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Cook CE, Keter D, Cade WT, Winkelstein BA, Reed WR. Manual therapy and exercise effects on inflammatory cytokines: a narrative overview. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2024; 5:1305925. [PMID: 38745971 PMCID: PMC11091266 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2024.1305925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Background Matching disease and treatment mechanisms is a goal of the Precision Medicine Initiative. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Transforming Growth Factor-beta, and Interleukin-2, 10, and 12) have gained a significant amount of interest in their potential role in persistent pain for musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions. Manual therapy (MT) and exercise are two guideline-recommended approaches for treating MSK conditions. The objective of this narrative overview was to investigate of the effects of MT and exercise on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and determine the factors that lead to variability in results. Methods Two reviewers evaluated the direction and variabilities of MT and exercise literature. A red, yellow, and green light scoring system was used to define consistencies. Results Consistencies in responses were seen with acute and chronic exercise and both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chronic exercise is associated with a consistent shift towards a more anti-inflammatory cytokine profile (Transforming Growth Factor-beta, and Interleukin-2 and 13, whereas acute bouts of intense exercise can transiently increase pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. The influence of MT on cytokines was less commonly studied and yielded more variable results. Conclusion Variability in findings is likely related to the subject and their baseline condition or disease, when measurement occurs, and the exercise intensity, duration, and an individual's overall health and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E. Cook
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Damian Keter
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William Todd Cade
- Doctor of Physical Therapy Division, Department of Orthopaedics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Departments of Bioengineering & Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - William R. Reed
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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2
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Chang L, Gardner L, House C, Daly C, Allsopp A, Roiz de Sa D, Shaw MA, Hopkins PM. Comparison of Transcriptomic Changes in Survivors of Exertional Heat Illness with Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptible Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16124. [PMID: 38003313 PMCID: PMC10671540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exertional heat illness (EHI) is an occupational health hazard for athletes and military personnel-characterised by the inability to thermoregulate during exercise. The ability to thermoregulate can be studied using a standardised heat tolerance test (HTT) developed by The Institute of Naval Medicine. In this study, we investigated whole blood gene expression (at baseline, 2 h post-HTT and 24 h post-HTT) in male subjects with either a history of EHI or known susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia (MHS): a pharmacogenetic condition with similar clinical phenotype. Compared to healthy controls at baseline, 291 genes were differentially expressed in the EHI cohort, with functional enrichment in inflammatory response genes (up to a four-fold increase). In contrast, the MHS cohort featured 1019 differentially expressed genes with significant down-regulation of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). A number of differentially expressed genes in the inflammation and OXPHOS pathways overlapped between the EHI and MHS subjects, indicating a common underlying pathophysiology. Transcriptome profiles between subjects who passed and failed the HTT (based on whether they achieved a plateau in core temperature or not, respectively) were not discernable at baseline, and HTT was shown to elevate inflammatory response gene expression across all clinical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Chang
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Lois Gardner
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Carol House
- Survival and Thermal Medicine Department, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Catherine Daly
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
| | - Adrian Allsopp
- Survival and Thermal Medicine Department, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Daniel Roiz de Sa
- Survival and Thermal Medicine Department, Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
| | - Marie-Anne Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
| | - Philip M. Hopkins
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James’s, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (L.C.); (M.-A.S.)
- Malignant Hyperthermia Unit, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK;
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3
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Zeng X, Li L, Xia Z, Zou L, Kwok T, Su Y. Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Skeletal Muscle in Response to Aerobic Exercise and Protein Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3485. [PMID: 37571423 PMCID: PMC10421363 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide a more comprehensive molecular insight into the effects of aerobic exercise (AE), protein intake (PI), and AE combined with PI on human skeletal muscle by comparing their transcriptomic profiles. Fourteen published datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were used. The hub genes were identified in response to acute AE (ACTB, IL6), training AE (UBB, COL1A1), PI (EZH2), acute AE combined with PI (DDIT3), and training AE combined with PI (MYC). Both FOS and MYC were upregulated in response to acute AE, and they were, respectively, downregulated by higher PI and a combination of AE and PI. COL1A1 was upregulated by training AE but was downregulated by higher PI. Results from the gene set enrichment analysis (p < 0.05 and FDR < 25%) showed that AE and PI delivered their impacts on human skeletal muscle in analogous pathways, including aerobic respiration, mitochondrial complexes, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, metabolic process, and immune/inflammatory responses, whereas, PI may attenuate the response of immune/inflammation and ECM remodeling which would be promoted by AE, irrespective of its types. Compared to PI alone, acute AE combined with PI would further promote protein turnover and synthesis, but suppress skeletal muscle contraction and movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
| | - Linghong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
| | - Zhilin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
| | - Lianhong Zou
- Hunan Provincial Institute of Emergency Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Changsha 410009, China
| | - Timothy Kwok
- Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410013, China (Z.X.)
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4
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Lissek T. Activity-Dependent Induction of Younger Biological Phenotypes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200119. [PMID: 35976161 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In several mammalian species, including humans, complex stimulation patterns such as cognitive and physical exercise lead to improvements in organ function, organism health and performance, as well as possibly longer lifespans. A framework is introduced here in which activity-dependent transcriptional programs, induced by these environmental stimuli, move somatic cells such as neurons and muscle cells toward a state that resembles younger cells to allow remodeling and adaptation of the organism. This cellular adaptation program targets several process classes that are heavily implicated in aging, such as mitochondrial metabolism, cell-cell communication, and epigenetic information processing, and leads to functional improvements in these areas. The activity-dependent gene program (ADGP) can be seen as a natural, endogenous cellular reprogramming mechanism that provides deep insight into the principles of inducible improvements in cell and organism function and can guide the development of therapeutic approaches for longevity. Here, these ADGPs are analyzed, exemplary critical molecular nexus points such as cAMP response element-binding protein, myocyte enhancer factor 2, serum response factor, and c-Fos are identified, and it is explored how one may leverage them to prevent, attenuate, and reverse human aging-related decline of body function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lissek
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Bácsi A, Penyige A, Becs G, Benkő S, Kovács EG, Jenei C, Pócsi I, Balla J, Csernoch L, Balatoni I. Whole blood transcriptome characterization of young female triathlon athletes following an endurance exercise: a pilot study. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:457-469. [PMID: 36250559 PMCID: PMC9762975 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00090.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of studies focusing on the effects of endurance exercise on hematological parameters and leukocyte gene expression were performed in adult men, so our aim was to investigate these changes in young females. Four young (age 15.3 ± 1.3 yr) elite female athletes completed an exercise session, in which they accomplished the cycling and running disciplines of a junior triathlon race. Blood samples were taken immediately before the exercise, right after the exercise, and then 1, 2, and 7 days later. Analysis of cell counts and routine biochemical parameters were complemented by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to whole blood samples. The applied exercise load did not trigger remarkable changes in either cardiovascular or biochemical parameters; however, it caused a significant increase in the percentage of neutrophils and a significant reduction in the ratio of lymphocytes immediately after exercise. Furthermore, endurance exercise induced a characteristic gene expression pattern change in the blood transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) using the Reactome database revealed that the expression of genes involved in immune processes and neutrophil granulocyte activation was upregulated, whereas the expression of genes important in translation and rRNA metabolism was downregulated. Comparison of a set of immune cell gene signatures (ImSig) and our transcriptomic data identified 15 overlapping genes related to T-cell functions and involved in podosome formation and adhesion to the vessel wall. Our results suggest that RNA-seq to whole blood together with ImSig analysis are useful tools for the investigation of systemic responses to endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bácsi
- 1Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Penyige
- 2Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gergely Becs
- 3Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Benkő
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Elek Gergő Kovács
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,5Doctoral School of Molecular Cellular and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Jenei
- 6Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- 7Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Balla
- 8Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- 4Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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6
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Exe-Muscle: An Exercised Human Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Database. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148806. [PMID: 35886662 PMCID: PMC9325005 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human muscle tissue undergoes dynamic changes in gene expression during exercise, and the dynamics of these genes are correlated with muscle adaptation to exercise. A database of gene expression changes in human muscle before and after exercise was established for data mining. A web-based searchable database, Exe-muscle, was developed using microarray sequencing data, which can help users to retrieve gene expression at different times. Search results provide a complete description of target genes or genes with specific expression patterns. We can explore the molecular mechanisms behind exercise science by studying the changes in muscle gene expression over time before and after exercise. Based on the high-throughput microarray data before and after human exercise, a human pre- and post-exercise database was created using web-based database technology, which researchers can use or share their gene expression data. The Exe-muscle database is accessible online.
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Dungan CM, Brightwell CR, Wen Y, Zdunek CJ, Latham CM, Thomas NT, Zagzoog AM, Brightwell BD, Nolt GL, Keeble AR, Watowich SJ, Murach KA, Fry CS. Muscle-Specific Cellular and Molecular Adaptations to Late-Life Voluntary Concurrent Exercise. FUNCTION 2022; 3:zqac027. [PMID: 35774589 PMCID: PMC9233305 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine exercise models can provide information on factors that influence muscle adaptability with aging, but few translatable solutions exist. Progressive weighted wheel running (PoWeR) is a simple, voluntary, low-cost, high-volume endurance/resistance exercise approach for training young mice. In the current investigation, aged mice (22-mo-old) underwent a modified version of PoWeR for 8 wk. Muscle functional, cellular, biochemical, transcriptional, and myonuclear DNA methylation analyses provide an encompassing picture of how muscle from aged mice responds to high-volume combined training. Mice run 6-8 km/d, and relative to sedentary mice, PoWeR increases plantarflexor muscle strength. The oxidative soleus of aged mice responds to PoWeR similarly to young mice in every parameter measured in previous work; this includes muscle mass, glycolytic-to-oxidative fiber type transitioning, fiber size, satellite cell frequency, and myonuclear number. The oxidative/glycolytic plantaris adapts according to fiber type, but with modest overall changes in muscle mass. Capillarity increases markedly with PoWeR in both muscles, which may be permissive for adaptability in advanced age. Comparison to published PoWeR RNA-sequencing data in young mice identified conserved regulators of adaptability across age and muscles; this includes Aldh1l1 which associates with muscle vasculature. Agrn and Samd1 gene expression is upregulated after PoWeR simultaneous with a hypomethylated promoter CpG in myonuclear DNA, which could have implications for innervation and capillarization. A promoter CpG in Rbm10 is hypomethylated by late-life exercise in myonuclei, consistent with findings in muscle tissue. PoWeR and the data herein are a resource for uncovering cellular and molecular regulators of muscle adaptation with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Dungan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Camille R Brightwell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Yuan Wen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | | | - Christine M Latham
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Nicholas T Thomas
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Alyaa M Zagzoog
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Benjamin D Brightwell
- Kinesiology and Health Promotion Graduate Program, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Georgia L Nolt
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
| | - Stanley J Watowich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, TX, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, AR, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536, KY, USA
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8
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Bizjak DA, Treff G, Zügel M, Schumann U, Winkert K, Schneider M, Abendroth D, Steinacker JM. Differences in Immune Response During Competition and Preparation Phase in Elite Rowers. Front Physiol 2022; 12:803863. [PMID: 34975545 PMCID: PMC8718927 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.803863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Metabolic stress is high during training and competition of Olympic rowers, but there is a lack of biomedical markers allowing to quantify training load on the molecular level. We aimed to identify such markers applying a complex approach involving inflammatory and immunologic variables. Methods: Eleven international elite male rowers (age 22.7 ± 2.4 yrs.; VO2max 71 ± 5 ml·min-1·kg-1) of the German National Rowing team were monitored at competition phase (COMP) vs. preparation phase (PREP), representing high vs. low load. Perceived stress and recovery were assessed by a Recovery Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-76 Sport). Immune cell activation (dendritic cell (DC)/macrophage/monocytes/T-cells) was evaluated via fluorescent activated cell sorting. Cytokines, High-Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), creatine kinase (CK), uric acid (UA), and kynurenine (KYN) were measured in venous blood. Results: Rowers experienced more general stress and less recovery during COMP, but sports-related stress and recovery did not differ from PREP. During COMP, DC/macrophage/monocyte and T-regulatory cells (Treg-cell) increased (p = 0.001 and 0.010). HMGB1 and cfDNA increased in most athletes during COMP (p = 0.001 and 0.048), while CK, UA, and KYN remained unaltered (p = 0.053, 0.304, and 0.211). Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β (p = 0.002), TNF-α (p < 0.001), and the chemokine IL-8 (p = 0.001) were elevated during COMP, while anti-inflammatory Il-10 was lower (p = 0.002). Conclusion: COMP resulted in an increase in biomarkers reflecting tissue damage, with plausible evidence of immune cell activation that appeared to be compensated by anti-inflammatory mechanisms, such as Treg-cell proliferation. We suggest an anti-inflammatory and immunological matrix approach to optimize training load quantification in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alexander Bizjak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gunnar Treff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martina Zügel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Uwe Schumann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kay Winkert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marion Schneider
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Division of Experimental Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Michael Steinacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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9
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Nowak R, Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Buryta R. Analysis of Selected Lymphocyte (CD45+) Subset Distribution in Capillary Blood of Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2279-2286. [PMID: 34398078 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Nowak, R, Kostrzerwa-Nowak, D, and Buryta, R. Analysis of selected lymphocyte (CD45+) subset distribution in capillary blood of young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2279-2286, 2021-Mechanisms responsible for increasing athletes' physical capacity and induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression processes are not fully understood. The aim of the study was to monitor changes in percentages of lymphocyte subsets: T, Th, Tc, B, and NK cells in capillary blood of junior soccer players. Ten subjects median aged 18 years (range 17-19 years) were recruited form young soccer players. Capillary blood was collected 24 hours after each soccer match during the 8 weeks of the final phase of Central Junior League competition, and white blood cell (WBC) phenotyping was performed to determine the percentages of B lymphocytes, NK cells, and T-lymphocyte subsets. Cumulative match-time (a sum of time spend playing the game by each athlete during the observation period) was also calculated. Significant changes in the percentage of total lymphocytes (p = 0.00005) and T cells (p = 0.00006) were observed. The slight increases in lymphocytes' and Th cells' median percentages correlated with increasing cumulative match-time of studied subjects, although the correlation was not strong (R = 0.24; p = 0.0205 and R = 0.30; p = 0.0035, for lymphocytes and Th cells, respectively). It seems that the exercise bouts are among considerable factors influencing the changes in WBC subsets, especially in CD3+ cells, among young soccer players. Regarding the number of games played and training loads, they are more susceptible to immunosuppression and subsequent infections and thus should be monitored regarding WBC phenotype assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Nowak
- Department of Biological Bases of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland ; and
| | - Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Department of Biological Bases of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland ; and
| | - Rafał Buryta
- Department of Biological Bases of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Center for Human Structural and Functional Research, Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland ; and
- Pogoń Szczecin S.A. Soccer Club, Szczecin, Poland
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10
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Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Wityk P, Ciechanowicz A, Nowak R. Post-match recovery profile of leukocyte cell subsets among professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13352. [PMID: 34172818 PMCID: PMC8233342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of cumulative match time on the distribution of CD45+ cell subtests in the capillary blood of professional soccer players. Twenty-two males (aged 18-30 years) took part in the 36-week study. Participants playing up to 540 in cumulative match time and less than 30 min in each single match during the observation period formed the control group. White blood cell (WBC) phenotyping and creatine kinase (CK) plasma activity analyses were performed. Also, counts for WBC subsets were determined. No significant differences in the hematological parameters or lymphocyte and NK cell percentages were observed between the control and study groups. Changes in the T cell percentage were significant during weeks 11 and 30 and in Th and Tc cell percentages during weeks 2 and 26. Significant correlations were found between the cumulative match time and Th, NK, and B cell percentages; monocyte counts; and CK activity in the control group. However, for the study group, correlations were found between cumulative match time and Th, Tc, and B cell percentages; CK activity; and the CK ratio. Our study suggests that the distribution of CD45+ cells might be a useful tool for monitoring the immune status of professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kostrzewa-Nowak
- Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Paweł Wityk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Andrzej Ciechanowicz
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Robert Nowak
- Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240, Szczecin, Poland
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11
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Time trajectories in the transcriptomic response to exercise - a meta-analysis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3471. [PMID: 34108459 PMCID: PMC8190306 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training prevents multiple diseases, yet the molecular mechanisms that drive exercise adaptation are incompletely understood. To address this, we create a computational framework comprising data from skeletal muscle or blood from 43 studies, including 739 individuals before and after exercise or training. Using linear mixed effects meta-regression, we detect specific time patterns and regulatory modulators of the exercise response. Acute and long-term responses are transcriptionally distinct and we identify SMAD3 as a central regulator of the exercise response. Exercise induces a more pronounced inflammatory response in skeletal muscle of older individuals and our models reveal multiple sex-associated responses. We validate seven of our top genes in a separate human cohort. In this work, we provide a powerful resource (www.extrameta.org) that expands the transcriptional landscape of exercise adaptation by extending previously known responses and their regulatory networks, and identifying novel modality-, time-, age-, and sex-associated changes. Regular exercise promotes overall health and prevents non-communicable diseases, but the adaptation mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis to reveal time-specific patterns of the acute and long-term exercise response in human skeletal muscle, and identify sex- and age-specific changes.
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Kirkwood L, Ingram-Sills L, Taylor MD, Malone E, Florida-James G. Immune Response of Elite Enduro Racers to Laboratory and Racing Environments: The Influence of Training Impulse and Vibration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094603. [PMID: 33926145 PMCID: PMC8123624 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Understanding the sport-specific immune response elicited during both training and competition is imperative to maximise athlete health and performance. Despite a growing population of professional enduro mountain bike athletes, little is known about the recovery of the immune system following enduro racing events. Methods: Nine international level elite enduro mountain bike athletes (age 24.3 ± 2.4 years, height 178.5 ± 8.7 cm, mass 76.5 ± 12.5 kg) completed a laboratory-based maximal exercise test (LAB) on a cycle ergometer and competed in an international mountain bike enduro race event (RACE). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, and 1 h after LAB and before, 1 h after, and 17 h after RACE. Leukocyte subsets were enumerated using seven-colour flow cytometry. Lucia’s training impulse (LuTRIMP) and vibration exposure (VIB) were quantified during RACE. Results: Seven participants were included in the final analyses. There was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in neutrophil count alongside a reduction of cytotoxic lymphocyte cell subsets of both the innate (CD3−/CD56+ NK-cells and CD3−/CD56dim NK-cells) and adaptive (CD8+/CD62L−/CD45RA− T-cells and CD8+/CD27+/CD28− T-cells) components of the immune system one hour after RACE. All cell counts returned to baseline values 17 h afterwards (p > 0.05). Cell subset redistribution from pre- to post-one-hour time points (%Δpre-post1h) in cell subsets with potent effector functions (Neutrophils, CD3−/CD56+ NK-cells, CD8+/CD62L−/CD45RA− T-cells, CD8+/CD27+/CD28− T-cells, and CD3−/CD56dim/CD57− NK-cells) was significantly greater at RACE than LAB (p < 0.05). VIB was shown to be a superior predictor of %Δpre-post1h CD4+ T-cells, CD4+ early T-cells, CD4+ naïve T-cells, and NK cells as compared with LuTRIMP on its own (ΔR2 = 0.63 − 0.89, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The race event offers a greater challenge to the immune system than LAB, and potentially, whole body vibration is a key component of training load measurement in mountain bike applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Kirkwood
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
- Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Lesley Ingram-Sills
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
- Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK
| | - Mark Dunlop Taylor
- School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK;
| | - Eva Malone
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
| | - Geraint Florida-James
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK; (L.I.-S.); (E.M.); (G.F.-J.)
- Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress EH45 8NB, UK
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Chaweewannakorn C, Harada T, Nyasha MR, Koide M, Shikama Y, Hagiwara Y, Sasaki K, Kanzaki M, Tsuchiya M. Imaging of muscle activity-induced morphometric changes in fibril network of myofascia by two-photon microscopy. J Anat 2021; 238:515-526. [PMID: 33078407 PMCID: PMC7855069 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofascia, deep fascia enveloping skeletal muscles, consists of abundant collagen and elastin fibres that play a key role in the transmission of muscular forces. However, understanding of biomechanical dynamics in myofascia remains very limited due to less quantitative and relevant approaches for in vivo examination. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the myofascial fibril structure by means of a quantitative approach using two-photon microscopy (TPM) imaging in combination with intravital staining of Evans blue dye (EBD), a far-red fluorescence dye, which potentially labels elastin. With focus on myofascia of the tibial anterior (TA) muscle, the fibril structure intravitally stained with EBD was observed at the depth level of collagen fibrous membrane above the muscle belly. The EBD-labelled fibril structure and orientation in myofascia indicated biomechanical responses to muscle activity and ageing. The orientation histograms of EBD-labelled fibrils were significantly modified depending upon the intensity of muscle activity and ageing. Moreover, the density of EBD-labelled fibrils in myofascia decreased with habitual exercise but increased with muscle immobilization or ageing. In particular, the diameter of EBD-labelled fibrils in aged mice was significantly higher. The orientation histograms of EBD-labelled fibrils after habitual exercise, muscle immobilization and ageing showed significant differences compared to control. Indeed, the histograms in bilateral TA myofascia of exercise mice made simple waveforms without multiple sharp peaks, whilst muscular immobilization or ageing significantly shifted a histogram with sustaining multiple sharp peaks. Therefore, the dynamics of fibre network with EBD fluorescence in response to the biomechanical environment possibly indicate functional tissue adaptation in myofascia. Furthermore, on the basis of the knowledge that neutrophil recruitment occurs locally in working muscles, we suggested the unique reconstruction mechanism involving neutrophilic elastase in the myofascial fibril structure. In addition to the elastolytic susceptibility of EBD-labelled fibrils, distinct immunoreactivities and activities of neutrophil elastase in the myofascia were observed after electric pulse stimulation-induced muscle contraction for 15 min. Our findings of EBD-labelled fibril dynamics in myofascia through quantitative approach using TPM imaging and intravital fluorescence labelling potentially brings new insights to examine muscle physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayanit Chaweewannakorn
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic DentistryGraduate School of DentistryTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Takashi Harada
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Mazvita R. Nyasha
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Masashi Koide
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Yosuke Shikama
- Department of Oral Disease ResearchNational Center for Geriatrics and GerontologyObuJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of MedicineTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic DentistryGraduate School of DentistryTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Makoto Kanzaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
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Exercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:969-992. [PMID: 33420603 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There have been a multitude of reviews written on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and recovery. EIMD is a complex area of study as there are a host of factors such as sex, age, nutrition, fitness level, genetics and familiarity with exercise task, which influence the magnitude of performance decrement and the time course of recovery following EIMD. In addition, many reviews on recovery from exercise have ranged from the impact of nutritional strategies and recovery modalities, to complex mechanistic examination of various immune and endocrine signaling molecules. No one review can adequately address this broad array of study. Thus, in this present review, we aim to examine EIMD emanating from both endurance exercise and resistance exercise training in recreational and competitive athletes and shed light on nutritional strategies that can enhance and accelerate recovery following EIMD. In addition, the evaluation of EIMD and recovery from exercise is often complicated and conclusions often depend of the specific mode of assessment. As such, the focus of this review is also directed at the available techniques used to assess EIMD.
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15
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Bachmann MC, Bellalta S, Basoalto R, Gómez-Valenzuela F, Jalil Y, Lépez M, Matamoros A, von Bernhardi R. The Challenge by Multiple Environmental and Biological Factors Induce Inflammation in Aging: Their Role in the Promotion of Chronic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570083. [PMID: 33162985 PMCID: PMC7591463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aging process is driven by multiple mechanisms that lead to changes in energy production, oxidative stress, homeostatic dysregulation and eventually to loss of functionality and increased disease susceptibility. Most aged individuals develop chronic low-grade inflammation, which is an important risk factor for morbidity, physical and cognitive impairment, frailty, and death. At any age, chronic inflammatory diseases are major causes of morbimortality, affecting up to 5-8% of the population of industrialized countries. Several environmental factors can play an important role for modifying the inflammatory state. Genetics accounts for only a small fraction of chronic-inflammatory diseases, whereas environmental factors appear to participate, either with a causative or a promotional role in 50% to 75% of patients. Several of those changes depend on epigenetic changes that will further modify the individual response to additional stimuli. The interaction between inflammation and the environment offers important insights on aging and health. These conditions, often depending on the individual's sex, appear to lead to decreased longevity and physical and cognitive decline. In addition to biological factors, the environment is also involved in the generation of psychological and social context leading to stress. Poor psychological environments and other sources of stress also result in increased inflammation. However, the mechanisms underlying the role of environmental and psychosocial factors and nutrition on the regulation of inflammation, and how the response elicited for those factors interact among them, are poorly understood. Whereas certain deleterious environmental factors result in the generation of oxidative stress driven by an increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammation, other factors, including nutrition (polyunsaturated fatty acids) and behavioral factors (exercise) confer protection against inflammation, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and thus ameliorate their deleterious effect. Here, we discuss processes and mechanisms of inflammation associated with environmental factors and behavior, their links to sex and gender, and their overall impact on aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofía Bellalta
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roque Basoalto
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Yorschua Jalil
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Lépez
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Anibal Matamoros
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Pará, Belem, Brazil
| | - Rommy von Bernhardi
- School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Molina-López J, Ricalde MAQ, Hernández BV, Planells A, Otero R, Planells E. Effect of 8-week of dietary micronutrient supplementation on gene expression in elite handball athletes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232237. [PMID: 32357196 PMCID: PMC7194438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A study was made of the changes in gene expression in elite handball athletes, comparing gene modulation before, after and in the absence of an 8-week nutritional intervention with multivitamin/mineral supplements. Methods Thirteen elite handball athletes (aged 22.9 ± 2.7 years) and 13 sedentary controls (aged 20.9 ± 2.8 years) were included. Three timepoints were established: T0 (baseline conditions); T8 (after 8 weeks of supplementation with a multivitamin/mineral complex); and T16 (after 8 weeks in the absence of supplementation). The expressions of a total 112 of genes were evaluated by RT-qPCR analysis with the QuantStudioTM 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System. Results The analysis revealed different gene regulation profiles of genes implicated in cell communication, cell energy metabolism, inflammation and the immune system, oxidative stress and muscle function in athletes compared to sedentary controls under resting conditions (upregulated genes: effect size = large, ƞ2 = 1.011 to 1.398, p < 0.05; downregulated genes: effect size = large, ƞ2 = 0.846 and 1.070, p < 0.05, respectively). The nutritional intervention encouraged gene upregulation in elite athletes (p < 0.05). In a follow-up investigation, the IRAK1, CD81, ITGB1, ACADS PDHA2 and GPX1 genes were downregulated in athletes, with a moderate main effect for time-by-group interaction (ηP2 = 0.099 to 0.133; p < 0.05). Additionally, nutritional genes such as MTHFR and THTPA revealed a moderate effect over all the timepoints and group interaction in the study (ηP2 = 0.070 to 0.092; p < 0.05). Conclusions Elite handball athletes showed a different expression profile in reference to key genes implicated in several sports performance-related functions compared to the sedentary controls, in addition to modulation of gene expression after multivitamin/mineral supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María Antonieta Quispe Ricalde
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Basilio Valladares Hernández
- University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, University of La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Antonio Planells
- Unit of Social Studies of the Defense, General Technical Secretary, Ministry of Defence, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Otero
- Department of Statistics. Faculty of Social and Legal Sciences, University of Carlos III, Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technological Park, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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17
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T helper cell-related changes in peripheral blood induced by progressive effort among soccer players. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227993. [PMID: 31990927 PMCID: PMC6986753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The regulatory mechanisms affecting the modulation of the immune system accompanying the progressive effort to exhaustion, particularly associated with T cells, are not fully understood. We analysed the impact of two progressive effort protocols on T helper (Th) cell distribution and selected cytokines. Methods Sixty-two male soccer players with a median age of 17 (16–29) years performed different protocols for progressive exercise until exhaustion: YO-YO (YYRL1) and Beep. Blood samples for all analyses were taken three times: at baseline, post-effort, and in recovery. Results The percentage of Th1 cells increased post-effort and in recovery. The post-effort percentage of Th1 cells was higher in the Beep group compared to the YYRL1 group. Significant post-effort increase in Th17 cells was observed in both groups. The post-effort percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) increased in the Beep group. An increased post-effort concentration of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8 and IFN-γ in both groups was observed. Post-effort TNF-α and IL-10 levels were higher than baseline in the YYRL1 group, while the post-effort IL-17A concentration was lower than baseline only in the Beep group. The recovery IL-2, IL-4, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels were higher than baseline in the YYRL1 group. The recovery IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α and IFN-γ values were higher than baseline in the Beep group. Conclusion The molecular patterns related to cytokine secretion are not the same between different protocols for progressive effort. It seems that Treg cells are probably the key cells responsible for silencing the inflammation and enhancing anti-inflammatory pathways.
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18
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Transcriptomic profiling of skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise and inactivity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:470. [PMID: 31980607 PMCID: PMC6981202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the response to exercise and inactivity are not fully understood. We propose an innovative approach to profile the skeletal muscle transcriptome to exercise and inactivity using 66 published datasets. Data collected from human studies of aerobic and resistance exercise, including acute and chronic exercise training, were integrated using meta-analysis methods (www.metamex.eu). Here we use gene ontology and pathway analyses to reveal selective pathways activated by inactivity, aerobic versus resistance and acute versus chronic exercise training. We identify NR4A3 as one of the most exercise- and inactivity-responsive genes, and establish a role for this nuclear receptor in mediating the metabolic responses to exercise-like stimuli in vitro. The meta-analysis (MetaMEx) also highlights the differential response to exercise in individuals with metabolic impairments. MetaMEx provides the most extensive dataset of skeletal muscle transcriptional responses to different modes of exercise and an online interface to readily interrogate the database. The pathways that underlie the effects of exercise on metabolism remain incompletely described. Here, the authors perform a meta-analysis of transcriptomic data from 66 published datasets of human skeletal muscle. They identify pathways selectively activated by inactivity, aerobic or resistance exercise, and characterize NR4A3 as one of the genes responsive to inactivity.
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19
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Liver-Metabolizing Genes and Their Relationship to the Performance of Elite Spanish Male Endurance Athletes; a Prospective Transversal Study. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:50. [PMID: 31820125 PMCID: PMC6901632 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The genetic profile that is needed to define an endurance athlete has been studied during recent years. The main objective of this work is to approach for the first time the study of genetic variants in liver-metabolizing genes and their role in endurance performance by comparing the allelic and genotypic frequencies in elite endurance athletes to the non-athlete population. Methods Genotypic and allelic frequencies were determined in 123 elite endurance athletes (75 professional road cyclists and 48 endurance elite runners) and 122 male non-athlete subjects (sedentary). Genotyping of cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6 (CYP2D6 rs3892097), glutathione-S transferase mu isoform 1 (GSTM1), glutathione S-transferase pi (GSTP rs1695) and glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT) genes was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The combination of the polymorphisms for the “optimal” polygenic profile has been quantified using the genotype score (GS). Results Statistical differences were found in the genetic distributions between elite endurance athletes and non-athletes in CYP2D6 (p < 0.001) and GSTT (p = 0.014) genes. The binary logistic regression model showed a favourable OR (odds ratio) of being an elite endurance runner against a professional road cyclist (OR: 2.403, 95% CI: 1.213–4.760 (p = 0.002)) in the polymorphisms studied. Conclusions Genotypic distribution of liver-metabolizing genes in elite endurance athletes is different to non-athlete subjects, with a favourable gene profile in elite endurance athletes in terms of detoxification capacity.
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Tsuchiya M, Sekiai S, Hatakeyama H, Koide M, Chaweewannakorn C, Yaoita F, Tan-No K, Sasaki K, Watanabe M, Sugawara S, Endo Y, Itoi E, Hagiwara Y, Kanzaki M. Neutrophils Provide a Favorable IL-1-Mediated Immunometabolic Niche that Primes GLUT4 Translocation and Performance in Skeletal Muscles. Cell Rep 2018; 23:2354-2364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Reibe S, Hjorth M, Febbraio MA, Whitham M. GeneXX: an online tool for the exploration of transcript changes in skeletal muscle associated with exercise. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:376-384. [PMID: 29547064 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00127.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise stimulates a wide array of biological processes, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Many previous studies have adopted transcriptomic analyses of skeletal muscle to address particular research questions, a process that ultimately results in the collection of large amounts of publicly available data that has not been fully integrated or interrogated. To maximize the use of these available transcriptomic exercise data sets, we have downloaded and reanalyzed them and formulated the data into a searchable online tool, geneXX. GeneXX is highly intuitive and free and provides immediate information regarding the response of a transcript of interest to exercise in skeletal muscle. To demonstrate its utility, we carried out a meta-analysis on the included data sets and show transcript changes in skeletal muscle that persist regardless of sex, exercise mode, and duration, some of which have had minimal attention in the context of exercise. We also demonstrate how geneXX can be used to formulate novel hypotheses on the complex effects of exercise, using preliminary data already generated. This resource represents a valuable tool for researchers with interests in human skeletal muscle adaptation to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Reibe
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Marit Hjorth
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Mark A Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
| | - Martin Whitham
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, New South Wales , Australia
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Association of High Cardiovascular Fitness and the Rate of Adaptation to Heat Stress. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:1685368. [PMID: 29682518 PMCID: PMC5850892 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1685368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare changes in genes expression associated with inflammation and apoptosis in response to heat stress caused by sauna between people with varying cardiorespiratory fitness levels. We hypothesis that high cardiorespiratory level caused higher positive changes after four weeks of sauna bathing. Blood samples were taken at rest before and after the first and last sauna sessions and 48 hours after the last sauna session and used to assay HSP70 (HSPA1A), HSP27 (HSPB1), interleukin 6 (IL6), and interleukin 10 (IL10) genes expression in blood with quantitative real-time qRT-PCR. Overall, small decreases in rest values of HSPA1A and IL6 mRNA, increase in HSPB1 mRNA, and a significant increase in IL10 mRNA were observed after four weeks of exposure to heat stress. Our findings suggest that an adaptive response to heat stress (an anti-inflammatory response) occurs faster in people with higher cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Cavalcante PAM, Gregnani MF, Henrique JS, Ornellas FH, Araújo RC. Aerobic but not Resistance Exercise Can Induce Inflammatory Pathways via Toll-Like 2 and 4: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:42. [PMID: 29185059 PMCID: PMC5705532 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only a few studies have addressed the relationship between toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) and the production of local and systemic cytokines in response to physical exercise, and they have produced conflicting results. We aimed to determine whether acute and chronic exercise outcomes are associated with changes in TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling and if so, the mechanisms that connect them. METHODS PubMed database were consulted. This systematic review selected 39 articles, 26 involving humans and 13 based on rodents. RESULTS In acute resistance exercise studies, 75% reported a decrease in TLR4 or TLR2 expression and 25% did not find differences. For chronic resistance exercise studies, 67% reported a reduction of expression and 33% did not find differences. Studies of both types reported reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines. In acute aerobic exercise studies, 40% revealed a decline in the expression of the receptors, 7% reported no significant difference, 40% showed an increase, and 13% did not evaluate their expression. Fifty-eight percent of studies of chronic aerobic exercise revealed a reduction in expression, 17% did not find a difference, and 25% reported increases; they also suggested that the expression of the receptors might be correlated with that of inflammatory cytokines. In studies on combined exercise, 50% reported a decline in receptors expression and 50% did not find a difference. CONCLUSIONS The majority of the articles (54%) link different types of exercise to a decline in TLR4 and TLR2 expression. However, aerobic exercise may induce inflammations through its influence on these receptor pathways. Higher levels of inflammation were seen in acute sessions (40%) than regular sessions (25%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andréa Malveira Cavalcante
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
- , Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669/9and., 04039-032, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Fernandes Gregnani
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessica Salles Henrique
- Neurology/Neuroscience Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Exercise Neurophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Henrique Ornellas
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araújo
- Medicine (Nephrology) Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Molecular Biology Program, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Exercise Genetics and Metabolism, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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A Model of Exposure to Extreme Environmental Heat Uncovers the Human Transcriptome to Heat Stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9429. [PMID: 28842615 PMCID: PMC5573409 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09819-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which individuals subjected to environmental heat stress either recover or develop heat-related complications are not well understood. We analysed the changes in blood mononuclear gene expression patterns in human volunteers exposed to extreme heat in a sauna (temperature of 75.7 ± 0.86 °C). Our analysis reveals that expression changes occur rapidly with no significant increase in core temperature and continue to amplify one hour after the end of heat stress. The reprogramed transcriptome was predominantly inhibitory, as more than two-thirds of the expressed genes were suppressed. The differentially expressed genes encoded proteins that function in stress-associated pathways; including proteostasis, energy metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, and cell death, and survival. The transcriptome also included mitochondrial dysfunction, altered protein synthesis, and reduced expression of genes -related to immune function. The findings reveal the human transcriptomic response to heat and highlight changes that might underlie the health outcomes observed during heat waves.
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25
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Tyml K, Swarbreck S, Pape C, Secor D, Koropatnick J, Feng Q, Veldhuizen RAW, Gill SE. Voluntary running exercise protects against sepsis-induced early inflammatory and pro-coagulant responses in aged mice. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017; 21:210. [PMID: 28789683 PMCID: PMC5549433 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1783-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite many animal studies and clinical trials, mortality in sepsis remains high. This may be due to the fact that most experimental studies of sepsis employ young animals, whereas the majority of septic patients are elderly (60 − 70 years). The objective of the present study was to examine the sepsis-induced inflammatory and pro-coagulant responses in aged mice. Since running exercise protects against a variety of diseases, we also examined the effect of voluntary running on septic responses in aged mice. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were housed in our institute from 2–3 to 22 months (an age mimicking that of the elderly). Mice were prevented from becoming obese by food restriction (given 70–90% of ad libitum consumption amount). Between 20 and 22 months, a subgroup of mice ran voluntarily on wheels, alternating 1–3 days of running with 1–2 days of rest. At 22 months, mice were intraperitoneally injected with sterile saline (control) or 3.75 g/kg fecal slurry (septic). At 7 h post injection, we examined (1) neutrophil influx in the lung and liver by measuring myeloperoxidase and/or neutrophil elastase in the tissue homogenates by spectrophotometry, (2) interleukin 6 (IL6) and KC in the lung lavage by ELISA, (3) pulmonary surfactant function by measuring percentage of large aggregates, (4) capillary plugging (pro-coagulant response) in skeletal muscle by intravital microscopy, (5) endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein in skeletal muscle (eNOS-derived NO is putative inhibitor of capillary plugging) by immunoblotting, and (6) systemic blood platelet counts by hemocytometry. Results Sepsis caused high levels of pulmonary myeloperoxidase, elastase, IL6, KC, liver myeloperoxidase, and capillary plugging. Sepsis also caused low levels of surfactant function and platelet counts. Running exercise increased eNOS protein and attenuated the septic responses. Conclusions Voluntary running protects against exacerbated sepsis-induced inflammatory and pro-coagulant responses in aged mice. Protection against pro-coagulant responses may involve eNOS upregulation. The present discovery in aged mice calls for clinical investigation into potential beneficial effects of exercise on septic outcomes in the elderly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1783-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Tyml
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott Swarbreck
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Pape
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dan Secor
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James Koropatnick
- Cancer Research Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingping Feng
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruud A W Veldhuizen
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Respirology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean E Gill
- Centre for Critical Illness Research, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Division of Respirology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Tuttle JA, Chrismas BCR, Gibson OR, Barrington JH, Hughes DC, Castle PC, Metcalfe AJ, Midgley AW, Pearce O, Kabir C, Rayanmarakar F, Al-Ali S, Lewis MP, Taylor L. The Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA Responses to Hot Downhill Running Are Reduced Following a Prior Bout of Hot Downhill Running, and Occur Concurrently within Leukocytes and the Vastus Lateralis. Front Physiol 2017; 8:473. [PMID: 28747888 PMCID: PMC5506191 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte heat shock response (HSR) is used to determine individual's thermotolerance. The HSR and thermotolerance are enhanced following interventions such as preconditioning and/or acclimation/acclimatization. However, it is unclear whether the leukocyte HSR is an appropriate surrogate for the HSR in other tissues implicated within the pathophysiology of exertional heat illnesses (e.g., skeletal muscle), and whether an acute preconditioning strategy (e.g., downhill running) can improve subsequent thermotolerance. Physically active, non-heat acclimated participants were split into two groups to investigate the benefits of hot downhill running as preconditioning strategy. A hot preconditioning group (HPC; n = 6) completed two trials (HPC1HOTDOWN and HPC2HOTDOWN) of 30 min running at lactate threshold (LT) on -10% gradient in 30°C and 50% relative humidity (RH) separated by 7 d. A temperate preconditioning group (TPC; n = 5) completed 30 min running at LT on a -1% gradient in 20°C and 50% (TPC1TEMPFLAT) and 7 d later completed 30 min running at LT on -10% gradient in 30°C and 50% RH (TPC2HOTDOWN). Venous blood samples and muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis; VL) were obtained before, immediately after, 3, 24, and 48 h after each trial. Leukocyte and VL Hsp72, Hsp90α, and Grp78 mRNA relative expression was determined via RT-QPCR. Attenuated leukocyte and VL Hsp72 (2.8 to 1.8 fold and 5.9 to 2.4 fold; p < 0.05) and Hsp90α mRNA (2.9 to 2.4 fold and 5.2 to 2.4 fold; p < 0.05) responses accompanied reductions (p < 0.05) in physiological strain [exercising rectal temperature (-0.3°C) and perceived muscle soreness (~ -14%)] during HPC2HOTDOWN compared to HPC1HOTDOWN (i.e., a preconditioning effect). Both VL and leukocyte Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA increased (p < 0.05) simultaneously following downhill runs and demonstrated a strong relationship (p < 0.01) of similar magnitudes with one another. Hot downhill running is an effective preconditioning strategy which ameliorates physiological strain, soreness and Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA responses to a subsequent bout. Leukocyte and VL analyses are appropriate tissues to infer the extent to which the HSR has been augmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Tuttle
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, United Kingdom
| | - Bryna C R Chrismas
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar UniversityDoha, Qatar
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University LondonLondon, United Kingdom
| | - James H Barrington
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, United Kingdom
| | - David C Hughes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, United States
| | - Paul C Castle
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, University of BedfordshireBedford, United Kingdom.,School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan UniversityPerth, WA, Australia
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edgehill UniversityOrmskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Pearce
- Milton Keynes University HospitalMilton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Chindu Kabir
- Milton Keynes University HospitalMilton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sami Al-Ali
- Milton Keynes University HospitalMilton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Lewis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, United Kingdom.,School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Taylor
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough UniversityLoughborough, United Kingdom.,ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine HospitalDoha, Qatar
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27
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Viana SD, Pita IR, Lemos C, Rial D, Couceiro P, Rodrigues-Santos P, Caramelo F, Carvalho F, Ali SF, Prediger RD, Fontes Ribeiro CA, Pereira FC. The effects of physical exercise on nonmotor symptoms and on neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental parkinsonism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:161-171. [PMID: 28385921 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01120.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) prodromal stages comprise neuropsychiatric perturbations that critically compromise a patient's quality of life. These nonmotor symptoms (NMS) are associated with exacerbated innate immunity, a hallmark of overt PD. Physical exercise (PE) has the potential to improve neuropsychiatric deficits and to modulate immune network including receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in distinct pathological settings. Accordingly, the present study aimed to test the hypothesis that PE 1) alleviates PD NMS and 2) modulates neuroimmune RAGE network in experimental PD. Adult Wistar rats subjected to long-term mild treadmill were administered intranasally with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and probed for PD NMS before the onset of motor abnormalities. Twelve days after MPTP, neuroimmune RAGE network transcriptomics (real-time quantitative PCR) was analyzed in frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Untrained MPTP animals displayed habit-learning and motivational deficits without gross motor impairments (cued version of water-maze, splash, and open-field tests, respectively). A suppression of RAGE and neuroimmune-related genes was observed in frontal cortex on chemical and physical stressors (untrained MPTP: RAGE, TLR5 and -7, and p22 NADPH oxidase; saline-trained animals: RAGE, TLR1 and -5 to -11, TNF-α, IL-1β, and p22 NADPH oxidase), suggesting the recruitment of compensatory mechanisms to restrain innate inflammation. Notably, trained MPTP animals displayed normal cognitive/motivational performances. Additionally, these animals showed normal RAGE expression and neuroprotective PD-related DJ-1 gene upregulation in frontal cortex when compared with untrained MPTP animals. These findings corroborate PE efficacy in improving PD NMS and newly identify RAGE network as a neural substrate for exercise intervention. Additional research is warranted to unveil functional consequences of PE-induced modulation of RAGE/DJ-1 transcriptomics in PD premotor stages.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study newly shows that physical exercise (PE) corrects nonmotor symptoms of the intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of experimental parkinsonism. Additionally, we show that suppression of neuroimmune receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) network occurs in frontal cortex on chemical (MPTP) and physical (PE) interventions. Finally, PE normalizes frontal cortical RAGE transcriptomics and upregulates the neuroprotective DJ-1 gene in the intranasal MPTP model of experimental parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia D Viana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês R Pita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Lemos
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Daniel Rial
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Couceiro
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology and Oncology Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Rede de Química e Tecnologia, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; and
| | - Syed F Ali
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center of Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas
| | - Rui D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Fontes Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; .,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology-Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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28
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Kochanowicz A, Sawczyn S, Niespodziński B, Mieszkowski J, Kochanowicz K, Żychowska M. Cellular Stress Response Gene Expression During Upper and Lower Body High Intensity Exercises. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171247. [PMID: 28141870 PMCID: PMC5283744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim was to compare the effect of upper and lower body high-intensity exercise on chosen genes expression in athletes and non-athletes. Method Fourteen elite male artistic gymnasts (EAG) aged 20.6 ± 3.3 years and 14 physically active men (PAM) aged 19.9 ± 1.0 years performed lower and upper body 30 s Wingate Tests. Blood samples were collected before, 5 and 30 minutes after each effort to assess gene expression via PCR. Results Significantly higher mechanical parameters after lower body exercise was observed in both groups, for relative power (8.7 ± 1.2 W/kg in gymnasts, 7.2 ± 1.2 W/kg in controls, p = 0.01) and mean power (6.7 ± 0.7 W/kg in gymnasts, 5.4 ± 0.8 W/kg in controls, p = 0.01). No differences in lower versus upper body gene expression were detected for all tested genes as well as between gymnasts and physical active man. For IL-6 m-RNA time-dependent effect was observed. Conclusions Because of no significant differences in expression of genes associated with cellular stress response the similar adaptive effect to exercise may be obtained so by lower and upper body exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kochanowicz
- Department of Gymnastics and Dance, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Sawczyn
- Department of Sport for all, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Niespodziński
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Mieszkowski
- Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Institute of Physical Education, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Kochanowicz
- Department of Theory of Sport and Human Motorics, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Żychowska
- Department of Life Sciences Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Broadbent J, Sampson D, Sabapathy S, Haseler LJ, Wagner KH, Bulmer AC, Peake JM, Neubauer O. Gene networks in skeletal muscle following endurance exercise are coexpressed in blood neutrophils and linked with blood inflammation markers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:752-766. [PMID: 28104750 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00114.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains incompletely understood whether there is an association between the transcriptome profiles of skeletal muscle and blood leukocytes in response to exercise or other physiological stressors. We have previously analyzed the changes in the muscle and blood neutrophil transcriptome in eight trained men before and 3, 48, and 96 h after 2 h cycling and running. Because we collected muscle and blood in the same individuals and under the same conditions, we were able to directly compare gene expression between the muscle and blood neutrophils. Applying weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) as an advanced network-driven method to these original data sets enabled us to compare the muscle and neutrophil transcriptomes in a rigorous and systematic manner. Two gene networks were identified that were preserved between skeletal muscle and blood neutrophils, functionally related to mitochondria and posttranslational processes. Strong preservation measures (Zsummary > 10) for both muscle-neutrophil gene networks were evident within the postexercise recovery period. Muscle and neutrophil gene coexpression was strongly correlated in the mitochondria-related network (r = 0.97; P = 3.17E-2). We also identified multiple correlations between muscular gene subnetworks and exercise-induced changes in blood leukocyte counts, inflammation, and muscle damage markers. These data reveal previously unidentified gene coexpression between skeletal muscle and blood neutrophils following exercise, showing the value of WGCNA to understand exercise physiology. Furthermore, these findings provide preliminary evidence in support of the notion that blood neutrophil gene networks may potentially help us to track physiological and pathophysiological changes in the muscle.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By using weighted gene coexpression network analysis, an advanced bioinformatics method, we have identified previously unknown, functional gene networks that are preserved between skeletal muscle and blood neutrophils during recovery from exercise. These novel preliminary data suggest that muscular gene networks are coexpressed in blood leukocytes following physiological stress. This is a step forward toward the development of blood neutrophil gene subnetworks as part of blood biomarker panels to assess muscle health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Broadbent
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dayle Sampson
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Surendran Sabapathy
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Luke J Haseler
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Andrew C Bulmer
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Oliver Neubauer
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Program, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia;
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Peake JM, Neubauer O, Della Gatta PA, Nosaka K. Muscle damage and inflammation during recovery from exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 122:559-570. [PMID: 28035017 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Unaccustomed exercise consisting of eccentric (i.e., lengthening) muscle contractions often results in muscle damage characterized by ultrastructural alterations in muscle tissue, clinical signs, and symptoms (e.g., reduced muscle strength and range of motion, increased muscle soreness and swelling, efflux of myocellular proteins). The time course of recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage depends on the extent of initial muscle damage, which in turn is influenced by the intensity and duration of exercise, joint angle/muscle length, and muscle groups used during exercise. The effects of these factors on muscle strength, soreness, and swelling are well characterized. By contrast, much less is known about how they affect intramuscular inflammation and molecular aspects of muscle adaptation/remodeling. Although inflammation has historically been viewed as detrimental for recovery from exercise, it is now generally accepted that inflammatory responses, if tightly regulated, are integral to muscle repair and regeneration. Animal studies have revealed that various cell types, including neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, CD8 and T-regulatory lymphocytes, fibro-adipogenic progenitors, and pericytes help to facilitate muscle tissue regeneration. However, more research is required to determine whether these cells respond to exercise-induced muscle damage. A large body of research has investigated the efficacy of physicotherapeutic, pharmacological, and nutritional interventions for reducing the signs and symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage, with mixed results. More research is needed to examine if/how these treatments influence inflammation and muscle remodeling during recovery from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; .,Center of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Oliver Neubauer
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul A Della Gatta
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Shockett PE, Khanal J, Sitaula A, Oglesby C, Meachum WA, Castracane VD, Kraemer RR. Plasma cell-free mitochondrial DNA declines in response to prolonged moderate aerobic exercise. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/1/e12672. [PMID: 26755735 PMCID: PMC4760406 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased plasma cell‐free mitochondrial DNA (cf‐mDNA), a damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) produced by cellular injury, contributes to neutrophil activation/inflammation in trauma patients and arises in cancer and autoimmunity. To further understand relationships between cf‐mDNA released by tissue injury, inflammation, and health benefits of exercise, we examined cf‐mDNA response to prolonged moderate aerobic exercise. Seven healthy moderately trained young men (age = 22.4 ± 1.2) completed a treadmill exercise trial for 90 min at 60% VO2 max and a resting control trial. Blood was sampled immediately prior to exercise (0 min = baseline), during (+18, +54 min), immediately after (+90 min), and after recovery (R40). Plasma was analyzed for cf‐mDNA, IL‐6, and lactate. A significant difference in cf‐mDNA response was observed between exercise and control trials, with cf‐mDNA levels reduced during exercise at +54 and +90 (with or without plasma volume shift correction). Declines in cf‐mDNA were accompanied by increased lactate and followed by an increase in IL‐6, suggesting a temporal association with muscle stress and inflammatory processes. Our novel finding of cf‐mDNA decline with prolonged moderate treadmill exercise provides evidence for increased clearance from or reduced release of cf‐mDNA into the blood with prolonged exercise. These studies contrast with previous investigations involving exhaustive short‐term treadmill exercise, in which no change in cf‐mDNA levels were reported, and contribute to our understanding of differences between exercise‐ and trauma‐induced inflammation. We propose that transient declines in cf‐mDNA may induce health benefits, by reducing systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny E Shockett
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - Januka Khanal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - Alina Sitaula
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - Christopher Oglesby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
| | - William A Meachum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Ctr., Odessa, Texas
| | - V Daniel Castracane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Ctr., Odessa, Texas
| | - Robert R Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, Louisiana
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32
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Margaritelis NV, Cobley JN, Paschalis V, Veskoukis AS, Theodorou AA, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. Going retro: Oxidative stress biomarkers in modern redox biology. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:2-12. [PMID: 26855421 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The field of redox biology is inherently intertwined with oxidative stress biomarkers. Oxidative stress biomarkers have been utilized for many different objectives. Our analysis indicates that oxidative stress biomarkers have several salient applications: (1) diagnosing oxidative stress, (2) pinpointing likely redox components in a physiological or pathological process and (3) estimating the severity, progression and/or regression of a disease. On the contrary, oxidative stress biomarkers do not report on redox signaling. Alternative approaches to gain more mechanistic insights are: (1) measuring molecules that are integrated in pathways linking redox biochemistry with physiology, (2) using the exomarker approach and (3) exploiting -omics techniques. More sophisticated approaches and large trials are needed to establish oxidative stress biomarkers in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110 Serres, Greece; Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - J N Cobley
- Division of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Abertay University, Dundee, UK
| | - V Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece; Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A S Veskoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110 Serres, Greece
| | - A A Theodorou
- Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110 Serres, Greece
| | - M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110 Serres, Greece.
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Barry A, Cronin O, Ryan AM, Sweeney B, Yap SM, O'Toole O, Allen AP, Clarke G, O'Halloran KD, Downer EJ. Impact of Exercise on Innate Immunity in Multiple Sclerosis Progression and Symptomatology. Front Physiol 2016; 7:194. [PMID: 27313534 PMCID: PMC4889582 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an idiopathic progressive immune-mediated neurological disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), is characterized by recurrent episodes of inflammatory demyelination and consequent axonal deterioration. It accounts for functional deterioration and lasting disability among young adults. A body of literature demonstrates that physical activity counteracts fatigue and depression and may improve overall quality of life in MS patients. Furthermore, much data indicates that exercise ameliorates chronic neuroinflammation and its related pathologies by tipping cytokine profiles toward an anti-inflammatory signature. Recent data has focused on the direct impact of exercise training on the innate immune system by targeting toll-like receptors (TLRs), signaling pattern recognition receptors that govern the innate immune response, shedding light on the physiological role of TLRs in health and disease. Indeed, TLRs continue to emerge as players in the neuroinflammatory processes underpinning MS. This review will highlight evidence that physical activity and exercise are potential immunomodulatory therapies, targeting innate signaling mechanism(s) to modulate MS symptom development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Barry
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Owen Cronin
- Department of Medicine, Cork University Hospital Cork, Ireland
| | - Aisling M Ryan
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian Sweeney
- Department of Neurology, Cork University Hospital Cork, Ireland
| | | | | | - Andrew P Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University College Cork Cork, Ireland
| | - Eric J Downer
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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Physical activity and exercise attenuate neuroinflammation in neurological diseases. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:19-29. [PMID: 27021169 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCH), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are devastating neurological disorders, which increasingly contribute to global morbidity and mortality. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of these conditions are quite diverse, chronic neuroinflammation is one underlying feature shared by all these diseases. Even though the specific root causes of these diseases remain to be identified, evidence indicates that the observed neuroinflammation is initiated by unique pathological features associated with each specific disease. If the initial acute inflammation is not resolved, a chronic neuroinflammatory state develops and ultimately contributes to disease progression. Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized by adverse and non-specific activation of glial cells, which can lead to collateral damage of nearby neurons and other glia. This misdirected neuroinflammatory response is hypothesized to contribute to neuropathology in MDD, SCH, AD, and PD. Physical activity (PA), which is critical for maintenance of whole body and brain health, may also beneficially modify neuroimmune responses. Since PA has neuroimmune-modifying properties, and the common underlying feature of MDD, SCH, AD, and PD is chronic neuroinflammation, we hypothesize that PA could minimize brain diseases by modifying glia-mediated neuroinflammation. This review highlights current evidence supporting the disease-altering potential of PA and exercise through modifications of neuroimmune responses, specifically in MDD, SCH, AD and PD.
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Immune and regulatory functions of neutrophils in inflammatory bone loss. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:146-58. [PMID: 26936034 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although historically viewed as merely anti-microbial effectors in acute infection or injury, neutrophils are now appreciated to be functionally versatile with critical roles also in chronic inflammation. Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the tooth-supporting gums and bone, is particularly affected by alterations in neutrophil numbers or function, as revealed by observations in monogenic disorders and relevant mouse models. Besides being a significant debilitating disease and health burden in its own right, periodontitis is thus an attractive model to dissect uncharted neutrophil-associated (patho)physiological pathways. Here, we summarize recent evidence that neutrophils can contribute to inflammatory bone loss not only through the typical bystander injury dogma but intriguingly also through their absence from the affected tissue, where they normally perform important immunomodulatory functions. Moreover, we discuss recent advances in the interactions of neutrophils with the vascular endothelium and - upon extravasation - with bacteria, and how the dysregulation of these interactions leads to inflammatory tissue damage. Overall, neutrophils have both protective and destructive roles in periodontitis, as they are involved in both the maintenance of periodontal tissue homeostasis and the induction of inflammatory bone loss. This highlights the importance of developing approaches that promote or sustain a fine balance between homeostatic immunity and inflammatory pathology.
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Veskoukis AS, Goutianos G, Paschalis V, Margaritelis NV, Tzioura A, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A, Vrabas IS, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. The rat closely mimics oxidative stress and inflammation in humans after exercise but not after exercise combined with vitamin C administration. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:791-804. [PMID: 26856335 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of the present study was to directly compare oxidative stress and inflammation responses between rats and humans. METHODS We contrasted rat and human oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to exercise (pro-oxidant stimulus) and/or vitamin C (anti-oxidant stimulus) administration. Vitamin C was administered orally in both species (16 mg kg(-1) of body weight). Twelve redox biomarkers and seven inflammatory biomarkers were determined in plasma and erythrocytes pre- and post-exercise or pre- and post-exercise combined with vitamin C administration. RESULTS Exercise increased oxidative stress and induced an inflammatory state in rats and humans. There were only 1/19 significant species × exercise interactions (catalase), indicating similar responses to exercise between rats and humans in redox and inflammatory biomarkers. Vitamin C decreased oxidative stress and increased antioxidant capacity only in humans and did not affect the redox state of rats. In contrast, vitamin C induced an anti-inflammatory state only in rats and did not affect the inflammatory state of humans. There were 10/19 significant species × vitamin C interactions, indicating that rats poorly mimic human oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to vitamin C administration. Exercise after acute vitamin C administration altered redox state only in humans and did not affect the redox state of rats. On the contrary, inflammation biomarkers changed similarly after exercise combined with vitamin C in both rats and humans. CONCLUSIONS The rat adequately mimics human responses to exercise in basic blood redox/inflammatory profile, yet this is not the case after exercise combined with vitamin C administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristidis S Veskoukis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Georgios Goutianos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Karies, Trikala, Greece.,Department of Health Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Intensive Care Unit, 424 General Military Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tzioura
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.,Department of Hematology, Blood Bank, General Hospital of Serres, Serres, Greece
| | - Konstantina Dipla
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Andreas Zafeiridis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62110, Serres, Greece.
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Abrahão MI, Gomiero AB, Peccin MS, Grande AJ, Trevisani VFM. Cardiovascular training vs. resistance training for improving quality of life and physical function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Rheumatol 2015; 45:197-201. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2015.1094126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MI Abrahão
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - AB Gomiero
- Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo
| | - MS Peccin
- Federal University of São Paulo, Santos
| | - AJ Grande
- University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina, Criciuma
| | - VFM Trevisani
- Rheumatology, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Evidence-Based Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Khorramdelazad H, Rohani H, Jafarzadeh A, Hajizadeh M, Hassanshahi G. Role of S100A12/RAGE axis in eccentric exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness in male non-athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-015-0246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rowlands DS, Nelson AR, Raymond F, Metairon S, Mansourian R, Clarke J, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM. Protein-leucine ingestion activates a regenerative inflammo-myogenic transcriptome in skeletal muscle following intense endurance exercise. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:21-32. [PMID: 26508702 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00068.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-leucine supplement ingestion following strenuous endurance exercise accentuates skeletal-muscle protein synthesis and adaptive molecular responses, but the underlying transcriptome is uncharacterized. In a randomized single-blind triple-crossover design, 12 trained men completed 100 min of high-intensity cycling then ingested 70/15/180/30 g protein-leucine-carbohydrate-fat (15LEU), 23/5/180/30 g (5LEU), or 0/0/274/30 g (CON) beverages during the first 90 min of a 240 min recovery period. Vastus lateralis muscle samples (30 and 240 min postexercise) underwent transcriptome analysis by microarray followed by bioinformatic analysis. Gene expression was regulated by protein-leucine in a dose-dependent manner affecting the inflammatory response and muscle growth and development. At 30 min, 15LEU and 5LEU vs. CON activated transcriptome networks with gene-set functions involving cell-cycle arrest (Z-score 2.0-2.7, P < 0.01), leukocyte maturation (1.7, P = 0.007), cell viability (2.4, P = 0.005), promyogenic networks encompassing myocyte differentiation and myogenin (MYOD1, MYOG), and a proteinaceous extracellular matrix, adhesion, and development program correlated with plasma lysine, arginine, tyrosine, taurine, glutamic acid, and asparagine concentrations. High protein-leucine dose (15LEU-5LEU) activated an IL-1I-centered proinflammatory network and leukocyte migration, differentiation, and survival functions (2.0-2.6, <0.001). By 240 min, the protein-leucine transcriptome was anti-inflammatory and promyogenic (IL-6, NF- β, SMAD, STAT3 network inhibition), with overrepresented functions including decreased leukocyte migration and connective tissue development (-1.8-2.4, P < 0.01), increased apoptosis of myeloid and muscle cells (2.2-3.0, P < 0.002), and cell metabolism (2.0-2.4, P < 0.01). The analysis suggests protein-leucine ingestion modulates inflammatory-myogenic regenerative processes during skeletal muscle recovery from endurance exercise. Further cellular and translational research is warranted to validate amino acid-mediated myeloid and myocellular mechanisms within skeletal-muscle functional plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Rowlands
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - Andre R Nelson
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; and Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frederic Raymond
- Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylviane Metairon
- Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jim Clarke
- School of Sport and Exercise and Institute of Food Nutrition, and Human Health, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand; and
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Nestle Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland; and Canadian Sport Institute Pacific, Victoria, Canada; and
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van de Vyver M, Engelbrecht L, Smith C, Myburgh KH. Neutrophil and monocyte responses to downhill running: Intracellular contents of MPO, IL-6, IL-10, pstat3, and SOCS3. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:638-47. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. van de Vyver
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine; Stellenbosch University; Tygerberg South Africa
| | - L. Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
- Central Analytical Facility; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - C. Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
| | - K. H. Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Stellenbosch University; Stellenbosch South Africa
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41
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Tuttle JA, Castle PC, Metcalfe AJ, Midgley AW, Taylor L, Lewis MP. Downhill running and exercise in hot environments increase leukocyte Hsp72 (HSPA1A) and Hsp90α (HSPC1) gene transcripts. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:996-1005. [PMID: 25722377 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00387.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressors within humans and other species activate Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA transcription, although it is unclear which environmental temperature or treadmill gradient induces the largest increase. To determine the optimal stressor for priming the Hsp system, physically active but not heat-acclimated participants (19.8 ± 1.9 and 20.9 ± 3.6 yr) exercised at lactate threshold in either temperate (20°C, 50% relative humidity; RH) or hot (30°C, 50% RH) environmental conditions. Within each condition, participants completed a flat running (temperate flat or hot flat) and a downhill running (temperate downhill or hot downhill) experimental trial in a randomized counterbalanced order separated by at least 7 days. Venous blood samples were taken immediately before (basal), immediately after exercise, and 3 and 24 h postexercise. RNA was extracted from leukocytes and RT-quantitative PCR conducted to determine Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA relative expression. Leukocyte Hsp72 mRNA was increased immediately after exercise following downhill running (1.9 ± 0.9-fold) compared with flat running (1.3 ± 0.4-fold; P = 0.001) and in hot (1.9 ± 0.6-fold) compared with temperate conditions (1.1 ± 0.5-fold; P = 0.003). Leukocyte Hsp90α mRNA increased immediately after exercise following downhill running (1.4 ± 0.8-fold) compared with flat running (0.9 ± 0.6-fold; P = 0.002) and in hot (1.6 ± 1.0-fold) compared with temperate conditions (0.9 ± 0.6-fold; P = 0.003). Downhill running and exercise in hot conditions induced the largest stimuli for leukocyte Hsp72 and Hsp90α mRNA increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Tuttle
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul C Castle
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Metcalfe
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom; School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Adrian W Midgley
- Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edgehill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lee Taylor
- Muscle Cellular and Molecular Physiology Research Group, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research, Department of Sport Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Lewis
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Storey AG, Birch NP, Fan V, Smith HK. Stress responses to short-term intensified and reduced training in competitive weightlifters. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:29-40. [PMID: 25640639 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We sought to identify and evaluate the tolerance to, and consequences of, short-term variations in training load in competitive weightlifters. Seven international-level lifters performed 1 week of initial training followed by 2 weeks of intensified (INT: +100%, 36.5 ± 11.3 × 10(3) kg/week) and 1 week of subsequently reduced (RED: -25%) training within their annual program. After INT, but not RED, 90 min of weightlifting increased mRNA levels of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 4 (CCL4), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) and cellular stress-associated DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 40-240%. Resting- and weightlifting-induced changes in plasma protein carbonyls, indicative of oxidative stress, but not pro-inflammatory CCL4 concentrations differed between INT and RED. Symptoms of stress (Daily Analysis of Life Demands of Athletes questionnaire) were reported as worse than normal more frequently during INT and RED than initial training. Global (negative) mood state increased during INT and declined during RED. Maximal snatch (-4.3 ± 3.7%) and vertical jump (-7.2 ± 6.5%), but not clean and jerk, were reduced after INT and restored after RED. Chemokine signaling may thus be part of the stress response to intense weightlifting and short-term reductions in training load support recovery from periodic INT training in weightlifters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Storey
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N P Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Brain Research and Brain Research New Zealand, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H K Smith
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Almar M, Mejías Y, Rivas A, de Paz JA, Cuevas MJ, González-Gallego J. Role of Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling pathways on the inflammatory response to resistance training in elderly subjects. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9734. [PMID: 25427999 PMCID: PMC4245402 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of a resistance exercise training program on the inflammatory response associated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in senior participants. Twenty-six healthy subjects (age, 69.5 ± 1.3) were randomized to a training (TG; n = 16) or a control (CG; n = 10) group. TG performed an 8-week resistance training program, while CG followed their daily routines. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from blood samples obtained before and after the intervention, and levels of proteins involved in the TLR2, TLR4, and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways were analyzed. The inflammatory status was evaluated through messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein content of interleukin (IL)-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP). After the 8-week resistance training, TLR2 and TLR4 protein expression was reduced in TG. MyD88, p65, phospho-p38, TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (TRIF), IKKi/IKKε, phospho-interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3, and phosho-IRF7 were also downregulated in TG after the intervention. The training program induced an increase of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and Hsp70 and a reduction of Hsp60. While TNF-α mRNA and protein values remained unchanged in both TG and CG, IL-10 mRNA and protein content were upregulated in TG after the intervention. CRP values decreased in TG only. The increase in Hsp70 negatively correlated with TLR2 and TLR4 downregulation. These data suggest that resistance exercise may represent an effective tool to ameliorate the pro-inflammatory status of old participants through an attenuation of MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rodriguez-Miguelez
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | | | - Mar Almar
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Yubisay Mejías
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - José A. de Paz
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - María J. Cuevas
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Javier González-Gallego
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Campus Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Neubauer O, Sabapathy S, Ashton KJ, Desbrow B, Peake JM, Lazarus R, Wessner B, Cameron-Smith D, Wagner KH, Haseler LJ, Bulmer AC. Time course-dependent changes in the transcriptome of human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise: from inflammation to adaptive remodeling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 116:274-87. [PMID: 24311745 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of gene expression is fundamental for skeletal muscle adaptations in response to endurance exercise. This study investigated the time course-dependent changes in the muscular transcriptome after an endurance exercise trial consisting of 1 h of intense cycling immediately followed by 1 h of intense running. Skeletal muscle samples were taken at baseline, 3 h, 48 h, and 96 h postexercise from eight healthy, endurance-trained men. RNA was extracted from muscle. Differential gene expression was evaluated using Illumina microarrays and validated with qPCR. Gene set enrichment analysis identified enriched molecular signatures chosen from the Molecular Signatures Database. Three hours postexercise, 102 gene sets were upregulated [family wise error rate (FWER), P < 0.05], including groups of genes related with leukocyte migration, immune and chaperone activation, and cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) 1 signaling. Forty-eight hours postexercise, among 19 enriched gene sets (FWER, P < 0.05), two gene sets related to actin cytoskeleton remodeling were upregulated. Ninety-six hours postexercise, 83 gene sets were enriched (FWER, P < 0.05), 80 of which were upregulated, including gene groups related to chemokine signaling, cell stress management, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These data provide comprehensive insights into the molecular pathways involved in acute stress, recovery, and adaptive muscular responses to endurance exercise. The novel 96 h postexercise transcriptome indicates substantial transcriptional activity potentially associated with the prolonged presence of leukocytes in the muscles. This suggests that muscular recovery, from a transcriptional perspective, is incomplete 96 h after endurance exercise involving muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Neubauer
- Emerging Field Oxidative Stress and DNA Stability, Research Platform Active Aging, and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria
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Gratas-Delamarche A, Derbré F, Vincent S, Cillard J. Physical inactivity, insulin resistance, and the oxidative-inflammatory loop. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:93-108. [PMID: 24060092 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.847528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data indicate that physical inactivity, a main factor of global energetic imbalance, is involved in the worldwide epidemic of obesity and metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance. Although the complex pathogenesis of insulin resistance is not fully understood, literature data accumulated during the past decades clearly indicate that the activation of the oxidative-inflammatory loop plays a major role. By activating the oxidative-inflammatory loop in insulin-sensitive tissues, fat gain and adipose tissue dysfunction likely contribute to induce insulin resistance during chronic and prolonged physical inactivity. However, in the past years, evidence has emerged showing that early insulin resistance also occurs after very short-term exposure to physical inactivity (1-7 days) without any fat gain or energetic imbalance. The possible role of liver disturbances or endothelial dysfunction is suggested, but further studies are necessary to really conclude. Inactive skeletal muscle probably constitutes the primary triggering tissue for the development of early insulin resistance. In the present review, we discuss on the current knowledge about the effect of physical inactivity on whole-body and peripheral insulin sensitivity, and how local inflammation and oxidative stress arising with physical inactivity could potentially induce insulin resistance. We assume that early muscle insulin resistance allows the excess nutrients to shift in the storage tissues to withstand starvation through energy storage. We also consider when chronic and prolonged, physical inactivity over an extended period of time is an underestimated contributor to pathological insulin resistance and hence indirectly to numerous chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gratas-Delamarche
- University Rennes 2 - ENS Cachan - Antenne de Bretagne, Laboratory "Movement, Sport and Health Sciences" (M2S) , Rennes , France
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