely adapted to survive prolonged periods of anoxia. The goal of this review is to present the most recent research on oxygen sensing, adaptation to hypoxia, and mechanisms of anoxia tolerance in nonmammalian vertebrates. We discuss the respiratory structures in fish, including the skin, gills, and air-breathing organs, and recent evidence for chemosensory neuroepithelial cells (NECs) in these tissues that initiate reflex responses to hypoxia. The use of the zebrafish as a genetic and developmental model has allowed observation of the ontogenesis of respiratory and chemosensory systems, demonstration of a putative intracellular O2 sensor in chemoreceptors that may initiate transduction of the hypoxia signal, and investigation into the effects of extreme hypoxia on cardiorespiratory development. Other organisms, such as goldfish and freshwater turtles, display a high degree of anoxia tolerance, and these models are revealing important adaptations at the cellular level, such as the regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission in defense of homeostasis in central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie T Buck
- Cell and Systems Biology, and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve F Perry
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Giacomo Zaccone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Territorial, Food and Health Security (S.A.S.T.A.S.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Stoyek MR, Croll RP, Smith FM. Intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the heart in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1683-700. [PMID: 25711945 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the vertebrate heart the intracardiac nervous system is the final common pathway for autonomic control of cardiac output, but the neuroanatomy of this system is not well understood. In this study we investigated the innervation of the heart in a model vertebrate, the zebrafish. We used antibodies against acetylated tubulin, human neuronal protein C/D, choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to visualize neural elements and their neurotransmitter content. Most neurons were located at the venous pole in a plexus around the sinoatrial valve; mean total number of cells was 197 ± 23, and 92% were choline acetyltransferase positive, implying a cholinergic role. The plexus contained cholinergic, adrenergic, and nitrergic axons and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-positive terminals, some innervating somata. Putative pacemaker cells near the plexus showed immunoreactivity for hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) and the transcription factor Islet-1 (Isl1). The neurotracer neurobiotin showed that extrinsic axons from the left and right vagosympathetic trunks innervated the sinoatrial plexus proximal to their entry into the heart; some extrinsic axons from each trunk also projected into the medial dorsal plexus region. Extrinsic axons also innervated the atrial and ventricular walls. An extracardiac nerve trunk innervated the bulbus arteriosus and entered the arterial pole of the heart to innervate the proximal ventricle. We have shown that the intracardiac nervous system in the zebrafish is anatomically and neurochemically complex, providing a substrate for autonomic control of cardiac effectors in all chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Stoyek
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Frank M Smith
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Kawabata M, Umemoto N, Shimada Y, Nishimura Y, Zhang B, Kuroyanagi J, Miyabe M, Tanaka T. Downregulation of stanniocalcin 1 is responsible for sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2014; 143:374-84. [PMID: 25370841 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is associated with adverse cardiac effects, including left ventricular dysfunction. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear. Here, we aimed to establish the genes responsible for this cardiotoxicity using zebrafish and human cardiomyocytes. Fluorescent cardiac imaging using pigmentless zebrafish with green fluorescent protein hearts revealed that the ventricular dimensions of the longitudinal axis with sorafenib were significantly shorter than those of the control group. Transcriptome analysis of their hearts revealed that stanniocalcin 1 (stc1) was downregulated by sorafenib. stc1 knockdown in zebrafish revealed that reduction of stc1 decreased the longitudinal dimensions of zebrafish ventricles, similar to that which occurs during sorafenib treatment. STC1 downregulation and cytotoxicity were also seen in human cardiomyocytes exposed to sorafenib. To clarify the molecular function of stc1 in sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity, we focused on oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes treated with sorafenib. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production significantly increased in both species of human cardiomyocytes and zebrafish exposed to sorafenib and STC1 knockdown compared with the controls. Finally, we found that forced expression of stc1 normalized impairment, decreasing the longitudinal dimensions in zebrafish treated with sorafenib. Our study demonstrated that STC1 plays a protective role against ventricular dysfunction and ROS overproduction, which are induced by sorafenib treatment. We discovered for the first time that STC1 downregulation is responsible for sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity through activated ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miko Kawabata
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Noriko Umemoto
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-
| | - Yuhei Nishimura
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-
| | - Beibei Zhang
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Junya Kuroyanagi
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyabe
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-8507, Japan *Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Anesthesiology, Department of Systems Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Mie University Medical Zebrafish Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan, Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Life Science Research Center, Mie 514-8507, Japan and Department of Omics Medicine, Mie University Industrial Technology Innovation, Mie 514-
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The circadian clock and hypoxia in tumor cell de-differentiation and metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1850:1633-41. [PMID: 25450175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is considered to develop due to disruptions in the tissue microenvironment in addition to genetic disruptions in the tumor cells themselves. The two most important microenvironmental disruptions in cancer are arguably tissue hypoxia and disrupted circadian rhythmicity. Endothelial cells, which line the luminal side of all blood vessels transport oxygen or endocrine circadian regulators to the tissue and are therefore of key importance for circadian disruption and hypoxia in tumors. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here I review recent findings on the role of circadian rhythms and hypoxia in cancer and metastasis, with particular emphasis on how these pathways link tumor metastasis to pathological functions of blood vessels. The involvement of disrupted cell metabolism and redox homeostasis in this context and the use of novel zebrafish models for such studies will be discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Circadian rhythms and hypoxia are involved in tumor metastasis on all levels from pathological deregulation of the cell to the tissue and the whole organism. Pathological tumor blood vessels cause hypoxia and disruption in circadian rhythmicity which in turn drives tumor metastasis. Zebrafish models may be used to increase our understanding of the mechanisms behind hypoxia and circadian regulation of metastasis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Disrupted blood flow in tumors is currently seen as a therapeutic goal in cancer treatment, but may drive invasion and metastasis via pathological hypoxia and circadian clock signaling. Understanding the molecular details behind such regulation is important to optimize treatment for patients with solid tumors in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Redox regulation of differentiation and de-differentiation.
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Ivy CM, Scott GR. Control of breathing and the circulation in high-altitude mammals and birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 186:66-74. [PMID: 25446936 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an unremitting stressor at high altitudes that places a premium on oxygen transport by the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Phenotypic plasticity and genotypic adaptation at various steps in the O2 cascade could help offset the effects of hypoxia on cellular O2 supply in high-altitude natives. In this review, we will discuss the unique mechanisms by which ventilation, cardiac output, and blood flow are controlled in high-altitude mammals and birds. Acclimatization to high altitudes leads to some changes in respiratory and cardiovascular control that increase O2 transport in hypoxia (e.g., ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia). However, acclimatization or development in hypoxia can also modify cardiorespiratory control in ways that are maladaptive for O2 transport. Hypoxia responses that arose as short-term solutions to O2 deprivation (e.g., peripheral vasoconstriction) or regional variation in O2 levels in the lungs (i.e., hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction) are detrimental at in chronic high-altitude hypoxia. Evolved changes in cardiorespiratory control have arisen in many high-altitude taxa, including increases in effective ventilation, attenuation of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, and changes in catecholamine sensitivity of the heart and systemic vasculature. Parallel evolution of some of these changes in independent highland lineages supports their adaptive significance. Much less is known about the genomic bases and potential interactive effects of adaptation, acclimatization, developmental plasticity, and trans-generational epigenetic transfer on cardiorespiratory control. Future work to understand these various influences on breathing and circulation in high-altitude natives will help elucidate how complex physiological systems can be pushed to their limits to maintain cellular function in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Ivy
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Graham R Scott
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Leet JK, Lindberg CD, Bassett LA, Isales GM, Yozzo KL, Raftery TD, Volz DC. High-content screening in zebrafish embryos identifies butafenacil as a potent inducer of anemia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104190. [PMID: 25090246 PMCID: PMC4121296 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using transgenic zebrafish (fli1:egfp) that stably express enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) within vascular endothelial cells, we recently developed and optimized a 384-well high-content screening (HCS) assay that enables us to screen and identify chemicals affecting cardiovascular development and function at non-teratogenic concentrations. Within this assay, automated image acquisition procedures and custom image analysis protocols are used to quantify body length, heart rate, circulation, pericardial area, and intersegmental vessel area within individual live embryos exposed from 5 to 72 hours post-fertilization. After ranking developmental toxicity data generated from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) zebrafish teratogenesis assay, we screened 26 of the most acutely toxic chemicals within EPA's ToxCast Phase-I library in concentration-response format (0.05–50 µM) using this HCS assay. Based on this screen, we identified butafenacil as a potent inducer of anemia, as exposure from 0.39 to 3.125 µM butafenacil completely abolished arterial circulation in the absence of effects on all other endpoints evaluated. Butafenacil is an herbicide that inhibits protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) – an enzyme necessary for heme production in vertebrates. Using o-dianisidine staining, we then revealed that severe butafenacil-induced anemia in zebrafish was due to a complete loss of hemoglobin following exposure during early development. Therefore, six additional PPO inhibitors within the ToxCast Phase-I library were screened to determine whether anemia represents a common adverse outcome for these herbicides. Embryonic exposure to only one of these PPO inhibitors – flumioxazin – resulted in a similar phenotype as butafenacil, albeit not as severe as butafenacil. Overall, this study highlights the potential utility of this assay for (1) screening chemicals for cardiovascular toxicity and (2) prioritizing chemicals for future hypothesis-driven and mechanism-focused investigations within zebrafish and mammalian models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Leet
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Casey D. Lindberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Luke A. Bassett
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory M. Isales
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Krystle L. Yozzo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tara D. Raftery
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Volz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A notable advantage of zebrafish as a model organism is the ease of gene knockdown using morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO). However, zebrafish morphants injected with MO for a target protein often show heterogeneous phenotypes, despite controlling the injection volume of the MO solution in all embryos. We developed a method for estimating the quantity of MO injected into each living morphant, based on the co-injection of a control MO labeled with the fluorophore lissamine. By applying this method for knockdown of cardiac troponin T (tnnt2a) in zebrafish, we could efficiently select the partial tnnt2a-depleted zebrafish with a decreased heart rate and impairment of cardiac contraction. To investigate cardiac impairment of the tnnt2a morphant, we performed fluorescent cardiac imaging using Bodipy-ceramide. Cardiac image analysis showed moderate reduction of tnnt2a impaired diastolic distensibility and decreased contraction and relaxation velocities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to analyze the role of tnnt2a in cardiac function in tnnt2a-depleted living animals. Our combinatorial approach can be applied for analyzing the molecular function of any protein associated with human cardiac diseases.
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48
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Immediate and long-term consequences of vascular toxicity during zebrafish development. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:51-61. [PMID: 24907688 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Proper formation of the vascular system is necessary for embryogenesis, and chemical disruption of vascular development may be a key event driving developmental toxicity. In order to test the effect of environmental chemicals on this critical process, we evaluated a quantitative assay in transgenic zebrafish using angiogenesis inhibitors that target VEGFR2 (PTK787) or EGFR (AG1478). Both PTK787 and AG1478 exposure impaired intersegmental vessel (ISV) sprouting, while AG1478 also produced caudal and pectoral fin defects at concentrations below those necessary to blunt ISV morphogenesis. The functional consequences of vessel toxicity during early development included decreased body length and survival in juvenile cohorts developmentally exposed to inhibitor concentrations sufficient to completely block ISV sprouting angiogenesis. These data show that concentration-dependent disruption of the presumed targets for these inhibitors produce adverse outcomes at advanced life stages.
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Ho DH. Transgenerational epigenetics: the role of maternal effects in cardiovascular development. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:43-51. [PMID: 24813463 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgenerational epigenetics, the study of non-genetic transfer of information from one generation to the next, has gained much attention in the past few decades due to the fact that, in many instances, epigenetic processes outweigh direct genetic processes in the manifestation of aberrant phenotypes across several generations. Maternal effects, or the influences of maternal environment, phenotype, and/or genotype on offsprings' phenotypes, independently of the offsprings' genotypes, are a subcategory of transgenerational epigenetics. Due to the intimate role of the mother during early development in animals, there is much interest in investigating the means by which maternal effects can shape the individual. Maternal effects are responsible for cellular organization, determination of the body axis, initiation and maturation of organ systems, and physiological performance of a wide variety of species and biological systems. The cardiovascular system is the first to become functional and can significantly influence the development of other organ systems. Thus, it is important to elucidate the role of maternal effects in cardiovascular development, and to understand its impact on adult cardiovascular health. Topics to be addressed include: (1) how and when do maternal effects change the developmental trajectory of the cardiovascular system to permanently alter the adult's cardiovascular phenotype, (2) what molecular mechanisms have been associated with maternally induced cardiovascular phenotypes, and (3) what are the evolutionary implications of maternally mediated changes in cardiovascular phenotype?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao H Ho
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Egg M, Paulitsch M, Ennemoser Y, Wüstenhagen A, Schwerte T, Sandbichler AM, Fiechtner B, Köblitz L, Prem C, Pelster B. Chronodisruption increases cardiovascular risk in zebrafish via reduced clearance of senescent erythrocytes. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:680-9. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.889703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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