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Sara JDS, Rajai N, Ahmad A, Breuer L, Olson T, Kemmler W, Nagai T, Schilaty N, Lerman A. Physical training augmented with whole body electronic muscle stimulation favorably impacts cardiovascular biomarkers in healthy adults - A pilot randomized controlled trial. Int J Cardiol 2025; 419:132706. [PMID: 39510208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2024] [Revised: 10/28/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is protective against cardiovascular disease (CVD) and favorably improves CVD risk profile. However, more than 25 % of American adults report no participation in physical activity. Whole body electronic muscle stimulation (WB-EMS) training is a novel FDA-cleared technology which offers a time-efficient and adaptable method for physical training by simultaneously stimulating the main muscle groups using percutaneous electrical impulse transmission. Studies have demonstrated increased muscle mass, reduced fat mass, and improved functional capacity in sedentary individuals after training with WB-EMS, but studies evaluating the role of WB-EMS training on CVD risk profile are lacking. METHODS We performed a pilot randomized controlled trial in healthy adults randomized to physical training with versus without WB-EMS for one session of 20 min duration per week across 16-weeks. Study participants were asked to perform their usual activities but to abstain from any strength training during the study. During each training session, all study participants wore a specifically designed vest and arm and leg straps that were connected with electrical wires to the WB-EMS device (Miha Bodytec Gersthofen, Germany). Biphasic electrical stimulation was delivered through the vest and straps (4 s on, 4 s off) at a frequency that elicited a score of 5 or 6 on the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale from study participants when each of the following muscle groups was stimulated: thighs, buttocks, lower back, upper back, latissimus dorsi, abdomen, chest and arms. These frequencies were 'titrated' during the first 4 weeks and were then fixed at each muscle group for each participant. Individuals randomized to no WB-EMS wore the same equipment but received no electrical stimulation. Physical training sessions were provided by personal trainers certified for WB-EMS training and consisted of a fixed number of exercises and repetitions. We measured and compared several clinically important cardiovascular parameters at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS Seventy-eight participants were recruited between January 2021 and March 2022 with a mean age of 35.9 ± 11.2, 61.3 % females, median BMI 24.3 (21.8, 28.1); N = 46 were randomized to intervention group and N = 32 were randomized to the control group. Eighteen (23 %) participants dropped out of the trial, including 9 participants from the EMS arm (19.6 %), and 9 participants in control arm (28.1 %). There was no significant differences in the rate of dropping out of the WB-EMS and control groups (p = 0.27). Those in the intervention group compared to controls exhibited the following changes after 16-weeks of training: waist:hip ratio (∆ -0.03 ± 0.05, p = 0.01 vs. -0.01 ± 0.0, p = 0.1), peripheral endothelial function, measured using reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry (∆: 0.02 ± 0.1, p = 0.5 vs. -0.20 ± 0.3 p = 0.05), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (∆: 0.06 ± 0.7, p = 0.3 vs. 0.20 ± 2.3 p = 0.02), total cholesterol (∆: -1.7 ± 25.1, p = 0.3 vs. 19.2 ± 26.5, p < 0.001), high density lipoprotein (∆: 2.02 ± 6.6, p = 0.2 vs. 3.6 ± 7.5 p = 0.01) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (∆: 0.5 ± 26.7, p = 0.4 vs. 17.1 ± 23.2, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Once weekly physical training with WB-EMS in healthy adults resulted in either improved or stable biomarkers of cardiovascular risk, which either remained stable or worsened in those undergoing conventional training alone. Thus WB-EMS may provide an effective and time-efficient form of physical training that may be considered in those unable or unwilling to perform exercise conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazanin Rajai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Logan Breuer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Olson
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kemmler
- Institute of Medical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nurnburg, Henkestrasse, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Takashi Nagai
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Nathan Schilaty
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Maffiuletti NA, Dirks ML, Stevens-Lapsley J, McNeil CJ. Electrical stimulation for investigating and improving neuromuscular function in vivo: Historical perspective and major advances. J Biomech 2023; 152:111582. [PMID: 37088030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
This historical review summarizes the major advances - particularly from the last 50 years - in transcutaneous motor-level electrical stimulation, which can be used either as a tool to investigate neuromuscular function and its determinants (electrical stimulation for testing; EST) or as a therapeutic/training modality to improve neuromuscular and physical function (neuromuscular electrical stimulation; NMES). We focus on some of the most important applications of electrical stimulation in research and clinical settings, such as the investigation of acute changes, chronic adaptations and pathological alterations of neuromuscular function with EST, as well as the enhancement, preservation and restoration of muscle strength and mass with NMES treatment programs in various populations. For both EST and NMES, several major advances converge around understanding and optimizing motor unit recruitment during electrically-evoked contractions, also taking into account the influence of stimulation site (e.g., muscle belly vs nerve trunk) and type (e.g., pulse duration, frequency, and intensity). This information is equally important both in the context of mechanistic research of neuromuscular function as well as for clinicians who believe that improvements in neuromuscular function are required to provide health-related benefits to their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Stevens-Lapsley
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; VA Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chris J McNeil
- Integrated Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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Can motor imagery balance the acute fatigue induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1003-1014. [PMID: 36622447 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of motor imagery (MI) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can increase the corticospinal excitability suggesting that such association could be efficient in motor performance improvement. However, differential effect has been reported at spinal level after MI and NMES alone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect on motor performance and spinal excitability following MI, NMES and combining MI and NMES. METHODS Ten participants were enrolled in three experimental sessions of MI, NMES and MI + NMES targeting plantar flexor muscles. Each session underwent 60 imagined, evoked (20% MVC) or imagined and evoked contractions simultaneously. Before, immediately after and 10 min after each session, maximal M-wave and H-reflex were evoked by electrical nerve stimulation applied at rest and during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). RESULTS The MVC decreased significantly between PRE-POST (- 12.14 ± 6.12%) and PRE-POST 10 (- 8.1 ± 6.35%) for NMES session, while this decrease was significant only between PRE-POST 10 (- 7.16 ± 11.25%) for the MI + NMES session. No significant modulation of the MVC was observed after MI session. The ratio Hmax/Mmax was reduced immediately after NMES session only. CONCLUSION The combination of MI to NMES seems to delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue compared to NMES alone. This delay onset of neuromuscular fatigue was associated with specific modulation of the spinal excitability. These results suggested that MI could compensate the neuromuscular fatigue induced acutely by NMES until 10 min after the combination of both modalities.
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Fernández-Elías VE, Tobía D, Recarey A, Fernández Á, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Burgos-Postigo S. Acute Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation during a Single Maximal Strength Training Session. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13753. [PMID: 36360629 PMCID: PMC9657354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) training is effective in improving training adaptation. However, WB-EMS may have side effects and contraindications that can lead to excessive muscle damage and physiological impairment. This randomized crossover study aimed to analyze the acute effects of WB-EMS on muscle damage, autonomic modulation and performance during a single maximal strength session in physically active participants. Twenty healthy and physically active participants randomly performed three maximal strength training sessions (90% 1RM) consisting of bench presses and squat exercises, with a continuous stimulus, a coordinated stimulus with concentric and eccentric phases, and without WB-EMS. Data showed no significant differences between the trials for muscle damage (blood creatine kinase levels), lactate blood levels and performance after exercise. Likewise, the heart rate, blood oxygen saturation and the rate of perceived exertion were similar during exercise between trials. The heart rate variability analysis also showed a similar autonomic response among the trials. Training with WB-EMS seemed to be safe at the observed time intervals while offering a stimulus similar to regular training in physically active participants, regardless of the delivery of the electrical stimuli. More studies are needed to assess the effectiveness of WB-EMS in improving exercise adaptations during training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Tobía
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Anel Recarey
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Álvaro Fernández
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Vicente J. Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080007, Colombia
| | - Silvia Burgos-Postigo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
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Lebesque L, Scaglioni G, Martin A. The impact of submaximal fatiguing exercises on the ability to generate and sustain the maximal voluntary contraction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:970917. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.970917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigability is a failure to produce or maintain a required torque, and commonly quantified with the decrease of maximal torque production during a few seconds-long maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The literature shows that the MVC reduction after exercises with different torque-time integral (TTI), is often similar. However, it was shown that after a fatiguing exercise, the decline in the capacity to sustain the maximal voluntary contraction for 1 min (MVC1-MIN) differs from the decrease in the capacity to perform a brief-MVC, suggesting that this latter can only partially assess neuromuscular fatigability. This study aims to highlight the relevance of using a sustained MVC to further explore the neuromuscular alterations induced by fatiguing exercises with different TTI. We used two contraction intensities (i.e., 20% and 40% MVC) to modulate the TTI, and two exercise modalities [i.e., voluntary (VOL) and electrical induced (NMES)], since the letter are known to be more fatiguing for a given TTI. Thirteen subjects performed a plantar-flexors MVC1-MIN before and after the fatiguing exercises. A similar MVC loss was obtained for the two exercise intensities despite a greater TTI at 40% MVC, regardless of the contraction modality. On the other hand, the torque loss during MVC1-MIN was significantly greater after the 40% compared to 20% MVC exercise. These findings are crucial because they demonstrate that maximal torque production and sustainability are two complementary features of neuromuscular fatigability. Hence, MVC1-MIN assessing simultaneously both capacities is essential to provide a more detailed description of neuromuscular fatigability.
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Hip and Knee Joint Angles Determine Fatigue Onset during Quadriceps Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation. Appl Bionics Biomech 2022; 2022:4612867. [PMID: 35937098 PMCID: PMC9348963 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4612867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been used to increase muscle strength and physical function. However, NMES induces rapid fatigue, limiting its application. To date, the effect of quadriceps femoris (QF) muscle length by knee and hip joint manipulation on NMES-induced contraction fatigability is not clear. We aimed to quantify the effects of different muscle lengths on NMES-induced contraction fatigability, fatigue index, and electromyographic (EMG) activity for QF muscle. QF maximum evoked contraction (QMEC) was applied in a 26 min protocol (10 s on; 120 s off; 12 contractions) in 20 healthy participants (24.0 ± 4.6 years old), over 4 sessions on different days to test different conditions. The tested conditions were as follows: supine with knee flexion of 60° (SUP60), seated with knee flexion of 60° (SIT60), supine with knee flexion of 20° (SUP20), and seated with knee flexion of 20° (SIT20). Contraction fatigability (torque decline assessed by maximal voluntary contraction [MVC] and during NMES), fatigue index (percentage reduction in MVC), and EMG activity (root mean square [RMS] and median frequency) of the superficial QF' constituents were assessed. After NMES, all positions except SUP20 had an absolute reduction in MVC (p < .001). Fatigue index was greater in SIT20 than in SIT60 (p < .001) and SUP20 (p = .01). There was significant torque reduction across the 12 QMEC in SUP60 and SIT60, up to 10.5% (p < .001–.005) and 9.49% (p < .001–.033), respectively. There was no torque reduction during NMES in SUP20 and SIT20. Fatigue was accompanied by an increase in RMS (p = .032) and a decrease in median frequency for SUP60 (p < .001). Median frequency increased only in the SUP20 condition (p = .021). We concluded that QF NMES-induced contraction fatigability is greater when the knee is flexed at 60° compared to 20°. In addition, a supine position promotes earlier fatigue for a 60° knee flexion, but it delays fatigue onset for a 20° knee flexion compared to the seated position. These results provide a rationale for lower limb positioning during NMES, which depends on training objectives, e.g., strengthening or task-specific functionality training.
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Stephan H, Hagedorn T, Wehmeier UF, Tomschi F, Hilberg T. Acute Effect of Electromyostimulation Superimposed on Running on Maximal Velocity, Metabolism, and Perceived Exertion. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:593. [PMID: 35453792 PMCID: PMC9028827 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electromyostimulation has been shown to intensify exercise when superimposed on cycling. However, little is known about the application during running, which might help to prevent injuries linked to high running volumes, as intensification of running allows for a reduction in training volume. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of electromyostimulation superimposed on running. Men who were no younger than 18 and no older than 35 were eligible for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria were previous experience with electromyostimulation training, the presence of a contraindication according to the manufacturer, or a contraindication to physical activity. A sample of 22 healthy males with an ordinary performance capability accomplished three similar cardiopulmonary treadmill tests until exhaustion in a crossover study design that included lactate measurements and interrogations of perceived exertion. The first test was conducted without electromyostimulation and was followed in a randomized order by the second and the third test condition with 30 or 85 Hz stimulation, respectively, of the lower body. Superimposed electromyostimulation significantly reduced the maximal achieved velocity (control 15.6 ± 1.1 vs. 30 Hz 15.1 ± 1.2, p = 0.002; vs. 85 Hz 14.9 ± 1.1 km/h, p < 0.001), increased the perceived exertion at 10, 12 and 14 km/h (85 Hz + 0.7, p = 0.036; +0.9, p = 0.007; +1.3, p < 0.001; 30 Hz + 0.7, p = 0.025; +1.0, p = 0.002; +1.2, p < 0.001), and induced a significantly higher oxygen uptake at 8 km/h (85 Hz + 1.1, p = 0.006; 30 Hz + 0.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.042), 10 km/h (30 Hz + 0.9 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.032), and 14 km/h (85 Hz + 1.0 mL·min−1·kg−1, p = 0.011). Both electromyostimulation conditions significantly limited the maximal lactate level (30 Hz p = 0.046; 85 Hz p < 0.001) and 85 Hz also the recovery lactate level (p < 0.001). Superimposed electromyostimulation is feasible and intensifies running. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the increased training stimulus by reducing running velocity or volume, by combining endurance and strength training, and also by inducing better adaptations while maintaining the same velocity or volume. Therefore, electromyostimulation superimposed on running could be an interesting training tool for runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Stephan
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Wuppertal, Moritzstraße 14, 42117 Wuppertal, Germany; (T.H.); (U.F.W.); (F.T.); (T.H.)
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Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Combined With Resistance Training or Neuromuscular Electrostimulation on Muscle Cross-Sectional Area. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:319-324. [PMID: 34929663 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Low-load resistance training (LL) and neuromuscular electrostimulation (NES), both combined with blood flow restriction (BFR), emerge as effective strategies to maintain or increase muscle mass. It is well established that LL-BFR promotes similar increases in muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and lower rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain compared with traditional resistance training protocols. On the other hand, only 2 studies with conflicting results have investigated the effects of NES-BFR on CSA, RPE, and pain. In addition, no study directly compared LL-BFR and NES-BFR. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare the effects of LL-BFR and NES-BFR on vastus lateralis CSA, RPE, and pain. Individual response for muscle hypertrophy was also compared between protocols. DESIGN Intrasubject longitudinal study. SETTING University research laboratory. INTERVENTION Fifteen healthy young males (age = 23 [5] y; weight = 77.6 [11.3] kg; height = 1.76 [0.08] m). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Vastus lateralis CSA was measured through ultrasound at baseline (pre) and after 20 training sessions (post). The RPE and pain responses were obtained through modified 10-point scales, handled during all training sessions. RESULTS Both protocols demonstrated significant increases in muscle CSA (P < .0001). However, the LL-BFR demonstrated significantly greater CSA changes compared with NES-BFR (LL-BFR = 11.2%, NES-BFR = 4.6%; P < .0001). Comparing individual increases in CSA, 12 subjects (85.7% of the sample) presented greater muscle hypertrophy for LL-BFR than for the NES-BFR protocol. In addition, LL-BFR produced significantly lower RPE and pain responses (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS The LL-BFR produced significantly greater increases in CSA with significant less RPE and pain than NES-BFR. In addition, LL-BFR resulted in greater individual muscle hypertrophy responses for most subjects compared with NES-BFR.
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Sun B, Darma PN, Shirai T, Narita K, Takei M. Electrical-tomographic imaging of physiological-induced conductive response in calf muscle compartments during voltage intensity change of electrical muscle stimulation ( vic-EMS). Physiol Meas 2021; 42. [PMID: 34467954 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. The electrical-tomographic imaging has been achieved for exploring differential tendency of physiological-induced conductive response in calf muscle compartments during voltage intensity change of electrical muscle stimulation (vic-EMS).Approach. In the experiments, the differential tendency of conductivity distribution imagesσduringvic-EMS were clearly imaged as three responsive muscle compartments, which are calledM1compartment composed of gastrocnemius muscle,M2compartment composed of tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus longus muscles, andM3compartment composed of soleus muscle.Main results. The differential tendency of spatial-mean conductivity 〈σ〉M1is the same as the differential tendency of venous blood flow velocityvbland blood lactate concentrationCblduringvic-EMS by the increased tendency of spatial-mean conductivity difference Δ〈σ〉M1, venous blood flow velocity difference Δvbland blood lactate concentration difference ΔCbl. The 〈σ〉M1is increased with the increase of voltage intensity from 〈σpre〉M1 = 0.142 [-] to 〈σl14 〉 M1 = 0.442 [-] (pre: pre-training,l14: voltage level duringvic-EMSl = 14) by Δ〈σl14-pre〉M1 = 204.2% (n = 16,p < 0.01). Correspondingly, thevblandCblare increased with the increase of voltage intensity by Δvbll14-pre= 1480.5% (n = 16,p < 0.01) and ΔCbll14-pre= 230.1% (n = 16,p < 0.01) respectively.Significance: The reason for the differential tendency of increase in <σ>M1suggests an increase in muscle extracellular volumes duringvic-EMS due to the co-effect of venous blood flow velocity and blood lactate metabolism. Based on the conductivity second-order difference images∂2σM1φ∂φ2φand spatial-mean conductivity second-order difference∂2σM1φ∂φ2φ,optimum voltage intensityφOVIis discussed among sixteen volunteer subjects, which increased with a thicker subcutaneous fat layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | - Panji Nursetia Darma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Japan
| | | | | | - Masahiro Takei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Japan
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Ostrom EL, Valencia AP, Marcinek DJ, Traustadóttir T. High intensity muscle stimulation activates a systemic Nrf2-mediated redox stress response. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 172:82-89. [PMID: 34089788 PMCID: PMC8355059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High intensity exercise is a popular mode of exercise to elicit similar or greater adaptive responses compared to traditional moderate intensity continuous exercise. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these adaptive responses are still unclear. The purpose of this pilot study was to compare high and low intensity contractile stimulus on the Nrf2-mediated redox stress response in mouse skeletal muscle. An intra-animal design was used to control for variations in individual responses to muscle stimulation by comparing a stimulated limb (STIM) to the contralateral unstimulated control limb (CON). High Intensity (HI - 100Hz), Low Intensity (LI - 50Hz), and Naïve Control (NC - Mock stimulation vs CON) groups were used to compare these effects on Nrf2-ARE binding, Keap1 protein, and downstream gene and protein expression of Nrf2 target genes. Muscle stimulation significantly increased Nrf2-ARE binding in LI-STIM compared to LI-CON (p = 0.0098), while Nrf2-ARE binding was elevated in both HI-CON and HI-STIM compared to NC (p = 0.0007). The Nrf2-ARE results were mirrored in the downregulation of Keap1, where Keap1 expression in HI-CON and HI-STIM were both significantly lower than NC (p = 0.008) and decreased in LI-STIM compared to LI-CON (p = 0.015). In addition, stimulation increased NQO1 protein compared to contralateral control regardless of stimulation intensity (p = 0.019), and HO1 protein was significantly higher in high intensity compared to the Naïve control group (p = 0.002). Taken together, these data suggest a systemic redox signaling exerkine is activating Nrf2-ARE binding and is intensity gated, where Nrf2-ARE activation in contralateral control limbs were only seen in the HI group. Other research in exercise induced Nrf2 signaling support the general finding that Nrf2 is activated in peripheral tissues in response to exercise, however the specific exerkine responsible for the systemic signaling effects is not known. Future work should aim to delineate these redox sensitive systemic signaling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L Ostrom
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, United States
| | - Ana P Valencia
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - David J Marcinek
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, United States
| | - Tinna Traustadóttir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, United States.
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Recommendations to Increase Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training Intensity During Quadriceps Treatments for Orthopedic Knee Conditions. Clin J Sport Med 2021; 31:330-334. [PMID: 30817324 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is often used by clinicians as a therapeutic adjunct to improve quadriceps strength deficits following orthopedic knee conditions. The efficacy of NMES treatments is primarily dependent on the NMES training intensity, which is a direct result of NMES-induced torque production. The importance of NMES training intensity is well known, yet adequate NMES training intensities are often difficult to achieve due to a variety of limitations associated with NMES (eg, fatigue and patient discomfort). This article provides recommendations that a clinician can use to increase NMES training intensity when strengthening the quadriceps with NMES for orthopedic knee conditions. These recommendations should allow forceful contractions that can be sustained over a treatment with multiple repetitions without the rapid decline in force that is typically seen when NMES is used.
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Hashida R, Takano Y, Matsuse H, Kudo M, Bekki M, Omoto M, Nago T, Kawaguchi T, Torimura T, Shiba N. Electrical Stimulation of the Antagonist Muscle During Cycling Exercise Interval Training Improves Oxygen Uptake and Muscle Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:111-117. [PMID: 29278576 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Hashida, R, Takano, Y, Matsuse, H, Kudo, M, Bekki, M, Omoto, M, Nago, T, Kawaguchi, T, Torimura, T, and Shiba, N. Electrical stimulation of the antagonist muscle during cycling exercise interval training improves oxygen uptake and muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 35(1): 111-117, 2021-A hybrid training system (HTS) is a resistance exercise method that combines voluntary concentric muscle contractions and electrically stimulated eccentric muscle contractions. We devised an exercise technique using HTS on cycle ergometer (HCE). The purpose of this study was to compare cardiorespiratory function and muscle strength when cycling exercise is combined with electrical stimulation over an extended period. Twenty-nine healthy young men were divided into an HCE group (n = 14) and a volitional cycle ergometer (VCE alone) group (n = 15). All subjects performed 30-minute cycling exercise interval training sessions 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The V̇o2peak of both groups significantly increased compared with the pretraining period (HCE group: from 31.3 ± 4.4 [ml·kg-1·min-1] pretraining to 37.6 ± 6.7 [ml·kg-1·min-1] post-training [p = 0.0024] and VCE group: from 34.0 ± 7.1 [ml·kg-1·min-1] pretraining to 38.4 ± 8.2 [ml·kg-1·min-1] [p = 0.0057]). After the training, there was no significant difference of changes in V̇o2peak between the HCE and the VCE groups (p = 0.7107). In the VCE group, the maximal isokinetic torque of knee extension (60°·s-1) post-training did not significantly increase compared with the pretraining period (VCE group: from 2.4 ± 0.5 [N·m·kg-1] pretraining to 2.5 ± 0.4 [N·m·kg-1] [p = 0.4543]). By contrast, in the HCE group, the maximal isokinetic torque of knee extension (60°·s-1) post-training significantly increased compared with pretraining period (HCE group: from 2.5 ± 0.3 [N·m·kg-1] pretraining to 2.8 ± 0.3 [N·m·kg-1] [p < 0.0001]). The change in knee extension torque was significantly greater for the HCE group than for the VCE group (p = 0.0307). In conclusion, cardiopulmonary function and knee extension strength were improved by the use of HCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuki Hashida
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takano
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, International University Health and Welfare, Enokizu, Okawa, Japan; and
| | - Hiroo Matsuse
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mei Kudo
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masafumi Bekki
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Masayuki Omoto
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nago
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawaguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takuji Torimura
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, International University Health and Welfare, Enokizu, Okawa, Japan; and
| | - Naoto Shiba
- Division of Rehabilitation, Kurume University Hospital, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Orthopedics, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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13
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Fouré A, Gondin J. Skeletal Muscle Damage Produced by Electrically Evoked Muscle Contractions. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:59-65. [PMID: 33122596 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the physiological/mechanical mechanisms leading to skeletal muscle damage remains one of the challenges in muscle physiology. This review presents the functional, structural, and cellular consequences of electrically evoked submaximal isometric contractions that can elicit severe and localized skeletal muscle damage. Hypotheses related to underlying physiological and mechanical processes involved in severe and localized muscle damage also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fouré
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Mouvement Biology (LIBM), University of Lyon, UCBL-Lyon1, EA 7424, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Gondin
- NeuroMyoGene Institute, Univ Lyon, CNRS 5310, INSERM U1217, UCBL 1, Lyon, France
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14
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Riedler DC, Zsoldos RR, Robel M, Jobst ID, Licka TF. Movement Caused by Electrical Stimulation of the Lumbosacral Region in Standing Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 91:103116. [PMID: 32684261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is commonly used as a modality for physical therapy in human and veterinary medicine. However, studies measuring the movement generated by electrical stimulation in horses are rare. The present study therefore evaluates the range of movement provoked by a commercially available physical therapy unit (FES310) and contrasts it with the movement generated by manually induced pelvic inclination (back rounding). Ten horses were tested on three measurement days over one week. Electrical stimulation was applied via a back treatment pad (belonging to the FES310 system) containing six electrodes (three on either side of the spine) placed over the lumbosacral region. This system produced a pulsed, biphasic electrical stimulation in a rectangular waveform which was gradually increased to a maximum of 10 volts. Before and after electrical stimulation testing, manual pelvic inclination was achieved by pressure on two points lateral to the root of the tail. Muscle tone and lameness were evaluated before and after treatments. Skinfold thickness, body condition score, and body mass were measured to detect possible confounding factors. Using kinematics, the angle ranges during movement of ten three-dimensional angles of the trunk, the pelvis, and the hind limbs were further analyzed. Movement was produced with manual stimulation in every tested individual on all measurement days and with electrical stimulation on at least one measurement day. The electrical stimulation led to significantly (P < .05) smaller angle ranges which were 15 %-57 % of the median of the manually stimulated movement. Strong positive correlations between angle ranges of the electrically generated movement were found for the hind limbs implicating their involvement in the movement created. Correlations between skinfold thickness, body condition score, and body mass with the angle ranges were weak and not significant. Before and after electrical and manual stimulation, muscle tone and lameness were similar. In the present study, both electrical and manual stimulation were proven to produce significant trunk and hind limb movement. Within this study's electrical stimulation treatment protocol, the movement generated by electrical stimulation was significantly less than the movement caused by manual pelvic inclination. However, electrical stimulation could easily be applied over a longer period and in a higher frequency than it would be possible for manual pelvic inclination. This treatment shows potential for stabilization and or mobilization of the lumbosacral region, although its efficiency as a therapeutic tool and its effect on specific orthopedic problems and is to be evaluated in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Riedler
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rebeka R Zsoldos
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthias Robel
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabelle D Jobst
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia F Licka
- University Clinic for Horses, Department of Companion Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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15
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Jurado-Fasoli L, De-la-O A, Molina-Hidalgo C, Migueles JH, Castillo MJ, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Exercise training improves sleep quality: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Invest 2020; 50:e13202. [PMID: 31989592 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise holds promise as a non-pharmacological intervention for the improvement of sleep quality. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different training modalities on sleep quality parameters. MATERIAL & METHODS A total of 69 (52.7% women) middle-aged sedentary adults were randomized to (a) control group, (b) physical activity recommendation from the World Health Organization, (c) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and (d) high-intensity interval training group adding whole-body electromyostimulation training (HIITEMS). Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale and accelerometers. RESULTS All intervention groups showed a lower PSQI global score (all P < .022). HIIT-EMS group improved all accelerometer parameters, with higher total sleep time and sleep efficiency, and lower wake after sleep onset (all P < .016). No differences were found between groups in any sleep quality parameter. CONCLUSION In conclusion, exercise training induced an improvement in subjective sleep quality in sedentary middleaged adults. Moreover, HIIT-EMS training showed an improvement in objective sleep quality parameters (total sleep time, sleep efficiency and wake after sleep onset) after 12 weeks of exercise intervention. The changes observed in the HIIT-EMS group were not statistically different to the other exercise modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Departament of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro De-la-O
- Departament of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Molina-Hidalgo
- Departament of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jairo H Migueles
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- Departament of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Departament of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Jówko E, Płaszewski M, Cieśliński M, Sacewicz T, Cieśliński I, Jarocka M. The effect of low level laser irradiation on oxidative stress, muscle damage and function following neuromuscular electrical stimulation. A double blind, randomised, crossover trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2019; 11:38. [PMID: 31890228 PMCID: PMC6933902 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-019-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is among novel methods for preventing and treating muscle damage and soreness induced by volitional exercise, but little is known about using LLLT before neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The aim of this first randomised, double blind, crossover trial addressing this issue was to evaluate effects of LLLT on muscle damage and oxidative stress, as well as recovery of muscle function after a single session of isometric neuromuscular electrical stimulation(NMES). METHODS Twenty four moderately active, healthy men aged 21-22 years received 45 electrically evoked tetanic, isometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris, preceded by LLLT or sham-LLLT. Maximal isometric voluntary muscle torques, perceived soreness, and blood samples were analysed from baseline to 96 h post intervention. We measured plasma markers of muscle damage (the activity of creatine kinase), and inflammation (C-reactive protein), and evaluated redox state parameters. RESULTS NMES-evoked contractions induced oxidative stress, demonstrated by an increase in lipid peroxidation and impairments in enzymatic antioxidant system. LLLT irradiations had a protective effect on NMES-induced decrease in enzymatic antioxidant defence and shortened the duration of inflammation. This effect of irradiations on redox state and inflammation did not affect lipid peroxidation, muscle damage, and muscle torque. CONCLUSIONS LLLT may protect from impairments in enzymatic antioxidant system and may shorten inflammation induced by a single NMES session in moderately active, healthy men. However, the effects of LLLT on redox state and inflammatory processes do not seem to affect muscle damage and recovery of muscle function after NMES. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was retrospectively registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR); The trial registration number: ACTRN12619000678190; date of registration: 6 May 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jówko
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw; Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Chair of Natural Sciences, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Maciej Płaszewski
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw; Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Chair of Rehabilitation, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Maciej Cieśliński
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw; Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Chair of Rehabilitation, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sacewicz
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw; Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Chair of Natural Sciences, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Igor Cieśliński
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw; Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Chair of Rehabilitation, Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Marta Jarocka
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw; Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Chair of Rehabilitation, Biała Podlaska, Poland
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17
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Teschler M, Mooren FC. (Whole-Body) Electromyostimulation, Muscle Damage, and Immune System: A Mini Review. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1461. [PMID: 31849709 PMCID: PMC6895567 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscular damage (EIMD) is a well-known phenomenon in exercise medicine that is closely related to the type and intensity of training, with especially eccentric training content providing various physiological irritations, including mechanical as well as metabolic. Besides the increase in markers of muscular damage, such as creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin (Mb), several physiological shifts trigger a kind of stepwise repair chain reactions lasting over a time course from several hours to days. Subsequent inflammatory processes are closely related to muscular damage with decisive influence on physiological repair mechanisms, as indicated by an increased invasion of immune cells and typical patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Previously, whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) showed significant, partly extreme distractions in markers of muscular damage lasting over several days. Because of the large area of stimulated muscle mass and a relatively high proportion of eccentric movements, initially too intense WB-EMS is predisposed to produce serious changes on several physiological levels due to its unfamiliar muscular strain. Therefore, it is the aim of this short review to focus on the possible immunological side effects of this aspiring training technology. As the number of original investigations in this field is rather small, we will include data from other studies about the relation of exercise-induced muscle damage and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Frank C Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany.,Klinik Königsfeld der DRV, Department of Cardiology and Orthopedics Clinic, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
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18
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Filipovic A, DeMarees M, Grau M, Hollinger A, Seeger B, Schiffer T, Bloch W, Gehlert S. Superimposed Whole-Body Electrostimulation Augments Strength Adaptations and Type II Myofiber Growth in Soccer Players During a Competitive Season. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1187. [PMID: 31607944 PMCID: PMC6768094 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The improvement of strength and athletic performance during a competitive season in elite soccer players is a demanding task for the coach. Aims As whole-body electrostimulation (WB-EMS) training provides a time efficient stimulation potentially capable in exerting skeletal muscle adaptations we aimed to test this approach over 7 weeks in trained male soccer players during a competitive season. Hypothesis We hypothesized that a superimposed WB-EMS will increase maximal strength and type I and type II myofiber hypertrophy. Methods Twenty-eight male field soccer players were assigned in either a WB-EMS group (EG, n = 10), a training group (TG, n = 10), or a control group (CG, n = 8). The regular soccer training consists of two to four sessions and one match per week. In concurrent, the EG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps superimposed with WB-EMS twice per week, TG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps without EMS twice per week, and the CG only performed the regular soccer training. Muscle biopsies were collected and strength tests were performed under resting conditions before (Baseline) and after the intervention period (Posttest). Muscle biopsies were analyzed via western blotting and immunohistochemistry for skeletal muscle adaptive responses. To determine the effect of the training interventions a 2 × 3 (time ∗ group) mixed ANOVA with repeated measures was conducted. Results Maximal strength in leg press (p = 0.009) and leg curl (p = 0.026) was significantly increased in EG along with a small but significant increase in type II myofiber diameter (p = 0.023). All of these adaptations were not observed in TG and CG. Conclusion WB-EMS can serve as a time efficient training method to augment strength capacities and type II fiber myofiber growth in soccer players when combined with specific resistance training. This combination may therefore be a promising training modification compared to traditional strength training for performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Filipovic
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus DeMarees
- Section of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marijke Grau
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Hollinger
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Benedikt Seeger
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schiffer
- Outpatient Clinic for Sports Traumatology and Public Health Consultation, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gehlert
- Section of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiology and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Sport Science, Biosciences of Sports, University of Hildesheim, Hildesheim, Germany
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19
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Filipovic A, Bizjak D, Tomschi F, Bloch W, Grau M. Influence of Whole-Body Electrostimulation on the Deformability of Density-Separated Red Blood Cells in Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 31156450 PMCID: PMC6530393 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell nitric oxide synthase (RBC-NOS) dependent NO production positively affects RBC deformability which is known to improve oxygen supply to the working tissue. Whole-body electrostimulation (WB-EMS) has been shown to improve maximum strength, sprinting and jumping performance, and to increase deformability in elite soccer players during the season. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether WB-EMS affects RBC turnover which might affect overall deformability of circulating RBC by rejuvenation of the RBC population and if this might be related to improved endurance capacity. Thirty male field soccer players were assigned in either a WB-EMS group (EG, n = 10), a training group (TG, n = 10), or a control group (CG, n = 10). EG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps superimposed with WB-EMS twice per week in concurrent to 2-4 soccer training sessions and one match per week. TG only performed 3 × 10 squat jumps without EMS in addition to their soccer routine and the CG only performed the usual soccer training and match per week. Subjects were tested before (Baseline) and in week 7 (wk-7), with blood sampling before (Pre), 15-30 min after (Post), and 24 h after (24 h post) the training. Endurance capacity was determined before and directly after the training period. The key findings of the investigation indicate an increase in young RBC in the EG group along with improved overall RBC deformability, represented by decreased SS1/2:EImax Ratio. Analysis of the different RBC subfractions revealed improved RBC deformability of old RBC during study period. This improvement was not only observed in the EG but also in TG and CG. Changes in RBC deformability were not associated to altered RBC-NOS/NO signaling pathway. Endurance capacity remained unchanged during study period. In summary, the effect of WB-EMS on RBC physiology seems to be rather low and results are only in part comparable to previous findings. According to the lower training volume of the present study it can be speculated that the soccer specific training load in addition to the WB-EMS was too low to induce changes in RBC physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Filipovic
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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20
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Taylor MJ, Fornusek C, Ruys AJ. The duty cycle in Functional Electrical Stimulation research. Part II: Duty cycle multiplicity and domain reporting. Eur J Transl Myol 2018; 28:7733. [PMID: 30662696 PMCID: PMC6317134 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2018.7733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In part I of this review, we introduced the duty cycle as a fundamental parameter in controlling the effect of electrical stimulation pulse trains on muscle structural and functional properties with special emphasis on fatigue. Following on from a survey of the literature, we discuss here the relative ability of intermittent and continuous stimulation to fatigue muscle. In addition, pertinent literature is explored on a more deeper level, highlighting contentions regarding the duty cycle across studies. In response to literature inconsistencies, we propose frameworks upon which the duty cycle parameter may be specified. We present the idea of domain reporting for the duty cycle, and illustrate with practical examples. In addition we dig further into the literature and present a set of notations that have been used by different researchers to report the duty cycle. We also propose the idea of the duty cycle multiple, which together with domain reporting, will help researchers understand more precisely duty cycles of electrical stimulation. As a case study, we also show how the duty cycle has been looked at by researchers in the context of pressure sore attenuation in patients. Together with part I, it is hoped that the frameworks suggested provide a complete picture of how duty cycle has been discussed across the literature, and gives researchers a more trans-theoretical basis upon which they may report the duty cycle in their studies. This may also lead to a more precise specification of electrical stimulation protocols used in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Taylor
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ché Fornusek
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Ruys
- Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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21
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Ben Hmed A, Bakir T, Garnier YM, Sakly A, Lepers R, Binczak S. An approach to a muscle force model with force-pulse amplitude relationship of human quadriceps muscles. Comput Biol Med 2018; 101:218-228. [PMID: 30199798 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2018.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advanced applications of the functional electrical stimulation (FES) mostly used closed-loop control strategies based on mathematical models to improve the performance of the FES systems. In most of them, the pulse amplitude was used as an input control. However, in controlling the muscle force, the most popular force model developed by Ding et al. does not take into account the pulse amplitude effect. The purpose of this study was to include the pulse amplitude in the existing Ding et al. model based on the recruitment curve function. METHODS Quadriceps femoris muscles of eight healthy subjects were tested. Forces responses to stimulation trains with different pulse amplitudes (30-100 mA) and frequencies (20-80 Hz) were recorded and analyzed. Then, specific model parameter values were identified by fitting the measured forces for one train (50 Hz, 100 mA). The obtained model parameters were then used to identify the recruitment curve parameter values by fitting the force responses for different pulse amplitudes at the same frequency train. Finally, the extended model was used to predict force responses for a range of stimulation pulse amplitudes and frequencies. RESULTS The experimental results indicated that our adapted model accurately predicts the force-pulse amplitude relationship with an excellent agreement between measured and predicted forces (R2=0.998, RMSE = 6.6 N). CONCLUSIONS This model could be used to predict the pulse amplitude effect and to design control strategies for controlling the muscle force in order to obtain precise movements during FES sessions using intensity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdennacer Ben Hmed
- Laboratory Le2i, FRE CNRS 2005, Univ. de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France; Research Unit ESIER, National Engineering School of Monastir (ENIM), University of Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Toufik Bakir
- Laboratory Le2i, FRE CNRS 2005, Univ. de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
| | - Yoann M Garnier
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Anis Sakly
- Research Unit ESIER, National Engineering School of Monastir (ENIM), University of Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Stephane Binczak
- Laboratory Le2i, FRE CNRS 2005, Univ. de Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Dijon, France
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22
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Basas Á, Cook J, Gómez MA, Rafael MA, Ramirez C, Medeiros B, Lorenzo A. Effects of a strength protocol combined with electrical stimulation on patellar tendinopathy: 42 months retrospective follow-up on 6 high-level jumping athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 34:105-112. [PMID: 30265995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective study. INTRODUCTION Patellar tendinopathy (PT) or jumper's knee (JK) in elite athletes is a challenging condition for sports medicine professionals. This study analyzes the development of a protocol using eccentric, isometric, concentric exercises, and electrostimulation to treat elite athletes suffering from JK. The semiannual strength protocol was completed during a total of 36 months by six high-level jumping athletes with chronic painful JK. Pain during patellar tendon loading activity was evaluated on a visual analogue pain scale (VAS). Upon protocol completion, promising clinical results were evidenced by significant pain reduction during tendon loading activity. MATERIAL AND METHODS Six high level jumping athletes with chronic painful JK completed a semiannual strength program using eccentric, isometric, concentric and electrical stimulation exercises. The protocol was done 12 weeks in the winter pre-season and 10 weeks in the summer pre-season, for altogether 36 months, with an interruption of the protocol at 24 months for 6 months. Pain during patellar tendon loading activity was evaluated on a visual analogue pain scale (VAS), before the first session and then every 6 months, coinciding with the competitive phase, the time of maximum pain. RESULTS There was a significant (p < 0.01) decrease in the VAS from start to the 18, 24 and 48 months follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS In a small group of high level jumping athletes with chronic painful JK, a strength protocol combined with electrical stimulation showed promising clinical results with significant pain reduction during tendon loading activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Basas
- Royal Spanish Athletics Federation's Medical Department, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jill Cook
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Miguel A Gómez
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rafael
- Royal Spanish Athletics Federation's Medical Department, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain
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Natsume T, Ozaki H, Kakigi R, Kobayashi H, Naito H. Effects of training intensity in electromyostimulation on human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1339-1347. [PMID: 29679248 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3866-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training can induce muscle hypertrophy at the whole muscle and muscle fiber levels. However, whether low-intensity NMES training has a similar result is unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether low-intensity NMES training could elicit muscle hypertrophy at the whole muscle and muscle fiber levels in the human skeletal muscle. METHODS Eight untrained young males were subjected to 18 min of unilateral NMES training for 8 weeks. One leg received NMES at maximal tolerable intensity (HIGH); the other leg received NMES at an intensity half of that in the HIGH condition (LOW). Quadriceps muscle thickness (MT), muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), and knee extension strength were measured before and after the training period. RESULTS The average training intensity throughout the intervention period in the HIGH and LOW conditions were 62.5 ± 4.6% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and 32.6 ± 2.6% MVC, respectively. MT, CSA, and muscle strength increased in both exercise conditions (p < 0.05); however, training effects in the LOW condition were lower than those in the HIGH condition (p < 0.05). The average training intensity showed a positive correlation with percent changes in muscle strength (r = 0.797, p = 0.001), MT (r = 0.876, p = 0.001), type I fiber CSA (r = 0.730, p = 0.01), and type II fiber CSA (r = 0.899, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Low-intensity NMES could increase MT, muscle fiber CSA, and muscle strength in healthy human skeletal muscles. However, the magnitude of increase is lower in low-intensity than in high-intensity NMES training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Natsume
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan.
| | - Hayao Ozaki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakigi
- School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of General Medicine, Mito Medical Center, Tsukuba University Hospital, 3-2-7 Miyamachi, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-0015, Japan
| | - Hisashi Naito
- Institute of Health and Sports Science & Medicine, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, 1-1 Hirakagakuendai, Inzai, Chiba, 270-1695, Japan
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24
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Santos DFDSD, Melo Aquino BD, Jorge CO, Azambuja GD, Schiavuzzo JG, Krimon S, Neves JDS, Parada CA, Oliveira-Fusaro MCG. Muscle pain induced by static contraction in rats is modulated by peripheral inflammatory mechanisms. Neuroscience 2017; 358:58-69. [PMID: 28673715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscle pain is an important health issue and frequently related to static force exertion. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether peripheral inflammatory mechanisms are involved with static contraction-induced muscle pain in rats. To this end, we developed a model of muscle pain induced by static contraction performed by applying electrical pulses through electrodes inserted into muscle. We also evaluated the involvement of neutrophil migration, bradykinin, sympathetic amines and prostanoids. A single session of sustained static contraction of gastrocnemius muscle induced acute mechanical muscle hyperalgesia without affecting locomotor activity and with no evidence of structural damage in muscle tissue. Static contraction increased levels of creatine kinase but not lactate dehydrogenase, and induced neutrophil migration. Dexamethasone (glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory agent), DALBK (bradykinin B1 antagonist), Atenolol (β1 adrenoceptor antagonist), ICI 118,551 (β2 adrenoceptor antagonist), indomethacin (cyclooxygenase inhibitor), and fucoidan (non-specific selectin inhibitor) all reduced static contraction-induced muscle hyperalgesia; however, the bradykinin B2 antagonist, bradyzide, did not have an effect on static contraction-induced muscle hyperalgesia. Furthermore, an increased hyperalgesic response was observed when the selective bradykinin B1 agonist des-Arg9-bradykinin was injected into the previously stimulated muscle. Together, these findings demonstrate that static contraction induced mechanical muscle hyperalgesia in gastrocnemius muscle of rats is modulated through peripheral inflammatory mechanisms that are dependent on neutrophil migration, bradykinin, sympathetic amines and prostanoids. Considering the clinical relevance of muscle pain, we propose the present model of static contraction-induced mechanical muscle hyperalgesia as a useful tool for the study of mechanisms underlying static contraction-induced muscle pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Francisco da Silva Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna de Melo Aquino
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Ocanha Jorge
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graciana de Azambuja
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jalile Garcia Schiavuzzo
- Laboratory of Studies of Pain and Inflammation, School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Pedro Zaccaria 1300, Limeira, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzy Krimon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dos Santos Neves
- Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Limeira 901, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Amilcar Parada
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Monteiro Lobato 255, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Anderson LJ, Baker LL, Schroeder ET. Blunted Myoglobin and Quadriceps Soreness After Electrical Stimulation During the Luteal Phase or Oral Contraception. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2017; 88:193-202. [PMID: 28388333 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2017.1300229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute muscle damage after exercise triggers subsequent regeneration, leading to hypertrophy and increased strength after repeated exercise. It has been debated whether acute exercise-induced muscle damage is altered under various premenopausal estrogen conditions. Acute contraction-induced muscle damage was compared during exogenous (oral contraceptive, OC), endogenous (luteal phase, HI), or low (menses, LO) estrogen in healthy young women aged 21 to 30 years old. METHODS Women (OC, n = 9; HI, n = 9; LO, n = 8; total N = 26) performed 1 neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) bout. Soreness, measured via visual analog scale and the Likert Scale of Muscle Soreness for Lower Limb (LSMSLL), quadriceps strength, and plasma myoglobin (Mb), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor were measured before and after NMES. RESULTS NMES performance was similar across groups. Meaningful within-group increases in Mb (effect size [ES] = 1.12) and IL-8 (ES = 0.38) occurred in LO; ES for HI and OC were trivial. ES of the between-group difference in change was moderate for Mb (LO vs. HI = 1.15) and IL-8 (LO vs. HI = 0.86; LO vs. OC = 0.73). 17-β estradiol correlated moderately and negatively with Mb relative change (r = -.52, p < .05). LO had ~5% greater strength loss than OC and HI. The mean change score for the LSMSLL 2 days post-NMES was clinically greater in LO than OC or HI. CONCLUSIONS Acute NMES-induced indicators of muscle fiber damage and qualitative muscle soreness may be attenuated during the luteal phase or active OC pill consumption compared with the menstrual phase.
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26
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Bochkezanian V, Newton RU, Trajano GS, Vieira A, Pulverenti TS, Blazevich AJ. Effect of tendon vibration during wide-pulse neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on the decline and recovery of muscle force. BMC Neurol 2017; 17:82. [PMID: 28464800 PMCID: PMC5414318 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-017-0862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is commonly used to activate skeletal muscles and reverse muscle atrophy in clinical populations. Clinical recommendations for NMES suggest the use of short pulse widths (100-200 μs) and low-to-moderate pulse frequencies (30-50 Hz). However, this type of NMES causes rapid muscle fatigue due to the (non-physiological) high stimulation intensities and non-orderly recruitment of motor units. The use of both wide pulse widths (1000 μs) and tendon vibration might optimize motor unit activation through spinal reflex pathways and thus delay the onset of muscle fatigue, increasing muscle force and mass. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the acute effects of patellar tendon vibration superimposed onto wide-pulse width (1000 μs) knee extensor electrical stimulation (NMES, 30 Hz) on peak muscle force, total impulse before "muscle fatigue", and the post-exercise recovery of muscle function. METHODS Tendon vibration (Vib), NMES (STIM) or NMES superimposed onto vibration (STIM + Vib) were applied in separate sessions to 16 healthy adults. Total torque-time integral (TTI), maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVIC) and indirect measures of muscle damage were tested before, immediately after, 1 h and 48 h after each stimulus. RESULTS TTI increased (145.0 ± 127.7%) in STIM only for "positive responders" to the tendon vibration (8/16 subjects), but decreased in "negative responders" (-43.5 ± 25.7%). MVIC (-8.7%) and rectus femoris electromyography (RF EMG) (-16.7%) decreased after STIM (group effect) for at least 1 h, but not after STIM + Vib. No changes were detected in indirect markers of muscle damage in any condition. CONCLUSIONS Tendon vibration superimposed onto wide-pulse width NMES increased TTI only in 8 of 16 subjects, but reduced voluntary force loss (fatigue) ubiquitously. Negative responders to tendon vibration may derive greater benefit from wide-pulse width NMES alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Bochkezanian
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia. .,Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Robert U Newton
- Exercise Medicine Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia.,Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gabriel S Trajano
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Timothy S Pulverenti
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Anthony J Blazevich
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
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Mathes S, Lehnen N, Link T, Bloch W, Mester J, Wahl P. Chronic effects of superimposed electromyostimulation during cycling on aerobic and anaerobic capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:881-892. [PMID: 28271312 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3572-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine if chronic endurance training by means of simultaneously applied, superimposed electromyostimulation (EMS) can be used to improve performance and physiological core parameters compared to the traditional cycling. METHODS Twenty-one male subjects (VO2peak 55.2 ± 5.1 ml min- 1 kg- 1) were assigned to either a cycling (C) or cycling with superimposed EMS (C + E) group. Before and after the 4-week training period, including 14 sessions of moderate cycling [60 min at 60% peak power output (PPO)], participants performed a 20-min time-trial, a step test to exhaustion, a 30-s isokinetic sprint test, and maximum force- and power-tests. Markers of muscle damage and metabolic condition were assessed during the training period. RESULTS Step test results revealed increases in PPO, VO2peak, lactate threshold 1, and the anaerobic threshold for both groups (p < 0.05). Mean power output (MPO) obtained from time-trial was improved in C and C + E (p < 0.05). Isokinetic sprint test revealed increased PPO in both groups, whereas MPO was only changed in C (p < 0.05). Strength parameters were unaffected. Although metabolic stimuli and markers of muscle damage were higher in C + E compared to C, improvements of endurance performance and capacity were not significantly different between C and C + E. CONCLUSIONS Despite a higher metabolic, respiratory, and muscular demand, chronic additional superimposed EMS during cycling does not result in superior improvements in endurance and strength performance compared to the traditional cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mathes
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Niklas Lehnen
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Link
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joachim Mester
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Institute of Training Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,The German Research Centre of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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28
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Brøchner Nielsen NP, Hug F, Guével A, Fohanno V, Lardy J, Dorel S. Motor adaptations to unilateral quadriceps fatigue during a bilateral pedaling task. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1724-1738. [PMID: 28000312 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate how motor coordination adapts to unilateral fatigue of the quadriceps during a constant-load bilateral pedaling task. We first hypothesized that this local fatigue would not be compensated within the fatigued muscles leading to a decreased knee extension power. Then, we aimed to determine whether this decrease would be compensated by between-joints compensations within the ipsilateral leg and/or an increased contribution of the contralateral leg. Fifteen healthy volunteers were tested during pedaling at 350 W before and after a fatigue protocol consisting of 15 minutes of electromyostimulation on the quadriceps muscle. Motor coordination was assessed from myoelectrical activity (22 muscles) and joint powers calculated through inverse dynamics. Maximal knee extension torque decreased by 28.3%±6.8% (P<.0005) immediately after electromyostimulation. A decreased knee extension power produced by the ipsilateral leg was observed during pedaling (-22.8±12.3 W, -17.0%±9.4%; P<.0005). To maintain the task goal, participants primarily increased the power produced by the non-fatigued contralateral leg during the flexion phase. This was achieved by an increase in hip flexion power confirmed by a higher activation of the tensor fascia latae. These results suggest no adjustment of neural drive to the fatigued muscles and demonstrate no concurrent ipsilateral compensation by the non-fatigued muscles involved in the extension pedaling phase. Although interindividual variability was observed, findings provide evidence that participants predominantly adapted by compensating with the contralateral leg during its flexion phase. Both neural (between legs) and mechanical (between pedals) couplings and the minimization of cost functions might explain these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-P Brøchner Nielsen
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F Hug
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - A Guével
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - V Fohanno
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - J Lardy
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - S Dorel
- Laboratory "Movement, Interactions, Performance" (EA4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
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Glaviano NR, Saliba S. Can the Use of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Be Improved to Optimize Quadriceps Strengthening? Sports Health 2016; 8:79-85. [PMID: 26582349 PMCID: PMC4702160 DOI: 10.1177/1941738115618174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common modality used to retrain muscles and improve muscular strength after injury or surgery, particularly for the quadriceps muscle. There are parameter adjustments that can be made to maximize the effectiveness of NMES. While NMES is often used in clinical practice, there are some limitations that clinicians should be aware of, including patient discomfort, muscle fatigue, and muscle damage. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed was searched through August 2014 and all articles cross-referenced. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. RESULTS Clinicians can optimize torque production and decrease discomfort by altering parameter selection (pulse duration, pulse frequency, duty cycle, and amplitude). Pulse duration of 400 to 600 μs and a pulse frequency of 30 to 50 Hz appear to be the most effective parameters to optimize torque output while minimizing discomfort, muscle fatigue, or muscle damage. Optimal electrode placement, conditioning programs, and stimulus pattern modulation during long-term NMES use may improve results. CONCLUSION Torque production can be enhanced while decreasing patient discomfort and minimizing fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R. Glaviano
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise and Sport Injury Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Neal R. Glaviano, MEd, ATC, Exercise and Sport Injury Laboratory, University of Virginia, Memorial Gymnasium, PO Box 400407, Charlottesville, VA 22904 ()
| | - Susan Saliba
- Curry School of Education, Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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30
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Silva PE, Babault N, Mazullo JB, de Oliveira TP, Lemos BL, Carvalho VO, Durigan JLQ. Safety and feasibility of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation chronaxie-based protocol in critical ill patients: A prospective observational study. J Crit Care 2016; 37:141-148. [PMID: 27732921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) protocol based on neuromuscular excitability and applied in numerous muscle groups of critical ill patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a prospective observational study using an NMES applied daily and bilaterally into 5 muscle groups in lower limbs for 3 consecutive days. The characteristics of NMES were 90 contractions per muscle, pulse width equal to chronaxie, and a pulse frequency of 100 Hz. We assessed safety with central venous oxygen saturation, serum lactate, and creatine phosphokinase measurements. To evaluate feasibility, we recorded the time spent for the entire NMES protocol and the number of NMES sessions completed. RESULTS Eleven male patients finished the study. There were no significant changes observed in creatine phosphokinase from baseline up to 96 hours: 470(±270) IU/L and 455(±240) IU/L (P>.99). Central venous oxygen saturation and serum lactate had the same pattern with no significant variations (P=.23 and P=.8, respectively). The time spent during the whole procedure and the number of complete NMES sessions performed were 107±24 minutes and 84 sessions (85%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that NMES chronaxie-based protocol is safe and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Eugênio Silva
- Physical Therapy Division, University Hospital of Brasília, University of Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil; Health Sciences and Technologies PhD Program, University of Brasilia, Federal District, Brazil.
| | - Nicolas Babault
- Centre d'Expertise de la Performance G. Cometti, UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | | | | | - Vitor Oliveira Carvalho
- Physical Therapy Division, Federal University of Sergipe, The GrEAt Group (Grupo de Estudos de Atividade Fisica), Sergipe, Brazil
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Skurvydas A, Mamkus G, Kamandulis S, Dudoniene V, Valanciene D, Westerblad H. Mechanisms of force depression caused by different types of physical exercise studied by direct electrical stimulation of human quadriceps muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:2215-2224. [PMID: 27637589 PMCID: PMC5118408 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Force production frequently remains depressed for several hours or even days after various types of strenuous physical exercise. We hypothesized that the pattern of force changes during the first hour after exercise can be used to reveal muscular mechanisms likely to underlie the decline in muscle performance during exercise as well as factors involved in the triggering the prolonged force depression after exercise. Methods Nine groups of recreationally active male volunteers performed one of the following types of exercise: single prolonged or repeated short maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs); single or repeated all-out cycling bouts; repeated drop jumps. The isometric force of the right quadriceps muscle was measured during stimulation with brief 20 and 100 Hz trains of electrical pulses given before and at regular intervals for 60 min after exercise. Results All exercises resulted in a prolonged force depression, which was more marked at 20 Hz than at 100 Hz. Short-lasting (≤2 min) MVC and all-out cycling exercises showed an initial force recovery (peak after ~ 5 min) followed by a secondary force depression. The repeated drop jumps, which involve eccentric contractions, resulted in a stable force depression with the 20 Hz force being markedly more decreased after 100 than 10 jumps. Conclusions In accordance with our hypothesis, the results propose at least three different mechanisms that influence force production after exercise: (1) a transiently recovering process followed by (2) a prolonged force depression after metabolically demanding exercise, and (3) a stable force depression after mechanically demanding contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gediminas Mamkus
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Dudoniene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Valanciene
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Håkan Westerblad
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovation, Lithuanian Sports University, Lithuania, Sporto 6, 44221, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Hong JY, Hyeok Oh J, Shin JH. Rhabdomyolysis caused by knee push-ups with whole body electromyostimulation. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2016; 77:542-3. [PMID: 27640660 DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2016.77.9.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Hyeok Oh
- Assistant Professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Shin
- Clinical Assistant Professor in the Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Filipovic A, Kleinöder H, Plück D, Hollmann W, Bloch W, Grau M. Influence of Whole-Body Electrostimulation on Human Red Blood Cell Deformability. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:2570-8. [PMID: 26308832 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell-nitric oxide synthase (RBC-NOS)-dependent NO production is essential for the maintenance of RBC deformability, which is known to improve oxygen supply to the working tissue. Electrostimulation of the whole body (WB-EMS) has been shown to improve maximal strength, springiness, and jumping power of trained and untrained athletes. To examine whether these 2 parameters are associated, this study, for the first time, aimed to investigate the effects of an 18-week dynamic WB-EMS program on RBC deformability in addition to maximal strength performance (1 repetition maximum [1RM]) in elite soccer players. Fifteen test persons were assigned in either WB-EMS group (EG, n = 10) or training group (TG, n = 5). Next to their weekly training sessions, EG performed 3 × 10 squat jumps under the influence of WB-EMS twice per week between weeks 1 and 14 and once per week between weeks 14 and 18. Training group only performed 3 × 10 squat jumps. Performance was assessed by a maximal strength test on the leg press machine (1RM). Subjects were tested at baseline and after weeks 7, 14, and 18 with blood sampling before (Pre), 15-30 minutes after (Post), and 24 hours after (24-hour Post) the training. The results showed that maximal strength was significantly improved in EG (p < 0.01). Maximum RBC deformability (EImax) increased on EMS stimulus in EG while it remained unaffected in the TG. Acute increase in EImax at baseline was explained by an increase in RBC-NOS activation while chronic increase of deformability must be caused by different, yet unknown, mechanisms. EImax decreased between weeks 14 and 18 suggesting that 1 WB-EMS session per week is not sufficient to alter deformability (EImax). In contrast, the deformability at low shear stress (EI 3 Pa), comparable with conditions found in the microcirculation, significantly increased in EG until week 14, whereas in TG deformability only, increased until week 7 due to increasing training volume after the winter break. The results indicate that WB-EMS represents a useful and time-saving addition to conventional training sessions to improve RBC deformability and possibly oxygen supply to the working tissue and thus promoting general force components in high performance sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Filipovic
- 1Institute of Sport Science and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and 2Institute of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Effects of Whole-Body Electromyostimulation versus High-Intensity Resistance Exercise on Body Composition and Strength: A Randomized Controlled Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:9236809. [PMID: 27034699 PMCID: PMC4789460 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9236809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity (resistance) exercise (HIT) and whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) are both approaches to realize time-efficient favorable changes of body composition and strength. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of WB-EMS compared with the gold standard reference HIT, for improving body composition and muscle strength in middle-aged men. Forty-eight healthy untrained men, 30-50 years old, were randomly allocated to either HIT (2 sessions/week) or a WB-EMS group (3 sessions/2 weeks) that exercised for 16 weeks. HIT was applied as "single-set-to-failure protocol," while WB-EMS was conducted with intermittent stimulation (6 s WB-EMS, 4 s rest; 85 Hz, 350 ms) over 20 minutes. The main outcome parameters were lean body mass (LBM) as determined via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and maximum dynamic leg-extensor strength (isokinetic leg-press). LBM changes of both groups (HIT 1.25 ± 1.44% versus WB-EMS 0.93 ± 1.15%) were significant (p = .001); however, no significant group differences were detected (p = .395). Leg-extensor strength also increased in both groups (HIT 12.7 ± 14.7%, p = .002, versus WB-EMS 7.3 ± 10.3%, p = .012) with no significant (p = .215) between-group difference. Corresponding changes were also determined for body fat and back-extensor strength. Conclusion. In summary, WB-EMS can be considered as a time-efficient but pricy option to HIT-resistance exercise for people aiming at the improvement of general strength and body composition.
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Fouré A, Wegrzyk J, Le Fur Y, Mattei JP, Boudinet H, Vilmen C, Bendahan D, Gondin J. Impaired mitochondrial function and reduced energy cost as a result of muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 47:1135-44. [PMID: 25371171 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although it has been largely acknowledged that isometric neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) exercise induces larger muscle damage than voluntary contractions, the corresponding effects on muscle energetics remain to be determined. Voluntary exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has been reported to have minor slight effects on muscle metabolic response to subsequent dynamic exercise, but the magnitude of muscle energetics alterations for NMES EIMD has never been documented. METHODS ³¹P magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements were performed in 13 young healthy males during a standardized rest-exercise-recovery protocol before (D0) and 2 d (D2) and 4 d (D4) after NMES EIMD on knee extensor muscles. Changes in kinetics of phosphorylated metabolite concentrations (i.e., phosphocreatine [PCr], inorganic phosphate [Pi], and adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) and pH were assessed to investigate aerobic and anaerobic rates of ATP production and energy cost of contraction (Ec). RESULTS Resting [Pi]/[PCr] ratio increased at D2 (+39%) and D4 (+29%), mainly owing to the increased [Pi] (+43% and +32%, respectively), whereas a significant decrease in resting pH was determined (-0.04 pH unit and -0.03 pH unit, respectively). PCr recovery rate decreased at D2 (-21%) and D4 (-23%) in conjunction with a significantly decreased total rate of ATP production at D4 (-18%) mainly owing to an altered aerobic ATP production (-19%). Paradoxically, Ec was decreased at D4 (-21%). CONCLUSION Overall, NMES EIMD led to intramuscular acidosis in resting muscle and mitochondrial impairment in exercising muscle. Alterations of noncontractile processes and/or adaptive mechanisms to muscle damage might account for the decreased Ec during the dynamic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fouré
- 1Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, Marseille, FRANCE; 2Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Sainte Marguerite Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Marseille, FRANCE; and 3APHM, La Timone Hospital, Centre d'Exploration Métabolique par Résonance Magnétique (CEMEREM), Imaging Center, Marseille, FRANCE
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Fouré A, Nosaka K, Gastaldi M, Mattei JP, Boudinet H, Guye M, Vilmen C, Le Fur Y, Bendahan D, Gondin J. Effects of branched-chain amino acids supplementation on both plasma amino acids concentration and muscle energetics changes resulting from muscle damage: A randomized placebo controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:83-94. [PMID: 25886707 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Omoto M, Matsuse H, Hashida R, Takano Y, Yamada S, Ohshima H, Tagawa Y, Shiba N. Cycling Exercise with Electrical Stimulation of Antagonist Muscles Increases Plasma Growth Hormone and IL-6. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 237:209-17. [PMID: 26522057 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.237.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Performing aerobics and resistance exercise at exactly the same time has not been available although combining both types of exercise in one training program has been attempted. The hybrid training system (HTS) is a resistance exercise that combines voluntary concentric muscle contractions with electrically stimulated eccentric muscle contractions. We devised an exercise technique using HTS on a cycle ergometer (HCE). Growth hormone (GH) and lactate are indicators of adequate training intensity. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) reflects enhancing lipid metabolism. The purpose of this study was to show that HCE provides sufficient exercise to stimulate the secretion of GH, lactate and IL-6. We compared an HCE test with cycle ergometer alone (CE). Ten healthy male subjects performed HCE and CE tests for 30 minutes each. The workload of both tests was set the same at 40% of each subject's peak oxygen uptake. For HCE, 2-minute HTS and 1-minute rest intervals were repeated. GH, lactate, and IL-6 were evaluated before and immediately after exercise, and at 15, 30 and 60 minutes. GH and lactate increased immediately after HCE. Moreover, the degree of the increases in GH after HCE (0 and 15 minutes) was higher than that after CE. IL-6 increased after HCE at 30 min, and the rate of change was higher than for CE. These results showed that HCE was more efficient in stimulating acute increases in GH, lactate and IL-6 than CE at the same workload. We may be able to combine electrically stimulated resistance exercise with aerobic exercise using HCE.
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[(Very) high Creatinkinase concentration after exertional whole-body electromyostimulation application: health risks and longitudinal adaptations]. Wien Med Wochenschr 2015; 165:427-35. [PMID: 26498468 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-015-0394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to its individualization, time-efficiency and effectiveness Whole-body-Electromyo-stimulation (WB-EMS) becomes increasingly popular. However, recently (very) high Creatin-kinase concentration were reported, at least after initial WB-EMS-application. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine (1) WB-EMS induced increases of CK-concentration, (2) their impact on corresponding health parameters and (3) training-induced changes of CK-levels.Twenty-six healthy, sportive volunteers without previous experience with WB-EMS were included. Initial high intense WB-EMS application (bipolar, 85 Hz; 350 ms; intermittent, 20 min) led to an increase of the CK-level by the 117fold (28.545 ± 33.611 IU/l) of baseline. CK-peaks were detected after 72-96 h. Despite this pronounced "exertional rhabdomyolysis", we did not determine rhabdomyolysis-induced complications (e.g. acute renal failure, hyperkalemia, hypocalcaemia). After 10 weeks of WB-EMS (1 session/week) CK-reaction to intensive WB-EMS-Application was significantly blunted (906 ± 500 IE/l) and averaged in the area of conventional resistance exercise.In summary, intensity of WB-EMS should be carefully increased during the initial sessions.
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JUBEAU MARC, LE FUR YANN, DUHAMEL GUILLAUME, WEGRZYK JENNIFER, CONFORT-GOUNY SYLVIANE, VILMEN CHRISTOPHE, COZZONE PATRICKJ, MATTEI JEANPIERRE, BENDAHAN DAVID, GONDIN JULIEN. Localized Metabolic and T2 Changes Induced by Voluntary and Evoked Contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:921-30. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Herzig D, Maffiuletti NA, Eser P. The Application of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Training in Various Non-neurologic Patient Populations: A Narrative Review. PM R 2015; 7:1167-1178. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Matkowski B, Lepers R, Martin A. Torque decrease during submaximal evoked contractions of the quadriceps muscle is linked not only to muscle fatigue. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1136-44. [PMID: 25767032 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00553.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the neuromuscular mechanisms involved in the torque decrease induced by submaximal electromyostimulation (EMS) of the quadriceps muscle. It was hypothesized that torque decrease after EMS would reflect the fatigability of the activated motor units (MUs), but also a reduction in the number of MUs recruited as a result of changes in axonal excitability threshold. Two experiments were performed on 20 men to analyze 1) the supramaximal twitch superimposed and evoked at rest during EMS (Experiment 1, n = 9) and 2) the twitch response and torque-frequency relation of the MUs activated by EMS (Experiment 2, n = 11). Torque loss was assessed by 15 EMS-evoked contractions (50 Hz; 6 s on/6 s off), elicited at a constant intensity that evoked 20% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque. The same stimulation intensity delivered over the muscles was used to induce the torque-frequency relation and the single electrical pulse evoked after each EMS contraction (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, supramaximal twitch was induced by femoral nerve stimulation. Torque decreased by ~60% during EMS-evoked contractions and by only ~18% during MVCs. This was accompanied by a rightward shift of the torque-frequency relation of MUs activated and an increase of the ratio between the superimposed and posttetanic maximal twitch evoked during EMS contraction. These findings suggest that the torque decrease observed during submaximal EMS-evoked contractions involved muscular mechanisms but also a reduction in the number of MUs recruited due to changes in axonal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Matkowski
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- Laboratoire INSERM U1093, Cognition, Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Université de Bourgogne, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
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Morf C, Wellauer V, Casartelli NC, Maffiuletti NA. Acute Effects of Multipath Electrical Stimulation in Patients With Total Knee Arthroplasty. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 96:498-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fouré A, Nosaka K, Wegrzyk J, Duhamel G, Le Troter A, Boudinet H, Mattei JP, Vilmen C, Jubeau M, Bendahan D, Gondin J. Time course of central and peripheral alterations after isometric neuromuscular electrical stimulation-induced muscle damage. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107298. [PMID: 25215511 PMCID: PMC4162582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isometric contractions induced by neuromuscular electrostimulation (NMES) have been shown to result in a prolonged force decrease but the time course of the potential central and peripheral factors have never been investigated. This study examined the specific time course of central and peripheral factors after isometric NMES-induced muscle damage. Twenty-five young healthy men were subjected to an NMES exercise consisting of 40 contractions for both legs. Changes in maximal voluntary contraction force of the knee extensors (MVC), peak evoked force during double stimulations at 10 Hz (Db10) and 100 Hz (Db100), its ratio (10∶100), voluntary activation, muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase activity were assessed before, immediately after and throughout four days after NMES session. Changes in knee extensors volume and T2 relaxation time were also assessed at two (D2) and four (D4) days post-exercise. MVC decreased by 29% immediately after NMES session and was still 19% lower than the baseline value at D4. The decrease in Db10 was higher than in Db100 immediately and one day post-exercise resulting in a decrease (−12%) in the 10∶100 ratio. On the contrary, voluntary activation significantly decreased at D2 (−5%) and was still depressed at D4 (−5%). Muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase activity increased after NMES and peaked at D2 and D4, respectively. T2 was also increased at D2 (6%) and D4 (9%). Additionally, changes in MVC and peripheral factors (e.g., Db100) were correlated on the full recovery period, while a significant correlation was found between changes in MVC and VA only from D2 to D4. The decrease in MVC recorded immediately after the NMES session was mainly due to peripheral changes while both central and peripheral contributions were involved in the prolonged force reduction. Interestingly, the chronological events differ from what has been reported so far for voluntary exercise-induced muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fouré
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- Edith Cowan University, School of Exercise and Health Sciences, WA 6027, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Jennifer Wegrzyk
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Duhamel
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Arnaud Le Troter
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Hélène Boudinet
- APHM, La Timone Hospital, CEMEREM, Imaging Center, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Mattei
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
- APHM, La Conception Hospital, Department of Rheumatology, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Vilmen
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- University of Nantes, Laboratory “Motricité, Interactions, Performance” (EA 4334), UFR STAPS, Nantes, France
| | - David Bendahan
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Gondin
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM UMR CNRS 7339, Marseille, France
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Markofski MM, Braun WA. Influence of Menstrual Cycle on Indices of Contraction-Induced Muscle Damage. J Strength Cond Res 2014; 28:2649-56. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Neyroud D, Dodd D, Gondin J, Maffiuletti NA, Kayser B, Place N. Wide-pulse-high-frequency neuromuscular stimulation of triceps surae induces greater muscle fatigue compared with conventional stimulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:1281-9. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01015.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the extent and origin of muscle fatigue induced by short-pulse-low-frequency [conventional (CONV)] and wide-pulse-high-frequency (WPHF) neuromuscular electrical stimulation. We expected CONV contractions to mainly originate from depolarization of axonal terminal branches (spatially determined muscle fiber recruitment) and WPHF contractions to be partly produced via a central pathway (motor unit recruitment according to size principle). Greater neuromuscular fatigue was, therefore, expected following CONV compared with WPHF. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent 20 WPHF (1 ms-100 Hz) and CONV (50 μs-25 Hz) evoked isometric triceps surae contractions (work/rest periods 20:40 s) at an initial target of 10% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Force-time integral of the 20 evoked contractions (FTI) was used as main index of muscle fatigue; MVC force loss was also quantified. Central and peripheral fatigue were assessed by voluntary activation level and paired stimulation amplitudes, respectively. FTI in WPHF was significantly lower than in CONV (21,717 ± 11,541 vs. 37,958 ± 9,898 N·s P<0,001). The reductions in MVC force (WPHF: −7.0 ± 2.7%; CONV: −6.2 ± 2.5%; P < 0.01) and paired stimulation amplitude (WPHF: −8.0 ± 4.0%; CONV: −7.4 ± 6.1%; P < 0.001) were similar between conditions, whereas no change was observed for voluntary activation level ( P > 0.05). Overall, our results showed a different motor unit recruitment pattern between the two neuromuscular electrical stimulation modalities with a lower FTI indicating greater muscle fatigue for WPHF, possibly limiting the presumed benefits for rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Neyroud
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Movement Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Dodd
- Institute of Movement Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julien Gondin
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CRMBM UMR 7339, Marseille, France; and
| | | | - Bengt Kayser
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Movement Sciences and Sports Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Place
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Vanderthommen M, Chamayou R, Demoulin C, Crielaard JM, Croisier JL. Protection against muscle damage induced by electrical stimulation: efficiency of a preconditioning programme. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 35:267-74. [PMID: 24774992 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the efficiency of a preconditioning programme composed of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in the protection against muscle damage induced by a subsequent bout of NMES. METHODS Sixteen male volunteers were split up into a control group (CG; n = 8) and a preconditioned group (PCG; n = 8). Both groups attended two NMES bouts (test 1 and test 2) spaced 5 weeks apart. Each one consisted in 100 quadriceps contractions and 100 hamstrings contractions. PCG attended five additional progressive NMES sessions between test 1 and test 2. The outcome measures were the changes in muscle soreness [0-10 pain score on visual analogue pain scale (VAS)], muscle flexibility and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity; they were assessed before (pre-T1) and after (post-T1) test 1 and before (pre-T2) and after (post-T2) test 2. RESULTS Damage markers increased similarly in both groups after test 1 (at post-T1, VAS scores = 4·18 ± 2 and 4·43 ± 1·56 cm in CG and PCG, respectively; CK activity = 2307 ± 3774 and 1671 ± 1790 IU l(-1) in CG and PCG, respectively). Compared with test 1, these damage markers were reduced after test 2 in CG (at post-T2, VAS score = 2·68 ± 1·27 cm and CK activity = 218 ± 72 IU l(-1) ). Muscle soreness was further reduced after test 2 in PCG (VAS score = 0·37 ± 0·74 cm). CONCLUSIONS A protective effect against muscle damage can be obtained after only one NMES bout, and an additional protective effect can be induced by a preconditioning programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vanderthommen
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Remy Chamayou
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Edwards J, McWilliams D, Thomas M, Shah S. Electrical Muscle Stimulation in the Intensive Care Unit: An Integrative Review. J Intensive Care Soc 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/175114371401500212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following a period of critical illness, physical function and health-related quality of life are slow to recover, both in the short and long term. Muscle wasting and weakness during the intensive care unit (ICU) admission is a recognised contributory factor. Enhanced rehabilitation programmes are advocated to improve outcomes, and electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been recommended during the early critical illness trajectory. This technique is fairly new to the ICU, and limited efficacy data exists for its use in this setting. This integrative review will examine published and on-going ICU studies with the purpose of reporting on the characteristics of EMS study participants; content of EMS treatment protocols; safety of EMS in the ICU setting; effects on EMS on muscle wasting; effects of EMS on muscle strength; and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Edwards
- Research Physiotherapist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust
| | - David McWilliams
- Department of Physiotherapy, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust
| | - Sanjoy Shah
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Trust
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Grosset JF, Canon F, Pérot C, Lambertz D. Changes in contractile and elastic properties of the triceps surae muscle induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1403-11. [PMID: 24647638 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) training is known to induce improvement in force production capacities and fibre-type transition. The aim of this study was to determine whether NMES training also leads to changes in the mechanical properties of the human triceps surae (TS) muscle. METHODS Fifteen young male subjects performed a training protocol (4 weeks, 18 sessions, 4-5 sessions per week) based on a high-frequency isometric NMES programme of TS muscle. Quick-release test was used to evaluate Musculo-Tendinous (MT) stiffness index (SIMT) as the slope of the linear MT stiffness-torque relationships under submaximal contraction. Sinusoidal perturbations allowed the assessment of musculo-articular stiffness index (SIMA) as well as the calculation of the maximal angular velocity ([Formula: see text]) of TS muscle using an adaptation of Hill's equation. RESULTS After NMES training, Maximal Voluntary Contraction under isometric conditions and [Formula: see text] increased significantly by 17.5 and 20.6 %, respectively, while SIMT and SIMA decreased significantly (-12.7 and -9.3 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These changes in contractile and elastic properties may lead to functional changes of particular interest in sport-related activities as well as in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Grosset
- CNRS UMR 7338, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, 60205, Compiègne cedex, France,
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Electrical stimulation site influences the spatial distribution of motor units recruited in tibialis anterior. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:2257-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Blood lactate concentration after exposure to conducted energy weapons (including TASER® devices): is it clinically relevant? Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013; 9:386-94. [PMID: 23605975 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-013-9436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies, blood lactate concentration (BLac) consistently increased in anesthetized animals and in human subjects after exposures to TASER(®) conducted energy weapons (CEWs). Some have suggested the increased BLac would have detrimental consequences. In the current review, the following are evaluated: (a) the nature of muscle contractions due to CEWs, (b) general aspects of increased BLac, (c) previous studies of conventional neuromuscular electrical stimulation and CEW exposures, and (d) BLac in disease states. On the basis of these analyses, one can conclude that BLac, per se (independent of acidemia), would not be clinically relevant immediately after short-duration CEW applications, due to the short time course of any increase.
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