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Byars SG, Prestes PR, Suphapimol V, Takeuchi F, De Vries N, Maier MC, Melo M, Balding D, Samani N, Allen AM, Kato N, Wilkinson-Berka JL, Charchar F, Harrap SB. Four-week inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats results in persistently lower blood pressure with reduced kidney renin and changes in expression of relevant gene networks. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:769-781. [PMID: 38501595 PMCID: PMC11135646 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Prevention of human hypertension is an important challenge and has been achieved in experimental models. Brief treatment with renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors permanently reduces the genetic hypertension of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The kidney is involved in this fascinating phenomenon, but relevant changes in gene expression are unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS In SHR, we studied the effect of treatment between 10 and 14 weeks of age with the angiotensin receptor blocker, losartan, or the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril [with controls for non-specific effects of lowering blood pressure (BP)], on differential RNA expression, DNA methylation, and renin immunolabelling in the kidney at 20 weeks of age. RNA sequencing revealed a six-fold increase in renin gene (Ren) expression during losartan treatment (P < 0.0001). Six weeks after losartan, arterial pressure remained lower (P = 0.006), yet kidney Ren showed reduced expression by 23% after losartan (P = 0.03) and by 43% after perindopril (P = 1.4 × 10-6) associated with increased DNA methylation (P = 0.04). Immunolabelling confirmed reduced cortical renin after earlier RAS blockade (P = 0.002). RNA sequencing identified differential expression of mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs with evidence of networking and co-regulation. These included 13 candidate genes (Grhl1, Ammecr1l, Hs6st1, Nfil3, Fam221a, Lmo4, Adamts1, Cish, Hif3a, Bcl6, Rad54l2, Adap1, Dok4), the miRNA miR-145-3p, and the lncRNA AC115371. Gene ontogeny analyses revealed that these networks were enriched with genes relevant to BP, RAS, and the kidneys. CONCLUSION Early RAS inhibition in SHR resets genetic pathways and networks resulting in a legacy of reduced Ren expression and BP persisting for a minimum of 6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean G Byars
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priscilla R Prestes
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Varaporn Suphapimol
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nathan De Vries
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle C Maier
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mariana Melo
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Balding
- Melbourne Integrative Genomic and School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nilesh Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrew M Allen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson-Berka
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Fadi Charchar
- Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Harrap
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kong W, Liao Y, Zhao L, Hall N, Zhou H, Liu R, Persson PB, Lai E. Kidney Renin Release under Hypoxia and Its Potential Link with Nitric Oxide: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2984. [PMID: 38001984 PMCID: PMC10669676 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and hypoxia have a complex interaction: RAS is activated under hypoxia and activated RAS aggravates hypoxia in reverse. Renin is an aspartyl protease that catalyzes the first step of RAS and tightly regulates RAS activation. Here, we outline kidney renin expression and release under hypoxia and discuss the putative mechanisms involved. It is important that renin generally increases in response to acute hypoxemic hypoxia and intermittent hypoxemic hypoxia, but not under chronic hypoxemic hypoxia. The increase in renin activity can also be observed in anemic hypoxia and carbon monoxide-induced histotoxic hypoxia. The increased renin is contributed to by juxtaglomerular cells and the recruitment of renin lineage cells. Potential mechanisms regulating hypoxic renin expression involve hypoxia-inducible factor signaling, natriuretic peptides, nitric oxide, and Notch signaling-induced renin transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Kong
- Kidney Disease Center of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China;
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yixin Liao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China;
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China;
| | - Nathan Hall
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China;
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (N.H.); (R.L.)
| | - Pontus B. Persson
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Enyin Lai
- Kidney Disease Center of First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China;
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
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3
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Treger TD, Lawrence JEG, Anderson ND, Coorens THH, Letunovska A, Abby E, Lee-Six H, Oliver TRW, Al-Saadi R, Tullus K, Morcrette G, Hutchinson JC, Rampling D, Sebire N, Pritchard-Jones K, Young MD, Mitchell TJ, Jones PH, Tran M, Behjati S, Chowdhury T. Targetable NOTCH1 rearrangements in reninoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5826. [PMID: 37749094 PMCID: PMC10519988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Reninomas are exceedingly rare renin-secreting kidney tumours that derive from juxtaglomerular cells, specialised smooth muscle cells that reside at the vascular inlet of glomeruli. They are the central component of the juxtaglomerular apparatus which controls systemic blood pressure through the secretion of renin. We assess somatic changes in reninoma and find structural variants that generate canonical activating rearrangements of, NOTCH1 whilst removing its negative regulator, NRARP. Accordingly, in single reninoma nuclei we observe excessive renin and NOTCH1 signalling mRNAs, with a concomitant non-excess of NRARP expression. Re-analysis of previously published reninoma bulk transcriptomes further corroborates our observation of dysregulated Notch pathway signalling in reninoma. Our findings reveal NOTCH1 rearrangements in reninoma, therapeutically targetable through existing NOTCH1 inhibitors, and indicate that unscheduled Notch signalling may be a disease-defining feature of reninoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn D Treger
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - John E G Lawrence
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Tim H H Coorens
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, 02142 MA, USA
| | - Aleksandra Letunovska
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Emilie Abby
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Henry Lee-Six
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Thomas R W Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Reem Al-Saadi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Kjell Tullus
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Guillaume Morcrette
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - J Ciaran Hutchinson
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Dyanne Rampling
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Neil Sebire
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | | | | | - Thomas J Mitchell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Early Cancer Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 OXZ, UK
| | - Maxine Tran
- Specialist Centre for Kidney Cancer, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, NW3 2PS, UK.
| | - Sam Behjati
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, CB10 1SA, UK.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Tanzina Chowdhury
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.
- NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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4
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Daniel EA, Sommer NA, Sharma M. Polycystic kidneys: interaction of notch and renin. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1145-1150. [PMID: 37553961 PMCID: PMC11132639 DOI: 10.1042/cs20230023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a developmental disorder, which either manifests in early childhood or later in life, depending on the genetic mutation one harbors. The mechanisms of cyst initiation are not well understood. Increasing literature is now suggesting that Notch signaling may play a critical role in PKD. Activation of Notch signaling is important during nephrogenesis and slows down after development. Deletion of various Notch molecules in the cap mesenchyme leads to formation of cysts and early death in mice. A new study by Belyea et al. has now found that cells of renin lineage may link Notch expression and cystic kidney disease. Here, we use our understanding of Notch signaling and PKD to speculate about the significance of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Daniel
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, U.S.A
| | - Nicole A Sommer
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, U.S.A
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Jared Grantham Kidney Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, U.S.A
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Yamaguchi H, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin Cells, From Vascular Development to Blood Pressure Sensing. Hypertension 2023; 80:1580-1589. [PMID: 37313725 PMCID: PMC10526986 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.20577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic and neonatal life, renin cells contribute to the assembly and branching of the intrarenal arterial tree. During kidney arteriolar development renin cells are widely distributed throughout the renal vasculature. As the arterioles mature, renin cells differentiate into smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and mesangial cells. In adult life, renin cells are confined to the tips of the renal arterioles, thus their name juxtaglomerular cells. Juxtaglomerular cells are sensors that release renin to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Three major mechanisms control renin release: (1) β-adrenergic stimulation, (2) macula densa signaling, and (3) the renin baroreceptor, whereby a decrease in arterial pressure leads to increased renin release whereas an increase in pressure results in decrease renin release. Cells from the renin lineage exhibit plasticity in response to hypotension or hypovolemia, whereas relentless, chronic stimulation induces concentric arterial and arteriolar hypertrophy, leading to focal renal ischemia. The renin cell baroreceptor is a nuclear mechanotransducer within the renin cell that transmits external forces to the chromatin to regulate Ren1 gene expression. In addition to mechanotransduction, the pressure sensor of the renin cell may enlist additional molecules and structures including soluble signals and membrane proteins such as gap junctions and ion channels. How these various components integrate their actions to deliver the exact amounts of renin to meet the organism needs is unknown. This review describes the nature and origins of renin cells, their role in kidney vascular development and arteriolar diseases, and the current understanding of the blood pressure sensing mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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6
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Neyra JS, Medrano S, Goes Martini AD, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. The role of Gata3 in renin cell identity. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F188-F198. [PMID: 37345845 PMCID: PMC10396225 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00098.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin cells are precursors for other cell types in the kidney and show high plasticity in postnatal life in response to challenges to homeostasis. Our previous single-cell RNA-sequencing studies revealed that the dual zinc-finger transcription factor Gata3, which is important for cell lineage commitment and differentiation, is expressed in mouse renin cells under normal conditions and homeostatic threats. We identified a potential Gata3-binding site upstream of the renin gene leading us to hypothesize that Gata3 is essential for renin cell identity. We studied adult mice with conditional deletion of Gata3 in renin cells: Gata3fl/fl;Ren1dCre/+ (Gata3-cKO) and control Gata3fl/fl;Ren1d+/+ counterparts. Gata3 immunostaining revealed that Gata3-cKO mice had significantly reduced Gata3 expression in juxtaglomerular, mesangial, and smooth muscle cells, indicating a high degree of deletion of Gata3 in renin lineage cells. Gata3-cKO mice exhibited a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen, suggesting hypovolemia and/or compromised renal function. By immunostaining, renin-expressing cells appeared very thin compared with their normal plump shape in control mice. Renin cells were ectopically localized to Bowman's capsule in some glomeruli, and there was aberrant expression of actin-α2 signals in the mesangium, interstitium, and Bowman's capsule in Gata3-cKO mice. Distal tubules showed dilated morphology with visible intraluminal casts. Under physiological threat, Gata3-cKO mice exhibited a lower increase in mRNA levels than controls. Hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome staining showed increased glomerular fusion, absent cubical epithelial cells in Bowman's capsule, intraglomerular aneurysms, and tubular dilation. In conclusion, our results indicate that Gata3 is crucial to the identity of cells of the renin lineage.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Gata3, a dual zinc-finger transcription factor, is responsible for the identity and localization of renin cells in the kidney. Mice with a conditional deletion of Gata3 in renin lineage cells have abnormal kidneys with juxtaglomerular cells that lose their characteristic location and are misplaced outside and around arterioles and glomeruli. The fundamental role of Gata3 in renin cell development offers a new model to understand how transcription factors control cell location, function, and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus S Neyra
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Alexandre De Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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7
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Martini AG, Smith JP, Medrano S, Sheffield NC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Determinants of renin cell differentiation: a single cell epi-transcriptomics approach. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.18.524595. [PMID: 36711565 PMCID: PMC9882312 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.18.524595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Renin cells are essential for survival. They control the morphogenesis of the kidney arterioles, and the composition and volume of our extracellular fluid, arterial blood pressure, tissue perfusion, and oxygen delivery. It is known that renin cells and associated arteriolar cells descend from FoxD1 + progenitor cells, yet renin cells remain challenging to study due in no small part to their rarity within the kidney. As such, the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and maintenance of these cells remain insufficiently understood. Objective We sought to comprehensively evaluate the chromatin states and transcription factors (TFs) that drive the differentiation of FoxD1 + progenitor cells into those that compose the kidney vasculature with a focus on renin cells. Methods and Results We isolated single nuclei of FoxD1 + progenitor cells and their descendants from FoxD1 cre/+ ; R26R-mTmG mice at embryonic day 12 (E12) (n cells =1234), embryonic day 18 (E18) (n cells =3696), postnatal day 5 (P5) (n cells =1986), and postnatal day 30 (P30) (n cells =1196). Using integrated scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq we established the developmental trajectory that leads to the mosaic of cells that compose the kidney arterioles, and specifically identified the factors that determine the elusive, myo-endocrine adult renin-secreting juxtaglomerular (JG) cell. We confirm the role of Nfix in JG cell development and renin expression, and identified the myocyte enhancer factor-2 (MEF2) family of TFs as putative drivers of JG cell differentiation. Conclusions We provide the first developmental trajectory of renin cell differentiation as they become JG cells in a single-cell atlas of kidney vascular open chromatin and highlighted novel factors important for their stage-specific differentiation. This improved understanding of the regulatory landscape of renin expressing JG cells is necessary to better learn the control and function of this rare cell population as overactivation or aberrant activity of the RAS is a key factor in cardiovascular and kidney pathologies.
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8
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Overexpression of notch signaling in renin cells leads to a polycystic kidney phenotype. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:35-45. [PMID: 36503993 PMCID: PMC10052804 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder that results in large kidneys, numerous fluid-filled cysts, and ultimately end-stage kidney disease. PKD is either autosomal dominant caused by mutations in PKD1 or PKD2 genes or autosomal recessive caused by mutations in the PKHD1 or DZIP1L genes. While the genetic basis of PKD is known, the downstream molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that lead to deregulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation are not completely understood. The Notch pathway plays critical roles during kidney development including directing differentiation of various progenitor cells, and aberrant Notch signaling results in gross alternations in cell fate. In the present study, we generated and studied transgenic mice that have overexpression of an intracellular fragment of mouse Notch1 ('NotchIC') in renin-expressing cells. Mice with overexpression of NotchIC in renin-expressing cells developed numerous fluid-filled cysts, enlarged kidneys, anemia, renal insufficiency, and early death. Cysts developed in both glomeruli and proximal tubules, had increased proliferation marks, and had increased levels of Myc. The present work implicates the Notch signaling pathway as a central player in PKD pathogenesis and suggests that the Notch-Myc axis may be an important target for therapeutic intervention.
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9
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Hu X, Zou Q, Yao L, Yang X. Survey of the binding preferences of RNA-binding proteins to RNA editing events. Genome Biol 2022; 23:169. [PMID: 35927743 PMCID: PMC9351184 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-022-02741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) editing is an important RNA posttranscriptional process related to a multitude of cellular and molecular activities. However, systematic characterizations of whether and how the events of RNA editing are associated with the binding preferences of RNA sequences to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are still lacking. RESULTS With the RNA-seq and RBP eCLIP-seq datasets from the ENCODE project, we quantitatively survey the binding preferences of 150 RBPs to RNA editing events, followed by experimental validations. Such analyses of the RBP-associated RNA editing at nucleotide resolution and genome-wide scale shed light on the involvement of RBPs specifically in RNA editing-related processes, such as RNA splicing, RNA secondary structures, RNA decay, and other posttranscriptional processes. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the relevance of RNA editing in the functions of many RBPs and therefore serve as a resource for further characterization of the functional associations between various RNA editing events and RBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Hu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuerui Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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10
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Lin H, Geurts F, Hassler L, Batlle D, Mirabito Colafella KM, Denton KM, Zhuo JL, Li XC, Ramkumar N, Koizumi M, Matsusaka T, Nishiyama A, Hoogduijn MJ, Hoorn EJ, Danser AHJ. Kidney Angiotensin in Cardiovascular Disease: Formation and Drug Targeting. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:462-505. [PMID: 35710133 PMCID: PMC9553117 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of local formation of angiotensin II in the kidney has changed over the last 10-15 years. Local synthesis of angiotensinogen in the proximal tubule has been proposed, combined with prorenin synthesis in the collecting duct. Binding of prorenin via the so-called (pro)renin receptor has been introduced, as well as megalin-mediated uptake of filtered plasma-derived renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components. Moreover, angiotensin metabolites other than angiotensin II [notably angiotensin-(1-7)] exist, and angiotensins exert their effects via three different receptors, of which angiotensin II type 2 and Mas receptors are considered renoprotective, possibly in a sex-specific manner, whereas angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptors are believed to be deleterious. Additionally, internalized angiotensin II may stimulate intracellular receptors. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) not only generates angiotensin-(1-7) but also acts as coronavirus receptor. Multiple, if not all, cardiovascular diseases involve the kidney RAS, with renal AT1 receptors often being claimed to exert a crucial role. Urinary RAS component levels, depending on filtration, reabsorption, and local release, are believed to reflect renal RAS activity. Finally, both existing drugs (RAS inhibitors, cyclooxygenase inhibitors) and novel drugs (angiotensin receptor/neprilysin inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, soluble ACE2) affect renal angiotensin formation, thereby displaying cardiovascular efficacy. Particular in the case of the latter three, an important question is to what degree they induce renoprotection (e.g., in a renal RAS-dependent manner). This review provides a unifying view, explaining not only how kidney angiotensin formation occurs and how it is affected by drugs but also why drugs are renoprotective when altering the renal RAS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Angiotensin formation in the kidney is widely accepted but little understood, and multiple, often contrasting concepts have been put forward over the last two decades. This paper offers a unifying view, simultaneously explaining how existing and novel drugs exert renoprotection by interfering with kidney angiotensin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Frank Geurts
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Luise Hassler
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Katrina M Mirabito Colafella
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Kate M Denton
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Xiao C Li
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Nirupama Ramkumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Masahiro Koizumi
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Taiji Matsusaka
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Martin J Hoogduijn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine (H.L., A.H.J.D.) and Division of Nephrology and Transplantation (F.G., M.J.H., E.J.H.), Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (L.H., D.B.); Monash University, Melbourne, Australia (K.M.M.C., K.M.D.); Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana (J.L.Z., X.C.L.); Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah (N.R.); Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (M.K.) and Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Basic Medicine (M.K., T.M.), Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan; and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Japan (A.N.)
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11
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Broeker KAE, Schrankl J, Fuchs MAA, Kurtz A. Flexible and multifaceted: the plasticity of renin-expressing cells. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:799-812. [PMID: 35511367 PMCID: PMC9338909 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protease renin, the key enzyme of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is mainly produced and secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney, which are located in the walls of the afferent arterioles at their entrance into the glomeruli. When the body’s demand for renin rises, the renin production capacity of the kidneys commonly increases by induction of renin expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in extraglomerular mesangial cells. These cells undergo a reversible metaplastic cellular transformation in order to produce renin. Juxtaglomerular cells of the renin lineage have also been described to migrate into the glomerulus and differentiate into podocytes, epithelial cells or mesangial cells to restore damaged cells in states of glomerular disease. More recently, it could be shown that renin cells can also undergo an endocrine and metaplastic switch to erythropoietin-producing cells. This review aims to describe the high degree of plasticity of renin-producing cells of the kidneys and to analyze the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina A E Broeker
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Julia Schrankl
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michaela A A Fuchs
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraβe 31, D-93053 , Regensburg, Germany
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12
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A novel renal perivascular mesenchymal cell subset gives rise to fibroblasts distinct from classic myofibroblasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5389. [PMID: 35354870 PMCID: PMC8967907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Perivascular mesenchymal cells (PMCs), which include pericytes, give rise to myofibroblasts that contribute to chronic kidney disease progression. Several PMC markers have been identified; however, PMC heterogeneity and functions are not fully understood. Here, we describe a novel subset of renal PMCs that express Meflin, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that was recently identified as a marker of fibroblasts essential for cardiac tissue repair. Tracing the lineage of Meflin+ PMCs, which are found in perivascular and periglomerular areas and exhibit renin-producing potential, showed that they detach from the vasculature and proliferate under disease conditions. Although the contribution of Meflin+ PMCs to conventional α-SMA+ myofibroblasts is low, they give rise to fibroblasts with heterogeneous α-SMA expression patterns. Genetic ablation of Meflin+ PMCs in a renal fibrosis mouse model revealed their essential role in collagen production. Consistent with this, human biopsy samples showed that progressive renal diseases exhibit high Meflin expression. Furthermore, Meflin overexpression in kidney fibroblasts promoted bone morphogenetic protein 7 signals and suppressed myofibroblastic differentiation, implicating the roles of Meflin in suppressing tissue fibrosis. These findings demonstrate that Meflin marks a PMC subset that is functionally distinct from classic pericytes and myofibroblasts, highlighting the importance of elucidating PMC heterogeneity.
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13
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Abstract
Renin cells are essential for survival perfected throughout evolution to ensure normal development and defend the organism against a variety of homeostatic threats. During embryonic and early postnatal life, they are progenitors that participate in the morphogenesis of the renal arterial tree. In adult life, they are capable of regenerating injured glomeruli, control blood pressure, fluid-electrolyte balance, tissue perfusion, and in turn, the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells. Throughout life, renin cell descendants retain the plasticity or memory to regain the renin phenotype when homeostasis is threatened. To perform all of these functions and maintain well-being, renin cells must regulate their identity and fate. Here, we review the major mechanisms that control the differentiation and fate of renin cells, the chromatin events that control the memory of the renin phenotype, and the major pathways that determine their plasticity. We also examine how chronic stimulation of renin cells alters their fate leading to the development of a severe and concentric hypertrophy of the intrarenal arteries and arterioles. Lastly, we provide examples of additional changes in renin cell fate that contribute to equally severe kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Pediatrics an Biology, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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14
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Belyea BC, Santiago AE, Vasconez WA, Nagalakshmi VK, Xu F, Mehalic TC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. A primitive type of renin-expressing lymphocyte protects the organism against infections. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7251. [PMID: 33790364 PMCID: PMC8012387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86629-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone renin plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. Normally, renin is synthesized by juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, a specialized group of myoepithelial cells located near the entrance to the kidney glomeruli. In response to low blood pressure and/or a decrease in extracellular fluid volume (as it occurs during dehydration, hypotension, or septic shock) JG cells respond by releasing renin to the circulation to reestablish homeostasis. Interestingly, renin-expressing cells also exist outside of the kidney, where their function has remained a mystery. We discovered a unique type of renin-expressing B-1 lymphocyte that may have unrecognized roles in defending the organism against infections. These cells synthesize renin, entrap and phagocyte bacteria and control bacterial growth. The ability of renin-bearing lymphocytes to control infections-which is enhanced by the presence of renin-adds a novel, previously unsuspected dimension to the defense role of renin-expressing cells, linking the endocrine control of circulatory homeostasis with the immune control of infections to ensure survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Araceli E Santiago
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Wilson A Vasconez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vidya K Nagalakshmi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Theodore C Mehalic
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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15
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Guessoum O, de Goes Martini A, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Deciphering the Identity of Renin Cells in Health and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:280-292. [PMID: 33162328 PMCID: PMC7914220 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hypotension and changes in fluid-electrolyte balance pose immediate threats to survival. Juxtaglomerular cells respond to such threats by increasing the synthesis and secretion of renin. In addition, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) along the renal arterioles transform into renin cells until homeostasis has been regained. However, chronic unrelenting stimulation of renin cells leads to severe kidney damage. Here, we discuss the origin, distribution, function, and plasticity of renin cells within the kidney and immune compartments and the consequences of distorting the renin program. Understanding how chronic stimulation of these cells in the context of hypertension may lead to vascular pathology will serve as a foundation for targeted molecular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guessoum
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alexandre de Goes Martini
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Child Health Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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16
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Jensen BL. To divide or not to divide-that is no longer the question regarding mechanisms for reversible change in renin cell numbers in adult kidneys. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 230:e13550. [PMID: 32846037 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boye L Jensen
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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17
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Macrophage secretion of miR-106b-5p causes renin-dependent hypertension. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4798. [PMID: 32968066 PMCID: PMC7511948 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells are known mediators of hypertension, but their role in initiating renin-induced hypertension has not been studied. Vitamin D deficiency causes pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration in metabolic tissues and is linked to renin-mediated hypertension. We tested the hypothesis that impaired vitamin D signaling in macrophages causes hypertension using conditional knockout of the myeloid vitamin D receptor in mice (KODMAC). These mice develop renin-dependent hypertension due to macrophage infiltration of the vasculature and direct activation of renal juxtaglomerular (JG) cell renin production. Induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in knockout macrophages increases miR-106b-5p secretion, which stimulates JG cell renin production via repression of transcription factors E2f1 and Pde3b. Moreover, in wild-type recipient mice of KODMAC/miR106b−/− bone marrow, knockout of miR-106b-5p prevents the hypertension and JG cell renin production induced by KODMAC macrophages, suggesting myeloid-specific, miR-106b-5p-dependent effects. These findings confirm macrophage miR-106b-5p secretion from impaired vitamin D receptor signaling causes inflammation-induced hypertension. Myeloid cells are involved in hypertension, but their exact role in renin-induced hypertension remains unclear. Here the authors show that impaired vitamin D signaling in myeloid cells causes hypertension via macrophage-specific miR-106b-5p secretion, which activates renin production in the kidney.
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18
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Mohamed TH, Watanabe H, Kaur R, Belyea BC, Walker PD, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Renin-Expressing Cells Require β1-Integrin for Survival and for Development and Maintenance of the Renal Vasculature. Hypertension 2020; 76:458-467. [PMID: 32594804 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Juxtaglomerular cells are crucial for blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. The factors that maintain the life of renin cells are unknown. In vivo, renin cells receive constant cell-to-cell, mechanical, and neurohumoral stimulation that maintain their identity and function. Whether the presence of this niche is crucial for the vitality of the juxtaglomerular cells is unknown. Integrins are the largest family of cell adhesion molecules that mediate cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions. Of those, β1-integrin is the most abundant in juxtaglomerular cells. However, its role in renin cell identity and function has not been ascertained. To test the hypothesis that cell-matrix interactions are fundamental not only to maintain the identity and function of juxtaglomerular cells but also to keep them alive, we deleted β1-integrin in vivo in cells of the renin lineage. In mutant mice, renin cells died by apoptosis, resulting in decreased circulating renin, hypotension, severe renal-vascular abnormalities, and renal failure. Results indicate that cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions via β1-integrin is essential for juxtaglomerular cells survival, suggesting that the juxtaglomerular niche is crucial not only for the tight regulation of renin release but also for juxtaglomerular cell survival-a sine qua non condition to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahagod H Mohamed
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Rajwinderjit Kaur
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Brian C Belyea
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Patrick D Walker
- Renal Pathology Division, Arkana Laboratories, Little Rock, AR (P.D.W.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biology (R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- From the Child Health Research Center, Department of Pediatrics (T.H.M., H.W., R.K., B.C.B., R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.,Department of Biology (R.A.G., M.L.S.S.-L.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville
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19
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Assmus AM, Mullins JJ, Brown CM, Mullins LJ. Cellular plasticity: A mechanism for homeostasis in the kidney. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13447. [PMID: 31991057 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular plasticity is a topical subject with interest spanning a wide range of fields from developmental biology to regenerative medicine. Even the nomenclature is a subject of debate, and the underlying mechanisms are still under investigation. On top of injury repair, cell plasticity is a constant physiological process in adult organisms and tissues, in response to homeostatic challenges. In this review we discuss two examples of plasticity for the maintenance of homeostasis in the renal system-namely the renin-producing juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells) and cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells. JG cells show plasticity through recruitment mechanisms, answering the demand for an increase in renin production. In the CCD, cells appear to have the ability to transdifferentiate between principal and intercalated cells to help maintain the highly regulated solute transport levels of that segment. These two cases highlight the complexity of plasticity processes and the role they can play in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne M. Assmus
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - John J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Cara M. Brown
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
| | - Linda J. Mullins
- The University of Edinburgh ‐ Cardiovascular Science (CVS) Queen's Medical Research Institute Edinburgh Scotland UK
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20
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Steglich A, Hickmann L, Linkermann A, Bornstein S, Hugo C, Todorov VT. Beyond the Paradigm: Novel Functions of Renin-Producing Cells. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:53-81. [PMID: 32691160 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaglomerular renin-producing cells (RPC) of the kidney are referred to as the major source of circulating renin. Renin is the limiting factor in renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which represents a proteolytic cascade in blood plasma that plays a central role in the regulation of blood pressure. Further cells disseminated in the entire organism express renin at a low level as part of tissue RASs, which are thought to locally modulate the effects of systemic RAS. In recent years, it became increasingly clear that the renal RPC are involved in developmental, physiological, and pathophysiological processes outside RAS. Based on recent experimental evidence, a novel concept emerges postulating that next to their traditional role, the RPC have non-canonical RAS-independent progenitor and renoprotective functions. Moreover, the RPC are part of a widespread renin lineage population, which may act as a global stem cell pool coordinating homeostatic, stress, and regenerative responses throughout the organism. This review focuses on the RAS-unrelated functions of RPC - a dynamic research area that increasingly attracts attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Steglich
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Hickmann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Bornstein
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Hugo
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vladimir T Todorov
- Experimental Nephrology, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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21
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Dumas SJ, Meta E, Borri M, Goveia J, Rohlenova K, Conchinha NV, Falkenberg K, Teuwen LA, de Rooij L, Kalucka J, Chen R, Khan S, Taverna F, Lu W, Parys M, De Legher C, Vinckier S, Karakach TK, Schoonjans L, Lin L, Bolund L, Dewerchin M, Eelen G, Rabelink TJ, Li X, Luo Y, Carmeliet P. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Renal Endothelium Heterogeneity and Metabolic Adaptation to Water Deprivation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 31:118-138. [PMID: 31818909 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Renal endothelial cells from glomerular, cortical, and medullary kidney compartments are exposed to different microenvironmental conditions and support specific kidney processes. However, the heterogeneous phenotypes of these cells remain incompletely inventoried. Osmotic homeostasis is vitally important for regulating cell volume and function, and in mammals, osmotic equilibrium is regulated through the countercurrent system in the renal medulla, where water exchange through endothelium occurs against an osmotic pressure gradient. Dehydration exposes medullary renal endothelial cells to extreme hyperosmolarity, and how these cells adapt to and survive in this hypertonic milieu is unknown. METHODS We inventoried renal endothelial cell heterogeneity by single-cell RNA sequencing >40,000 mouse renal endothelial cells, and studied transcriptome changes during osmotic adaptation upon water deprivation. We validated our findings by immunostaining and functionally by targeting oxidative phosphorylation in a hyperosmolarity model in vitro and in dehydrated mice in vivo. RESULTS We identified 24 renal endothelial cell phenotypes (of which eight were novel), highlighting extensive heterogeneity of these cells between and within the cortex, glomeruli, and medulla. In response to dehydration and hypertonicity, medullary renal endothelial cells upregulated the expression of genes involved in the hypoxia response, glycolysis, and-surprisingly-oxidative phosphorylation. Endothelial cells increased oxygen consumption when exposed to hyperosmolarity, whereas blocking oxidative phosphorylation compromised endothelial cell viability during hyperosmotic stress and impaired urine concentration during dehydration. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a high-resolution atlas of the renal endothelium and highlights extensive renal endothelial cell phenotypic heterogeneity, as well as a previously unrecognized role of oxidative phosphorylation in the metabolic adaptation of medullary renal endothelial cells to water deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien J Dumas
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elda Meta
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mila Borri
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jermaine Goveia
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katerina Rohlenova
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nadine V Conchinha
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Falkenberg
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laure-Anne Teuwen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laura de Rooij
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joanna Kalucka
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rongyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shawez Khan
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Federico Taverna
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Weisi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Magdalena Parys
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla De Legher
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Vinckier
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias K Karakach
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Schoonjans
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mieke Dewerchin
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Eelen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China;
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China; .,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,China National GeneBank, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; and.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI)-Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; .,Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Leuven, Belgium.,State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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22
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Saleem M, Hodgkinson CP, Xiao L, Gimenez-Bastida JA, Rasmussen ML, Foss J, Payne AJ, Mirotsou M, Gama V, Dzau VJ, Gomez JA. Sox6 as a new modulator of renin expression in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F285-F297. [PMID: 31760770 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00095.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells, major sources of renin, differentiate from metanephric mesenchymal cells that give rise to JG cells or a subset of smooth muscle cells of the renal afferent arteriole. During periods of dehydration and salt deprivation, renal mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentiate from JG cells. JG cells undergo expansion and smooth muscle cells redifferentiate to express renin along the afferent arteriole. Gene expression profiling comparing resident renal MSCs with JG cells indicates that the transcription factor Sox6 is highly expressed in JG cells in the adult kidney. In vitro, loss of Sox6 expression reduces differentiation of renal MSCs to renin-producing cells. In vivo, Sox6 expression is upregulated after a low-Na+ diet and furosemide. Importantly, knockout of Sox6 in Ren1d+ cells halts the increase in renin-expressing cells normally seen during a low-Na+ diet and furosemide as well as the typical increase in renin. Furthermore, Sox6 ablation in renin-expressing cells halts the recruitment of smooth muscle cells along the afferent arteriole, which normally express renin under these conditions. These results support a previously undefined role for Sox6 in renin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Conrad P Hodgkinson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Liang Xiao
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Juan A Gimenez-Bastida
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Megan L Rasmussen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jason Foss
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Alan J Payne
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maria Mirotsou
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vivian Gama
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Victor J Dzau
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jose A Gomez
- Department of Medicine/Clinical Pharmacology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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23
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Tang J, Wysocki J, Ye M, Vallés PG, Rein J, Shirazi M, Bader M, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Afkarian M, Batlle D. Urinary Renin in Patients and Mice With Diabetic Kidney Disease. Hypertension 2019; 74:83-94. [PMID: 31079532 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD), plasma renin activity is usually decreased, but there is limited information on urinary renin and its origin. Urinary renin was evaluated in samples from patients with longstanding type I diabetes mellitus and mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Renin-reporter mouse model (Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG) was made diabetic with streptozotocin to examine whether the distribution of cells of the renin lineage was altered in a chronic diabetic environment. Active renin was increased in urine samples from patients with DKD (n=36), compared with those without DKD (n=38; 3.2 versus 1.3 pg/mg creatinine; P<0.001). In mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, urine renin was also increased compared with nondiabetic controls. By immunohistochemistry, in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, juxtaglomerular apparatus and proximal tubular renin staining were reduced, whereas collecting tubule staining, by contrast, was increased. To examine the role of filtration and tubular reabsorption on urinary renin, mice were either infused with either mouse or human recombinant renin and lysine (a blocker of proximal tubular protein reabsorption). Infusion of either form of renin together with lysine markedly increased urinary renin such that it was no longer different between nondiabetic and diabetic mice. Megalin mRNA was reduced in the kidney cortex of streptozotocin-treated mice (0.70±0.09 versus 1.01±0.04 in controls, P=0.01) consistent with impaired tubular reabsorption. In Ren1d-Cre;mT/mG with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, the distribution of renin lineage cells within the kidney was similar to nondiabetic renin-reporter mice. No evidence for migration of cells of renin linage to the collecting duct in diabetic mice could be found. Renin mRNA in microdissected collecting ducts from streptozotocin-treated mice, moreover, was not significantly different than in controls, whereas in kidney cortex, largely reflecting juxtaglomerular apparatus renin, it was significantly reduced. In conclusion, in urine from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and DKD and from mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, renin is elevated. This cannot be attributed to production from cells of the renin lineage migrating to the collecting duct in a chronic hyperglycemic environment. Rather, the elevated levels of urinary renin found in DKD are best attributed to altered glomerular filteration and impaired proximal tubular reabsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Tang
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
| | - Patricia G Vallés
- Notti Pediatric Hospital School of Medicine, Mendoza, Argentina (P.G.V.)
| | - Johannes Rein
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Mina Shirazi
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (J.T., J.R., M.S., M.B.).,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL (J.T., J.W., M.Y., J.R., M.S., D.B.)
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24
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Belyea BC, Xu F, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Leukemia development initiated by deletion of RBP-J: mouse strain, deletion efficiency and cell of origin. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.036731. [PMID: 30467111 PMCID: PMC6307899 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.036731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional deletion of RBP-J, the major transcriptional effector of Notch signaling, specifically within renin-expressing cells leads to the development of B-cell leukemia. However, the influence of contributing factors such as mouse strain, cell of origin and Cre recombinase copy number are unknown. In this study, we compared RBP-J deletion efficiency using one versus two copies of Cre recombinase. Further, we compared the incidence and timing of leukemia development in two unique strains of mice, C57BL/6 and 129/SV, as well as at different B-cell developmental stages. We found that animals expressing two copies of Cre recombinase developed B-cell leukemia at an earlier age and with more fulminant disease, compared with control animals and animals expressing one copy of Cre recombinase. In addition, we found a difference in leukemia incidence between C57BL/6 and 129/SV mouse strains. Whereas deletion of RBP-J in renin-expressing cells of C57BL/6 mice leads to the development of B-cell leukemia, 129/SV mice develop dermatitis with a reactive, myeloproliferative phenotype. The difference in phenotypes is explained, in part, by the differential expression of extra-renal renin; C57BL/6 mice have more renin-expressing cells within hematopoietic tissues. Finally, we found that deletion of RBP-J in Mb1- or CD19-expressing B lymphocytes does not result in leukemia development. Together, these studies establish that renin progenitors are vulnerable cells for neoplastic transformation and emphasize the importance of genetic background on the development of inflammatory and malignant conditions.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Chipman Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, MR4 Building, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, MR4 Building, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | - Roberto Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, MR4 Building, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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25
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Hoffmann S, Mullins L, Buckley C, Rider S, Mullins J. Investigating the RAS can be a fishy business: interdisciplinary opportunities using Zebrafish. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:2469-2481. [PMID: 30518571 PMCID: PMC6279434 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is highly conserved, and components of the RAS are present in all vertebrates to some degree. Although the RAS has been studied since the discovery of renin, its biological role continues to broaden with the identification and characterization of new peptides. The evolutionarily distant zebrafish is a remarkable model for studying the kidney due to its genetic tractability and accessibility for in vivo imaging. The zebrafish pronephros is an especially useful kidney model due to its structural simplicity yet complex functionality, including capacity for glomerular and tubular filtration. Both the pronephros and mesonephros contain renin-expressing perivascular cells, which respond to RAS inhibition, making the zebrafish an excellent model for studying the RAS. This review summarizes the physiological and genetic tools currently available for studying the zebrafish kidney with regards to functionality of the RAS, using novel imaging techniques such as SPIM microscopy coupled with targeted single cell ablation and synthesis of vasoactive RAS peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hoffmann
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Linda Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - Sebastien Rider
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K
| | - John Mullins
- University of Edinburgh/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, U.K.
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26
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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Martinez MF, Medrano S, Brown RI, Tufan T, Shang S, Bertoncello N, Guessoum O, Adli M, Belyea BC, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Super-enhancers maintain renin-expressing cell identity and memory to preserve multi-system homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4787-4803. [PMID: 30130256 PMCID: PMC6205391 DOI: 10.1172/jci121361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renin cells are crucial for survival - they control fluid-electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis, vascular development, regeneration, and oxygen delivery to tissues. During embryonic development, renin cells are progenitors for multiple cell types that retain the memory of the renin phenotype. When there is a threat to survival, those descendants are transformed and reenact the renin phenotype to restore homeostasis. We tested the hypothesis that the molecular memory of the renin phenotype resides in unique regions and states of these cells' chromatin. Using renin cells at various stages of stimulation, we identified regions in the genome where the chromatin is open for transcription, mapped histone modifications characteristic of active enhancers such as H3K27ac, and tracked deposition of transcriptional activators such as Med1, whose deletion results in ablation of renin expression and low blood pressure. Using the rank ordering of super-enhancers, epigenetic rewriting, and enhancer deletion analysis, we found that renin cells harbor a unique set of super-enhancers that determine their identity. The most prominent renin super-enhancer may act as a chromatin sensor of signals that convey the physiologic status of the organism, and is responsible for the transformation of renin cell descendants to the renin phenotype, a fundamental process to ensure homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Turan Tufan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Stephen Shang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Omar Guessoum
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology, and
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Child Health Research Center
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Biology, and
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28
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Abstract
Renin-expressing cells have been conserved through evolution and maintain blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. Lack of availability of tools to study the specifics of renin regulation has limited advances in this field. In the current issue of the Journal of Clinical Investigation, Martinez and colleagues used the genome-wide assessment of the chromatin status of cells and uncovered a unique set of super-enhancers that determine the identity of renin cells. The renin super-enhancers play a key role in the molecular memory of renin cell function, a mechanism at the core of preserving homeostasis.
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29
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Development of the renal vasculature. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 91:132-146. [PMID: 29879472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The kidney vasculature has a unique and complex architecture that is central for the kidney to exert its multiple and essential physiological functions with the ultimate goal of maintaining homeostasis. An appropriate development and coordinated assembly of the different vascular cell types and their association with the corresponding nephrons is crucial for the generation of a functioning kidney. In this review we provide an overview of the renal vascular anatomy, histology, and current knowledge of the embryological origin and molecular pathways involved in its development. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in renal vascular development is the first step to advance the field of regenerative medicine.
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30
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Homeostatic Response of Mouse renin Gene Transcription in a Hypertensive Environment Is Mediated by a Novel 5' Enhancer. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00566-17. [PMID: 29358217 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00566-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system plays an essential role in blood pressure homeostasis. Because renin activity is reflected as a blood pressure phenotype, its gene expression in the kidney is tightly regulated by a feedback mechanism; i.e., renin gene transcription is suppressed in a hypertensive state. To address the molecular mechanisms controlling hypertension-responsive mouse renin (mRen) gene regulation, we deleted either 5' (17-kb) or 3' (78-kb) regions of the endogenous mRen gene and placed the animals in a hypertensive environment. While the mRen gene bearing the 3' deletion was appropriately downregulated, the one bearing the 5' deletion lost this hypertension responsiveness. Because the 17-kb sequence exhibited enhancer activity in vivo and in vitro, we narrowed down the enhancer to a 2.3-kb core using luciferase assays in As4.1 cells. When this 2.3-kb sequence was removed from the endogenous mRen gene in the mouse, its basal expression was dramatically reduced, and the hypertension responsiveness was significantly attenuated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the angiotensin II signal played an important role in mRen gene suppression. We propose that in a hypertensive environment, the activity of this novel enhancer is attenuated, and, as a consequence, mRen gene transcription is suppressed to maintain blood pressure.
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31
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Abstract
An accumulating body of evidence suggests that renin-expressing cells have developed throughout evolution as a mechanism to preserve blood pressure and fluid volume homeostasis as well as to counteract a number of homeostatic and immunological threats. In the developing embryo, renin precursor cells emerge in multiple tissues, where they differentiate into a variety of cell types. The function of those precursors and their progeny is beginning to be unravelled. In the developing kidney, renin-expressing cells control the morphogenesis and branching of the renal arterial tree. The cells do not seem to fully differentiate but instead retain a degree of developmental plasticity or molecular memory, which enables them to regenerate injured glomeruli or to alter their phenotype to control blood pressure and fluid-electrolyte homeostasis. In haematopoietic tissues, renin-expressing cells might regulate bone marrow differentiation and participate in a circulating leukocyte renin-angiotensin system, which acts as a defence mechanism against infections or tissue injury. Furthermore, renin-expressing cells have an intricate lineage and functional relationship with erythropoietin-producing cells and are therefore central to two endocrine systems - the renin-angiotensin and erythropoietin systems - that sustain life by controlling fluid volume and composition, perfusion pressure and oxygen delivery to tissues. However, loss of the homeostatic control of these systems following dysregulation of renin-expressing cells can be detrimental, with serious pathological events.
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32
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Kaverina NV, Eng DG, Largent AD, Daehn I, Chang A, Gross KW, Pippin JW, Hohenstein P, Shankland SJ. WT1 Is Necessary for the Proliferation and Migration of Cells of Renin Lineage Following Kidney Podocyte Depletion. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1152-1166. [PMID: 28966119 PMCID: PMC5639431 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wilms' tumor suppressor 1 (WT1) plays an important role in cell proliferation and mesenchymal-epithelial balance in normal development and disease. Here, we show that following podocyte depletion in three experimental models, and in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and membranous nephropathy, WT1 increased significantly in cells of renin lineage (CoRL). In an animal model of FSGS in RenWt1fl/fl reporter mice with inducible deletion of WT1 in CoRL, CoRL proliferation and migration to the glomerulus was reduced, and glomerular disease was worse compared with wild-type mice. To become podocytes, CoRL undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation (MET), typified by reduced staining for mesenchymal markers (MYH11, SM22, αSMA) and de novo expression of epithelial markers (E-cadherin and cytokeratin18). Evidence for changes in MET markers was barely detected in RenWt1fl/fl mice. Our results show that following podocyte depletion, WT1 plays essential roles in CoRL proliferation and migration toward an adult podocyte fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V Kaverina
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Diana G Eng
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Andrea D Largent
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ilse Daehn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, 5841 S Maryland Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Pippin
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Stuart J Shankland
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 750 Republican Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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33
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Oka M, Medrano S, Sequeira-Lόpez MLS, Gómez RA. Chronic Stimulation of Renin Cells Leads to Vascular Pathology. Hypertension 2017; 70:119-128. [PMID: 28533331 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.117.09283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Experimental or spontaneous genomic mutations of the renin-angiotensin system or its pharmacological inhibition in early life leads to renal abnormalities, including poorly developed renal medulla, papillary atrophy, hydronephrosis, inability to concentrate the urine, polyuria, polydipsia, renal failure, and anemia. At the core of such complex phenotype is the presence of unique vascular abnormalities: the renal arterioles do not branch or elongate properly and they have disorganized, concentric hypertrophy. This lesion has been puzzling because it is often found in hypertensive individuals whereas mutant or pharmacologically inhibited animals are hypotensive. Remarkably, when renin cells are ablated with diphtheria toxin, the vascular hypertrophy does not occur, suggesting that renin cells per se may contribute to the vascular disease. To test this hypothesis, on a Ren1c-/- background, we generated mutant mice with reporter expression (Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.mTmG and Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-Cre;R26R.LacZ) to trace the fate of reninnull cells. To assess whether reninnull cells maintain their renin promoter active, we used Ren1c-/-;Ren1c-YFP mice that transcribe YFP (yellow fluorescent protein) directed by the renin promoter. We also followed the expression of Akr1b7 and miR-330-5p, markers of cells programmed for the renin phenotype. Contrary to what we expected, reninnull cells did not die or disappear. Instead, they survived, increased in number along the renal arterial tree, and maintained an active molecular memory of the myoepitheliod renin phenotype. Furthermore, null cells of the renin lineage occupied the walls of the arteries and arterioles in a chaotic, directionless pattern directly contributing to the concentric arterial hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Oka
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Silvia Medrano
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | | | - R Ariel Gómez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
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34
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Martini AG, Danser AHJ. Juxtaglomerular Cell Phenotypic Plasticity. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2017; 24:231-242. [PMID: 28527017 PMCID: PMC5574949 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-017-0212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin is the first and rate-limiting step of the renin-angiotensin system. The exclusive source of renin in the circulation are the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, which line the afferent arterioles at the entrance of the glomeruli. Normally, renin production by these cells suffices to maintain homeostasis. However, under chronic stimulation of renin release, for instance during a low-salt diet or antihypertensive therapy, cells that previously expressed renin during congenital life re-convert to a renin-producing cell phenotype, a phenomenon which is known as “recruitment”. How exactly such differentiation occurs remains to be clarified. This review critically discusses the phenotypic plasticity of renin cells, connecting them not only to the classical concept of blood pressure regulation, but also to more complex contexts such as development and growth processes, cell repair mechanisms and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Góes Martini
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H Jan Danser
- Division of Pharmacology and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Room EE1418b, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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35
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Kaverina NV, Kadoya H, Eng DG, Rusiniak ME, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Pippin JW, Gross KW, Peti-Peterdi J, Shankland SJ. Tracking the stochastic fate of cells of the renin lineage after podocyte depletion using multicolor reporters and intravital imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173891. [PMID: 28329012 PMCID: PMC5362207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocyte depletion plays a major role in focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS). Because cells of the renin lineage (CoRL) serve as adult podocyte and parietal epithelial cell (PEC) progenitor candidates, we generated Ren1cCre/R26R-ConfettiTG/WT and Ren1dCre/R26R-ConfettiTG/WT mice to determine CoRL clonality during podocyte replacement. Four CoRL reporters (GFP, YFP, RFP, CFP) were restricted to cells in the juxtaglomerular compartment (JGC) at baseline. Following abrupt podocyte depletion in experimental FSGS, all four CoRL reporters were detected in a subset of glomeruli at day 28, where they co-expressed de novo four podocyte proteins (podocin, nephrin, WT-1 and p57) and two glomerular parietal epithelial cell (PEC) proteins (claudin-1, PAX8). To monitor the precise migration of a subset of CoRL over a 2w period following podocyte depletion, intravital multiphoton microscopy was used. Our findings demonstrate direct visual support for the migration of single CoRL from the JGC to the parietal Bowman's capsule, early proximal tubule, mesangium and glomerular tuft. In summary, these results suggest that following podocyte depletion, multi-clonal CoRL migrate to the glomerulus and replace podocyte and PECs in experimental FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya V. Kaverina
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Diana G. Eng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael E. Rusiniak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria Luisa S. Sequeira-Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - R. Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey W. Pippin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJS); (JPP)
| | - Stuart J. Shankland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SJS); (JPP)
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36
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Gomez RA. Fate of Renin Cells During Development and Disease. Hypertension 2017; 69:387-395. [PMID: 28137982 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- From the Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville.
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37
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Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS. Novel Functions of Renin Precursors in Homeostasis and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:25-33. [PMID: 26661526 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Renin progenitors appear early and are found in multiple tissues throughout the embryo. Besides their well known role in blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, renin progenitors participate in tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration, and may integrate immune and endocrine responses. In the bone marrow, renin cells offer clues to understand normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ariel Gomez
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Child Health Research Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
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38
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Stefanska A, Kenyon C, Christian HC, Buckley C, Shaw I, Mullins JJ, Péault B. Human kidney pericytes produce renin. Kidney Int 2016; 90:1251-1261. [PMID: 27678158 PMCID: PMC5126097 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pericytes, perivascular cells embedded in the microvascular wall, are crucial for vascular homeostasis. These cells also play diverse roles in tissue development and regeneration as multi-lineage progenitors, immunomodulatory cells and as sources of trophic factors. Here, we establish that pericytes are renin producing cells in the human kidney. Renin was localized by immunohistochemistry in CD146 and NG2 expressing pericytes, surrounding juxtaglomerular and afferent arterioles. Similar to pericytes from other organs, CD146+CD34–CD45–CD56– renal fetal pericytes, sorted by flow cytometry, exhibited tri-lineage mesodermal differentiation potential in vitro. Additionally, renin expression was triggered in cultured kidney pericytes by cyclic AMP as confirmed by immuno-electron microscopy, and secretion of enzymatically functional renin, capable of generating angiotensin I. Pericytes derived from second trimester human placenta also expressed renin in an inducible fashion although the renin activity was much lower than in renal pericytes. Thus, our results confirm and extend the recently discovered developmental plasticity of microvascular pericytes, and may open new perspectives to the therapeutic regulation of the renin-angiotensin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Stefanska
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Christopher Kenyon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen C Christian
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Isaac Shaw
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK; Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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39
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Wu SP, Yu CT, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Choose your destiny: Make a cell fate decision with COUP-TFII. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:7-12. [PMID: 26658017 PMCID: PMC4724268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate specification is a critical process to generate cells with a wide range of characteristics from stem and progenitor cells. Emerging evidence demonstrates that the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII serves as a key regulator in determining the cell identity during embryonic development. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on molecular mechanisms by which COUP-TFII employs to define the cell fates, with special emphasis on cardiovascular and renal systems. These novel insights pave the road for future studies of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Pin Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130, USA
| | - Cheng-Tai Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sophia Y Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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40
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Lu KT, Keen HL, Weatherford ET, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA, Sigmund CD. Estrogen Receptor α Is Required for Maintaining Baseline Renin Expression. Hypertension 2016; 67:992-9. [PMID: 26928806 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.07082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic cleavage of angiotensinogen by renin represents the critical rate-limiting step in the production of angiotensin II, but the mechanisms regulating the initial expression of the renin gene remain incomplete. The purpose of this study is to unravel the molecular mechanism controlling renin expression. We identified a subset of nuclear receptors that exhibited an expression pattern similar to renin by reanalyzing a publicly available microarray data set. Expression of some of these nuclear receptors was similarly regulated as renin in response to physiological cues, which are known to regulate renin. Among these, only estrogen receptor α (ERα) and hepatic nuclear factor α have no known function in regulating renin expression. We determined that ERα is essential for the maintenance of renin expression by transfection of small interfering RNAs targeting Esr1, the gene encoding ERα, in renin-expressing As4.1 cells. We also observed that previously characterized negative regulators of renin expression, Nr2f2 and vitamin D receptor, exhibited elevated expression in response to ERα inhibition. Therefore, we tested whether ERα regulates renin expression through an interaction with Nr2f2 and vitamin D receptor. Renin expression did not return to baseline when we concurrently suppressed both Esr1 and Nr2f2 or Esr1 and vitamin D receptor mRNAs, strongly suggesting that Esr1 regulates renin expression independent of Nr2f2 and vitamin D receptor. ERα directly binds to the hormone response element within the renin enhancer region. We conclude that ERα is a previously unknown regulator of renin that directly binds to the renin enhancer hormone response element sequence and is critical in maintaining renin expression in renin-expressing As4.1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Ting Lu
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-T.L., H.L.K., E.T.W., C.D.S.) and Center for Hypertension Research (C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Henry L Keen
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-T.L., H.L.K., E.T.W., C.D.S.) and Center for Hypertension Research (C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Eric T Weatherford
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-T.L., H.L.K., E.T.W., C.D.S.) and Center for Hypertension Research (C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Maria Luisa S Sequeira-Lopez
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-T.L., H.L.K., E.T.W., C.D.S.) and Center for Hypertension Research (C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-T.L., H.L.K., E.T.W., C.D.S.) and Center for Hypertension Research (C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Pharmacology (K.-T.L., H.L.K., E.T.W., C.D.S.) and Center for Hypertension Research (C.D.S.), Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (M.L.S.S.-L., R.A.G.).
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41
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Belyea BC, Xu F, Pentz ES, Medrano S, Li M, Hu Y, Turner S, Legallo R, Jones CA, Tario JD, Liang P, Gross KW, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Identification of renin progenitors in the mouse bone marrow that give rise to B-cell leukaemia. Nat Commun 2015; 5:3273. [PMID: 24549417 PMCID: PMC3929784 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell of origin and triggering events for leukaemia are mostly unknown. Here we show that the bone marrow contains a progenitor that expresses renin throughout development and possesses a B-lymphocyte pedigree. This cell requires RBP-J to differentiate. Deletion of RBP-J in these renin-expressing progenitors enriches the precursor B-cell gene programme and constrains lymphocyte differentiation, facilitated by H3K4me3 activating marks in genes that control the pre-B stage. Mutant cells undergo neoplastic transformation, and mice develop a highly penetrant B-cell leukaemia with multi-organ infiltration and early death. These renin-expressing cells appear uniquely vulnerable as other conditional models of RBP-J deletion do not result in leukaemia. The discovery of these unique renin progenitors in the bone marrow and the model of leukaemia described herein may enhance our understanding of normal and neoplastic haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Ellen S Pentz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Minghong Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Stephen Turner
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Robin Legallo
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Craig A Jones
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Joseph D Tario
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | - Ping Liang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Belyea BC, Xu F, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Ariel Gomez R. Loss of Jagged1 in renin progenitors leads to focal kidney fibrosis. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12544. [PMID: 26537340 PMCID: PMC4673620 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is required to maintain renin expression within juxtaglomerular (JG) cells. However, the specific ligand which activates Notch signaling in renin-expressing cells remains undefined. In this study, we found that among all Notch ligands, Jagged1 is differentially expressed in renin cells with higher expression during neonatal life. We therefore hypothesized that Jagged1 was involved in renin expression and/or vascular integrity. We used a conditional knockout approach to delete Jagged1 in cells of the renin lineage. Deletion of Jagged1 specifically within renin cells did not result in decreased renin production within the kidney. However, animals with conditional deletion of Jagged1 did develop focal kidney fibrosis and elevated blood urea nitrogen. Our data demonstrate that Jagged1-mediated Notch signaling is dispensable in renin cells of the kidney in regard to renin expression. However, deletion of Jagged1 in renin cells descendants affects perivascular–interstitial integrity leading to focal fibrosis and diminished renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Belyea
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Rider SA, Mullins LJ, Verdon RF, MacRae CA, Mullins JJ. Renin expression in developing zebrafish is associated with angiogenesis and requires the Notch pathway and endothelium. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26202224 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00247.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although renin is a critical regulatory enzyme of the cardiovascular system, its roles in organogenesis and the establishment of cardiovascular homeostasis remain unclear. Mammalian renin-expressing cells are widespread in embryonic kidneys but are highly restricted, specialized endocrine cells in adults. With a functional pronephros, embryonic zebrafish are ideal for delineating the developmental functions of renin-expressing cells and the mechanisms governing renin transcription. Larval zebrafish renin expression originates in the mural cells of the juxtaglomerular anterior mesenteric artery and subsequently at extrarenal sites. The role of renin was determined by assessing responses to renin-angiotensin system blockade, salinity variation, and renal perfusion ablation. Renin expression did not respond to renal flow ablation but was modulated by inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme and altered salinity. Our data in larval fish are consistent with conservation of renin's physiological functions. Using transgenic renin reporter fish, with mindbomb and cloche mutants, we show that Notch signaling and the endothelium are essential for developmental renin expression. After inhibition of angiogenesis, renin-expressing cells precede angiogenic sprouts. Arising from separate lineages, but relying on mutual interplay with endothelial cells, renin-expressing cells are among the earliest mural cells observed in larval fish, performing both endocrine and paracrine functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien A Rider
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Linda J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Rachel F Verdon
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Calum A MacRae
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John J Mullins
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
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Lin EE, Pentz ES, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Aldo-keto reductase 1b7, a novel marker for renin cells, is regulated by cyclic AMP signaling. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R576-84. [PMID: 26180185 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified aldo-keto reductase 1b7 (AKR1B7) as a marker for juxtaglomerular renin cells in the adult mouse kidney. However, the distribution of renin cells varies dynamically, and it was unknown whether AKR1B7 maintains coexpression with renin in response to different developmental, physiological, and pathological situations, and furthermore, whether similar factor(s) simultaneously regulate both proteins. We show here that throughout kidney development, AKR1B7 expression-together with renin-is progressively restricted in the kidney arteries toward the glomerulus. Subsequently, when formerly renin-expressing cells reacquire renin expression, AKR1B7 is reexpressed as well. This pattern of coexpression persists in extreme pathological situations, such as deletion of the genes for aldosterone synthase or Dicer. However, the two proteins do not colocalize within the same organelles: renin is found in the secretory granules, whereas AKR1B7 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum. Interestingly, upon deletion of the renin gene, AKR1B7 expression is maintained in a pattern mimicking the embryonic expression of renin, while ablation of renin cells resulted in complete abolition of AKR1B7 expression. Finally, we demonstrate that AKR1B7 transcription is controlled by cAMP. Cultured cells of the renin lineage reacquire the ability to express both renin and AKR1B7 upon elevation of intracellular cAMP. In vivo, deleting elements of the cAMP-response pathway (CBP/P300) results in a stark decrease in AKR1B7- and renin-positive cells. In summary, AKR1B7 is expressed within the renin cell throughout development and perturbations to homeostasis, and AKR1B7 is regulated by cAMP levels within the renin cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene E Lin
- Departments of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ellen S Pentz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Departments of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Abstract
The kidneys are important endocrine organs. They secrete humoral factors, such as calcitriol, erythropoietin, klotho, and renin into the circulation, and therefore, they are essentially involved in the regulation of a variety of processes ranging from bone formation to erythropoiesis. The endocrine functions are established by cells, such as proximal or distal tubular cells, renocortical interstitial cells, or mural cells of afferent arterioles. These endocrine cells are either fixed in number, such as tubular cells, which individually and gradually upregulate or downregulate hormone production, or they belong to a pool of cells, which display a recruitment behavior, such as erythropoietin- and renin-producing cells. In the latter case, regulation of humoral function occurs via (de)recruitment of active endocrine cells. As a consequence renin- and erythropoietin-producing cells in the kidney show a high degree of plasticity by reversibly switching between distinct cell states. In this review, we will focus on the characteristics of renin- and of erythropoietin-producing cells, especially on their origin and localization, their reversible transformations, and the mediators, which are responsible for transformation. Finally, we will discuss a possible interconversion of renin and erythropoietin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgül Kurt
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Kurtz
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical Renin-Angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1201-28. [PMID: 24944035 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system has powerful effects in control of the blood pressure and sodium homeostasis. These actions are coordinated through integrated actions in the kidney, cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. Along with its impact on blood pressure, the renin-angiotensin system also influences a range of processes from inflammation and immune responses to longevity. Here, we review the actions of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, whereby the substrate protein angiotensinogen is processed in a two-step reaction by renin and angiotensin converting enzyme, resulting in the sequential generation of angiotensin I and angiotensin II, the major biologically active renin-angiotensin system peptide, which exerts its actions via type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors. In recent years, several new enzymes, peptides, and receptors related to the renin-angiotensin system have been identified, manifesting a complexity that was previously unappreciated. While the functions of these alternative pathways will be reviewed elsewhere in this journal, our focus here is on the physiological role of components of the "classical" renin-angiotensin system, with an emphasis on new developments and modern concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Medrano S, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Deletion of the miR-143/145 cluster leads to hydronephrosis in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3226-38. [PMID: 25307343 PMCID: PMC4258506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive nephropathy, the leading cause of kidney failure in children, can be anatomic or functional. The underlying causes of functional hydronephrosis are not well understood. miRNAs, which are small noncoding RNAs, regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. We found that miR-145-5p, a member of the miR-143/145 cluster that is highly expressed in smooth muscle cells of the renal vasculature, was present in the pelvicalyceal system and the ureter. To evaluate whether the miR-143/145 cluster is involved in urinary tract function we performed morphologic, functional, and gene expression studies in mice carrying a whole-body deletion of miR-143/145. miR-143/145-deficient mice developed hydronephrosis, characterized by severe papillary atrophy and dilatation of the pelvicalyceal system without obvious physical obstruction. Moreover, mutant mice showed abnormal ureteral peristalsis. The number of ureter contractions was significantly higher in miR-143/145-deficient mice. Peristalsis was replaced by incomplete, short, and more frequent contractions that failed to completely propagate in a proximal-distal direction. Microarray analysis showed 108 differentially expressed genes in ureters of miR-143/145-deficient mice. Ninety genes were up-regulated and 18 genes were down-regulated, including genes with potential regulatory roles in smooth muscle contraction and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction. We show that miR-143/145 are important for the normal peristalsis of the ureter and report an association between the expression of these miRNAs and hydronephrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Medrano
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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Abstract
Notch is a critical regulator of kidney development, but the pathway is mostly silenced once kidney maturation is achieved. Recent reports demonstrated increased expression of Notch receptors and ligands both in acute and chronic kidney injury. In vivo studies indicated that Notch activation might contribute to regeneration after acute kidney injury; on the other hand, sustained Notch expression is causally associated with interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the role of the Notch signaling with special focus on kidney fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya T Sweetwyne
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jianling Tao
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katalin Susztak
- Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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49
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Tokonami N, Mordasini D, Pradervand S, Centeno G, Jouffe C, Maillard M, Bonny O, Gachon F, Gomez RA, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Firsov D. Local renal circadian clocks control fluid-electrolyte homeostasis and BP. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1430-9. [PMID: 24652800 PMCID: PMC4073428 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013060641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian timing system is critically involved in the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance and BP control. However, the role of peripheral circadian clocks in these homeostatic mechanisms remains unknown. We addressed this question in a mouse model carrying a conditional allele of the circadian clock gene Bmal1 and expressing Cre recombinase under the endogenous Renin promoter (Bmal1(lox/lox)/Ren1(d)Cre mice). Analysis of Bmal1(lox/lox)/Ren1(d)Cre mice showed that the floxed Bmal1 allele was excised in the kidney. In the kidney, BMAL1 protein expression was absent in the renin-secreting granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and the collecting duct. A partial reduction of BMAL1 expression was observed in the medullary thick ascending limb. Functional analyses showed that Bmal1(lox/lox)/Ren1(d)Cre mice exhibited multiple abnormalities, including increased urine volume, changes in the circadian rhythm of urinary sodium excretion, increased GFR, and significantly reduced plasma aldosterone levels. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in BP. These results show that local renal circadian clocks control body fluid and BP homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sylvain Pradervand
- Genomic Technologies Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Céline Jouffe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Maillard
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; and
| | - Frédéric Gachon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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50
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Castellanos-Rivera RM, Pentz ES, Lin E, Gross KW, Medrano S, Yu J, Sequeira-Lopez MLS, Gomez RA. Recombination signal binding protein for Ig-κJ region regulates juxtaglomerular cell phenotype by activating the myo-endocrine program and suppressing ectopic gene expression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:67-80. [PMID: 24904090 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination signal binding protein for Ig-κJ region (RBP-J), the major downstream effector of Notch signaling, is necessary to maintain the number of renin-positive juxtaglomerular cells and the plasticity of arteriolar smooth muscle cells to re-express renin when homeostasis is threatened. We hypothesized that RBP-J controls a repertoire of genes that defines the phenotype of the renin cell. Mice bearing a bacterial artificial chromosome reporter with a mutated RBP-J binding site in the renin promoter had markedly reduced reporter expression at the basal state and in response to a homeostatic challenge. Mice with conditional deletion of RBP-J in renin cells had decreased expression of endocrine (renin and Akr1b7) and smooth muscle (Acta2, Myh11, Cnn1, and Smtn) genes and regulators of smooth muscle expression (miR-145, SRF, Nfatc4, and Crip1). To determine whether RBP-J deletion decreased the endowment of renin cells, we traced the fate of these cells in RBP-J conditional deletion mice. Notably, the lineage staining patterns in mutant and control kidneys were identical, although mutant kidneys had fewer or no renin-expressing cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Microarray analysis of mutant arterioles revealed upregulation of genes usually expressed in hematopoietic cells. Thus, these results suggest that RBP-J maintains the identity of the renin cell by not only activating genes characteristic of the myo-endocrine phenotype but also, preventing ectopic gene expression and adoption of an aberrant phenotype, which could have severe consequences for the control of homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Castellanos-Rivera
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and
| | | | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Jing Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; and
| | | | - R Ariel Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Department of Biology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and
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