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Sardjoe M, Aldred S, Adam T, Plasqui G, Brunstrom JM, Dourish CT, Higgs S. Inhibitory control mediates the effect of high intensity interval exercise on food choice. Appetite 2024; 200:107499. [PMID: 38759756 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Exercise is associated with changes in food consumption and cognitive function. The aim of this study was to examine the immediate effects of acute exercise on appetite, food choices, and cognitive processes, and the mediating role of cognitive functioning, namely inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility and decision making. We compared the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) to a resting condition on appetite and food choices, using visual analogue rating scales and a computerised portion selection task. Mediation analysis was performed with exercise/rest condition as a predictor variable and cognitive measures were entered as mediating variables and food choice measures as outcomes. Young women with low activity levels, aged between 18 and 35 years with a body mass index (BMI) between 18 and 25 kg/m², were recruited. Participants (n = 30) demonstrated improved performance on a Stroop task following HIIE compared to the rest session, indicating enhanced attentional inhibition. Accuracy on an N-back task was significantly higher after HIIE, indicating an improvement in working memory and response times on the N-back task were shorter after HIIE, suggesting increased processing speed. Delay discounting for food (but not money) was reduced after HIEE but there were no significant effects on go/no-go task performance. On the trail-making task (a measure of cognitive flexibility), the time difference between trail B and A was significantly lower after HIIE, compared to rest. HIIE reduced rated enjoyment and ideal portion size selection for high energy dense foods. The relationship between exercise and food choices was mediated by inhibition as assessed by the Stoop task. These results suggest that HIIE leads to cognitive benefits and a reduced preference for high-calorie foods and that an enhancement of attentional inhibition may underlie this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhronica Sardjoe
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Aldred
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Adam
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, Maastricht, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200, Maastricht, MD, the Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, United Kingdom; NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin T Dourish
- Blue Day Healthcare, Marlow, Buckinghamshire, SL7 3QT, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Osorio M J, Mitchell SE, Hambly C, Allison DB, Speakman JR. Not feeling the heat? Effects of dietary protein on satiation and satiety in mice are not due to its impact on body temperature. Appetite 2024; 200:107421. [PMID: 38759755 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Dietary protein modulates food intake (FI) via unclear mechanism(s). One possibility is that higher protein leads to greater post-ingestive heat production (Specific dynamic action: SDA) leading to earlier meal termination (increased satiation), and inhibition of further intake (increased satiety). The influence of dietary protein on feeding behaviour in C57BL/6J mice was tested using an automated FI monitoring system (BioDAQ), simultaneous to body temperature (Tb). Total FI, inter meal intervals (IMI, satiety) and meal size (MS, satiation) were related to changes in Tb after consuming low (5%, LP), moderate (15%, MP) and high (30%, HP) protein diets. Diets were tested over three conditions: 1) room temperature (RT, 21 ± 1 °C), 2) room temperature and running wheels (RTRW) and 3) low temperature (10 °C) and running wheels (LTRW). The differences between diets and conditions were also compared using mixed models. Mice housed at RT fed HP diet, reduced total FI compared with LP and MP due to earlier meal termination (satiation effect). FI was lowered in RTRW conditions with no differences between diets. FI significantly increased under LTRW conditions for all diets, with protein content leading to earlier meal termination (satiation) but not the intervals between feeding bouts (satiety). Tb fell immediately after feeding in all conditions. Despite a reduction in total FI in mice fed HP, mediated via increased satiation, this effect was not linked to increased Tb during meals. We conclude effects of dietary protein on intake are not mediated via SDA and Tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazmin Osorio M
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Institute of Neurobiology, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - David B Allison
- Indiana University School of Public Health - Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - John R Speakman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, Scotland, UK; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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McCarthy SF, Bornath DPD, Grisebach D, Tucker JAL, Jarosz C, Ormond SC, Medeiros PJ, Hazell TJ. Low- and high-load resistance training exercise to volitional fatigue generate exercise-induced appetite suppression. Appetite 2024; 196:107286. [PMID: 38417533 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Research on exercise-induced appetite suppression often does not include resistance training (RT) exercise and only compared matched volumes. PURPOSE To compare the effects of low-load and high-load RT exercise completed to volitional fatigue on appetite-regulation. METHODS 11 resistance-trained males (24 ± 2 y) completed 3 sessions in a crossover experimental design: 1) control (CTRL); 2) RT exercise at 30% 1-repetition maximum (RM); and 3) RT exercise at 90% 1-RM. RT sessions consisted of 3 sets of 5 exercises completed to volitional fatigue. Acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), active peptide tyrosine (PYY), lactate, and subjective appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 60-, and 120-min post-exercise. Energy intake was recorded the day before, of, and after each session. RESULTS Lactate was elevated following both 30% (0-, 60-, 120-min post-exercise) and 90% (0-, 60-min post-exercise; P < 0.001, d > 3.92) versus CTRL, with 30% greater than 90% (0-min post-exercise; P = 0.011, d = 1.14). Acylated ghrelin was suppressed by 30% (P < 0.007, d > 1.22) and 90% (P < 0.028, d > 0.096) post-exercise versus CTRL, and 30% suppressed concentrations versus 90% (60-min post-exercise; P = 0.032, d = 0.95). There was no effect on PYY (P > 0.171, ηp2 <0.149) though GLP-1 was greater at 60-min post-exercise in 90% (P = 0.052, d = 0.86) versus CTRL. Overall appetite was suppressed 0-min post-exercise following 30% and 90% versus CTRL (P < 0.013, d > 1.10) with no other differences (P > 0.279, d < 0.56). There were no differences in energy intake (P > 0.101, ηp2 <0.319). CONCLUSIONS RT at low- and high-loads to volitional fatigue induced appetite suppression coinciding with changes in acylated ghrelin though limited effects on anorexigenic hormones or free-living energy intake were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth F McCarthy
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Derek P D Bornath
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Daniel Grisebach
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jessica A L Tucker
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Claudia Jarosz
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sion C Ormond
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Konitz C, Schwensfeier L, Predel HG, Brinkmann C. The Influence of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Appetite and Appetite Regulation in Patients with Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1126. [PMID: 38674817 PMCID: PMC11054589 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This systematic review aims to analyze the effects of acute and chronic exercise on appetite and appetite regulation in patients with abnormal glycemic control. PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for eligible studies. The included studies had to report assessments of appetite (primary outcome). Levels of appetite-regulating hormones were analyzed as secondary outcomes (considered, if additionally reported). Seven studies with a total number of 211 patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) met the inclusion criteria. Ratings of hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, nausea, and desire to eat, as well as levels of (des-)acylated ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, pancreatic polypeptide, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, leptin, and spexin were considered. Following acute exercise, the effects on appetite (measured up to one day post-exercise) varied, while there were either no changes or a decrease in appetite ratings following chronic exercise, both compared to control conditions (without exercise). These results were accompanied by inconsistent changes in appetite-regulating hormone levels. The overall risk of bias was low. The present results provide more evidence for an appetite-reducing rather than an appetite-increasing effect of (chronic) exercise on patients with prediabetes or T2DM. PROSPERO ID: CRD42023459322.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Konitz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
| | - Leon Schwensfeier
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
| | - Hans-Georg Predel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
| | - Christian Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, 50933 Cologne, Germany; (L.S.); (H.-G.P.)
- Department of Fitness and Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, 40233 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Panissa VLG, Cardoso LK, Rossi PAQ, Fukuda DH, Rossi FE. The impact of acute and chronic resistance training on appetite and energy intake: A scoping review examining resistance exercise and comparisons with other exercise modalities. Appetite 2024; 193:107155. [PMID: 38081545 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of exercise on appetite have recently been systematically evaluated with a focus on endurance training (ET). However, resistance training (RT) may induce different adaptations than ET. This scoping review aimed to examine the acute and chronic effects of isolated RT and comparisons with other exercise modalities on appetite-related variables and energy intake. RESULTS 17 acute studies were identified, six examining isolated RT, while 11 focused on RT intensity, amount of exercise, targeted muscle groups, or comparison with ET and combined training (RT plus ET; CT). Nine chronic studies were identified. Three investigated isolated RT vs control and six manipulated the amount of RT exercise, types of RT, or comparison with ET and CT. CONCLUSIONS Acute RT compared to control conditions appears to induce responses favoring appetite inhibition. While the amount of RT exercise may acutely play a role in the suppression of appetite, while ET seems to have more potential to suppress appetite. Chronic RT does not seem to stimulate compensatory mechanisms; however, there is not clear evidence regarding the role of RT intensity or other exercise modalities. Chronic ET and CT may be more prone to favor appetite inhibition than RT. More comprehensive evaluations including the exploration of multiple appetite-related factors are needed for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria L G Panissa
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Larissa K Cardoso
- Student at Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Priscila A Q Rossi
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Fabrício E Rossi
- Immunometabolism of Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil; Professor at Graduate Program in Science and Health, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil; Professor at Graduate Program in Movement Science, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.
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Anderson KC, Hasan F, Grammer EE, Kranz S. Endogenous Ghrelin Levels and Perception of Hunger: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1226-1236. [PMID: 37536563 PMCID: PMC10509419 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is an orexigenic hormone primarily released by the stomach and has 2 isoforms: acylated ghrelin (AG) and de-acylated ghrelin (DAG), that appear to have different functions in humans. OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between plasma concentrations of total ghrelin (TG), AG, and DAG and perceptions of hunger in healthy adults. METHODS The following criteria were used for inclusion: 1) sample contained adults ≥18 y of age, 2) body mass index [BMI kg/m2] was ≥18.5, 3) ghrelin was sampled through blood, 4) subjective hunger was measured on a validated scale, 5) study reported a Pearson product correlation of ghrelin or had relevant figure(s) for data extraction, 6) participants were healthy with no overt disease, 7) protocols contained no physical activity or weight loss medication that suppressed appetite, 8) interventions were conducted without environmental manipulations. Moderators assessed were age, BMI, percentage of body fat (%BF), macronutrient content of test meals, energy intake (kcals), sex, and ghrelin isoform (AG, DAG, or TG). RESULTS The analysis included 47 studies (110 trials, n = 1799, age: 31.4 ± 12.0 y, BMI: 26.0 ± 4.75 kg/m2) and measured AG (n = 47 trials), DAG (n = 12 trials), and TG (n = 51 trials). The overall model indicated that ghrelin concentrations and perceptions of hunger were moderately correlated (r = 0.43, P < 0.001), and ghrelin isoform significantly moderated this relationship (AG: r = 0.60, P < 0.001; TG: r = 0.215, P = 0.01; DAG: r = 0.53, P = 0.695). Other significant moderators included age (b = -0.02, P = 0.01), BMI (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), %BF (b = -0.03, P = 0.05), energy intake (b = 0.0003, P = 0.04), and percentage of carbohydrates of test meals (b = 0.008, P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin is associated with perceptions of hunger in humans, and this relationship is strengthened when AG is isolated; thus, AG may have a large impact on hunger signals in various populations. Future research should attempt to understand the role of DAG in hunger sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Faten Hasan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Emily E Grammer
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sibylle Kranz
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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Visco V, Izzo C, Bonadies D, Di Feo F, Caliendo G, Loria F, Mancusi C, Chivasso P, Di Pietro P, Virtuoso N, Carrizzo A, Vecchione C, Ciccarelli M. Interventions to Address Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Patients: Many Hands Make Light Work. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:327. [PMID: 37623340 PMCID: PMC10455377 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10080327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health epidemic worldwide and is implicated in slowing improved life expectancy and increasing cardiovascular (CV) risk; indeed, several obesity-related mechanisms drive structural, functional, humoral, and hemodynamic heart alterations. On the other hand, obesity may indirectly cause CV disease, mediated through different obesity-associated comorbidities. Diet and physical activity are key points in preventing CV disease and reducing CV risk; however, these strategies alone are not always sufficient, so other approaches, such as pharmacological treatments and bariatric surgery, must support them. Moreover, these strategies are associated with improved CV risk factors and effectively reduce the incidence of death and CV events such as myocardial infarction and stroke; consequently, an individualized care plan with a multidisciplinary approach is recommended. More precisely, this review explores several interventions (diet, physical activity, pharmacological and surgical treatments) to address CV risk in obese patients and emphasizes the importance of adherence to treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Visco
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Davide Bonadies
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Federica Di Feo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Francesco Loria
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Costantino Mancusi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Pierpaolo Chivasso
- Department of Emergency Cardiac Surgery, Cardio-Thoracic-Vascular, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
| | - Nicola Virtuoso
- Cardiology Unit, University Hospital “San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d’Aragona”, 84131 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (V.V.); (C.I.); (D.B.); (F.D.F.); (G.C.); (F.L.); (P.D.P.); (A.C.); (C.V.)
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Yasuda J, Myoenzono K, Takai E, Toguchi M, Tsunezumi S, Kondo C, Kaizaki A, Ode S, Ohno H, Namma-Motonaga K, Kamei A. Importance of "meal first" strategy and effective situations of supplement use in elite athletes: Japan high performance sport center position stand. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1188224. [PMID: 37383062 PMCID: PMC10293618 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1188224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The "meal first" strategy is traditionally recommended for athletes' conditioning. However, the importance of the "meal first" principle has not been detailly well documented in athletes' lives. Supplement use has recently become a common part of athletes' diets, but unmonitored supplement use can cause negative consequences, such as anti-doping violations and health issues. Therefore, this review summarizes how the "meal first" strategy and planned supplement use are important for enhancing athletes' health and performance. We believe that the "meal first" strategy is beneficial in terms of the following aspects: (1) consumption of multi-nutrients and other functional components simultaneously; (2) positive effects on psychological well-being; (3) contribution to athletes' health by way of mastication; and (4) less risk for anti-doping violations. Before supplement use, we recommend that athletes first verify their basic factors (e.g., diet, training, and sleep), given that the benefits of supplements are examined and demonstrated with the control of those factors. Otherwise, athletes cannot obtain maximal benefits from the supplements. In contrast, there are situations in which supplements in athletes' lives can be advantageous, such as (1) nutrient deficiency due to ongoing dietary characteristics; (2) interruption of meals due to disease; (3) inaccessibility of quality food during athletic travel; (4) difficulty preparing food due to societal restrictions associated with disasters or infection outbreaks; (5) having a meal before, during, or after exercise is difficult; and (6) achieving targeted intake of performance-enhancing ingredients is not practical. In summary, we emphasize that the "meal first" strategy is recommended for athletes' conditioning, but there are several contexts when supplement use can be more useful in athletes' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuda
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuda Keiko Namma-Motonaga Akiko Kamei
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akiko Kamei
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuda Keiko Namma-Motonaga Akiko Kamei
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Höchsmann C, Beckford SE, French JA, Boron JB, Stevens JR, Koehler K. Biological and behavioral predictors of relative energy intake after acute exercise. Appetite 2023; 184:106520. [PMID: 36868314 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Energy intake in the post-exercise state is highly variable and compensatory eating - i.e., (over-) compensation of the expended energy via increased post-exercise energy intake - occurs in some individuals but not others. We aimed to identify predictors of post-exercise energy intake and compensation. In a randomized crossover design, 57 healthy participants (21.7 [SD = 2.5] years; 23.7 [SD = 2.3] kg/m2, 75% White, 54% female) completed two laboratory-based test-meals following (1) 45-min exercise and (2) 45-min rest (control). We assessed associations between biological (sex, body composition, appetite hormones) and behavioral (habitual exercise via prospective exercise log, eating behavior traits) characteristics at baseline and total energy intake, relative energy intake (intake - exercise expenditure), and the difference between post-exercise and post-rest intake. We found a differential impact of biological and behavioral characteristics on total post-exercise energy intake in men and women. In men, only fasting (baseline) concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones (peptide YY [PYY, β = 0.88, P < 0.001] and adiponectin [β = 0.66, P = 0.005] predicted total post-exercise energy intake, while in women, only habitual exercise (β = -0.44, P = 0.017) predicted total post-exercise energy intake. Predictors of relative intake were almost identical to those of total intake. The difference in energy intake between exercise and rest was associated with VO2peak (β = -0.45, P = 0.020), fasting PYY (β = 0.53, P = 0.036), and fasting adiponectin (β = 0.57, P = 0.021) in men but not women (all P > 0.51). Our results show that biological and behavioral characteristics differentially affect total and relative post-exercise energy intake in men and women. This may help identify individuals who are more likely to compensate for the energy expended in exercise. Targeted countermeasures to prevent compensatory energy intake after exercise should take the demonstrated sex differences into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Höchsmann
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Safiya E Beckford
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey A French
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Julie B Boron
- Department of Gerontology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Stevens
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Karsten Koehler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Thackray AE, Stensel DJ. The impact of acute exercise on appetite control: Current insights and future perspectives. Appetite 2023; 186:106557. [PMID: 37044176 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of exercise with appetite control and energy intake has been widely studied due to the ability of exercise-related energy expenditure to influence energy and substrate balance. Many empirical studies have explored appetite and energy intake responses to acute (single) exercise bouts involving a variety of protocols in diverse populations revealing several consistent trends. The balance of evidence suggests that acute moderate-to-vigorous intensity land-based exercise suppresses subjective appetite feelings and the orexigenic hormone acylated ghrelin and elevates the anorexigenic hormones peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1. These perturbations are transient and hormone concentrations usually return to resting values in the hours after exercise without evoking compensatory increases in appetite or energy intake on the same day. This evidence counters the popular assertion that exercise transiently increases appetite and may prompt greater energy intake at subsequent meals. The indifference of the appetite control system to acute exercise-induced energy deficits contrasts with the immediate increases in appetite and energy intake provoked by equivalent diet-induced energy deficits. There is, however, considerable inter-individual variability in subjective appetite and hormonal responses to acute exercise with some individuals experiencing greater exercise-induced appetite suppression than others. Current evidence supports the promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing a short-term energy deficit but the relevance of this for long-term appetite regulation and the control of body mass remains uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom; Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan; Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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11
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Vidanage D, Wasalathanthri S, Hettiarachchi P. Long-term aerobic and combined exercises enhance the satiety response and modulate the energy intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): A randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:48. [PMID: 36998025 PMCID: PMC10064558 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy homeostasis plays a vital role in achieving glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise is known to increase energy expenditure. However, its role in energy intake has not been explored in people with T2DM. Thus, this study aimed at determining the impact of long-term aerobic and combined exercises in modulating hunger, satiety and energy intake in T2DM. METHODS A randomized controlled trial, with 108 people with T2DM, aged 35-60 years were assigned into an aerobic, combined (aerobic and resistance) and a control group. Primary outcomes were subjective levels of hunger and satiety measured by a 100 mm visual analogue scale in relation to a standard breakfast meal (453 kcal) and energy and macronutrient intake determined by a 3-day diet diary at 0, 3 and 6 months. RESULTS Aerobic and combined groups exhibited reduced hunger and increased satiety at 3 and 6 months (p < 0.05). The combined group demonstrated a profound increase in satiety at 3 and 6 months compared to aerobics (3 months; p = 0.008, 6 months; p = 0.002) and controls (3 months; p = 0.006, 6 months, p = 0.014). Mean daily energy intake was reduced only at 6 months in the aerobic group (p = 0.012), whereas it was reduced in the combined group at 3 and at 6 months compared to controls (3 months: p = 0.026, 6 months: p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Long-term aerobic and combined exercises produced a reduction in hunger, energy intake and increase satiety in people with T2DM. Despite energy expenditure, exercise seems to play a significant role in reducing energy intake as well. Combined exercises show more advantages over aerobic exercise since combined exercises have a greater impact on satiety and energy intake in people with T2DM. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER SLCTR/2015/029, https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2015-029 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinithi Vidanage
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Rathmalana, 10390, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sudharshani Wasalathanthri
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo 08, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyadarshika Hettiarachchi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, 10250, Sri Lanka
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12
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Liu HW, Cheng HC, Tsai SH, Shao YT. Effects of acute resistance exercise with different loads on appetite, appetite hormones and autonomic nervous system responses in healthy young men. Appetite 2023; 182:106428. [PMID: 36539159 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the effect of continuous aerobic exercise on the appetite has been widely explored, the influence of resistance exercise (RE) with different variables, including training loads, training volume, and inter-set rest, on appetite responses requires further investigation. This study examined the importance of training load in RE-induced appetite regulation, with the total training volume and inter-set rest equalized. In total, 11 healthy young men (age = 23 ± 2 years, body mass index = 22 ± 2 kg/m2) were included. Participants completed 3 trials, namely moderate-load RE (MOD; 4 sets of 8 repetitions at 85% 8RM), low-load RE (LOW; 4 sets of 15 repetitions at 45% 8RM), and a control (CON; no exercise), in a randomized, crossover design. Subjective appetite ratings; concentrations of ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and lactate; and the autonomic nervous system activity were evaluated before exercise and 1 h after exercise. The hunger and predicted food consumption ratings, and ghrelin concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly lower in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). The PYY and lactate concentrations immediately after exercise were significantly higher in the MOD and LOW trials (p < 0.05 vs. CON). Heart rate variability recovery was slower in the MOD trial. These findings suggest that both moderate-load and low-load RE at equal training volumes and inter-set rest induce similar responses on hunger suppression and orexigenic signals, except for the slower recovery of autonomic modulation after moderate-load RE. Our results suggest that when individuals aim to potentiate appetite suppression after a bout of RE, both moderate- and low-load RE could be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hsi Tsai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Te Shao
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, 162 Section 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan
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13
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Purcell SA, Melanson EL, Afghahi A, Borges VF, Sinelli I, Cornier MA. The effects of resistance exercise on appetite sensations, appetite related hormones and energy intake in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer survivors. Appetite 2023; 182:106426. [PMID: 36539160 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Appetite is a determinant of dietary intake and is impacted by sex hormones, exercise, and body composition among individuals without chronic conditions. Whether appetite is altered by exercise in the context of estrogen suppression and cancer survivorship is unknown. This randomized cross-over study compared appetite and ad libitum energy intake (EI) after acute resistance exercise (REx) versus sedentary (SED) conditions and in relation to body composition and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in breast cancer survivors (BCS). Physically inactive premenopausal females with previous stage I-III estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer completed a single bout of REx or SED 35 minutes after a standardized breakfast meal. Appetite visual analog scales and hormones (total ghrelin and peptide-YY [PYY]) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes post-meal and expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Participants were offered a buffet-type meal 180 minutes after breakfast to assess ad libitum EI. Body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and RMR (indirect calorimetry) were measured during a separate visit. Sixteen BCS were included (age: 46 ± 2 y, BMI: 24.9 ± 1.0 kg/m2). There were no differences in appetite ratings or EI between conditions. There were no differences in appetite hormone AUC, but REx resulted in lower ghrelin 120 (-85 ± 39 pg/mL, p = 0.031) and 180 (-114 ± 43 pg/mL, p = 0.018) minutes post-breakfast and higher PYY 90 (21 ± 10 pg/mL, p = 0.028) and 120 (14 ± 7 pg/mL, p = 0.041) minutes post-breakfast. Fat-free mass and RMR negatively correlated with hunger and prospective food consumption AUC after SED, but not REx. In sum, a single REx bout temporarily reduces orexigenic and increases anorexic appetite hormones, but not acute subjective appetite sensations or EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Purcell
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Biology, University of British Columbia - Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Edward L Melanson
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Anosheh Afghahi
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Virginia F Borges
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Isabella Sinelli
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- School of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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14
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Dewi RC, Wirjatmadi B. Physical activity, exercise habits, and body mass index of adults. HEALTHCARE IN LOW-RESOURCE SETTINGS 2023. [DOI: 10.4081/hls.2023.11197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The risk of degenerative diseases begins to appear in adulthood. Physical activity and exercise habits prevent the incidence of obesity which is a risk factor for degenerative diseases' emergence. Therefore, this study aims toexamine the relationship between physical activity, exercise habits, body mass index, and fat mass percentage.
Design and Methods: This study used an analytic observational cross-sectional design and 32 office workers in Surabaya aged 28-56 years were selected by simple random sampling technique. The data collected included measurements of physical activity, exercise habits, anthropometry, and body composition, which were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation test.
Results: The results showed that 46.9% of participants had moderate activity, 43.8% exercised 1-2x a week, 56.3% exercised for 20-60 minutes, 56.30% had a low exercise intensity, 62.50% had an overweight body mass index, and 71.9% had overfat mass percentage. Spearman's rank test showed a significant relationship between energy intake, physical activity, exercise frequency, duration and intensity, and body mass index as well as between energy intake, physical activity, exercise intensity, and body fat percentage.
Conclusions: Increased physical activity and exercise habits were associated with decreased BMI and body fat percentage.
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15
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Li G, Tataka Y, Kamemoto K, Wen H, Yamanaka K, Nagayama C, Miyashita M. Does butyrylcholinesterase mediate exercise-induced and meal-induced suppression in acylated ghrelin? Endocr J 2022; 69:1395-1405. [PMID: 36047188 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej22-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ample evidence supports the notion that an acute bout of aerobic exercise and meal consumption reduces acylated ghrelin concentration. However, the mechanisms by which this exercise- and meal-induced suppression of acylated ghrelin occurs in humans is unknown. This study aimed to examine the concentration of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme responsible for hydrolysing ghrelin and other appetite-related hormones in response to a single bout of running and a standardised meal in young, healthy men. Thirty-three men (aged 23 ± 2 years, mean ± standard deviation) underwent two (exercise and meal conditions) 2-h laboratory-based experiments. In the exercise condition, all participants ran for 30 min at 70% of the maximum oxygen uptake (0930-1000) and rested until 1130. In the meal condition, participants reported to the laboratory at 0930 and rested until 1000. Subsequently, they consumed a standardised meal (1000-1015) and rested until 1130. Blood samples were collected at baseline (0930), 1000, 1030, 1100 and 1130. BChE concentration was not altered in both the exercise and meal conditions (p > 0.05). However, acylated ghrelin was suppressed after exercise (p < 0.05) and meal consumption (p < 0.05). There was no association between the change in BChE concentration and the change in acylated ghrelin before and after exercise (p = 0.571). Although des-acylated ghrelin concentration did not change during exercise (p > 0.05), it decreased after meal consumption (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that BChE may not be involved in the suppression of acylated ghrelin after exercise and meal consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Yusei Tataka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kayoko Kamemoto
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Haixin Wen
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuna Yamanaka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Chihiro Nagayama
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
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16
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Sargeant JA, King JA, Yates T, Redman EL, Bodicoat DH, Chatterjee S, Edwardson CL, Gray LJ, Poulin B, Waheed G, Waller HL, Webb DR, Willis SA, Wilding JPH, Khunti K, Stensel DJ, Davies MJ. The effects of empagliflozin, dietary energy restriction, or both on appetite-regulatory gut peptides in individuals with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity: The SEESAW randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022; 24:1509-1521. [PMID: 35441435 PMCID: PMC9541107 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the impact of the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin (25 mg once-daily), dietary energy restriction, or both combined, on circulating appetite-regulatory peptides in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight or obesity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 68 adults (aged 30-75 years) with T2D (drug naïve or on metformin monotherapy; HbA1c 6.0%-10.0% [42-86 mmol/mol]) and body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or higher were randomized to (a) placebo only, (b) placebo plus diet, (c) empagliflozin only or (d) empagliflozin plus diet for 24 weeks. Dietary energy restriction matched the estimated energy deficit elicited by SGLT2 inhibitor therapy through urinary glucose excretion (~360 kcal/day). The primary outcome was change in postprandial circulating total peptide-YY (PYY) during a 3-hour mixed-meal tolerance test from baseline to 24 weeks. Postprandial total glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), acylated ghrelin and subjective appetite perceptions formed secondary outcomes, along with other key components of energy balance. RESULTS The mean weight loss in each group at 24 weeks was 0.44, 1.91, 2.22 and 5.74 kg, respectively. The change from baseline to 24 weeks in postprandial total PYY was similar between experimental groups and placebo only (mean difference [95% CI]: -8.6 [-28.6 to 11.4], 13.4 [-6.1 to 33.0] and 1.0 [-18.0 to 19.9] pg/ml in placebo-plus diet, empagliflozin-only and empagliflozin-plus-diet groups, respectively [all P ≥ .18]). Similarly, there was no consistent pattern of difference between groups for postprandial total GLP-1, acylated ghrelin and subjective appetite perceptions. CONCLUSIONS In people with T2D and overweight or obesity, changes in postprandial appetite-regulatory gut peptides may not underpin the less than predicted weight loss observed with empagliflozin therapy. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02798744, www. CLINICALTRIALS gov; 2015-001594-40, www.EudraCT.ema.europa.eu; ISRCTN82062639, www.ISRCTN.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Sargeant
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - James A. King
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUK
| | - Thomas Yates
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - Emma L. Redman
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- Leicester Diabetes CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | | | | | - Charlotte L. Edwardson
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - Laura J. Gray
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
| | - Benoit Poulin
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - Ghazala Waheed
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - Helen L. Waller
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
| | - David R. Webb
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- Leicester Diabetes CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
| | - Scott A. Willis
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUK
| | - John P. H. Wilding
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- Leicester Diabetes CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East MidlandsLeicesterUK
| | - David J. Stensel
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLeicestershireUK
- Faculty of Sport SciencesWaseda UniversityTokorozawaJapan
| | - Melanie J. Davies
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of LeicesterLeicesterUK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- Leicester Diabetes CentreUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicesterUK
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Ribeiro FM, Silva MA, Lyssa V, Marques G, Lima HK, Franco OL, Petriz B. The molecular signaling of exercise and obesity in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:927170. [PMID: 35966101 PMCID: PMC9365995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.927170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the major pandemics of the 21st century. Due to its multifactorial etiology, its treatment requires several actions, including dietary intervention and physical exercise. Excessive fat accumulation leads to several health problems involving alteration in the gut-microbiota-brain axis. This axis is characterized by multiple biological systems generating a network that allows bidirectional communication between intestinal bacteria and brain. This mutual communication maintains the homeostasis of the gastrointestinal, central nervous and microbial systems of animals. Moreover, this axis involves inflammatory, neural, and endocrine mechanisms, contributes to obesity pathogenesis. The axis also acts in appetite and satiety control and synthesizing hormones that participate in gastrointestinal functions. Exercise is a nonpharmacologic agent commonly used to prevent and treat obesity and other chronic degenerative diseases. Besides increasing energy expenditure, exercise induces the synthesis and liberation of several muscle-derived myokines and neuroendocrine peptides such as neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, ghrelin, and leptin, which act directly on the gut-microbiota-brain axis. Thus, exercise may serve as a rebalancing agent of the gut-microbiota-brain axis under the stimulus of chronic low-grade inflammation induced by obesity. So far, there is little evidence of modification of the gut-brain axis as a whole, and this narrative review aims to address the molecular pathways through which exercise may act in the context of disorders of the gut-brain axis due to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M. Ribeiro
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Maycon A. Silva
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Victória Lyssa
- Laboratory of Molecular Analysis, Graduate Program of Sciences and Technology of Health, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Henny K. Lima
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L. Franco
- Post-Graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-Graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology - University Center of the Federal District - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences - University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Attenuation of Post-Exercise Energy Intake Following 12 Weeks of Sprint Interval Training in Men and Women with Overweight. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071362. [PMID: 35405974 PMCID: PMC9003424 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An acute bout of sprint interval training (SIT) performed with psychological need-support incorporating autonomy, competence, and relatedness has been shown to attenuate energy intake at the post-exercise meal, but the long-term effects are not known. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of SIT combined with need-support on post-exercise food consumption. Thirty-six physically inactive participants with overweight and obesity (BMI: 29.6 ± 3.8 kg·m−2; V˙O2peak 20.8 ± 4.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three sessions per week of SIT (alternating cycling for 15 s at 170% V˙O2peak and 60 s at 32% V˙O2peak) with need-support or traditional moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) without need-support (continuous cycling at 60% V˙O2peak). Assessments of appetite, appetite-related hormones, and ad libitum energy intake in response to acute exercise were conducted pre- and post-intervention. Fasting appetite and blood concentrations of active ghrelin, leptin, and insulin did not significantly differ between groups or following the training. Post-exercise energy intake from snacks decreased significantly from pre- (807 ± 550 kJ) to post- SIT (422 ± 468 kJ; p < 0.05) but remained unaltered following MICT. SIT with psychological need-support appears well-tolerated in a physically inactive population with overweight and offers an alternative to traditional exercise prescription where dietary intake is of concern.
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Is the Secret in the Gut? SuperJump Activity Improves Bone Remodeling and Glucose Homeostasis by GLP-1 and GIP Peptides in Eumenorrheic Women. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020296. [PMID: 35205162 PMCID: PMC8869418 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We showed that twenty weeks of SuperJump activity, an innovative workout training performed on an elastic minitrampoline, reduced bone resorption and increased bone formation in eumenorrheic women acting on the key points of the regulation of bone metabolism. The present study analyzed whether the gastrointestinal hormones are involved in the mechanism of action and if it has an impact on glucose homeostasis. The control group was composed of twelve women, similar to the exercise group that performed SuperJump activity for twenty weeks. The analysis was performed on blood samples and investigated GLP-1, GIP, GLP-2, PYY, ghrelin, glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity. The results showed that the activity contributes to raising the GLP-1and GIP levels, and not on GLP-2, PYY, and ghrelin, which did not change. Moreover, SuperJump activity significantly reduced fasting insulin, glucose, insulin resistance, and increased insulin sensitivity but did not affect beta cell function. These data suggest that GLP-1, and GIP are involved in the mechanism of action that improves bone and glucose homeostasis following 20 weeks of SuperJump activity in eumenorrheic women.
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Kotake H, Yamada S, Ogura Y, Watanabe S, Inoue K, Ichikawa D, Sugaya T, Ohata K, Natsuki Y, Hoshino S, Watanabe M, Kimura K, Shibagaki Y, Kamijo-Ikemori A. Endurance exercise training-attenuated diabetic kidney disease with muscle weakness in spontaneously diabetic Torii fatty rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2021; 47:203-218. [PMID: 34923497 DOI: 10.1159/000521464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of endurance exercise training against diabetic kidney disease (DKD) with muscle weakness by using male spontaneously diabetic Torii (SDT) fatty rats as type 2 diabetic animal models with obesity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Methods Eight-week-old SDT fatty rats (n = 12) and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (n = 10) were randomly divided into exercise (Ex; SDT-Ex: n = 6, SD-Ex: n = 5) and sedentary groups (SDT-Cont: n = 6, SD-Cont: n = 5), respectively. Each group underwent regular treadmill exercise four times a week from ages 8 to 16 weeks. Results The exercise attenuated hypertension and hyperlipidemia and prevented increases in renal parameter levels without affecting blood glucose levels. In the SDT fatty rats, it prevented induction of renal morphological abnormalities in the interstitium of the superficial and intermediate layers of the cortex. Downregulated expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the glomerulus of the SDT fatty rats was significantly upregulated by the exercise. The exercise upregulated the renal expressions of both medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α related to fatty acid metabolism. It increased muscle strength and both muscle weight and cross-sectional area of type IIb muscle fibers in the extensor digitorum longus muscle in the SDT fatty rats. Conclusion Endurance exercise training in type 2 diabetes ameliorates DKD by improving endothelial abnormality and enhancing fatty acid metabolism in addition to attenuated hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and muscle weakness independently of blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kotake
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamada
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Ogura
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Shiika Watanabe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuho Inoue
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ichikawa
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugaya
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ohata
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yasunori Natsuki
- Institute for Ultrastructural Morphology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Seiko Hoshino
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Watanabe
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | - Yugo Shibagaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kamijo-Ikemori
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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21
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Kamemoto K, Yamada M, Matsuda T, Ogata H, Ishikawa A, Kanno M, Miyashita M, Sakamaki-Sunaga M. Effects of menstrual cycle on appetite-regulating hormones and energy intake in response to cycling exercise in physically active women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 132:224-235. [PMID: 34882026 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01117.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ample evidence supports the notion that an acute bout of endurance exercise performed at or greater than 70% of maximum oxygen uptake suppresses appetite partly through changes in appetite-regulating hormones, no study has directly compared the influence between the phases of the menstrual cycle in women. The present study compared the effects of an acute bout of exercise on orexigenic hormone (acylated ghrelin) and anorexigenic hormones (peptide YY and cholecystokinin) between the early follicular phase (FP) and the mid luteal phase (LP) of the menstrual cycle in physically active women. Ten healthy women (age, 20.6 ± 0.7 years) completed two 3.5-h trials in each menstrual phase. In both trials, participants performed cycling exercises at 70% of heart rate reserve (at a corresponding intensity to 70% of maximum oxygen uptake) for 60 min followed by 90 min of rest. Following 90 min of rest, participants were provided with an ad libitum meal for a fixed duration of 30 min. Blood samples and subjective appetite were collected and assessed before, during, immediately post-, 45 min post-, and 90 min post-exercise. The exercise increased estradiol (327 %) and progesterone (681 %) in the LP more than the FP respectively (P < 0.001, f = 1.33; P < 0.001,f = 1.20). There were no between-trial differences in appetite-regulating hormones, subjective appetite, or energy intake of ad libitum meal. These findings indicate that exercise-induced increases in ovarian hormones in the LP may not influence appetite-regulating hormones in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Kamemoto
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuki Yamada
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoka Matsuda
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hazuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moe Kanno
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Anderson KC, Zieff G, Paterson C, Stoner L, Weltman A, Allen JD. The effect of acute exercise on pre-prandial ghrelin levels in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Peptides 2021; 145:170625. [PMID: 34391825 PMCID: PMC9246254 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a gut hormone with numerous physiological effects, including the regulation of energy balance, insulin sensitivity, vascular health, and body composition. Acylated (AG) and des-acylated (DAG) ghrelin constitute approximately 22 % and 78 % of total plasma ghrelin (TG), respectively. Alterations in the TG concentration and the AG/DAG ratio may be implicated in conditions involving energy imbalances and insulin resistant states (e.g., metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes mellitus). Exercise is a therapeutic option that can potentially optimize ghrelin levels. Understanding the precise intensity and dose of exercise to optimize ghrelin levels may lead to targeted interventions to restore metabolic regulation in obesity and other clinical conditions. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of acute exercise on pre-prandial levels of TG, AG, and DAG in healthy adults and to determine if sample demographics or exercise doses moderate such effects. METHODS Electronic databases (PubMed, Medline, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) were searched with articles published through August 2020. The following criteria was determined a priori for article inclusion: (i) the study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT),(ii) exercise was an acute bout, (iii) the exercise bout for the intervention group(s)/condition was structured, (iv) the control group/condition received no exercise, (v) participants were adults age 18 or older, (vi) ghrelin was sampled through blood, (vii) there was at least one baseline measure and one post-exercise measure of ghrelin, (viii) there were at least 3 timepoints where ghrelin was measured while participants were fasted to allow for pre-prandial total area-under-the-curve (AUCtotal) calculation, (ix) participants were healthy with no overt disease, (x) interventions were carried out without any environmental manipulations. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95 % confidence intervals were calculated using the restricted maximum likelihood estimation Moderator analyses to determine whether the overall pooled effect was influenced by: sex, ghrelin form, method of ghrelin analysis, age, body mass index, body fat percentage, fitness, intensity of exercise bout, duration of exercise bout, energy expenditure, and length of AUCtotal data. RESULTS The analysis included 24 studies that consisted of 52 trials, n = 504 (age 27.0 (8.8) years, BMI 24.7 (2.7) kg/m2) and measured AG (n = 38 trials), DAG (n = 7), and TG (n = 7). The overall model indicated that exercise lowered ghrelin levels compared to control (no exercise); (SMD=-0.44, p < 0.001), and exercise intensity exhibited an inverse relationship with ghrelin levels (regression coefficient (ß)=-0.016, p = 0.04). There was no significant difference by ghrelin form (p = 0.18). DISCUSSION Acute exercise significantly lowers plasma ghrelin levels, with higher intensity exercise associated with greater ghrelin suppression. The majority of studies applied a moderate intensity exercise bout and measured AG, with limited data on DAG. This exercise dose may be clinically significant in individuals with metabolic dysregulation and energy imbalance as a therapy to optimize AG levels. More work is needed to compare moderate and high intensity exercise and the ghrelin response in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara C Anderson
- Department of Kinesiology and School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Craig Paterson
- School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology and School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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23
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Tobin SY, Cornier MA, White MH, Hild AK, Simonsen SE, Melanson EL, Halliday TM. The effects of acute exercise on appetite and energy intake in men and women. Physiol Behav 2021; 241:113562. [PMID: 34516956 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare energy intake (EI) and appetite regulation responses between men and women following acute bouts of aerobic (AEx), resistance exercise (REx), and a sedentary control (CON). METHODS Men and women (n = 24; 50% male) with overweight/obesity, matched on age (32.3 ± 2 vs. 36.8 ± 2 yrs, p = 0.14) and BMI (28.1 ± 1.2 vs 29.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2, p = 0.64) completed 3 conditions: 1) AEx (65-70% of age-predicted maximum heart rate for 45 min); 2) REx (1-set to failure on 12 exercises); and 3) CON. Each condition was initiated in the post-prandial state (35 min following consumption of a standardized breakfast). Appetite (visual analog scale for hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption [PFC]) and hormones (ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1) were measured in the fasted state and every 30 min post-prandially for 3 h. Post-exercise ad libitum EI at the lunch meal was also measured. RESULTS Men reported higher levels of hunger compared to women across all study conditions (AEx: Men: 7815.00 ± 368.3; Women: 5428.50 ± 440.0 mm x 180 min; p = 0.025; REx: Men: 7110.00 ± 548.4; Women: 6086.25 ± 482.9 mm x 180 min; p = 0.427; CON: Men: 8315.00 ± 429.8; Women: 5311.25 ± 543.1 mm x 180 min; p = 0.021) and consumed a greater absolute caloric load than women at the ad libitum lunch meal (AEx: Men: 1021.6 ± 105.4; Women: 851.7 ± 70.5 kcals; p = 0.20; REx: Men: 1114.7 ± 104.0; Women: 867.7 ± 76.4 kcals; p = 0.07; CON: Men: 1087.0 ± 98.8; Women: 800.5 ± 102.3 kcals; p = 0.06). However, when adjusted for relative energy needs, there was no difference in relative ad libitum EI observed between men and women. No differences in Area Under the Curve for Satiety, PFC, ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 were noted between men and women following acute exercise (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that women report lower ratings of appetite following an acute bout of exercise or sedentary time when compared to men, yet have similar relative EI. Future work is needed to examine whether sex-based differences in appetite regulation and EI are present with chronic exercise of differing modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selene Y Tobin
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States; Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Mollie H White
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Allison K Hild
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Sara E Simonsen
- College of Nursing, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States; Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Administration, Aurora, Colorado, United States; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Tanya M Halliday
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, College of Health, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E., Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States.
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24
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Malsagova KA, Kopylov AT, Sinitsyna AA, Stepanov AA, Izotov AA, Butkova TV, Chingin K, Klyuchnikov MS, Kaysheva AL. Sports Nutrition: Diets, Selection Factors, Recommendations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113771. [PMID: 34836029 PMCID: PMC8619485 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An athlete’s diet is influenced by external and internal factors that can reduce or exacerbate exercise-induced food intolerance/allergy symptoms. This review highlights many factors that influence food choices. However, it is important to remember that these food choices are dynamic, and their effectiveness varies with the time, location, and environmental factors in which the athlete chooses the food. Therefore, before training and competition, athletes should follow the recommendations of physicians and nutritionists. It is important to study and understand the nutritional strategies and trends that athletes use before and during training or competitions. This will identify future clinical trials that can be conducted to identify specific foods that athletes can consume to minimize negative symptoms associated with their consumption and optimize training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A. Malsagova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(499)-764-9878
| | - Arthur T. Kopylov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Alexandra A. Sinitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Alexander A. Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Tatyana V. Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China;
| | - Mikhail S. Klyuchnikov
- State Research Center Burnasyan of the Federal Medical Biophysical Centre of the Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anna L. Kaysheva
- Biobanking Group, Branch of IBMC “Scientific and Education Center” Bolshoy Nikolovorobinsky Lane, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.T.K.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.I.); (T.V.B.); (A.L.K.)
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25
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Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JP, Donato J. Rolling out physical exercise and energy homeostasis: Focus on hypothalamic circuitries. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 63:100944. [PMID: 34425188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Energy balance is the fine regulation of energy expenditure and energy intake. Negative energy balance causes body weight loss, while positive energy balance promotes weight gain. Modern societies offer a maladapted way of life, where easy access to palatable foods and the lack of opportunities to perform physical activity are considered the roots of the obesity pandemic. Physical exercise increases energy expenditure and, consequently, is supposed to promote weight loss. Paradoxically, physical exercise acutely drives anorexigenic-like effects, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Using an evolutionary background, this review aims to highlight the potential involvement of the melanocortin system and other hypothalamic neural circuitries regulating energy balance during and after physical exercise. The physiological significance of these changes will be explored, and possible signalling agents will be addressed. The knowledge discussed here might be important for clarifying obesity aetiology as well as new therapeutic approaches for body weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil.
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26
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Ouerghi N, Feki M, Bragazzi NL, Knechtle B, Hill L, Nikolaidis PT, Bouassida A. Ghrelin Response to Acute and Chronic Exercise: Insights and Implications from a Systematic Review of the Literature. Sports Med 2021; 51:2389-2410. [PMID: 34374968 PMCID: PMC8514378 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01518-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is a peptide hormone predominantly produced by the stomach. It exerts a wide range of functions including stimulating growth hormone release and regulating appetite, food intake, and glucose and lipid metabolism. Since physical exercise affects all these aspects, a particular interest is accorded to the relationship between ghrelin and exercise. This systematic review aimed to summarize the current available data on the topic for a better understanding of the relationship. METHODS An extensive computerized search was performed in the PubMed and SPORTDiscus databases for retrieving relevant articles. The search contained the following keywords: ghrelin, appetite-related peptides, gastrointestinal peptides, gastrointestinal hormones, exercise, acute exercise, chronic exercise, training, and physical activity. Studies investigating the effects of acute/chronic exercise on circulating forms of ghrelin were included. RESULTS The initial search identified 840 articles. After screening, 80 articles were included. Despite a heterogeneity of studies and a variability of the findings, the review suggests that acute exercise suppresses acyl ghrelin production regardless of the participants and the exercise characteristics. Long- and very long-term exercise training programs mostly resulted in increased total and des-acyl ghrelin production. The increase is more noticeable in overweight/obese individuals, and is most likely due to weight loss resulting from the training program. CONCLUSION The review suggests that exercise may impact ghrelin production. While the precise mechanisms are unclear, the effects are likely due to blood flow redistribution and weight loss for acute and chronic exercise, respectively. These changes are expected to be metabolically beneficial. Further research is needed for a better understanding of the relationship between ghrelin and exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejmeddine Ouerghi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR13JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Feki
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Rabta Hospital, LR99ES11, University of Tunis El Manar, 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Postgraduate School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland. .,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Lee Hill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | | | - Anissa Bouassida
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, UR13JS01, University of Jendouba, 7100, Kef, Tunisia
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27
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Smith KA, Pugh JN, Duca FA, Close GL, Ormsbee MJ. Gastrointestinal pathophysiology during endurance exercise: endocrine, microbiome, and nutritional influences. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2657-2674. [PMID: 34131799 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal symptoms are abundant among athletes engaging in endurance exercise, particularly when exercising in increased environmental temperatures, at higher intensities, or over extremely long distances. It is currently thought that prolonged ischemia, mechanical damage to the epithelial lining, and loss of epithelial barrier integrity are likely contributors of gastrointestinal (GI) distress during bouts of endurance exercise, but due to the many potential causes and sporadic nature of symptoms this phenomenon has proven difficult to study. In this review, we cover known factors that contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes during exercise, while further attempting to identify novel avenues of future research to help elucidate mechanisms leading to symptomology. We explore the link between the intestinal microbiome, the integrity of the gut epithelia, and add detail on gut hormone and peptide secretion that could potentially contribute to GI distress symptoms in athletes. The influence of nutrition and dietary supplementation strategies are also detailed, where much research has opened up new ideas and potential mechanisms for understanding gut pathophysiology during exercise. The etiology of gastrointestinal symptoms during endurance exercise is multi-factorial with neuroendocrine, microbial, and nutritional factors likely contributing to specific, individualized symptoms. Recent work in previously unexplored areas of both microbiome and gut peptide secretion are pertinent areas for future work, and the numerous supplementation strategies explored to date have provided insight into physiological mechanisms that may be targetable to reduce the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Smith
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jamie N Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Frank A Duca
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 5UA, UK
| | - Michael J Ormsbee
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, Florida State University, 1104 Spirit Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA. .,Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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28
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Appetite regulating hormones and body composition responses to resistance training and detraining in men with obesity: a randomized clinical trial. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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Benedetti S, Moir HJ, Stensel DJ, Thackray AE, Naughton D, Allgrove JE. Effects of moderate to vigorous intensity cycling on appetite, ad libitum energy intake and appetite-related hormones in healthy South Asian and white European men. Appetite 2021; 165:105282. [PMID: 33971288 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Compensatory changes in appetite and energy intake do not appear to occur in the short-term after acute exercise; however, responses have not been compared in South Asians, a group at high risk of central obesity and type 2 diabetes, with white Europeans. This study examined appetite perceptions, energy intake and appetite-related hormones after moderate-to-vigorous intensity cycling in South Asian versus white European men. Fifteen South Asians (mean(SD) 29(8) years; 25.4(4.5) kg m-2) and fifteen white Europeans (33(10) years; 26.1(3.8) kg m-2) matched for age and body mass index completed two 7 h trials (control and exercise). Participants rested throughout both trials apart from completing 60 min cycling at 2-3 h in the exercise trial. A standardised breakfast was consumed at 0 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 4 h. Appetite perceptions and appetite-related hormones were measured at predetermined intervals. Exercise suppressed acylated ghrelin (d = 0.19, P < 0.001) and increased total peptide YY (PYY) (d = 0.14, P = 0.004), insulin (d = 0.09, P = 0.046) and glucose concentrations (d = 0.31, P < 0.001) (main effect of trial), without stimulating compensatory increases in energy intakes in either group (group-by-trial interactions). South Asians exhibited lower absolute energy intake and higher insulin concentrations than white Europeans (main effect group d ≥ 0.63, P ≤ 0.003), whereas group-by-time interactions revealed lower acylated ghrelin concentrations at 3 and 4 h (d ≥ 0.75, P ≤ 0.038) and higher glucose concentrations at 0.75 and 2 h (d ≥ 0.67, P ≤ 0.008) in South Asian than white European men. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise induces a short-term energy deficit and similar appetite responses in South Asian and white European men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Benedetti
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Hannah J Moir
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
| | - Declan Naughton
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Judith E Allgrove
- Applied & Human Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy & Chemistry, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK.
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Johnson KO, Mistry N, Holliday A, Ispoglou T. The effects of an acute resistance exercise bout on appetite and energy intake in healthy older adults. Appetite 2021; 164:105271. [PMID: 33915209 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with reductions in appetite and food intake leading to unintentional weight loss. Such weight loss, particularly through muscle mass reduction, is associated with muscle weakness and functional decline, which represent predictors of poor health outcomes and contribute to frailty in older adults. Exercise-induced anorexia is an established phenomenon in young adults; however appetite and energy intake (EI) responses to resistance exercise are unknown in older adults. Twenty healthy older adults (68 ± 5 years, BMI 26.2 ± 4.5 kg m-2) undertook two 5-h experimental trials. Participants rested for 30 min before being provided with a standardised breakfast (196 kcal, 75.2% carbohydrate, 8.9% protein and 15.9% fat). Participants then rested for 1-h before completing: 1-h resistance exercise bout followed by 2-h of rest (RE) or, a control condition (CON) where participants rested for 3 h, in a randomised crossover design. Appetite perceptions were measured throughout both trials and on cessation, an ad libitum meal was provided to assess EI. A repeated-mesures ANOVA revealed no significant condition x time interaction for subjective appetite (p = 0.153). However, area under the curve for appetite was significantly lower in the RE compared with CON (49 ± 8 mm h-1 vs. 52 ± 9 mm h-1, p = 0.007, d = 0.27). There was no difference in EI (RE = 681 ± 246 kcal; CON = 673 ± 235 kcal; p = 0.865), suggesting that resistance exercise does not affect EI 2 h post-exercise in older adults despite a significant but modest reduction in appetite over a 5-h period. In conclusion, resistance exercise may be an appropriate means for optimising muscle mass adaptations without attenuating acute EI of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Olivia Johnson
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK; Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Hartpury, GL19 3BE, UK.
| | - Nathan Mistry
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK; School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK.
| | - Adrian Holliday
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK; Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Nejati R, Bijeh N, Rad MM, Hosseini SRA. The impact of different modes of exercise training on GLP-1: a systematic review and meta-analysis research. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-021-00950-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Halliday TM, White MH, Hild AK, Conroy MB, Melanson EL, Cornier MA. Appetite and Energy Intake Regulation in Response to Acute Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2173-2181. [PMID: 33831896 PMCID: PMC8440326 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx). METHODS Physically inactive adults (n = 24, 35% ± 2% body fat, 50% female) completed three conditions: AEx (walking at 65%-70% heart rate max for 45 min), REx (1 set to failure of 12 exercises), and sedentary control (SED). Each condition was initiated in the postprandial state (35 min after breakfast). Appetite (visual analog scale for hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption) and hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after a standardized breakfast. Area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoid method. Ad libitum energy intake was evaluated at a lunch meal after the 180-min measurements. RESULTS No differences in ad libitum energy intake (REx, 991 ± 68; AEx, 937 ± 65; SED, 944 ± 76 kcal; P = 0.50) or appetite ratings (all, P > 0.05) were detected. The area under the curve for ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 were all lower after REx versus AEx (ghrelin: 130,737 ± 4928 for REx; 143,708 ± 7500 for AEx (P = 0.006); PYY: 20,540 ± 1177 for REx, 23,812 ± 1592 for AEx (P = 0.001); and GLP-1: 1314 ± 93 for REx, 1615 ± 110 for AEx (P = 0.013)). Neither exercise condition significantly differed from SED. CONCLUSIONS Acute REx lowers both orexigenic (ghrelin) and anorectic (PYY and GLP-1) gut peptides compared with acute AEx. Ad libitum energy intake did not increase compared with SED in either exercise condition, indicating both exercise modalities have appetite and energy intake suppressing effects. Future work is needed to determine if exercise of differing modalities influences chronic appetite regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mollie H White
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Allison K Hild
- Anschutz Health & Wellness Center at the University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Molly B Conroy
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Barutcu A, Briasco E, Moon J, Stensel DJ, King JA, Witcomb GL, James LJ. Planned morning aerobic exercise in a fasted state increases energy intake in the preceding 24 h. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3387-3396. [PMID: 33620552 PMCID: PMC8354893 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We previously observed increased energy intake (EI) at the meal before planned afternoon exercise, but the proximity of the meal to exercise might have reduced the scale of the pre-exercise anticipatory eating. Therefore, this study examined EI in the 24 h before fasted morning exercise. Methods Fourteen males, experienced with gym-based aerobic exercise (age 25 ± 5 years, BMI 23.8 ± 2.5 kg/m2), completed counterbalanced exercise (EX) and resting (REST) trials. On day 1, subjects were told the following morning’s activity (EX/REST), before eating ad-libitum laboratory-based breakfast and lunch meals and a home-based afternoon/evening food pack. The following morning, subjects completed 30-min cycling and 30-min running (EX; 3274 ± 278 kJ) or 60-min supine rest (REST; 311 ± 34 kJ) fasted. Appetite was measured periodically, and EI quantified. Results Afternoon/evening EI (EX 7371 ± 2176 kJ; REST 6437 ± 2070 kJ; P = 0.017) and total 24-h EI (EX 14,055 ± 3672 kJ; REST 12,718 ± 3379 kJ; P = 0.011) were greater during EX, with no difference between trials at breakfast (P = 0.761) or lunch (P = 0.071). Relative EI (EI minus energy expended through EX/REST) was lower in EX (EX 10,781 ± 3539 kJ; REST 12,407 ± 3385 kJ; P = 0.004). Conclusion This study suggests planned fasted aerobic exercise increases EI during the preceding afternoon/evening, precipitating a ~ 10% increase in EI in the preceding 24-h. However, this increase did not fully compensate for energy expended during exercise; meaning exercise induced an acute negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asya Barutcu
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Elizabeth Briasco
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jake Moon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - David J Stensel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - James A King
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Gemma L Witcomb
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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Klein AB, Nicolaisen TS, Ørtenblad N, Gejl KD, Jensen R, Fritzen AM, Larsen EL, Karstoft K, Poulsen HE, Morville T, Sahl RE, Helge JW, Lund J, Falk S, Lyngbæk M, Ellingsgaard H, Pedersen BK, Lu W, Finan B, Jørgensen SB, Seeley RJ, Kleinert M, Kiens B, Richter EA, Clemmensen C. Pharmacological but not physiological GDF15 suppresses feeding and the motivation to exercise. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1041. [PMID: 33589633 PMCID: PMC7884842 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports that pharmacological application of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) suppresses appetite but also promotes sickness-like behaviors in rodents via GDNF family receptor α-like (GFRAL)-dependent mechanisms. Conversely, the endogenous regulation of GDF15 and its physiological effects on energy homeostasis and behavior remain elusive. Here we show, in four independent human studies that prolonged endurance exercise increases circulating GDF15 to levels otherwise only observed in pathophysiological conditions. This exercise-induced increase can be recapitulated in mice and is accompanied by increased Gdf15 expression in the liver, skeletal muscle, and heart muscle. However, whereas pharmacological GDF15 inhibits appetite and suppresses voluntary running activity via GFRAL, the physiological induction of GDF15 by exercise does not. In summary, exercise-induced circulating GDF15 correlates with the duration of endurance exercise. Yet, higher GDF15 levels after exercise are not sufficient to evoke canonical pharmacological GDF15 effects on appetite or responsible for diminishing exercise motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine S Nicolaisen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Gejl
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Andreas M Fritzen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emil L Larsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Karstoft
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Morville
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronni E Sahl
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Lund
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah Falk
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Lyngbæk
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helga Ellingsgaard
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Lu
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Davis J, Camilleri M, Eckert D, Burton D, Joyner M, Acosta A. Physical activity is associated with accelerated gastric emptying and increased ghrelin in obesity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13879. [PMID: 32390274 PMCID: PMC7606341 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid gastric emptying, increased food intake, and alterations in gastrointestinal hormones are associated with obesity. The effect of regular physical activity (PA) on food intake, gastric emptying (GE), gastric accommodation, and gastrointestinal (GI) hormones in adults with obesity remains unclear. Our aim was to compare, at time of presentation, weight trends, eating behavior, GE, and GI hormone levels among individuals with obesity who engage in regular PA compared to those who do not. METHODS In 270 participants with obesity, we performed validated measurements of GI phenotypes: GE of solids and liquids, gastric volume (GV) during fasting and after consumption of 200 mL Ensure®, satiety by kcal intake (T-kcal) during a buffet meal, satiation (volume to fullness [VTF] and maximal tolerated volume [MTV]) of a liquid nutrient, and plasma levels of fasting and postprandial GLP-1, PYY, CCK, and ghrelin. Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire was used to assess whether participants were regularly PA or not. KEY RESULTS PA was associated with lower BMI (Δ 2.01 kg/m2 , P = .001) and body weight (Δ 4.42 kg, P = .0278). GE of solids (T-50% Δ 7.54 min, P = .021) and liquids (T-50% Δ 2.99 min, P = .029%) was significantly more rapid in physically active participants. PA was also associated with relatively higher postprandial ghrelin AUC (Δ 10.4 pg/mL, P = .015). There was no significant difference in postprandial satiation, satiety, GV, or other GI hormones (CCK, PYY, or GLP-1) between groups. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Physical activity is associated with lower BMI, but faster GE and higher postprandial ghrelin levels, two factors that are also associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Davis
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Deborah Eckert
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Duane Burton
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Michael Joyner
- Division of Anesthesia Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Andres Acosta
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Autio J, Stenbäck V, Gagnon DD, Leppäluoto J, Herzig KH. (Neuro) Peptides, Physical Activity, and Cognition. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082592. [PMID: 32785144 PMCID: PMC7464334 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) improves cognitive functions, prevents brain atrophy, and delays the onset of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease. Presently, there are no specific recommendations for PA producing positive effects on brain health and little is known on its mediators. PA affects production and release of several peptides secreted from peripheral and central tissues, targeting receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS). This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the association between PA and cognition with a focus on the role of (neuro)peptides. For the review we define peptides as molecules with less than 100 amino acids and exclude myokines. Tachykinins, somatostatin, and opioid peptides were excluded from this review since they were not affected by PA. There is evidence suggesting that PA increases peripheral insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels and elevated serum IGF-1 levels are associated with improved cognitive performance. It is therefore likely that IGF-1 plays a role in PA induced improvement of cognition. Other neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), ghrelin, galanin, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) could mediate the beneficial effects of PA on cognition, but the current literature regarding these (neuro)peptides is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Autio
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Ville Stenbäck
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Biocenter Oulu, 90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Dominique D. Gagnon
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory of Environmental Exercise Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Center of Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Juhani Leppäluoto
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Institute of Biomedicine, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90220 Oulu, Finland; (J.A.); (V.S.); (D.D.G.); (J.L.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Alkahtani S, Aldayel A, Hopkins M. Effects of Acute Eccentric Exercise on Appetite-Related Hormones and Food Preferences in Men. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319861587. [PMID: 31262221 PMCID: PMC6607577 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319861587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric exercise has been suggested to improve muscle atrophy, muscle function,
and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of
acute eccentric exercise on appetite-related hormones, food preferences, and
food intake. Fourteen moderately active men were recruited to participate in
this study (age 24.2 ± 5.5 years; BMI 23.4 ± 3.3 kg/m2;
VO2max 48.9 ± 3.1 ml/kg/min). Three different conditions were
implemented; no exercise, flat running “inclination 0” and downhill running
“inclination –12%.” Appetite-related hormones, subjective appetite sensations,
food preference and reward, and ad libitum food intake were
measured at pre-, immediately post-, and 24 h post exercise. There were no
significant median changes in total ghrelin or pancreatic peptide concentrations
between conditions. There were also no median differences in subjective appetite
ratings or energy intake between conditions, but the median change in explicit
liking of sweet versus savory foods differed significantly between pre-exercise
and 24 h post exercise (p = .013). Post-hoc analysis observed a
significant difference in the pre-exercise to 24 h post exercise change between
front running and downhill running (p = .023), and indicated
greater liking of savory foods over sweet foods in downhill running than front
running. However, no further differences were seen between conditions for the
remaining food preference parameters, suggesting there were no systematic trends
in these data. In conclusion, there was no effect of front and downhill running
on eating behavior as compared to a nonexercise control condition, but these
data need to be replicated in a larger and more heterogeneous sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaea Alkahtani
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Aldayel
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Hopkins
- 2 School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK
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Bunner W, Landry T, Laing BT, Li P, Rao Z, Yuan Y, Huang H. ARC AgRP/NPY Neuron Activity Is Required for Acute Exercise-Induced Food Intake in Un-Trained Mice. Front Physiol 2020; 11:411. [PMID: 32435204 PMCID: PMC7218131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While much is known about the role of agouti-regulated peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to regulate energy homeostasis, little is known about how forced energy expenditure, such as exercise, modulates these neurons and if these neurons are involved in post-exercise feeding behaviors. We utilized multiple mouse models to investigate the effects of acute, moderate-intensity exercise on food intake and neuronal activity in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. NPY-GFP reporter mice were utilized for immunohistochemistry and patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments investigating neuronal activation immediately after acute treadmill exercise. Additionally, ARCAgRP/NPY neuron inhibition was performed using the Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) system in AgRP-Cre transgenic mice to investigate the importance of AgRP/NPY neurons in post-exercise feeding behaviors. Our experiments revealed that acute moderate-intensity exercise significantly increased food intake, ARCAgRP/NPY neuron activation, and PVNSim1 neuron activation, while having no effect on ARCPOMC neurons. Strikingly, this exercise-induced refeeding was completely abolished when ARCAgRP/NPY neuron activity was inhibited. While acute exercise also increased PVNSim1 neuron activity, inhibition of ARCAgRP/NPY neurons had no effect on PVNSim1 neuronal activation. Overall, our results reveal that ARCAgRP/NPY activation is required for acute exercise induced food intake in mice, thus providing insight into the critical role of ARCAgRP/NPY neurons in maintaining energy homeostasis in cases of exercise-mediated energy deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Bunner
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Taylor Landry
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Brenton Thomas Laing
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Peixin Li
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Zhijian Rao
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Yuan Yuan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Hu Huang
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Human Performance Laboratory, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States.,Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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Fillon A, Mathieu ME, Boirie Y, Thivel D. Appetite control and exercise: Does the timing of exercise play a role? Physiol Behav 2020; 218:112733. [PMID: 31707067 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevention and management of chronic diseases, particularly overweight and obesity, relies on multidisciplinary strategies mainly combining dietary approaches with physical activity. Recently, the timing of exercise (time of the day as well as delay/position relative to a meal) has been suggested as an important parameter to consider when prescribing physical activity. Some studies have for instance shown the interest of the timing of exercise on the glycemia, sleep and body composition regulation. However, the impact of exercise-timing on appetite control and energy intake remains unclear. This is why, the present paper questions whether physical exercise, depending on its timing during the day and related to a meal, can affect energy intake, appetite sensations and food reward. Although evidences remain actually limited, exercising during the morning; and particularly close to lunch, might have a better impact on overall energy balance through reduced subsequent energy intake, without leading to compensatory intakes at the following meals. Importantly, dealing with the timing of exercise to optimize energy balance (and affect energy intake and appetite) does not only require to consider its time during the day (morning vs. afternoon or evening), but also and maybe mainly its order/position (pre vs. post) and delay regarding meals. While the actual literature remains limited in this area, the present paper tends to highlight the importance of considering the timing of exercise to optimize our impact on the overall energy balance, and to encourage the elaboration of further studies to better understand and determine the potential effect of this timing of exercise, in order to find the best combination between the different exercise characteristics, intensity, duration, modality, to empower these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fillon
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; UGECAM Nutrition Obesity Ambulatory Hostipal, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - M E Mathieu
- School of Kinesiology and physical activity sciences, University of Montreal, 2100 Edouard-Montpetit, Montreal H3C 3J7, Canada; Sainte-Justine UHC Research Center, 5757 Decelles, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada.
| | - Y Boirie
- University Clermont Auvergne, INRA, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Nutrition Clinique, CSO CALORIS, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - D Thivel
- Clermont Auvergne University, EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont Auvergne, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Hamilton CC, Wiseman SB, Copeland JL, Bomhof MR. Influence of postexercise fasting on hunger and satiety in adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1022-1030. [PMID: 32272024 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%-70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courteney C Hamilton
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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Peptide YY 3-36 concentration in acute- and long-term recovered anorexia nervosa. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:3791-3799. [PMID: 32166384 PMCID: PMC7669786 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The gut–brain axis could be a possible key factor in the pathophysiology of anorexia nervosa. The neuropeptide peptide YY3–36, secreted by endocrine L cells of the gastrointestinal tract, is a known regulator of appetite and food intake. The objective of this study was to investigate peptide YY3–36 plasma concentrations at different stages of anorexia nervosa in a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal design to differentiate between effects of acute undernutrition and more enduring characteristics. Methods We measured fasting plasma peptide YY3–36 concentrations in young patients with acute anorexia nervosa (n = 47) and long-term recovered patients (n = 35) cross-sectionally in comparison to healthy control participants (n = 58), and longitudinally over the course of inpatient treatment. Physical activity was controlled as it may modulate peptide YY secretion. Results There was no group difference in peptide YY3–36 concentration among young acutely underweight anorexia nervosa patients, long-term recovered anorexia nervosa patients, and healthy control participants. Longitudinally, there was no change in peptide YY3–36 concentration after short-term weight rehabilitation. For acute anorexia nervosa patients at admission to treatment, there was a negative correlation between peptide YY3–36 concentration and body mass index. Conclusions The current study provides additional evidence for a normal basal PYY3–36 concentration in AN. Future studies should study multiple appetite-regulating peptides and their complex interplay and also use research designs including a food challenge. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-020-02210-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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McGuire A, Warrington G, Doyle L. Low energy availability in male athletes: A systematic review of incidence, associations, and effects. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy McGuire
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Physical Education and Social Sciences University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Centre Health Research Institute University of Limerick Limerick Ireland
| | - Lorna Doyle
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science Waterford Institute of Technology Waterford Ireland
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Dorling JL, Clayton DJ, Jones J, Carter WG, Thackray AE, King JA, Pucci A, Batterham RL, Stensel DJ. A randomized crossover trial assessing the effects of acute exercise on appetite, circulating ghrelin concentrations, and butyrylcholinesterase activity in normal-weight males with variants of the obesity-linked FTO rs9939609 polymorphism. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:1055-1066. [PMID: 31504106 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) rs9939609 A-allele is associated with higher acyl-ghrelin (AG) concentrations, higher energy intake, and obesity, although exercise may mitigate rs9939609 A-allele-linked obesity risk. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) hydrolyzes AG to des-acyl-ghrelin (DAG), potentially decreasing appetite. However, the effects of the FTO rs9939609 genotype and exercise on BChE activity, AG, DAG, and energy intake are unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that individuals homozygous for the obesity-risk A-allele (AAs) would exhibit higher postprandial AG and energy intake than individuals homozygous for the low obesity-risk T-allele (TTs), but that exercise would increase BChE activity and diminish these differences. METHODS Twelve AA and 12 TT normal-weight males completed a control (8 h rest) and an exercise (1 h of exercise at 70% peak oxygen uptake, 7 h rest) trial in a randomized crossover design. A fixed meal was consumed at 1.5 h and an ad libitum buffet meal at 6.5 h. Appetite, appetite-related hormones, BChE activity, and energy intake were assessed. RESULTS AAs displayed lower baseline BChE activity, higher baseline AG:DAG ratio, attenuated AG suppression after a fixed meal, and higher ad libitum energy intake compared with TTs [effect sizes (ESs) ≥ 0.72, P ≤ 0.049]. Exercise increased Δ BChE activity in both genotypes (ESs = 0.37, P = 0.004); however, exercise lowered AG and the AG:DAG ratio to a greater extent in AAs (P ≤ 0.023), offsetting the higher AG profile observed in AAs during the control trial (ESs ≥ 1.25, P ≤ 0.048). Exercise did not elevate energy intake in either genotype (P = 0.282). CONCLUSIONS Exercise increases BChE activity, suppresses AG and the AG:DAG ratio, and corrects the higher AG profile observed in obesity-risk AA individuals. These findings suggest that exercise or other methods targeting BChE activity may offer a preventative and/or therapeutic strategy for AA individuals. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03025347.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Dorling
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - David J Clayton
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Jones
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wayne G Carter
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Medical School, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Pucci
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,University College London Hospitals Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel L Batterham
- Centre for Obesity Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,University College London Hospitals Bariatric Centre for Weight Management and Metabolic Surgery, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute of Health Research, University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Goltz FR, Thackray AE, Atkinson G, Lolli L, King JA, Dorling JL, Dowejko M, Mastana S, Stensel DJ. True Interindividual Variability Exists in Postprandial Appetite Responses in Healthy Men But Is Not Moderated by the FTO Genotype. J Nutr 2019; 149:1159-1169. [PMID: 31132105 PMCID: PMC6602891 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After meal ingestion, a series of coordinated hormone responses occur concomitantly with changes in perceived appetite. It is not known whether interindividual variability in appetite exists in response to a meal. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to 1) assess the reproducibility of appetite responses to a meal; 2) quantify individual differences in responses; and 3) explore any moderating influence of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene. METHODS Using a replicated crossover design, 18 healthy men (mean ± SD age: 28.5 ± 9.8 y; BMI: 27.0 ± 5.0 kg/m2) recruited according to FTO genotype (9 AA, 9 TT) completed 2 identical control and 2 identical standardized meal conditions (5025 kJ) in randomized sequences. Perceived appetite and plasma acylated ghrelin, total peptide YY (PYY), insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured before and after interventions as primary outcomes. Interindividual differences were explored using Pearson's product-moment correlations between the first and second replicates of the control-adjusted meal response. Within-participant covariate-adjusted linear mixed models were used to quantify participant-by-condition and genotype-by-condition interactions. RESULTS The meal suppressed acylated ghrelin and appetite perceptions [standardized effect size (ES): 0.18-4.26] and elevated total PYY, insulin, and glucose (ES: 1.96-21.60). For all variables, SD of change scores was greater in the meal than in the control conditions. Moderate-to-large positive correlations were observed between the 2 replicates of control-adjusted meal responses for all variables (r = 0.44-0.86, P ≤ 0.070). Participant-by-condition interactions were present for all variables (P ≤ 0.056). FTO genotype-by-condition interactions were nonsignificant (P ≥ 0.19) and treatment effect differences between genotype groups were small (ES ≤ 0.27) for all appetite parameters. CONCLUSIONS Reproducibility of postprandial appetite responses is generally good. True interindividual variability is present beyond any random within-subject variation in healthy men but we detected no moderation by the FTO genotype. These findings highlight the importance of exploring individual differences in appetite for the prevention and treatment of obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03771690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R Goltz
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alice E Thackray
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Atkinson
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Lolli
- School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - James A King
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - James L Dorling
- Ingestive Behavior Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Monika Dowejko
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Sarabjit Mastana
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - David J Stensel
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom,University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom,Address correspondence to DJS (e-mail: )
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Ouerghi N, Brini S, Zaouali M, Feki M, Tabka Z, Bouassida A. Ghrelin is not altered after acute exercises at different intensities in overweight middle-aged individuals. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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46
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Association of Exercise with Control of Eating and Energy Intake. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40429-019-00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Mandic I, Ahmed M, Rhind S, Goodman L, L’Abbe M, Jacobs I. The effects of exercise and ambient temperature on dietary intake, appetite sensation, and appetite regulating hormone concentrations. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:29. [PMID: 31080490 PMCID: PMC6501331 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear whether the frequently reported phenomenon of exercise-induced anorexia is exacerbated or blunted in warm or cold environments. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of exercise in three different environmental temperatures vs. rest, on perceptions of appetite, appetite regulating hormones, and food intake. METHODS In a randomized repeated-measures design, 18 Canadian Armed Forces members (14 male, 4 female) completed four 8-h trials in a thermally-controlled chamber: one 8-h resting trial at 21 °C (Sedentary); and three trials where participants completed two 2-h circuits of standardized military tasks interspersed with two 2-h rest periods, once at 30 °C (Hot), once at 21 °C (Temperate), and once at - 10 °C (Cold). Participants consumed military field rations ad libitum and had their appetite assessed with visual analogue scales. Plasma concentrations of GLP-1, PYY, acylated ghrelin, and leptin were also determined. RESULTS Appetite was perceived as being suppressed in the heat compared to the cold (p < 0.05). While neither exercise nor environmental temperature altered circulating GLP-1 levels, exercise in all environments increased blood concentrations of PYY (p < 0.05). Leptin concentrations were elevated in the heat and diminished in the cold (p < 0.05), and acylated ghrelin concentrations were affected by both exercise and ambient temperature resulting in Sedentary = Cold>Temperate = Hot (p < 0.05). Contrary to the changes in appetite perceptions and hormonal concentrations, dietary intake was not different between conditions (p > 0.05). Relative energy intake (total 24 h energy intake minus 24 h energy expenditure) on the other hand, was significantly higher during the Sedentary condition than it was during any of the active conditions (p < 0.05). Most (83%) of the participants were in a positive energy balance during the Sedentary condition, whereas during most (80%) of the active conditions (Hot, Temperate, Cold) participants were in a negative energy balance. CONCLUSIONS In this study where food was freely available, variations in ambient temperature, exercise vs. rest, appetite-regulating hormone concentrations, and subjective appetite sensation were not associated with any changes in dietary intake within 24-h of acute, prolonged exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Mandic
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2W6 Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Shawn Rhind
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2W6 Canada
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON M3K 2C9 Canada
| | - Len Goodman
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2W6 Canada
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON M3K 2C9 Canada
| | - Mary L’Abbe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2 Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2W6 Canada
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Larsen P, Marino F, Melehan K, Guelfi KJ, Duffield R, Skein M. High-intensity interval exercise induces greater acute changes in sleep, appetite-related hormones, and free-living energy intake than does moderate-intensity continuous exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:557-566. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on sleep characteristics, appetite-related hormones, and eating behaviour. Eleven overweight, inactive men completed 2 consecutive nights of sleep assessments to determine baseline (BASE) sleep stages and arousals recorded by polysomnography (PSG). On separate afternoons (1400–1600 h), participants completed a 30-min exercise bout: either (i) MICE (60% peak oxygen consumption) or (ii) HIIE (60 s of work at 100% peak oxygen consumption: 240 s of rest at 50% peak oxygen consumption), in a randomised order. Measures included appetite-related hormones (acylated ghrelin, leptin, and peptide tyrosine tyrosine) and glucose before exercise, 30 min after exercise, and the next morning after exercise; PSG sleep stages; and actigraphy (sleep quantity and quality); in addition, self-reported sleep and food diaries were recorded until 48 h after exercise. There were no between-trial differences for time in bed (p = 0.19) or total sleep time (p = 0.99). After HIIE, stage N3 sleep was greater (21% ± 7%) compared with BASE (18% ± 7%; p = 0.02). In addition, the number of arousals during rapid eye movement sleep were lower after HIIE (7 ± 5) compared with BASE (11 ± 7; p = 0.05). Wake after sleep onset was lower following MICE (41 min) compared with BASE (56 min; p = 0.02). Acylated ghrelin was lower and glucose was higher at 30 min after HIIE when compared with MICE (p ≤ 0.05). There were no significant differences between conditions in terms of total energy intake (p ≥ 0.05). HIIE appears to be more beneficial than MICE for improving sleep quality and inducing favourable transient changes in appetite-related hormones in overweight, inactive men. However, energy intake was not altered regardless of exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Larsen
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Frank Marino
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
| | - Kerri Melehan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
- Discipline of Sleep Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kym J. Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- Sport and Exercise Discipline Group, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Melissa Skein
- School of Exercise Science, Sport and Health, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, NSW 2795, Australia
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Zouhal H, Sellami M, Saeidi A, Slimani M, Abbassi-Daloii A, Khodamoradi A, El Hage R, Hackney AC, Ben Abderrahman A. Effect of physical exercise and training on gastrointestinal hormones in populations with different weight statuses. Nutr Rev 2019; 77:455-477. [DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- Movement, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Rennes 2, Rennes, France
| | - Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maamer Slimani
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asieh Abbassi-Daloii
- Department of Sport Physiology, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran
| | - Arash Khodamoradi
- Department of Biological Sciences in Sport and Health, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rawad El Hage
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Balamand, El-Koura, Lebanon
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman
- Laboratory of Biomonitoring of the Environment, Faculty of Science of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Carthage, Tunisia
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Nagayama C, Muto K, Iwami M, Ishihara M, Tobina T. Summer training camp decrease food intake in adolescent rugby football players. Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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