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Daida T, Shin BC, Cepeda C, Devaskar SU. Neurodevelopment Is Dependent on Maternal Diet: Placenta and Brain Glucose Transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3. Nutrients 2024; 16:2363. [PMID: 39064806 PMCID: PMC11279700 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the primary energy source for most mammalian cells and its transport is affected by a family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) encoded by the SLC2 gene. GLUT1 and GLUT3, highly expressed isoforms in the blood-brain barrier and neuronal membranes, respectively, are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, dyslexia, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Dietary therapies, such as the ketogenic diet, are widely accepted treatments for patients with the GLUT1 deficiency syndrome, while ameliorating certain symptoms associated with GLUT3 deficiency in animal models. A ketogenic diet, high-fat diet, and calorie/energy restriction during prenatal and postnatal stages can also alter the placental and brain GLUTs expression with long-term consequences on neurobehavior. This review focuses primarily on the role of diet/energy perturbations upon GLUT isoform-mediated emergence of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Daida
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.D.); (B.-C.S.)
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.D.); (B.-C.S.)
| | - Carlos Cepeda
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sherin U. Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology and Neonatal Research Center, at the UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (T.D.); (B.-C.S.)
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2
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Davenport BN, Wilson RL, Williams AA, Jones HN. Placental Nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 Gene Therapy Corrects Fetal Growth Restriction in a Guinea Pig Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.05.587765. [PMID: 38645174 PMCID: PMC11030242 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.05.587765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) caused by placental insufficiency is a major contributor to neonatal morbidity and mortality. There is currently no in utero treatment for placental insufficiency or FGR. The placenta serves as the vital communication, supply, exchange, and defense organ for the developing fetus and offers an excellent opportunity for therapeutic interventions. Here we show efficacy of repeated treatments of trophoblast-specific human insulin-like 1 growth factor ( IGF1 ) gene therapy delivered in a non-viral, polymer nanoparticle to the placenta for the treatment of FGR. Using the guinea pig maternal nutrient restriction model of FGR, nanoparticle-mediated IGF1 treatment was delivered to the placenta via ultrasound guidance across the second half of pregnancy, after establishment of FGR. This treatment resulted in correction of fetal weight in MNR animals compared to control, improved fetal physiology and no negative maternal side-effects. Overall, we show for the first time a therapy capable of improving the entire pregnancy environment: maternal, placental, and fetal. This combined with our previous studies using this therapy at both mid pregnancy and in numerous cell and animal models demonstrate the plausibility of this therapy for future human translation to improve health outcomes of neonates and decrease numerous morbidities associated with the developmental origins of disease.
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Kakadia JH, Khalid MU, Heinemann IU, Han VK. AMPK-mTORC1 pathway mediates hepatic IGFBP-1 phosphorylation in glucose deprivation: a potential molecular mechanism of hypoglycemia-induced impaired fetal growth. J Mol Endocrinol 2024; 72:e230137. [PMID: 38194365 PMCID: PMC10895286 DOI: 10.1530/jme-23-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying limitations in glucose supply that restrict fetal growth are not well established. IGF-1 is an important regulator of fetal growth and IGF-1 bioavailability is markedly inhibited by IGFBP-1 especially when the binding protein is hyperphosphorylated. We hypothesized that the AMPK-mTORC1 pathway increases IGFBP-1 phosphorylation in response to glucose deprivation. Glucose deprivation in HepG2 cells activated AMPK and TSC2, inhibited mTORC1 and increased IGFBP-1 secretion and site-specific phosphorylation. Glucose deprivation also decreased IGF-1 bioavailability and IGF-dependent activation of IGF-1R. AICAR (an AMPK activator) activated TSC2, inhibited mTORC1, and increased IGFBP-1 secretion/phosphorylation. Further, siRNA silencing of either AMPK or TSC2 prevented mTORC1 inhibition and IGFBP-1 secretion and phosphorylation in glucose deprivation. Our data suggest that the increase in IGFBP-1 phosphorylation in response to glucose deprivation is mediated by the activation of AMPK/TSC2 and inhibition of mTORC1, providing a possible mechanistic link between glucose deprivation and restricted fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenica H Kakadia
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muhammad U Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ilka U Heinemann
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor K Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Corsello A, Trovato CM, Dipasquale V, Bolasco G, Labriola F, Gottrand F, Verduci E, Diamanti A, Romano C. Refeeding Syndrome in Pediatric Age, An Unknown Disease: A Narrative Review. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 77:e75-e83. [PMID: 37705405 PMCID: PMC10642700 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Refeeding syndrome (RS) is characterized by electrolyte imbalances that can occur in malnourished and abruptly refed patients. Typical features of RS are hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and thiamine deficiency. It is a potentially life-threatening condition that can affect both adults and children, although there is scarce evidence in the pediatric literature. The sudden increase in food intake causes a shift in the body's metabolism and electrolyte balance, leading to symptoms such as weakness, seizures, and even heart failure. A proper management with progressive increase in nutrients is essential to prevent the onset of this condition and ensure the best possible outcomes. Moreover, an estimated incidence of up to 7.4% has been observed in pediatric intensive care unit patients receiving nutritional support, alone or as an adjunct. To prevent RS, it is important to carefully monitor feeding resumption, particularly in severely malnourished individuals. A proper strategy should start with small amounts of low-calorie fluids and gradually increasing the calorie content and amount of food over several days. Close monitoring of electrolyte levels is critical and prophylactic use of dietary supplements such as thiamine may be required to correct any imbalances that may occur. In this narrative review, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of RS in pediatric clinical practice and provide a possible management algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Corsello
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Trovato
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Dipasquale
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “G. Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Labriola
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- the Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, CHU Lille, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Elvira Verduci
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Diamanti
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Romano
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood “G. Barresi,” University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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5
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Christians JK, Ahmadzadeh-Seddeighi S, Bilal A, Bogdanovic A, Ho R, Leung EV, MacGregor MA, Nadasdy NM, Principe GM. Sex differences in the effects of prematurity and/or low birthweight on neurodevelopmental outcomes: systematic review and meta-analyses. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:47. [PMID: 37434174 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Premature birth and/or low birthweight have long-lasting effects on cognition. The purpose of the present systematic review is to examine whether the effects of prematurity and/or low birth weight on neurodevelopmental outcomes differ between males and females. METHODS Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid MEDLINE were searched for studies of humans born premature and/or of low birthweight, where neurodevelopmental phenotypes were measured at 1 year of age or older. Studies must have reported outcomes in such a way that it was possible to assess whether effects were greater in one sex than the other. Risk of bias was assessed using both the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and the National Institutes of Health Quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies. RESULTS Seventy-five studies were included for descriptive synthesis, although only 24 presented data in a way that could be extracted for meta-analyses. Meta-analyses found that severe and moderate prematurity/low birthweight impaired cognitive function, and severe prematurity/low birthweight also increased internalizing problem scores. Moderate, but not severe, prematurity/low birthweight significantly increased externalizing problem scores. In no case did effects of prematurity/low birthweight differ between males and females. Heterogeneity among studies was generally high and significant, although age at assessment was not a significant moderator of effect. Descriptive synthesis did not identify an obvious excess or deficiency of male-biased or female-biased effects for any trait category. Individual study quality was generally good, and we found no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that the sexes differ in their susceptibility to the effects of severe or moderate prematurity/low birthweight on cognitive function, internalizing traits or externalizing traits. Result heterogeneity tended to be high, but this reflects that one sex is not consistently more affected than the other. Frequently stated generalizations that one sex is more susceptible to prenatal adversity should be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
- British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Women's Health Research Institute, BC Women's Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | - Alishba Bilal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Anastasia Bogdanovic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Estee V Leung
- Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Megan A MacGregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Nolan M Nadasdy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Jing Y, Gan M, Xie Z, Ma J, Chen L, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhu L, Shen L. Characteristics of microRNAs in Skeletal Muscle of Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1372. [PMID: 37510277 PMCID: PMC10379088 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are a class of small RNAs that have been extensively studied, which are involved in many biological processes and disease occurrence. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction is higher in mammals, especially multiparous mammals. In this study, we found that the weight of the longissimus dorsi of intrauterine growth-restricted pigs was significantly lower than that of normal pigs. Then, intrauterine growth-restricted pig longissimus dorsi were used to characterize miRNA expression profiles by RNA sequencing. A total of 333 miRNAs were identified, of which 26 were differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNAs regulate the expression of their target genes (such as PIK3R1, CCND2, AKT3, and MAP3K7), and these target genes play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle through signaling pathways such as the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and FoxO signaling pathways. Furthermore, miRNA-451 was significantly upregulated in IUGR pig skeletal muscle. Overexpression of miR-451 in C2C12 cells significantly promoted the expression of Mb, Myod, Myog, Myh1, and Myh7, suggesting that miR-451 may be involved in the regulation of the myoblastic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Our results reveal the role of miRNA-451 in regulating myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle in pigs with intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Muroya S, Otomaru K, Oshima K, Oshima I, Ojima K, Gotoh T. DNA Methylation of Genes Participating in Hepatic Metabolisms and Function in Fetal Calf Liver Is Altered by Maternal Undernutrition during Gestation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10682. [PMID: 37445858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the effects of maternal undernutrition (MUN) on epigenetic modification of hepatic genes in Japanese Black fetal calves during gestation. Using a previously established experimental design feeding the dams with 60% (LN) or 120% (HN) of their global nutritional requirements during the 8.5-month gestational period, DNA methylation in the fetal liver was analyzed with reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). The promoters and gene bodies in the LN fetuses were hypomethylated compared to HN fetuses. Pathway analysis showed that the genes with DMR in the exon/intron in the LN group were associated with pathways involved in Cushing syndrome, gastric acid secretion, and aldosterone synthesis and secretion. Promoter hypomethylation in the LN group was frequently observed in genes participating in various signaling pathways (thyroid hormone, Ras/Rap1, PIK3-Akt, cAMP), fatty acid metabolism, and cholesterol metabolism. The promoter hypomethylated genes ALPL and GNAS were upregulated in the LN group, whereas the promoter hypermethylated genes GRB10 and POR were downregulated. The intron/exon hypomethylated genes IGF2, IGF2R, ACAD8, TAT, RARB, PINK1, and SOAT2 were downregulated, whereas the hypermethylated genes IGF2BP2, NOS3, and NR2F1 were upregulated. Collectively, MUN alters the promoter and gene body methylation of genes associated with hepatic metabolisms (energy, cholesterol, mitochondria) and function, suggesting an impact of altered gene methylation on the dysregulation of gene expression in the fetal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Muroya
- Division of Animal Products Research, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS), Tsukuba 305-0901, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Konosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunaga Oshima
- Division of Year-Round Grazing Research, NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, 60 Yoshinaga, Ohda 694-0013, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ichiro Oshima
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Koichi Ojima
- Division of Animal Products Research, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS), Tsukuba 305-0901, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, N11W10, Kita, Sapporo 060-0811, Hokkaido, Japan
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8
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Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Purnama U, Molnár Z, James WS. Zika virus-induces metabolic alterations in fetal neuronal progenitors that could influence in neurodevelopment during early pregnancy. Biol Open 2023; 12:307150. [PMID: 37093064 PMCID: PMC10151830 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical development consists of an orchestrated process in which progenitor cells exhibit distinct fate restrictions regulated by time-dependent activation of energetic pathways. Thus, the hijacking of cellular metabolism by Zika virus (ZIKV) to support its replication may contribute to damage in the developing fetal brain. Here, we showed that ZIKV replicates differently in two glycolytically distinct pools of cortical progenitors derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), which resemble the metabolic patterns of quiescence (early hi-NPCs) and immature brain cells (late hi-NPCs) in the forebrain. This differential replication alters the transcription of metabolic genes in both pools of cortical progenitors but solely upregulates the glycolytic capacity of early hi-NPCs. Analysis using Imagestream® revealed that, during early stages of ZIKV replication, in early hi-NPCs there is an increase in lipid droplet abundance and size. This stage of ZIKV replication significantly reduced the mitochondrial distribution in both early and late hi-NPCs. During later stages of ZIKV replication, late hi-NPCs show reduced mitochondrial size and abundance. The finding that there are alterations of cellular metabolism during ZIKV infection which are specific to pools of cortical progenitors at different stages of maturation may help to explain the differences in brain damage over each trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gilbert-Jaramillo
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
- ESPOL Polytechnic University, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Ujang Purnama
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - William S James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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9
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Huang X, Jia L, Jia Y, Xu X, Wang R, Wei M, Li H, Peng H, Wei Y, He Q, Wang K. sFlt-1-enriched exosomes induced endothelial cell dysfunction and a preeclampsia-like phenotype in mice. Cytokine 2023; 166:156190. [PMID: 37062152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy characterized by maternal endothelial dysfunction and end-organ damage. Our previous work demonstrated that PE patient-derived exosomes contained higher levels of soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and significantly induced endothelial dysfunction and PE development. However, the mechanisms underlying the effect of sFlt-1-enriched exosomes (sFlt-1-Exo) on PE development are poorly characterized. Here, we revealed that trophoblast-derived sFlt-1-Exo treatment induced significant inhibition of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation, as well as an increase in sFlt-1 secretion. Mechanistically, we found that the increased sFlt-1 secretion in the cell culture medium was attributed to enhanced transcription of sFlt-1 in HUVECs. Importantly, we observed that treating pregnant mice with sFlt-1-Exo or recombinant mouse sFlt-1 triggered a preeclampsia-like phenotype, characterized by elevated blood pressure, proteinuria, increased plasma sFlt-1 and adverse pregnancy outcomes. These results strongly suggested that sFlt-1-Exo-induced endothelial dysfunction could be partially attributed to the upregulation of sFlt-1 in endothelial cells, potentially leading to the development of a preeclampsia-like phenotype in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Huang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhui Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghong Xu
- Department of Biobank, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengtian Wei
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wei
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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10
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Cherkos AS, LaCourse SM, Enquobahrie DA, Richardson BA, Bradford S, Montepiedra G, Mmbaga BT, Mbengeranwa T, Masheto G, Jean–Phillippe P, Chakhtoura N, Theron G, Weinberg A, Cassim H, Raesi MS, Jean E, Wabwire D, Nematadzira T, Stranix-Chibanda L, Hesseling AC, Aurpibul L, Gupta A, John-Stewart G. Effect of pregnancy versus postpartum maternal isoniazid preventive therapy on infant growth in HIV-exposed uninfected infants: a post-hoc analysis of the TB APPRISE trial. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 58:101912. [PMID: 36969345 PMCID: PMC10031034 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) initiation during pregnancy was associated with increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the TB APPRISE trial. Effects of in utero IPT exposure on infant growth are unknown. Methods This post-hoc analysis used data from the TB APPRISE trial, a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which randomised women to 28-week IPT starting in pregnancy (pregnancy-IPT) or postpartum week 12 (postpartum-IPT) in eight countries with high tuberculosis prevalence. Participants were enrolled between August 2014 and April 2016. Based on modified intent-to-treat analyses, we analysed only live-born babies who had at least one follow-up after birth and compared time to infant growth faltering between arms to 12 weeks and 48 weeks postpartum in overall and sex-stratified multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Factors adjusted in the final models include sex of infant, mother's baseline BMI, age in years, ART regimen, viral load, CD4 count, education, and household food insecurity. Results Among 898 HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants, 447 (49.8%) were females. Infants in pregnancy-IPT had a 1.47-fold higher risk of becoming underweight by 12 weeks (aHR 1.47 [95% CI: 1.06, 2.03]) than infants in the postpartum-IPT; increased risk persisted to 48 weeks postpartum (aHR 1.34 [95% CI: 1.01, 1.78]). Maternal IPT timing was not associated with stunting or wasting. In sex-stratified analyses, male infants in the pregnancy-IPT arm experienced an increased risk of low birth weight (LBW) (aRR 2.04 [95% CI: 1.16, 3.68), preterm birth (aRR 1.81 [95% CI: 1.04, 3.21]) and becoming underweight by 12 weeks (aHR 2.02 [95% CI: 1.29, 3.18]) and 48 weeks (aHR 1.82 [95% CI: 1.23, 2.69]). Maternal IPT timing did not influence growth in female infants. Interpretation Maternal IPT during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of LBW, preterm birth, and becoming underweight among HEU infants, particularly male infants. These data add to prior TB APPRISE data, suggesting that IPT during pregnancy impacts infant growth, which could inform management, and warrants further examination of mechanisms. Funding The TB APPRISE study Supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (award numbers, UM1AI068632 [IMPAACT LOC], UM1AI068616 [IMPAACT SDMC], and UM1AI106716 [IMPAACT LC]) through the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, with cofunding from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (contract number, HHSN275201800001I) and the National Institute of Mental Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi S. Cherkos
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Sylvia M. LaCourse
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Enquobahrie
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Grace Montepiedra
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute -Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre and Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Tapiwa Mbengeranwa
- University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences-Clinical Trials Research Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Nahida Chakhtoura
- NIH, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gerhard Theron
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine and Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Haseena Cassim
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Mpho S. Raesi
- Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Elsie Jean
- Department of Pediatrics, GHESKIO Centers, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Deo Wabwire
- Makerere University – Johns Hopkins University Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Lynda Stranix-Chibanda
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Anneke C. Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Linda Aurpibul
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Amita Gupta
- Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Grace John-Stewart
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Maggiotto LV, Ghosh S, Shin BC, Ganguly A, Lagishetty V, Jacobs JP, Devaskar SU. Variation in the Early Life and Adult Intestinal Microbiome of Intra-Uterine Growth Restricted Rat Offspring Exposed to a High Fat and Fructose Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:217. [PMID: 36615874 PMCID: PMC9824396 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-Uterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is a risk factor for many adult-onset chronic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity. These diseases are associated with intestinal microbiome perturbations (dysbiosis). The establishment of an intestinal microbiome begins in utero and continues postnatally (PN). Hypercaloric diet-induced dysbiosis is a major driver of childhood obesity. We hypothesized that different postnatal diets superimposed on IUGR will alter the postnatal intestinal microbiome. We compared four experimental rat groups: (1) Ad lib fed regular chow diet pre- and postnatally (CON), (2-3) IUGR induced by maternal caloric restriction prenatally followed postnatally (PN) by either (2) the control diet (IUGR-RC) or (3) High-Fat-high-fructose (IUGR-HFhf) diet, and lastly (4) HFhf ad lib pre- and postnatally (HFhf). Fecal samples were collected from dams and male and female rat offspring at postnatal day 2, 21, and adult day 180 for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Maternal diet induced IUGR led to dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiome at PN21. Postnatal HFhf diet significantly reduced microbial diversity and worsened dysbiosis reflected by an increased Gammaproteobacteria/Clostridia ratio. Dysbiosis arising from a mismatch between IUGR and a postnatal HFhf diet may contribute to increased risk of the IUGR offspring for subsequent detrimental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth V. Maggiotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology and UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shubhamoy Ghosh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology and UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo-Chul Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology and UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amit Ganguly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology and UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Sherin U. Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology and UCLA Children’s Discovery and Innovation Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Ssc-miR-92b-3p Regulates Porcine Trophoblast Cell Proliferation and Migration via the PFKM Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416138. [PMID: 36555776 PMCID: PMC9784024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryo implantation, the pivotal stage of gestation, is fundamentally dependent on synchronous embryonic development and uterine receptivity. In the early gestation period, the uterus and conceptus secrete growth factors, cytokines, and hormones to promote implantation. Circulating exosomal miRNAs are potential indicators of normal or complicated gestation. Our previous study revealed that pregnant sows' serum exosomes had upregulated miR-92b-3p expression compared to non-pregnant sows, and that the expression level progressively increased during early gestation. The present study's findings indicate that, compared to the ninth day of the estrous cycle (C9), pregnant sows had upregulated miR-92b-3p expression in the endometrium and embryos during the implantation stage ranging from day 9 to day 15 of gestation. Additionally, our results demonstrate that miR-92b-3p promotes the proliferation and migration of Porcine Trophoblast Cells (PTr2). Dual-Luciferase Reporter (DLR) gene assay, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting (WB) confirmed the bioinformatics prediction that phosphofructokinase-M (PFKM) serves as a target gene of miR-92b-3p. Notably, interference of PFKM gene expression markedly promoted PTr2 proliferation and migration. Furthermore, mice with downregulated uterine miR-92b-3p expression had smaller rates of successful embryo implantation. In summary, miR-92b-3p putatively modulates embryo implantation by promoting PTr2 proliferation and migration via its target gene PFKM.
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13
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Gan M, Ma J, Chen L, Zhang S, Niu L, Zhao Y, Li X, Pan H, Zhu L, Shen L. Identification of tRNA-derived small RNAs and their potential roles in porcine skeletal muscle with intrauterine growth restriction. Front Physiol 2022; 13:962278. [PMID: 36388094 PMCID: PMC9662792 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.962278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in humans often manifests as poor growth and delayed intellectual development, whereas in domestic animals it results in increased mortality. As a novel epigenetic regulatory molecule, tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) have been reported to be involved in many biological processes. In this study, pigs (35d) were used as a model to characterize tsRNAs by sequencing in normal and IUGR porcine skeletal muscle. A total of 586 tsRNAs were identified, of which 103 were specifically expressed in normal-size pigs and 38 were specifically expressed in IUGR pigs. The tsRNAs formed by splicing before the 5' end anti codon of mature tRNA (tRF-5c) accounted for over 90% of tsRNAs, which were significantly enriched in IUGR pigs than in normal-size pigs. Enriched pathways of differentially expressed tsRNAs target genes mainly included metabolic pathways, Rap1 signaling pathway, endocytosis, mTOR signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Regulatory network analysis of target genes revealed that IGF1 was one of the most important molecules of regulatory nodes in IUGR and normal porcine skeletal muscle. In addition, IGF1 was found to be one of the target genes of tRF-Glu-TTC-047, which is a highly expressed tsRNA in IUGR pigs. The findings described herein uncover the role of tsRNAs in IUGR porcine skeletal muscle development, thus providing insights into the prevention and treatment of IUGR in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mailin Gan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongmei Pan
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Science of Agriculture Ministry, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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14
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Xu C, Ma H, Gao F, Zhang C, Hu W, Jia Y, Xu J, Hu J. Screening of Organophosphate Flame Retardants with Placentation-Disrupting Effects in Human Trophoblast Organoid Model and Characterization of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:57002. [PMID: 35503735 PMCID: PMC9064024 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal placental development may result in adverse pregnancy outcomes and metabolic diseases in adulthood; however, it remains unknown whether and how xenobiotics affect human placentation. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to screen and identify placentation-disrupting chemicals in commonly used organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and, if identified, to investigate potential adverse effects on placentation in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes and metabolic disorder in offspring in mice. METHODS We devised a high-throughput immunofluorescence screening assay based on human trophoblast organoids and used it to screen OPFRs that inhibit the proliferation of organoids. One identified chemical was assessed for its effects on placentation by evaluating villous cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, and extravillous trophoblasts using immunofluorescence and a mitochondrial stress test after 2 d of exposure. A 10-d exposure study was further performed to observe the dynamic effect of the OPFR on the structure of the organoids. RNA-sequencing and western blotting experiments were performed to explore the associated pathways, and a potential binding protein was identified by immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase activity assays. Animal studies were performed to determine whether the findings in organoids could be replicated in mice and to observe adverse pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS The proliferation of organoids exposed to three aryl-OPFRs was significantly lower than the proliferation of control organoids. Further analysis demonstrated that one such chemical, 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), disrupted placentation in organoids. Mechanistically, EHDPP interfered with insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) to inhibit aerobic respiration. Mice exposed to EHDPP at a physiological human concentrations exhibited immature and mature placental disorders, which correlated with fetal growth restriction, implantation failure, stillbirth, and impaired glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The human trophoblast organoid model showed that the commonly used OPFRs disrupted placentation via IGF1R, indicating that its use may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes and metabolic disorders in offspring. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenke Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haojia Ma
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Fumei Gao
- Reproductive Medical Center, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxin Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Stem Cell Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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15
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Dulay S, Rivas L, Pla L, Berdún S, Eixarch E, Gratacós E, Illa M, Mir M, Samitier J. Fetal ischemia monitoring with in vivo implanted electrochemical multiparametric microsensors. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:28. [PMID: 34930385 PMCID: PMC8691007 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), abnormal attainment of the nutrients and oxygen by the fetus restricts the normal evolution of the prenatal causing in many cases high morbidity being one of the top-ten causes of neonatal death. The current gold standards in hospitals to detect this relevant problem is the clinical observation by echography, cardiotocography and Doppler. These qualitative techniques are not conclusive and requires risky invasive fetal scalp blood testing and/or amniocentesis. We developed micro-implantable multiparametric electrochemical sensors for measuring ischemia in real time in fetal tissue and vascular. This implantable technology is designed to continuous monitoring for an early detection of ischemia to avoid potential fetal injury. Two miniaturized electrochemical sensors were developed based on oxygen and pH detection. The sensors were optimized in vitro under controlled concentration, to assess the selectivity and sensitivity required. The sensors were then validated in vivo in the ewe fetus model, by means of their insertion in the muscle leg and inside the iliac artery of the fetus. Ischemia was achieved by gradually obstructing the umbilical cord to regulate the amount of blood reaching the fetus. An important challenge in fetal monitoring is the detection of low levels of oxygen and pH changes under ischemic conditions, requiring high sensitivity sensors. Significant differences were observed in both; pH and pO2 sensors under changes from normoxia to hypoxia states in the fetus tissue and vascular with both sensors. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of the developed sensors for future fetal monitoring in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dulay
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rivas
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pla
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Berdún
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Illa
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Mir
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Karimi-Zarchi M, Zanbagh L, Javaheri A, Tabatabaei RS, Abbasi H, Meibodi B, Hadadan A, Bahrami R, Mirjalili SR, Neamatzadeh H. Association of Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Apa1 and MspI Polymorphisms with Intrauterine Growth Restriction Risk. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:605-611. [PMID: 32249650 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1745970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundInsulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) has a prominent role in fetal growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of IGF-II Apa1 and MspI polymorphisms with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) risk. Methods: A total of 45 infants with IUGR and 45 infants appropriate for gestational (AGA) were enrolled. Genotyping of Apa1 and MspI polymorphisms was assayed by PCR-RFLP approach. Results: The heterozygote genotype (AG) of IGF-II Apa1 CT was associated with an increased risk of IUGR. Genotypes and alleles of IGF-II MspI polymorphism had no significant association with IUGR susceptibility (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The current study suggests that IGF-II Apa1 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of IUGR, while IGF-II MspI showed no association with IUGR. Thus, IGF-II Apa1 polymorphism could be used as a relevant molecular marker to identify the fetus at risk of developing IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Karimi-Zarchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Zanbagh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Javaheri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Razieh Sadat Tabatabaei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hajar Abbasi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahare Meibodi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amaneh Hadadan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Bahrami
- Neonatal Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Mirjalili
- Department of Pediatrics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Mother and Newborn Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetic, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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17
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Zarate MA, De Dios RK, Balasubramaniyan D, Zheng L, Sherlock LG, Rozance PJ, Wright CJ. The Acute Hepatic NF-κB-Mediated Proinflammatory Response to Endotoxemia Is Attenuated in Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Newborn Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:706774. [PMID: 34539638 PMCID: PMC8440955 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.706774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a relevant predictor for higher rates of neonatal sepsis worldwide and is associated with an impaired neonatal immunity and lower immune cell counts. During the perinatal period, the liver is a key immunological organ responsible for the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated innate immune response to inflammatory stimuli, but whether this role is affected by IUGR is unknown. Herein, we hypothesized that the newborn liver adapts to calorie-restriction IUGR by inducing changes in the NF-κB signaling transcriptome, leading to an attenuated acute proinflammatory response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We first assessed the hepatic gene expression of key NF-κB factors in the IUGR and normally grown (NG) newborn mice. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis revealed an upregulation of both IκB proteins genes (Nfkbia and Nfkbib) and the NF-κB subunit Nfkb1 in IUGR vs. NG. We next measured the LPS-induced hepatic expression of acute proinflammatory genes (Ccl3, Cxcl1, Il1b, Il6, and Tnf) and observed that the IUGR liver produced an attenuated acute proinflammatory cytokine gene response (Il1b and Tnf) to LPS in IUGR vs. unexposed (CTR). Consistent with these results, LPS-exposed hepatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) protein concentrations were lower in IUGR vs. LPS-exposed NG and did not differ from IUGR CTR. Sex differences at the transcriptome level were observed in the IUGR male vs. female. Our results demonstrate that IUGR induces key modifications in the NF-κB transcriptomic machinery in the newborn that compromised the acute proinflammatory cytokine gene and protein response to LPS. Our results bring novel insights in understanding how the IUGR newborn is immunocompromised due to fundamental changes in NF-κB key factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zarate
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Robyn K De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Durganili Balasubramaniyan
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laura G Sherlock
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Golovchenko OV, Abramova MY, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Locus rs833061 of the VEGF Gene in Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia Is Associated with Newborn Weight. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795421090039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Muroya S, Zhang Y, Kinoshita A, Otomaru K, Oshima K, Gotoh Y, Oshima I, Sano M, Roh S, Oe M, Ojima K, Gotoh T. Maternal Undernutrition during Pregnancy Alters Amino Acid Metabolism and Gene Expression Associated with Energy Metabolism and Angiogenesis in Fetal Calf Muscle. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090582. [PMID: 34564398 PMCID: PMC8465837 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying maternal undernutrition (MUN)-induced fetal skeletal muscle growth impairment in cattle, the longissimus thoracis muscle of Japanese Black fetal calves at 8.5 months in utero was analyzed by an integrative approach with metabolomics and transcriptomics. The pregnant cows were fed on 60% (low-nutrition, LN) or 120% (high-nutrition, HN) of their overall nutritional requirement during gestation. MUN markedly decreased the bodyweight and muscle weight of the fetus. The levels of amino acids (AAs) and arginine-related metabolites including glutamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and putrescine were higher in the LN group than those in the HN group. Metabolite set enrichment analysis revealed that the highly different metabolites were associated with the metabolic pathways of pyrimidine, glutathione, and AAs such as arginine and glutamate, suggesting that MUN resulted in AA accumulation rather than protein accumulation. The mRNA expression levels of energy metabolism-associated genes, such as PRKAA1, ANGPTL4, APLNR, CPT1B, NOS2, NOS3, UCP2, and glycolytic genes were lower in the LN group than in the HN group. The gene ontology/pathway analysis revealed that the downregulated genes in the LN group were associated with glucose metabolism, angiogenesis, HIF-1 signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, pentose phosphate, and insulin signaling pathways. Thus, MUN altered the levels of AAs and expression of genes associated with energy expenditure, glucose homeostasis, and angiogenesis in the fetal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Muroya
- Division of Animal Products Research, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS), Tsukuba 305-0901, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.O.); (K.O.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (T.G.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; (Y.Z.); (A.K.); (I.O.)
| | - Aoi Kinoshita
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; (Y.Z.); (A.K.); (I.O.)
| | - Kounosuke Otomaru
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan;
| | - Kazunaga Oshima
- Division of Year-Round Grazing Research, NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, 60 Yoshinaga, Ohda 694-0013, Shimane, Japan; (K.O.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuji Gotoh
- Division of Year-Round Grazing Research, NARO Western Region Agricultural Research Center, 60 Yoshinaga, Ohda 694-0013, Shimane, Japan; (K.O.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ichiro Oshima
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; (Y.Z.); (A.K.); (I.O.)
| | - Mitsue Sano
- Faculty of Human Culture, University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone 522-8533, Shiga, Japan;
| | - Sanggun Roh
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan;
| | - Mika Oe
- Division of Animal Products Research, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS), Tsukuba 305-0901, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.O.); (K.O.)
| | - Koichi Ojima
- Division of Animal Products Research, NARO Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS), Tsukuba 305-0901, Ibaraki, Japan; (M.O.); (K.O.)
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Department of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Kagoshima University, Korimoto 1-21-24, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan; (Y.Z.); (A.K.); (I.O.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (T.G.)
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20
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Merech F, Hauk V, Paparini D, Fernandez L, Naguila Z, Ramhorst R, Waschek J, Pérez Leirós C, Vota D. Growth impairment, increased placental glucose uptake and altered transplacental transport in VIP deficient pregnancies: Maternal vs. placental contributions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166207. [PMID: 34186168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake by the placenta and its transfer to the fetus is a finely regulated process required for placental and fetal development. Deficient placentation is associated with pregnancy complications such as fetal growth restriction (FGR). The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has embryotrophic effects in mice and regulates human cytotrophoblast metabolism and function. Here we compared glucose uptake and transplacental transport in vivo by VIP-deficient placentas from normal or VIP-deficient maternal background. The role of endogenous VIP in placental glucose and amino acid uptake was also investigated. Wild type C57BL/6 (WT) or VIP+/- (VIP HT) females were mated with WT, VIP knock-out (VIP KO) or VIP HT males. Glucose uptake and transplacental transport were evaluated by the injection of the fluorescent d-glucose analogue 2-NBDG in pregnant mice at gestational day (gd) 17.5. Glucose and amino acid uptake in vitro by placental explants were measured with 2-NBDG or 14C-MeAIB respectively. In normal VIP maternal background, fetal weight was reduced in association with placental VIP deficiency, whereas placental weight was unaltered. Paradoxically, VIP+/- placentas presented higher glucose uptake and higher gene expression of GLUT1 and mTOR than VIP+/+ placentas. However, in a maternal VIP-deficient environment placental uptake and transplacental transport of glucose increased while fetal weights were unaffected, regardless of feto-placental genotype. Results point to VIP-deficient pregnancy in a normal background as a suitable FGR model with increased placental glucose uptake and transplacental transport. The apparently compensatory actions are unable to sustain normal fetal growth and could result in complications later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Merech
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Vanesa Hauk
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernandez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zaira Naguila
- Bioterio Central, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - James Waschek
- The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Daiana Vota
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Laboratorio de Inmunofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEN-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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21
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Kuiper-Makris C, Selle J, Nüsken E, Dötsch J, Alejandre Alcazar MA. Perinatal Nutritional and Metabolic Pathways: Early Origins of Chronic Lung Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:667315. [PMID: 34211985 PMCID: PMC8239134 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.667315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung development is not completed at birth, but expands beyond infancy, rendering the lung highly susceptible to injury. Exposure to various influences during a critical window of organ growth can interfere with the finely-tuned process of development and induce pathological processes with aberrant alveolarization and long-term structural and functional sequelae. This concept of developmental origins of chronic disease has been coined as perinatal programming. Some adverse perinatal factors, including prematurity along with respiratory support, are well-recognized to induce bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a neonatal chronic lung disease that is characterized by arrest of alveolar and microvascular formation as well as lung matrix remodeling. While the pathogenesis of various experimental models focus on oxygen toxicity, mechanical ventilation and inflammation, the role of nutrition before and after birth remain poorly investigated. There is accumulating clinical and experimental evidence that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as a consequence of limited nutritive supply due to placental insufficiency or maternal malnutrition is a major risk factor for BPD and impaired lung function later in life. In contrast, a surplus of nutrition with perinatal maternal obesity, accelerated postnatal weight gain and early childhood obesity is associated with wheezing and adverse clinical course of chronic lung diseases, such as asthma. While the link between perinatal nutrition and lung health has been described, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. There are initial data showing that inflammatory and nutrient sensing processes are involved in programming of alveolarization, pulmonary angiogenesis, and composition of extracellular matrix. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding the impact of perinatal metabolism and nutrition on the lung and beyond the cardiopulmonary system as well as possible mechanisms determining the individual susceptibility to CLD early in life. We aim to emphasize the importance of unraveling the mechanisms of perinatal metabolic programming to develop novel preventive and therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celien Kuiper-Makris
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jaco Selle
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Nüsken
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miguel A. Alejandre Alcazar
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Translational Experimental Pediatrics—Experimental Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Member of the German Centre for Lung Research (DZL), Institute for Lung Health, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Centre (UGMLC), Gießen, Germany
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22
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Golson ML. Islet Epigenetic Impacts on β-Cell Identity and Function. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1961-1978. [PMID: 34061978 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development and maintenance of differentiation is vital to the function of mature cells. Terminal differentiation is achieved by locking in the expression of genes essential for the function of those cells. Gene expression and its memory through generations of cell division is controlled by transcription factors and a host of epigenetic marks. In type 2 diabetes, β cells have altered gene expression compared to controls, accompanied by altered chromatin marks. Mutations, diet, and environment can all disrupt the implementation and preservation of the distinctive β-cell transcriptional signature. Understanding of the full complement of genomic control in β cells is still nascent. This article describes the known effects of histone marks and variants, DNA methylation, how they are regulated in the β cell, and how they affect cell-fate specification, maintenance, and lineage propagation. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-18, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Golson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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23
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Insights into intrauterine growth restriction based on maternal and umbilical cord blood metabolomics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7824. [PMID: 33837233 PMCID: PMC8035183 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a fetal adverse condition, ascribed by limited oxygen and nutrient supply from the mother to the fetus. Management of IUGR is an ongoing challenge because of its connection with increased fetal mortality, preterm delivery and postnatal pathologies. Untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) metabolomics was applied in 84 umbilical cord blood and maternal blood samples obtained from 48 IUGR and 36 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) deliveries. Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) followed by pathway and enrichment analysis generated classification models and revealed significant metabolites that were associated with altered pathways. A clear association between maternal and cord blood altered metabolomic profile was evidenced in IUGR pregnancies. Increased levels of the amino acids alanine, leucine, valine, isoleucine and phenylalanine were prominent in IUGR pregnancies indicating a connection with impaired amino acid metabolism and transplacental flux. Tryptophan was individually connected with cord blood discrimination while 3-hydroxybutyrate assisted only maternal blood discrimination. Lower glycerol levels in IUGR samples ascribed to imbalance between gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways, suggesting poor glycolysis. The elevated levels of branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) in intrauterine growth restricted pregnancies were linked with increased insulin resistance.
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24
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Hu XQ, Zhang L. Hypoxia and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Pregnancy Complications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030405. [PMID: 33800426 PMCID: PMC7999178 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common and severe stress to an organism's homeostatic mechanisms, and hypoxia during gestation is associated with significantly increased incidence of maternal complications of preeclampsia, adversely impacting on the fetal development and subsequent risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Human and animal studies have revealed a causative role of increased uterine vascular resistance and placental hypoxia in preeclampsia and fetal/intrauterine growth restriction (FGR/IUGR) associated with gestational hypoxia. Gestational hypoxia has a major effect on mitochondria of uteroplacental cells to overproduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress. Excess mitochondrial ROS in turn cause uteroplacental dysfunction by damaging cellular macromolecules, which underlies the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and FGR. In this article, we review the current understanding of hypoxia-induced mitochondrial ROS and their role in placental dysfunction and the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. In addition, therapeutic approaches selectively targeting mitochondrial ROS in the placental cells are discussed.
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25
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Nourabadi D, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Zarch SMM, Ramazi S, Serenjeh MN, Roghani M. Fetal Hypothyroidism Impairs Aortic Vasorelaxation Responses in Adulthood: Involvement of Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitric Oxide Cross talk. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:238-244. [PMID: 33165144 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Thyroid hormones have a wide range of effects on growth, differentiation, evolution, metabolism, and physiological function of all tissues, including the vascular bed. In this study, the effect of fetal hypothyroidism on impairment of aortic vasorelaxation responses in adulthood was investigated with emphasis on possible involvement of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/nitric oxide interaction. Two groups of female rats were selected. After mating and observation of vaginal plaque, one group received propylthiouracil (200 ppm in drinking water) until the end of pregnancy and another group had no propylthiouracil treatment during the fetal period. In adult rats, aortic relaxation responses to l-arginine and GYY4137 were assessed in the presence or absence of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride and dl-propargylglycine in addition to the biochemical measurement of thyroid hormones and some related factors. Obtained findings showed a lower vasorelaxation response for GYY4137 and l-arginine in the fetal hypothyroidism group, and preincubation with Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride or dl-propargylglycine did not significantly aggravate this weakened relaxation response. In addition, aortic levels of sirtuin 3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cystathionine gamma-lyase, and H2S were significantly lower in the fetal hypothyroidism group. Meanwhile, no significant changes were obtained regarding serum levels of thyroid hormones including free triiodothyronine;, total triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, total thyroxine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in adult rats. It can be concluded that hypothyroidism in the fetal period has inappropriate effects on the differentiation and development of vascular bed with subsequent functional abnormality that persists into adulthood, and part of this vascular abnormality is mediated through weakened interaction and/or cross talk between H2S and nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Nourabadi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed M M Zarch
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran ; and
| | - Samira Ramazi
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza N Serenjeh
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Wang YX, Yue LF, Zhang JW, Xiong YW, Hu JJ, Wang LL, Li Z, Liu Y, Yang L, Sun LJ. Expression and DNA Methylation Status of the Imprinted Genes PEG10 and L3MBTL1 in the Umbilical Cord Blood and Placenta of the Offspring of Assisted Reproductive Technology. Reprod Sci 2021; 28:1133-1141. [PMID: 33515207 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the expression and DNA methylation status of the imprinted genes PEG10 and L3MBTL1 in the offspring of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The ART group consists of 30 cases of placenta and umbilical cord blood from ART full-term, uncomplicated singleton pregnancy progeny, and the normal control group consists of 30 cases of placenta and umbilical cord blood from natural full-term, uncomplicated singleton pregnancy progeny. The imprinted genes PEG10 and L3MBTL1 are analyzed, and the expression and methylation status of the two genes are detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting (WB), and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP). Compared with the normal control group, the PEG10 mRNA relative quantity (RQ) value in the placenta is 0.994 ± 0.458, with its RQ value up-regulated (P = 0.015). The PEG10 mRNA RQ value in the umbilical cord blood is 0.875 ± 0.452, with its RQ value up-regulated (P = 0.002). However, the L3MBTL1 mRNA RQ value in the placenta is 0.404 ± 0.234, with its RQ value down-regulated (P = 0.024). The L3MBTL1 mRNA RQ value in the umbilical cord blood is 0.337 ± 0.213, and there is no difference in the umbilical cord blood (P = 0.081). Compared with the normal control group, the expression of PEGl0 protein in the placenta of the ART progeny is up-regulated (P = 0.000), while the expression of L3MBTLl protein is down-regulated (P = 0.000). The methylation status of the PEGl0 promoter region in the placenta in the ART group is lower than that in the normal control group (P = 0.037), and that of the promoter region of the umbilical cord blood is lower than that of the natural pregnancy group (P = 0.032). The methylation status of the L3MBTLl promoter region is higher in the placenta than in the normal control group (P = 0.038), and there is no difference between the two groups in the umbilical cord blood (P = 0.301). In the ART group, the values of PEGl0 and L3MBTLl RQ in the placenta and the umbilical cord blood of the hypermethylated group are lower than in those of the hypomethylated group. ART may increase the risk of the abnormal expression of PEG10 and L3MBTL1 in offspring imprinted genes. The methylation of the promoter region may be the mechanism that regulates the expression of PEGl0 and L3MBTL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Xia Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Fang Yue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun-Wei Zhang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Wen Xiong
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ji-Jun Hu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhe Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li-Jun Sun
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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27
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Côrtes LS, Silveira HS, Lupi LA, de Mello Santos T, Cavariani MM, Domeniconi RF, Gaiotte LB, de Morais Oliveira DA, Justulin LA, de Almeida Chuffa LG. Maternal protein restriction impairs nutrition and ovarian histomorphometry without changing p38MAPK and PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling in adult rat ovaries. Life Sci 2021; 264:118693. [PMID: 33130082 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Because an adequate protein supply is detrimental for the maintenance of folliculogenesis and ovulation, we evaluated the impact of maternal low protein diet on nutritional parameters, estrous cycle, ovarian histomorphometry, and on the expression of metabolic and survival signaling molecules in different follicular stages. MAIN METHODS Twenty Wistar pregnant rats were divided into two groups: the normoprotein (NP) group, composed of animals that received 17% protein, and a low-protein (LP) group, composed of animals that received 6% protein during gestation and lactation period. After weaning, female rats were fed with standard diet until the 120-days-old. KEY FINDINGS LP animals showed reduced body mass index, total body weight, energy intake, feed efficiency, and visceral fat. The ovarian tissue presented vascular congestion and fat accumulation in the medulla, followed by a significant reduction in the amount of primordial and primary follicles. In addition, the number of atretic follicles was higher in LP than in NP animals. Maternal undernutrition also resulted in increased levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) while testosterone (T) was unchanged in the offspring. Although discrete changes in p38MAPK and in PI3K-AKT-mTOR immunostaining were observed in the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum in LP, no differences were found at their protein levels. SIGNIFICANCE Maternal protein restriction alters estrous cycle and histomorphometry of the offspring's ovary without changing the levels of intracellular regulatory molecules in adulthood. These morphofunctional changes may alter reproductive performance in female offspring, highlighting maternal dietary conditions as an important factor for offspring reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Silva Côrtes
- Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu, São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-687 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Spaulonci Silveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Lupi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Talita de Mello Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Marilia Martins Cavariani
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Fantin Domeniconi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Letícia Barbosa Gaiotte
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Augusto de Morais Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Justulin
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences (IBB), São Paulo State University-UNESP, 18618-689, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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SOLUBLE ENDOGLIN AS AN EARLY PREDICTION MARKER OF INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2021-4-78-41-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang P, He C, Yue M, Wang T, Bai L, Wu Y, Liu D, Wang M, Sun Y, Li Y, Zhang S, Liu H. The AT1 receptor autoantibody causes hypoglycemia in fetal rats via promoting the STT3A-GLUT1-glucose uptake axis in liver. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:111022. [PMID: 32871226 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Blood glucose is of great importance to development and metabolic homeostasis in fetuses. Stimulation of harmful factors during gestation induces pathoglycemia. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA), a newly discovered gestational harmful factor, has been shown to induce intrauterine growth restriction in fetuses and glucose disorders in adults. However, whether and how AT1-AA influences the blood glucose level of fetuses during gestation is not yet clear. The purpose of the current study was to observe the fetal blood glucose level of AT1-AA-positive pregnant rats during late pregnancy and to determine the roles that hepatic glucose transporters play in this process. We established AT1-AA-positive pregnant rats by injecting AT1-AA into the caudal veins of rats in the 2nd trimester of gestation. Although the fetal blood glucose level in the 3rd trimester of gestation decreased, hepatic glucose uptake increased detected. Through separating membrane and cytosolic proteins, we demonstrated that both the expression and membrane transport ratio of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), which is responsible for glucose transport in fetal hepatocytes, were upregulated, accompanied by increased expression of N-glycosyltransferase STT3A, which contributes to the N-glycosylation of GLUT1. In vitro, we identified that AT1-AA increased glucose uptake, the expression and membrane transport ratio of GLUT1 and the expression of STT3A in HepG2 cell lines via separating membrane and cytosolic proteins and immunofluorescence, resulting in the decreased glucose content in the medium. The GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117 reversed the decreases in glucose content in the medium, the increases in glucose uptake, the increases in the expression and membrane transport ratio of GLUT1 caused by AT1-AA. The N-glycosyltransferase inhibitor NGI as well as si-STT3A reversed the AT1-AA-induced upregulation of the STT3A-GLUT1-glucose uptake effect. This study demonstrates that AT1-AA lowers the blood glucose level of fetuses via the STT3A-GLUT1-glucose uptake axis in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Chunyu He
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Mingming Yue
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Lina Bai
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Yan Jing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101300, PR China
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Center for Anesthesiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029, PR China
| | - Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorder Related Cardiovascular Disease, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100029, PR China.
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Iskusnykh IY, Fattakhov N, Buddington RK, Chizhikov VV. Intrauterine growth restriction compromises cerebellar development by affecting radial migration of granule cells via the JamC/Pard3a molecular pathway. Exp Neurol 2020; 336:113537. [PMID: 33259808 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) affects ~10% of human pregnancies, results in infants born small for gestational age (SGA), and is associated with motor and cognitive deficits. Human studies suggest that some deficits in SGA patients originate in the cerebellum, a major motor-coordination and cognitive center, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To identify the cerebellar developmental program affected by IUGR, we analyzed the pig as a translational animal model in which some fetuses spontaneously develop IUGR due to early-onset chronic placental insufficiency. Similar to humans, SGA pigs revealed small cerebella, which contained fewer mature granule cells (GCs) in the internal granule cell layer (IGL). Surprisingly, newborn SGA pigs had increased proliferation of GC precursors in the external granule cell layer (EGL), which was associated with an increased density of Purkinje cells, known to non-autonomously promote the proliferation of GCs. However, the GCs of SGA pigs did not properly initiate exit from the EGL to IGL, which was associated with a decreased density of guiding Bergmann glial fibers, reduced expression of pro-migratory genes Pard3a, JamC and Sema6a, and increased apoptosis. While proliferation spontaneously normalized during postnatal development, accumulation of pre-migratory GCs and apoptosis in the EGL were long-lasting consequences of IUGR. Using organotypic cerebellar slice cultures, we showed that normalizing expression of Pard3a and JamC, which operate in the same molecular pathway in GCs, was sufficient to rescue both migratory and, at a later time point, apoptotic defects of IUGR. Thus, a decreased exit of GCs from the EGL, due to disrupted Pard3a/JamC radial migration initiation pathway, is a major mechanism of IUGR-related cerebellar pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Y Iskusnykh
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
| | - Nikolai Fattakhov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Randal K Buddington
- Babies Taking Flight, Memphis, TN 38117, USA; School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA; College of Nursing, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Victor V Chizhikov
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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de Almeida Silva LC, de Oliveira AC, Cavalcante-Silva V, Franco MDC, D'Almeida V. Hyperlipidic diet affects body composition and induces anxiety-like behaviour in intrauterine growth-restricted adult mice. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2061-2072. [PMID: 33098335 DOI: 10.1113/ep088859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? What is the effect in male and female offspring of a protein-deficient diet producing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in maternal mice on morphometric, metabolic and behavioural parameters before and after a challenge with a fat diet? What is the main finding and its importance? Male and female mice presented different growth trajectories after birth. IUGR favoured increased adiposity in male mice, and high-fat diet-induced anxiety-like behaviour in female mice. ABSTRACT As there is sexual dimorphism in the response to maternal manipulations, we aimed to analyse the effects of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in both sexes on morphometric, metabolic and behavioural parameters throughout postnatal development, and after challenge with a hyperlipidic diet. Female Swiss mice (n = 59) were distributed into two groups (SD: standard diet, n = 26; and PDD: isocaloric protein-deficient diet, n = 33), 2 weeks before mating and during the gestational period. After birth, offspring from SD and PDD dams were cross-fostered and nurtured by SD dams until postnatal day (PND) 28. At PND 60 all animals were challenged with a hypercaloric diet for 4 weeks. Offspring birth weight was significantly reduced in the PDD group compared to the SD group (P = 0.0001), but only male offspring presented a rapid catch-up during the first 21 days of development. Although no differences in body weight were observed between groups after the challenge with the hyperlipidic diet, an increase in the relative perigonadal white adipose tissue (P = 0.009) and a decrease in gross gastrocnemius muscle weight (P = 0.010) were observed in the PDD males. In relation to behavioural tests, there was an increase in locomotion in both sexes (P = 0.0001), and a decrease in female grooming (P = 0.006) in the PDD group. Additionally, females from the PDD group showed increased hyperlipidic food intake. In conclusion, IUGR affected both sexes, with females showing prominent behavioural modifications and males presenting altered body composition elicited by a hyperlipidic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vânia D'Almeida
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gao H, Zhang L, Wang L, Liu X, Hou X, Zhao F, Yan H, Wang L. Liver transcriptome profiling and functional analysis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) piglets reveals a genetic correction and sexual-dimorphic gene expression during postnatal development. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:701. [PMID: 33032518 PMCID: PMC7545842 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major problem associated with swine production. Thus, understanding the physiological changes of postnatal IUGR piglets would aid in improving growth performance. Moreover, liver metabolism plays an important role in the growth and survival of neonatal piglets. RESULTS By profiling the transcriptome of liver samples on postnatal Days 1, 7, and 28, our study focused on characterizing the growth, function, and metabolism in the liver of IUGR neonatal piglets. Our study demonstrates that the livers of IUGR piglets were associated with a series of complications, including inflammatory stress and immune dysregulation; cytoskeleton and membrane structure disorganization; dysregulated transcription events; and abnormal glucocorticoid metabolism. In addition, the abnormal liver function index in the serum [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total protein (TP)], coupled with hepatic pathological and ultrastructural morphological changes are indicative of liver damage and dysfunction in IUGR piglets. Moreover, these results reveal the sex-biased developmental dynamics between male and female IUGR piglets, and that male IUGR piglets may be more sensitive to disrupted metabolic homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide a detailed reference for understanding the mechanisms and characterizations of IUGR liver functions, and suggest that the potential strategies for improving the survival and growth performance of IUGR offspring should consider the balance between postnatal catch-up growth and adverse metabolic consequences. In particular, sex-specific intervention strategies should be considered for both female and male IUGR piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Longchao Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ligang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Hou
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Hua Yan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Lixian Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China.
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Feng C, Bai K, Wang A, Ge X, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Wang T. Effects of dimethylglycine sodium salt supplementation on growth performance, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and mitochondria-related gene expression in weanling piglets born with low birth weight1. J Anim Sci 2020; 96:3791-3803. [PMID: 29931075 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dimethylglycine sodium salt (DMG-Na) has exhibited excellent advantages in animal experiments and human health. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with 0.1% DMG-Na on the growth performance, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and mRNA expression of mitochondria-related genes in low birth weight (LBW) piglets during weaning period. Sixteen piglets with normal birth weight (NBW) and 16 LBW piglets were fed either a basal diet or a 0.1% DMG-Na supplemented diet from age of 21 to 49 d. Blood and liver samples were collected at the end of the study. The results showed that compared with NBW piglets, LBW piglets exhibited greater (P < 0.05) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase activities in the serum. LBW decreased (P < 0.05) the activity of glutathione peroxidase and increased (P < 0.05) the contents of malondialdehyde and H2O2 in liver. DMG-Na supplementation increased (P < 0.05) body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency, decreased (P < 0.05) ALT and AST activities, and reduced the content of H2O2 in LBW piglets. LBW piglets had downregulated (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of thioredoxin 2, thioredoxin reductases 2, and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (Nrf1) in the liver. However, DMG-Na supplementation increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of Nrf1 in the liver. In conclusion, DMG-Na supplementation has beneficial effects in alleviating LBW-induced hepatic oxidative damage and changed mitochondrial genes expression levels, which is associated with increased antioxidant enzyme activities and up-regulating mRNA gene abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
| | - Kaiwen Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
| | - Anan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, People' s Republic of China
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Krishna RG, Vishnu Bhat B, Bobby Z, Papa D, Badhe B, Kalidoss VK, Karli S. Identification of differentially methylated candidate genes and their biological significance in IUGR neonates by methylation EPIC array. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2020; 35:525-533. [PMID: 32091279 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1727881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a pregnancy-associated disease manifested by decreased growth rate of fetus than the normal genetic growth potential. It is associated with increased susceptibility to metabolic diseases later in life. Although the mechanisms underlying the origin of metabolic diseases are poorly understood, DNA methylation is a crucial investigation for the identification of epigenetic changes.Objectives: To assess the degree of change of DNA methylation in IUGR neonates and compare with that of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates and to explore the differentially methylated candidate genes and their biological significance.Methods: This cohort study was conducted in the Neonatology Department of JIPMER during the period of November 2017 to December 2018. Forty each of IUGR and gestation matched AGA neonates were recruited. Umbilical cord blood samples were collected at birth. DNA was separated from the blood samples; and, using 5-mC DNA ELISA method, the percentage of genomic DNA methylated in these neonates was established. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Methylation EPIC array was performed to identify the differentially methylated candidate genes. David analysis was used to find out the functional annotation chart by KEGG pathway.Results: Genomic DNA methylation varied significantly between IUGR and AGA neonates (IUGR: 3.12 ± 1.24; AGA: 4.40 ± 2.03; p value: <.01). A global shift toward hypomethylation was seen in IUGR compared with AGA, targeted to regulatory regions of the genome, and specifically promoters. Pathway analysis identified deregulation of pathways involved in metabolic diseases. Altered methylation of PTPRN2 & HLADQB1 genes leads to dysregulation of T-cells and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These changes may lead to complications later among these neonates subjected to IUGR.Conclusion: Our findings show significant changes in the methylation pattern of genes among IUGR and AGA babies. Steps for correcting the changes may help in reducing later complications among IUGR babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Gurugubelli Krishna
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.,Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
| | - Ballambattu Vishnu Bhat
- Department of Neonatology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India.,Department of Pediatrics, AVMC, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Dasari Papa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India
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Werlang ICR, Bernardi JR, Nunes M, Marcelino TB, Bosa VL, Michalowski MB, da Silva CH, Goldani MZ. Impact of Perinatal Different Intrauterine Environments on Child Growth and Development: Planning and Baseline Data for a Cohort Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2019; 8:e12970. [PMID: 31714249 PMCID: PMC6880232 DOI: 10.2196/12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have shown that exposure of the fetus and newborn to prenatal and perinatal events, respectively, may influence the health outcomes of the child throughout their life cycle. Objective This study aimed to increase the knowledge on the impact of different intrauterine environments on child growth and development, as we know that pregnancy and early years are a window of opportunity for health promotion and prevention interventions of diseases. Methods The recruitment occurred 24 to 48 hours after delivery and involved mothers and their newborns in 2 public hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil, from December 2011 to January 2016. The mothers-newborns dyads were allocated to 5 groups: diabetes mellitus, mothers with a clinical diagnosis of diabetes; systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), mothers with a clinical diagnosis of systematic arterial hypertensive disease during pregnancy; maternal smoking, mothers who smoked at any moment of gestation; small for gestational age (SGA), mothers with SGA newborns because of intrauterine growth restriction; and control, mothers without the clinical characteristics previously mentioned. Several protocols and anthropometric measurements were applied in the interviews at immediate postpartum and 7 and 15 days and 1, 3, and 6 months after birth. For this study, we analyzed only data collected during postpartum interviews. The statistical analyses were performed using Pearson chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test, or Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn post hoc. The significance level was set at 5%. The Hospital Ethics and Research Committees approved the study. Results Of the 485 eligible mothers-newborns dyads, 400 agreed to participate (82.5%, 400/485). As expected, newborns from the SGA group had significantly lower birth weight, smaller stature, and lower cephalic perimeter (P<.001). This group also had the highest percentage of primiparous women in comparison with other groups (P=.005) except for control. Mothers from the SAH group had the highest mean age, the highest percentage of cesarean sections, and presented greater gestational weight gain. Conclusions In this study, we describe the planning and structure for the systematic follow-up of mother-newborn dyads in the first 6 months after birth, considering the important demographic and epidemiological transition scenario in Brazil. The results of this prospective longitudinal study may provide a better understanding of the causal mechanisms involved in health and life course disease related to different adverse intrauterine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Ribas Werlang
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rombaldi Bernardi
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós Graduação em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Nunes
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Beltram Marcelino
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Bosa
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Alimentação, Nutrição e Saúde, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariana Bohns Michalowski
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Clécio Homrich da Silva
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Zubaran Goldani
- Laboratório de Pediatria Translacional, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente, Departamento de Pediatria, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Shukrun N, Shabtai Y, Pillemer G, Fainsod A. Retinoic acid signaling reduction recapitulates the effects of alcohol on embryo size. Genesis 2019; 57:e23284. [PMID: 30672660 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is commonly observed in human pregnancies and can result in severe clinical outcomes. IUGR is observed in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) fetuses as a result of alcohol (ethanol) exposure during pregnancy. To further understand FAS, the severe form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, we performed an extensive quantitative analysis of the effects of ethanol on embryo size utilizing our Xenopus model. Ethanol-treated embryos exhibited size reduction along the anterior-posterior axis. This effect was evident primarily from the hindbrain caudally, while rostral regions appeared refractive to ethanol-induced size changes, also known as asymmetric IUGR. Interestingly, some embryo batches in addition to shortening from the hindbrain caudally also exhibited an alcohol-dependent reduction of the anterior head domain, known as symmetric IUGR. To study the connection between ethanol exposure and reduced retinoic acid levels we treated embryos with the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors, DEAB and citral. Inhibition of retinoic acid biosynthesis recapitulated the growth defects induced by ethanol affecting mainly axial elongation from the hindbrain caudally. To study the competition between ethanol clearance and retinoic acid biosynthesis we demonstrated that, co-exposure to alcohol reduces the teratogenic effects of treatment with retinol (vitamin A), the retinoic acid precursor. These results further support the role of retinoic acid in the regulation of axial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Shukrun
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shabtai
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Graciela Pillemer
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Fainsod
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Vogtmann R, Kühnel E, Dicke N, Verkaik-Schakel RN, Plösch T, Schorle H, Stojanovska V, Herse F, Köninger A, Kimmig R, Winterhager E, Gellhaus A. Human sFLT1 Leads to Severe Changes in Placental Differentiation and Vascularization in a Transgenic hsFLT1/rtTA FGR Mouse Model. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:165. [PMID: 30949132 PMCID: PMC6437783 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-angiogenic soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFLT1) is one of the candidates in the progression of preeclampsia, often associated with fetal growth restriction (FGR). Therapeutic agents against preeclampsia with/without FGR, as well as adequate transgenic sFLT1 mouse models for testing such agents, are still missing. Much is known about sFLT1-mediated endothelial dysfunction in several tissues; however, the influence of sFLT1 on placental and fetal development is currently unknown. We hypothesize that sFLT1 is involved in the progression of FGR by influencing placental differentiation and vascularization and is a prime candidate for interventional strategies. Therefore, we generated transgenic inducible human sFLT1/reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (hsFLT1/rtTA) mice, in which hsFLT1 is ubiquitously overexpressed during pregnancy in dams and according to the genetics in hsFLT1/rtTA homozygous and heterozygous fetuses. Induction of hsFLT1 led to elevated hsFLT1 levels in the serum of dams and on mRNA level in all placentas and hetero-/homozygous fetuses, resulting in FGR in all fetuses at term. The strongest effects in respect to FGR were observed in the hsFLT1/rtTA homozygous fetuses, which exhibited the highest hsFLT1 levels. Only fetal hsFLT1 expression led to impaired placental morphology characterized by reduced placental efficiency, enlarged maternal sinusoids, reduced fetal capillaries, and impaired labyrinthine differentiation, associated with increased apoptosis. Besides impaired placental vascularization, the expression of several transporter systems, such as glucose transporter 1 and 3 (Glut-1; Glut-3); amino acid transporters, solute carrier family 38, member one and two (Slc38a1; Slc38a2); and most severely the fatty acid translocase Cd36 and fatty acid binding protein 3 (Fabp3) was reduced upon hsFLT1 expression, associated with an accumulation of phospholipids in the maternal serum. Moreover, the Vegf pathway showed alterations, resulting in reduced Vegf, Vegfb, and Plgf protein levels and increased Bad and Caspase 9 mRNA levels. We suggest that hsFLT1 exerts an inhibitory influence on placental vascularization by reducing Vegf signaling, which leads to apoptosis in fetal vessels, impairing placental differentiation, and the nutrient exchange function of the labyrinth. These effects were more pronounced when both the dam and the fetus expressed hsFLT1 and ultimately result in FGR and resemble the preeclamptic phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Vogtmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kühnel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nikolai Dicke
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rikst Nynke Verkaik-Schakel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hubert Schorle
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Violeta Stojanovska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Florian Herse
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty, and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elke Winterhager
- EM Unit, Imaging Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexandra Gellhaus
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Devarajan A, Rajasekaran NS, Valburg C, Ganapathy E, Bindra S, Freije WA. Maternal perinatal calorie restriction temporally regulates the hepatic autophagy and redox status in male rat. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:592-600. [PMID: 30248445 PMCID: PMC8278542 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to adult obesity, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/steatohepatitis. Animal models have shown that combined intrauterine and early postnatal calorie restriction (IPCR) ameliorates these sequelae in adult life. The mechanism by which IPCR protects against adult onset disease is not understood. Autophagy, a lysosomal degradative process, recycles cellular constituents and eliminates damaged organelles, proteins, and oxidants. In this study, we hypothesized that IPCR could regulate autophagy in the liver of male rat offspring. At birth (d1) of male IUGR rat offspring and on day 21 (p21) of life, IPCR male rat offspring had a profound decrease in hepatic autophagy in all three stages of development: initiation, elongation, and maturation. However, upon receiving a normal diet ad-lib throughout adulthood, aged IPCR rats (day 450 of life (p450)), had increased hepatic autophagy, in direct contrast to what was seen in early life. The decreased autophagy at d21 led to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and lipid oxidative products, whereas the increased autophagy in late life had the opposite effect. Oxidized lipids were unchanged at d1 by IUGR treatment indicating that decreased autophagy precedes oxidative stress in early life. When cellular signaling pathways regulating autophagy were examined, the 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway (AMPK), and not endoplasmic stress pathways, was found to be altered, suggesting that autophagy is regulated through AMPK signaling pathway in IPCR rats. Taken together, this study reveals that the perinatal nutritional status establishes a nutritionally sensitive memory that enhances hepatic autophagy in late life, a process that perhaps acts as a protective mechanism to limited nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asokan Devarajan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA.
| | - Namakkal S Rajasekaran
- Cardiac Aging and Redox Signaling Laboratory, Center for Free Radical Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Claire Valburg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - Ekambaram Ganapathy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - Snehal Bindra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA
| | - William A Freije
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1740, USA; The Fertility Institutes, 16030 Ventura Boulevard, Suite 404, Encino, CA 91214, USA.
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Fleiss B, Wong F, Brownfoot F, Shearer IK, Baud O, Walker DW, Gressens P, Tolcos M. Knowledge Gaps and Emerging Research Areas in Intrauterine Growth Restriction-Associated Brain Injury. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:188. [PMID: 30984110 PMCID: PMC6449431 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a complex global healthcare issue. Concerted research and clinical efforts have improved our knowledge of the neurodevelopmental sequelae of IUGR which has raised the profile of this complex problem. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of therapies to prevent the substantial rates of fetal demise or the constellation of permanent neurological deficits that arise from IUGR. The purpose of this article is to highlight the clinical and translational gaps in our knowledge that hamper our collective efforts to improve the neurological sequelae of IUGR. Also, we draw attention to cutting-edge tools and techniques that can provide novel insights into this disorder, and technologies that offer the potential for better drug design and delivery. We cover topics including: how we can improve our use of crib-side monitoring options, what we still need to know about inflammation in IUGR, the necessity for more human post-mortem studies, lessons from improved integrated histology-imaging analyses regarding the cell-specific nature of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals, options to improve risk stratification with genomic analysis, and treatments mediated by nanoparticle delivery which are designed to modify specific cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbi Fleiss
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Bobbi Fleiss
| | - Flora Wong
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Newborn, Monash Children's Hospital, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Brownfoot
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Isabelle K. Shearer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivier Baud
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Division of Neonatal Intensive Care, University Hospitals of Geneva, Children's Hospital, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David W. Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Pierre Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Centre for the Developing Brain, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- PremUP, Paris, France
| | - Mary Tolcos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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40
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Kamianowska M, Szczepański M, Kulikowska EE, Bebko B, Wasilewska A. The Tubular Damage Markers: Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in Newborns with Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Neonatology 2019; 115:169-174. [PMID: 30513528 DOI: 10.1159/000494102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a poorly understood complication of pregnancy. It may be associated with various diseases in adulthood, such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and end-stage renal disease. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to check whether IUGR affects the function of renal tubules, as assessed by the tubular damage markers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1). METHODS The study included 126 term neonates. Thirty-eight newborns were the result of pregnancies complicated by IUGR. Eighty-eight healthy newborns were the result of normal pregnancies with no prenatal or perinatal complications. The concentrations of urinary NGAL and KIM-1 were determined with a commercially available ELISA kit and were normalized for urinary creatinine (Cr) concentration. RESULTS We found a significantly higher urinary concentration of NGAL and NGAL/Cr ratio in newborns from pregnancies complicated by IUGR when compared to the reference group. We found that female gender was associated with a higher concentration of urinary NGAL and also urinary NGAL/Cr. CONCLUSIONS This is the first work that demonstrates that urinary NGAL concentration and urinary NGAL/Cr are significantly higher in infants that are small for gestational age than in appropriate-for-gestational-age infants. This might indicate subclinical kidney damage in newborns with IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kamianowska
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland,
| | - Marek Szczepański
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Ewa Kulikowska
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Bebko
- Department of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Wasilewska
- Department of Pediatrics and Nephrology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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41
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Petre G, Lorès P, Sartelet H, Truffot A, Poreau B, Brandeis S, Martinez G, Satre V, Harbuz R, Ray PF, Amblard F, Devillard F, Vieville G, Berger F, Jouk PS, Vaiman D, Touré A, Coutton C, Bidart M. Genomic duplication in the 19q13.42 imprinted region identified as a new genetic cause of intrauterine growth restriction. Clin Genet 2018; 94:575-580. [PMID: 30221343 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report findings from a male fetus of 26 weeks' gestational age with severe isolated intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) on amniotic fluid cells revealed a 1.06-Mb duplication in 19q13.42 inherited from the healthy father. This duplication contains 34 genes including ZNF331, a gene encoding a zinc-finger protein specifically imprinted (paternally expressed) in the placenta. Study of the ZNF331 promoter by methylation-specific-multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification showed that the duplicated allele was not methylated in the fetus unlike in the father's genome, suggesting both copies of the ZNF331 gene are expressed in the fetus. The anti-ZNF331 immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that ZNF331 was expressed at higher levels in renal and placental tissues from this fetus compared to controls. Interestingly, ZNF331 expression levels in the placenta have previously been reported to inversely correlate with fetal growth parameters. The original observation presented in this report showed that duplication of ZNF331 could be a novel genetic cause of isolated IUGR and underlines the usefulness of CMA to investigate the genetic causes of isolated severe IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciane Petre
- INSERM U1205, UFR Chimie Biologie, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Lorès
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Sartelet
- Département d'anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Aurélie Truffot
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Brice Poreau
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Brandeis
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Martinez
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique, Thérapies de l'Infertilité", IAB, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Satre
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique, Thérapies de l'Infertilité", IAB, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Radu Harbuz
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique, Thérapies de l'Infertilité", IAB, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France.,Département de Biochimie, Toxicologie et Pharmacologie, UM GI-DPI, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Amblard
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Devillard
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Gaëlle Vieville
- Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Francois Berger
- INSERM U1205, UFR Chimie Biologie, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Jouk
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Vaiman
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Aminata Touré
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8104, Paris, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris-Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Charles Coutton
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Département de Génétique et Procréation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Equipe "Génétique, Epigénétique, Thérapies de l'Infertilité", IAB, INSERM 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Bidart
- INSERM U1205, UFR Chimie Biologie, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France
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42
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Manta-Vogli PD, Schulpis KH, Dotsikas Y, Loukas YL. The significant role of amino acids during pregnancy: nutritional support. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:334-340. [PMID: 29909700 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1489795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pregnancy is characterized by a complexity of metabolic processes that may impact fetal development and infant health outcome. Normal fetal growth and development depend on a continuous supply of nutrients via the placenta. The placenta transports, utilizes, produces, and interconverts amino acids (AAs).Findings: Concentrations of both nonessential and essential AAs in maternal plasma decrease in early pregnancy and persist at low concentrations throughout. The decline is greatest for the glucogenic AAs and AAs of the urea cycle. Additionally, there is a large placental utilization of the branched-chain AAs, some of which are transaminated to alpha ketoacids and contribute to placental ammonia production. Both nonessential and essential AAs regulate key metabolic pathways to improve health, survival, growth, development, lactation, and reproduction of organisms. Some of the nonessential AAs (e.g. glutamine, glutamate, and arginine) play also important roles in regulating gene expression, cell signaling, antioxidant responses, immunity, and neurological function.Conclusions: Nutritional support during pregnancy is of great interest focusing not only to common pregnancies but also to those with low socioeconomic status, vegan-vegetarian groups, and pregnant women with metabolic disorders, the most known maternal phenylketonuria. The latter is of great interest because phenylalanine must be within the recommended range throughout pregnancy in addition to other nutrients such as vitamin B12, folate, etc. Loss of the adherence to this specific diet results in congenital malformations of the fetus. In addition to the routine laboratory test, quantitation of plasma AAs may be necessary throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope D Manta-Vogli
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yannis Dotsikas
- Laboratory of Pharm. Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis L Loukas
- Laboratory of Pharm. Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Dodson RB, Powers KN, Gien J, Rozance PJ, Seedorf G, Astling D, Jones K, Crombleholme TM, Abman SH, Alvira CM. Intrauterine growth restriction decreases NF-κB signaling in fetal pulmonary artery endothelial cells of fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L348-L359. [PMID: 29722560 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00052.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in premature newborns increases the risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a chronic lung disease characterized by disrupted pulmonary angiogenesis and alveolarization. We previously showed that experimental IUGR impairs angiogenesis; however, mechanisms that impair pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) function are uncertain. The NF-κB pathway promotes vascular growth in the developing mouse lung, and we hypothesized that IUGR disrupts NF-κB-regulated proangiogenic targets in fetal PAEC. PAECs were isolated from the lungs of control fetal sheep and sheep with experimental IUGR from an established model of chronic placental insufficiency. Microarray analysis identified suppression of NF-κB signaling and significant alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) pathways in IUGR PAEC, including decreases in collagen 4α1 and laminin α4, components of the basement membrane and putative NF-κB targets. In comparison with controls, immunostaining of active NF-κB complexes, NF-κB-DNA binding, baseline expression of NF-κB subunits p65 and p50, and LPS-mediated inducible activation of NF-κB signaling were decreased in IUGR PAEC. Although pharmacological NF-κB inhibition did not affect angiogenic function in IUGR PAEC, angiogenic function of control PAEC was reduced to a similar degree as that observed in IUGR PAEC. These data identify reductions in endothelial NF-κB signaling as central to the disrupted angiogenesis observed in IUGR, likely by impairing both intrinsic PAEC angiogenic function and NF-κB-mediated regulation of ECM components necessary for vascular development. These data further suggest that strategies that preserve endothelial NF-κB activation may be useful in lung diseases marked by disrupted angiogenesis such as IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blair Dodson
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,United Therapeutics, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kyle N Powers
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason Gien
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory Seedorf
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Astling
- United Therapeutics, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth Jones
- United Therapeutics, Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Timothy M Crombleholme
- Laboratory for Fetal and Regenerative Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Steven H Abman
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Cristina M Alvira
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto, California
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Rubinchik-Stern M, Shmuel M, Bar J, Kovo M, Eyal S. Adverse placental effects of valproic acid: Studies in perfused human placentas. Epilepsia 2018; 59:993-1003. [PMID: 29667177 DOI: 10.1111/epi.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In utero exposure to valproic acid (VPA) has been associated with worse pregnancy outcomes compared to all other antiepileptic drugs. We have previously shown that VPA alters the expression of placental transporters for hormones and nutrients in vitro and in pregnant mice. Here, our aim was to characterize the effects of short exposure to VPA on the expression of carriers for compounds essential for fetal development in human placentas ex vivo, under controlled conditions. METHODS Placentas were obtained from cesarean deliveries of women with no known epilepsy. Cotyledons were cannulated and perfused in the absence or the presence of VPA (42, 83, or 166 μg/mL; n = 6/group) in the maternal perfusate over 180 minutes. A customized gene panel array was used to analyze the expression of carrier genes in the perfused cotyledons. We additionally measured in the perfused placentas folic acid concentrations and histone acetylation. RESULTS VPA significantly altered the mRNA levels of major carriers for folic acid, glucose, choline, thyroid hormones, and serotonin (P < .05) and reduced placental folate concentrations by 25%-35% (P = .059). The effects were observed at therapeutic concentrations sufficient to enhance placental histone acetylation, and some were concentration-dependent. SIGNIFICANCE Our results point to the placenta as a novel target of VPA, implying potential involvement of the placenta in VPA's adverse fetal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rubinchik-Stern
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Miriam Shmuel
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Bar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Kovo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sara Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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45
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Winterhager E, Gellhaus A. Transplacental Nutrient Transport Mechanisms of Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Rodent Models and Humans. Front Physiol 2017; 8:951. [PMID: 29230179 PMCID: PMC5711821 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the causes of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) have been intensively investigated, important information is still lacking about the role of the placenta as a link from adverse maternal environment to adverse pregnancy outcomes of IUGR and preterm birth. IUGR is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases later in life. Determination of the most important pathways that regulate transplacental transport systems is necessary for identifying marker genes as diagnostic tools and for developing drugs that target the molecular pathways. Besides oxygen, the main nutrients required for appropriate fetal development and growth are glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids. Dysfunction in transplacental transport is caused by impairments in both placental morphology and blood flow, as well as by factors such as alterations in the expression of insulin-like growth factors and changes in the mTOR signaling pathway leading to a change in nutrient transport. Animal models are important tools for systematically studying such complex events. Debate centers on whether the rodent placenta is an appropriate tool for investigating the alterations in the human placenta that result in IUGR. This review provides an overview of the alterations in expression and activity of nutrient transporters and alterations in signaling associated with IUGR and compares these findings in rodents and humans. In general, the data obtained by studies of the various types of rodent and human nutrient transporters are similar. However, direct comparison is complicated by the fact that the results of such studies are controversial even within the same species, making the interpretation of the results challenging. This difficulty could be due to the absence of guidelines of the experimental design and, especially in humans, the use of trophoblast cell culture studies instead of clinical trials. Nonetheless, developing new therapy concepts for IUGR will require the use of animal models for gathering robust data about mechanisms leading to IUGR and for testing the effectiveness and safety of the intervention among pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Winterhager
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Imaging Center Essen, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Albers RE, Waker CA, Keoni C, Kaufman MR, Bottomley MA, Min S, Natale DR, Brown TL. Gestational differences in murine placenta: Glycolytic metabolism and pregnancy parameters. Theriogenology 2017; 107:115-126. [PMID: 29145065 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The placenta is a complex and essential organ composed largely of fetal-derived cells, including several different trophoblast subtypes that work in unison to support nutrient transport to the fetus during pregnancy. Abnormal placental development can lead to pregnancy-associated disorders that often involve metabolic dysfunction. The scope of dysregulated metabolism during placental development may not be fully representative of the in vivo state in defined culture systems, such as cell lines or isolated primary cells. Thus, assessing metabolic function in intact placental tissue would provide a better assessment of placental metabolism. In this study, we describe a methodology for assaying glycolytic function in structurally-intact mouse placental tissue, ex vivo, without culturing or tissue dissociation, that more closely resembles the in vivo state. Additionally, we present data highlighting sex-dependent differences of two mouse strains (C57BL/6 and ICR) in the pre-hypertrophic (E14.5) and hypertrophic (E18.5) placenta. These data establish a foundation for investigation of metabolism throughout gestation and provides a comprehensive assessment of glycolytic function during placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee E Albers
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Christopher A Waker
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Chanel Keoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Melissa R Kaufman
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Michael A Bottomley
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Sarah Min
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - David R Natale
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Thomas L Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45435, United States.
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Boehmer BH, Limesand SW, Rozance PJ. The impact of IUGR on pancreatic islet development and β-cell function. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R63-R76. [PMID: 28808079 PMCID: PMC5808569 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Placental insufficiency is a primary cause of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). IUGR increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) throughout life, which indicates that insults from placental insufficiency impair β-cell development during the perinatal period because β-cells have a central role in the regulation of glucose tolerance. The severely IUGR fetal pancreas is characterized by smaller islets, less β-cells, and lower insulin secretion. Because of the important associations among impaired islet growth, β-cell dysfunction, impaired fetal growth, and the propensity for T2DM, significant progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of IUGR and programing events in the fetal endocrine pancreas. Animal models of IUGR replicate many of the observations in severe cases of human IUGR and allow us to refine our understanding of the pathophysiology of developmental and functional defects in islet from IUGR fetuses. Almost all models demonstrate a phenotype of progressive loss of β-cell mass and impaired β-cell function. This review will first provide evidence of impaired human islet development and β-cell function associated with IUGR and the impact on glucose homeostasis including the development of glucose intolerance and diabetes in adulthood. We then discuss evidence for the mechanisms regulating β-cell mass and insulin secretion in the IUGR fetus, including the role of hypoxia, catecholamines, nutrients, growth factors, and pancreatic vascularity. We focus on recent evidence from experimental interventions in established models of IUGR to understand better the pathophysiological mechanisms linking placental insufficiency with impaired islet development and β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit H Boehmer
- Department of PediatricsPerinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean W Limesand
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paul J Rozance
- Department of PediatricsPerinatal Research Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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周 尚, 沈 朗, 李 雪, 谢 晓, 芮 塬, 陈 年, 王 志. [Effect of serum restriction on insulin like growth factor-1 expressions and invasiveness in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells in vitro]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:774-779. [PMID: 28669951 PMCID: PMC6744146 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.06.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of serum restriction on the invasiveness and expressions of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells in vitro. METHODS HTR-8/SVneo cells were cultured in the presence of 1%, 5%, or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 48 h. Fluorescence quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence staining were employed to examine the changes in IGF-1 and MMP-2 expressions at both the mRNA and protein levels in HTR-8/SVneo cells; MTT assay and Transwell invasion assay were used to assess the changes of the cell proliferation and the cell invasion ability, respectively. MMP-2 expression, cell proliferation and invasiveness were also assessed in the cells treated with recombinant human IGF-1. RESULTS HTR-8/SVneo cells exhibited significantly lowered cell proliferation in cultures containing low concentrations of FBS (P<0.05). The expressions of IGF-1 and MMP-2 at both mRNA and protein levels were significantly down-regulated and the invasiveness was significantly lowered in cells cultured in the medium containing 1% FBS as compared with those of cells cultured in the presence of 5% and 10% FBS (P<0.05). Treatment of the cells with recombinant human IGF-1 significantly up-regulated MMP-2 expression (P<0.05) and increased the cell invasiveness (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS FBS restriction down-regulates IGF-1 expression in human trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells and suppress the cell invasiveness possibly by suppressing MMP-2 expression. Treatment with recombinant human IGF-1 can up-regulate MMP-2 expression and promote the invasiveness of HTR-8/SVneo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 尚谦 周
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学,广东 广州 510515Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 朗 沈
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 雪媛 李
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学,广东 广州 510515Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 晓珍 谢
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学,广东 广州 510515Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 塬 芮
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学,广东 广州 510515Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 年坤 陈
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- 南方医科大学,广东 广州 510515Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 志坚 王
- 南方医科大学南方医院妇产科,广东 广州 510515Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Ernst SA, Brand T, Petersen K, Zeeb H. Variation in the definition of intrauterine growth restriction in routine antenatal care: a physician survey among gynecologists in Northwest Germany. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2017; 31:2141-2147. [PMID: 28573882 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1337739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess how intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is defined by gynecologists in routine practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS We surveyed primary care gynecologists in Bremen and Lower Saxony, Northwest Germany, between January and July 2014. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data; consensus was considered as 90% agreement among the respondents. Multiple logistic regression models were performed for the associations between respondents' background characteristics and choice of the small for gestational age (SGA) cutoff values. RESULTS Overall, 185 primary care gynecologists participated in the survey. Consensus was only observed in two items: (1) an accurate determination of gestational age (91%) and (2) repeated measurement of the abdominal circumference (91%). Umbilical artery Doppler (76%) and repeated ultrasonography (76%) were the most frequently used methods to confirm suspected IUGR diagnoses, but different responses prevailed. Notably, only 46% of the respondents opted for the 10th percentile of estimated fetal weight as a cutoff for SGA classification, which is the internationally recommended value. CONCLUSIONS The results of this survey indicate considerable practice variation regarding detection and management of IUGR pregnancies. There is a need for better agreement in terminology and definition of core aspects of IUGR in antenatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinja Alexandra Ernst
- a Department of Prevention and Evaluation , Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS , Bremen , Germany
| | - Tilman Brand
- a Department of Prevention and Evaluation , Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS , Bremen , Germany
| | - Knud Petersen
- b Clinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics , Links der Weser Hospital , Bremen , Germany
| | - Hajo Zeeb
- a Department of Prevention and Evaluation , Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS , Bremen , Germany.,c Health Sciences , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany
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Thamotharan S, Chu A, Kempf K, Janzen C, Grogan T, Elashoff DA, Devaskar SU. Differential microRNA expression in human placentas of term intra-uterine growth restriction that regulates target genes mediating angiogenesis and amino acid transport. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176493. [PMID: 28463968 PMCID: PMC5413012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Placental insufficiency leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) demonstrates perturbed gene expression affecting placental angiogenesis and nutrient transfer from mother to fetus. To understand the post-transcriptional mechanisms underlying such placental gene expression changes, our objective was to identify key non-coding microRNAs that express biological function. To this end, we initially undertook microarrays targeting microRNAs in a small sub-set of placentas of appropriate (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) weight infants, and observed up-regulation of 97 miRs and down-regulation of 44 miRs in SGA versus AGA. In a larger cohort of samples (AGA, n = 21; SGA, n = 11; IUGR subset, n = 5), we validated by qRT-PCR differential expression of three specific microRNAs (miR-10b, -363 and -149) that target genes mediating angiogenesis and nutrient transfer. Validation yielded an increase in miR-10b and -363 expression of ~2.5-fold (p<0.02 each) in SGA versus AGA, and of ~3-fold (p<0.005) in IUGR versus AGA, with no significant change despite a trending increase in miR-149. To further establish a cause-and-effect paradigm, employing human HTR8 trophoblast cells, we assessed the effect of nutrient deprivation on miR expression and inhibition of endogenous miRs on target gene expression. In-vitro nutrient deprivation (~50%) increased the expression of miR-10b and miR-149 by 1.5-fold (p<0.02) while decreasing miR-363 (p<0.0001). Inhibition of endogenous miRs employing antisense sequences against miR-10b, -363 and -149 revealed an increase respectively in the expression of the target genes KLF-4 (transcription factor which regulates angiogenesis), SNAT1 and 2 (sodium coupled neutral amino acid transporters) and LAT2 (leucine amino acid transporter), which translated into a similar change in the corresponding proteins. Finally to establish functional significance we performed dual-luciferase reporter assays with 3'-insertion of miR-10b alone and observed a ~10% reduction in the 5'-luciferase activity versus the control. Lastly, we further validated by microarray and employing MirWalk software that the pathways and target genes identified by differentially expressed miRs in SGA/IUGR compared to AGA are consistent in a larger cohort. We have established the biological significance of various miRs that target common transcripts mediating pathways of importance, which are perturbed in the human IUGR placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanthie Thamotharan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Alison Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katie Kempf
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Carla Janzen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tristan Grogan
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David A. Elashoff
- Department of Medicine Statistics Core, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sherin U. Devaskar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology & Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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