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de Toledo GRA, Reissig GN, Senko LGS, Pereira DR, da Silva AF, Souza GM. Common bean under different water availability reveals classifiable stimuli-specific signatures in plant electrome. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2333144. [PMID: 38545860 PMCID: PMC10984121 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2333144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Plant electrophysiology has unveiled the involvement of electrical signals in the physiology and behavior of plants. Spontaneously generated bioelectric activity can be altered in response to changes in environmental conditions, suggesting that a plant's electrome may possess a distinct signature associated with various stimuli. Analyzing electrical signals, particularly the electrome, in conjunction with Machine Learning (ML) techniques has emerged as a promising approach to classify characteristic electrical signals corresponding to each stimulus. This study aimed to characterize the electrome of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. BRS-Expedito, subjected to different water availabilities, seeking patterns linked to these stimuli. For this purpose, bean plants in the vegetative stage were subjected to the following treatments: (I) distilled water; (II) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution; (III) -2 MPa PEG solution; and (IV) -2 MPa NaCl solution. Electrical signals were recorded within a Faraday's cage using the MP36 electronic system for data acquisition. Concurrently, plant water status was assessed by monitoring leaf turgor variation. Leaf temperature was additionally measured. Various analyses were conducted on the electrical time series data, including arithmetic average of voltage variation, skewness, kurtosis, Probability Density Function (PDF), autocorrelation, Power Spectral Density (PSD), Approximate Entropy (ApEn), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and Multiscale Approximate Entropy (ApEn(s)). Statistical analyses were performed on leaf temperature, voltage variation, skewness, kurtosis, PDF µ exponent, autocorrelation, PSD β exponent, and approximate entropy data. Machine Learning analyses were applied to identify classifiable patterns in the electrical time series. Characterization of the electrome of BRS-Expedito beans revealed stimulus-dependent profiles, even when alterations in water availability stimuli were similar in terms of quality and intensity. Additionally, it was observed that the bean electrome exhibits high levels of complexity, which are altered by different stimuli, with more intense and aversive stimuli leading to drastic reductions in complexity levels. Notably, one of the significant findings was the 100% accuracy of Small Vector Machine in detecting salt stress using electrome data. Furthermore, the study highlighted alterations in the plant electrome under low water potential before observable leaf turgor changes. This work demonstrates the potential use of the electrome as a physiological indicator of the water status in bean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R. A. de Toledo
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriela N. Reissig
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luiz G. S. Senko
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Arlan F. da Silva
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo M. Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Cognition and Electrophysiology, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Pantaleno R, Scuffi D, Schiel P, Schwarzländer M, Costa A, García-Mata C. Mitochondrial ß-Cyanoalanine Synthase Participates in flg22-Induced Stomatal Immunity. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39288437 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Plants regulate gas exchange with the environment and modulate transpirational water flow through guard cells, which set the aperture of the stomatal pores. External and internal stimuli are detected by guard cells and integrated into a signalling network that modulate turgor pressure and, hence, pore size. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are among the stimuli that induce stomatal closure, to prevent pathogen entry through the pores, and this response, also referred to as stomatal immunity, is one of the hallmarks of PAMP-triggered immunity. While reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signalling plays a key role in stomatal immunity, also the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulphide (H2S) interacts with key components of the guard cell signalling network to induce stomatal closure. While the role of H2S, produced by the main cytosolic source L-cysteine desulfhydrase 1, has been already investigated, there are additional enzymatic sources that synthesize H2S in different subcellular compartments. Their function has remained enigmatic, however. In this work, we elucidate the involvement of the mitochondrial H2S source, β-cyanoalanine synthase CAS-C1, on stomatal immunity induced by the bacterial PAMP flagellin (flg22). We show that cas-c1 plants are impaired to induce flg22-triggered stomatal closure and apoplastic ROS production, while they are more susceptible to bacterial surface inoculation. Moreover, mitochondrial H2S donor AP39 induced stomatal closure in an RBOHD-dependent manner, while depletion of endogenous H2S, impaired RBOHD-mediated apoplastic ROS production. In addition, pharmacological disruption of mitochondrial electron transport chain activity, affected stomatal closure produced by flg22, indicating its participation in the stomatal immunity response. Our findings add evidence to the emerging realization that intracellular organelles play a decisive role in orchestrating stomatal signalling and immune responses and suggest that mitochondrial-derived H2S is an important player of the stomatal immunity signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pantaleno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Denise Scuffi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula Schiel
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlos García-Mata
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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3
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Zhong H, Wang S, Huang Y, Cui X, Ding X, Zhu L, Yuan M, Fu Y. Endomembrane trafficking driven by microtubule growth regulates stomatal movement in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7967. [PMID: 39261498 PMCID: PMC11391047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Microtubule-based vesicle trafficking usually relies upon kinesin and dynein motors and few reports describe microtubule polymerisation driving directional vesicle trafficking. Here we show that Arabidopsis END BINDING1b (EB1b), a microtubule plus-end binding protein, directly interacts with SYP121, a SNARE protein that mediates the trafficking of the K+ channel KAT1 and its distribution to the plasma membrane (PM) in Arabidopsis guard cells. Knockout of AtEB1b and its homologous proteins results in a modest but significant change in the distribution of KAT1 and SYP121 in guard cells and consequently delays light-induced stomatal opening. Live-cell imaging reveals that a portion of SYP121-associated endomembrane compartments co-localise with AtEB1b at the growing ends of microtubules, trafficking along with the growth of microtubules for targeting to the PM. Our study reveals a mechanism of vesicle trafficking driven by microtubule growth, which is involved in the redistribution of PM proteins to modulate guard cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaohui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiankui Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuening Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Wang K, Chen S, Bao G, Sun T, Zhang J, Chen D, Sun L, Han Z, Liu C, Wang Q. Biomechanics on Ultra-Sensitivity of Venus Flytrap's Micronewton Trigger Hairs. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405544. [PMID: 39258595 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Numerous plants evolve ingeniously microcantilever-based hairs to ultra-sensitively detect out-of-plane quasi-static tactile loads, providing a natural blueprint for upgrading the industrial static mode microcantilever sensors, but how do the biological sensory hairs work mechanically? Here, the action potential-producing trigger hairs of carnivorous Venus flytraps (Dionaea muscipula) are investigated in detail from biomechanical perspective. Under tiny mechanical stimulation, the deformable trigger hair, composed of distal stiff lever and proximal flexible podium, will lead to rapid trap closure and prey capture. The multiple features determining the sensitivity such as conical morphology, multi-scale functional structures, kidney-shaped sensory cells, and combined deformation under tiny mechanical stimulation are comprehensively researched. Based on materials mechanics, finite element simulation, and bio-inspired original artificial sensors, it is verified that the omnidirectional ultra-sensitivity of trigger hair is attributed to the stiff-flexible coupling of material, the double stress concentration, the circular distribution of sensory cells, and the positive local buckling. Also, the balance strategy of slender hair between sensitivity and structural stability (i.e., avoiding disastrous collapse) is detailed revealed. The unique basic biomechanical mechanism underlying trigger hairs is essential for significantly enhancing the performance of the traditional industrial static mode microcantilever sensors, and ensure the stability of arbitrary load perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejun Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guanyu Bao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Junqiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Daobing Chen
- The Institute of Technological Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Lining Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Tian Q, Yu T, Dong M, Hu Y, Chen X, Xue Y, Fang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X, Xue D. Identification and Characterization of Shaker Potassium Channel Gene Family and Response to Salt and Chilling Stress in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9728. [PMID: 39273675 PMCID: PMC11395327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Shaker potassium channel proteins are a class of voltage-gated ion channels responsible for K+ uptake and translocation, playing a crucial role in plant growth and salt tolerance. In this study, bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify the members within the Shaker gene family. Moreover, the expression patterns of rice Shaker(OsShaker) K+ channel genes were analyzed in different tissues and salt treatment by RT-qPCR. The results revealed that there were eight OsShaker K+ channel genes distributed on chromosomes 1, 2, 5, 6 and 7 in rice, and their promoters contained a variety of cis-regulatory elements, including hormone-responsive, light-responsive, and stress-responsive elements, etc. Most of the OsShaker K+ channel genes were expressed in all tissues of rice, but at different levels in different tissues. In addition, the expression of OsShaker K+ channel genes differed in the timing, organization and intensity of response to salt and chilling stress. In conclusion, our findings provide a reference for the understanding of OsShaker K+ channel genes, as well as their potential functions in response to salt and chilling stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxiang Tian
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Tongyuan Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Mengyuan Dong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yue Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yunxia Fang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dawei Xue
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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6
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Seregin IV, Kozhevnikova AD. The Role of Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids in Metal Homeostasis in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9542. [PMID: 39273488 PMCID: PMC11394999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are essential O-containing metal-binding ligands involved in maintaining metal homeostasis, various metabolic processes, and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Malate, citrate, and oxalate play a crucial role in metal detoxification and transport throughout the plant. This review provides a comparative analysis of the accumulation of LMWOAs in excluders, which store metals mainly in roots, and hyperaccumulators, which accumulate metals mainly in shoots. Modern concepts of the mechanisms of LMWOA secretion by the roots of excluders and hyperaccumulators are summarized, and the formation of various metal complexes with LMWOAs in the vacuole and conducting tissues, playing an important role in the mechanisms of metal detoxification and transport, is discussed. Molecular mechanisms of transport of LMWOAs and their complexes with metals across cell membranes are reviewed. It is discussed whether different endogenous levels of LMWOAs in plants determine their metal tolerance. While playing an important role in maintaining metal homeostasis, LMWOAs apparently make a minor contribution to the mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation, which is associated mainly with root exudates increasing metal bioavailability and enhanced xylem loading of LMWOAs. The studies of metal-binding compounds may also contribute to the development of approaches used in biofortification, phytoremediation, and phytomining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Seregin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Anna D Kozhevnikova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya st., 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
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7
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Lowry GV, Giraldo JP, Steinmetz NF, Avellan A, Demirer GS, Ristroph KD, Wang GJ, Hendren CO, Alabi CA, Caparco A, da Silva W, González-Gamboa I, Grieger KD, Jeon SJ, Khodakovskaya MV, Kohay H, Kumar V, Muthuramalingam R, Poffenbarger H, Santra S, Tilton RD, White JC. Towards realizing nano-enabled precision delivery in plants. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:1255-1269. [PMID: 38844663 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01667-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Nanocarriers (NCs) that can precisely deliver active agents, nutrients and genetic materials into plants will make crop agriculture more resilient to climate change and sustainable. As a research field, nano-agriculture is still developing, with significant scientific and societal barriers to overcome. In this Review, we argue that lessons can be learned from mammalian nanomedicine. In particular, it may be possible to enhance efficiency and efficacy by improving our understanding of how NC properties affect their interactions with plant surfaces and biomolecules, and their ability to carry and deliver cargo to specific locations. New tools are required to rapidly assess NC-plant interactions and to explore and verify the range of viable targeting approaches in plants. Elucidating these interactions can lead to the creation of computer-generated in silico models (digital twins) to predict the impact of different NC and plant properties, biological responses, and environmental conditions on the efficiency and efficacy of nanotechnology approaches. Finally, we highlight the need for nano-agriculture researchers and social scientists to converge in order to develop sustainable, safe and socially acceptable NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V Lowry
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Gozde S Demirer
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kurt D Ristroph
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Gerald J Wang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christine O Hendren
- Geological and Environmental Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
| | | | - Adam Caparco
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Khara D Grieger
- Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Su-Ji Jeon
- Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Hagay Kohay
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Department of Chemistry and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Robert D Tilton
- Chemical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason C White
- The Connecticut Agricultural Research Station, New Haven, CT, USA
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8
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Huang J, Pan X, Yan N. Structural biology and molecular pharmacology of voltage-gated ion channels. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00763-7. [PMID: 39103479 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs), including those for Na+, Ca2+ and K+, selectively permeate ions across the cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential, thus participating in physiological processes involving electrical signalling, such as neurotransmission, muscle contraction and hormone secretion. Aberrant function or dysregulation of VGICs is associated with a diversity of neurological, psychiatric, cardiovascular and muscular disorders, and approximately 10% of FDA-approved drugs directly target VGICs. Understanding the structure-function relationship of VGICs is crucial for our comprehension of their working mechanisms and role in diseases. In this Review, we discuss how advances in single-particle cryo-electron microscopy have afforded unprecedented structural insights into VGICs, especially on their interactions with clinical and investigational drugs. We present a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in the structural biology of VGICs, with a focus on how prototypical drugs and toxins modulate VGIC activities. We explore how these structures elucidate the molecular basis for drug actions, reveal novel pharmacological sites, and provide critical clues to future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaojing Pan
- Institute of Bio-Architecture and Bio-Interactions (IBABI), Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation (SMART), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Nieng Yan
- Institute of Bio-Architecture and Bio-Interactions (IBABI), Shenzhen Medical Academy of Research and Translation (SMART), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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9
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Qin L, Deng YN, Zhang XY, Tang LH, Zhang CR, Xu SM, Wang K, Wang MH, Zhang XH, Su M, Xie Q, Hendrickson WA, Chen YH. Mechanistic insights into phosphoactivation of SLAC1 in guard cell signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2323040121. [PMID: 38985761 PMCID: PMC11260165 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2323040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Stomata in leaves regulate gas (carbon dioxide and water vapor) exchange and water transpiration between plants and the atmosphere. SLow Anion Channel 1 (SLAC1) mediates anion efflux from guard cells and plays a crucial role in controlling stomatal aperture. It serves as a central hub for multiple signaling pathways in response to environmental stimuli, with its activity regulated through phosphorylation via various plant protein kinases. However, the molecular mechanism underlying SLAC1 phosphoactivation has remained elusive. Through a combination of protein sequence analyses, AlphaFold-based modeling and electrophysiological studies, we unveiled that the highly conserved motifs on the N- and C-terminal segments of SLAC1 form a cytosolic regulatory domain (CRD) that interacts with the transmembrane domain(TMD), thereby maintaining the channel in an autoinhibited state. Mutations in these conserved motifs destabilize the CRD, releasing autoinhibition in SLAC1 and enabling its transition into an activated state. Our further studies demonstrated that SLAC1 activation undergoes an autoinhibition-release process and subsequent structural changes in the pore helices. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the activation mechanism of SLAC1 and shed light on understanding how SLAC1 controls stomatal closure in response to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Ya-nan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xiang-yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Ling-hui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Chun-rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Shi-min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Mei-hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Xian-hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Min Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
| | - Qi Xie
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Maize, State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Syngenta Group China, Beijing102206, China
| | - Wayne A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Yu-hang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100049, China
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10
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Hammes UZ, Pedersen BP. Structure and Function of Auxin Transporters. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:185-209. [PMID: 38211951 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070523-034109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Auxins, a group of central hormones in plant growth and development, are transported by a diverse range of transporters with distinct biochemical and structural properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge on all known auxin transporters with respect to their biochemical and biophysical properties and the methods used to characterize them. In particular, we focus on the recent advances that were made concerning the PIN-FORMED family of auxin exporters. Insights derived from solving their structures have improved our understanding of the auxin export process, and we discuss the current state of the art on PIN-mediated auxin transport, including the use of biophysical methods to examine their properties. Understanding the mechanisms of auxin transport is crucial for understanding plant growth and development, as well as for the development of more effective strategies for crop production and plant biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- School of Life Sciences, Plant Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;
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11
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Burtscher V, Mount J, Huang J, Cowgill J, Chang Y, Bickel K, Chen J, Yuan P, Chanda B. Structural basis for hyperpolarization-dependent opening of human HCN1 channel. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5216. [PMID: 38890331 PMCID: PMC11189445 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization and cyclic nucleotide (HCN) activated ion channels are critical for the automaticity of action potentials in pacemaking and rhythmic electrical circuits in the human body. Unlike most voltage-gated ion channels, the HCN and related plant ion channels activate upon membrane hyperpolarization. Although functional studies have identified residues in the interface between the voltage-sensing and pore domain as crucial for inverted electromechanical coupling, the structural mechanisms for this unusual voltage-dependence remain unclear. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human HCN1 corresponding to Closed, Open, and a putative Intermediate state. Our structures reveal that the downward motion of the gating charges past the charge transfer center is accompanied by concomitant unwinding of the inner end of the S4 and S5 helices, disrupting the tight gating interface observed in the Closed state structure. This helix-coil transition at the intracellular gating interface accompanies a concerted iris-like dilation of the pore helices and underlies the reversed voltage dependence of HCN channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Burtscher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jonathan Mount
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John Cowgill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Bickel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jianhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Baron Chanda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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12
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Rovira A, Veciana N, Basté-Miquel A, Quevedo M, Locascio A, Yenush L, Toledo-Ortiz G, Leivar P, Monte E. PIF transcriptional regulators are required for rhythmic stomatal movements. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4540. [PMID: 38811542 PMCID: PMC11137129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Stomata govern the gaseous exchange between the leaf and the external atmosphere, and their function is essential for photosynthesis and the global carbon and oxygen cycles. Rhythmic stomata movements in daily dark/light cycles prevent water loss at night and allow CO2 uptake during the day. How the actors involved are transcriptionally regulated and how this might contribute to rhythmicity is largely unknown. Here, we show that morning stomata opening depends on the previous night period. The transcription factors PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) accumulate at the end of the night and directly induce the guard cell-specific K+ channel KAT1. Remarkably, PIFs and KAT1 are required for blue light-induced stomata opening. Together, our data establish a molecular framework for daily rhythmic stomatal movements under well-watered conditions, whereby PIFs are required for accumulation of KAT1 at night, which upon activation by blue light in the morning leads to the K+ intake driving stomata opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Rovira
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nil Veciana
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aina Basté-Miquel
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martí Quevedo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Locascio
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
- Department of biomedical science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Alfara del Patriarca (Valencia), Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz
- James Hutton Institute, Cell and Molecular Sciences, Errol Road Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Pablo Leivar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià (IQS), Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Monte
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Pei S, Tao Q, Li W, Qi G, Wang B, Wang Y, Dai S, Shen Q, Wang X, Wu X, Xu S, Theprungsirikul L, Zhang J, Liang L, Liu Y, Chen K, Shen Y, Crawford BM, Cheng M, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Liu H, Yang B, Krichilsky B, Pei J, Song K, Johnson DM, Jiang Z, Wu F, Swift GB, Yang H, Liu Z, Zou X, Vo-Dinh T, Liu F, Pei ZM, Yuan F. Osmosensor-mediated control of Ca 2+ spiking in pollen germination. Nature 2024; 629:1118-1125. [PMID: 38778102 PMCID: PMC11136663 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Higher plants survive terrestrial water deficiency and fluctuation by arresting cellular activities (dehydration) and resuscitating processes (rehydration). However, how plants monitor water availability during rehydration is unknown. Although increases in hypo-osmolarity-induced cytosolic Ca2+ concentration (HOSCA) have long been postulated to be the mechanism for sensing hypo-osmolarity in rehydration1,2, the molecular basis remains unknown. Because osmolarity triggers membrane tension and the osmosensing specificity of osmosensing channels can only be determined in vivo3-5, these channels have been classified as a subtype of mechanosensors. Here we identify bona fide cell surface hypo-osmosensors in Arabidopsis and find that pollen Ca2+ spiking is controlled directly by water through these hypo-osmosensors-that is, Ca2+ spiking is the second messenger for water status. We developed a functional expression screen in Escherichia coli for hypo-osmosensitive channels and identified OSCA2.1, a member of the hyperosmolarity-gated calcium-permeable channel (OSCA) family of proteins6. We screened single and high-order OSCA mutants, and observed that the osca2.1/osca2.2 double-knockout mutant was impaired in pollen germination and HOSCA. OSCA2.1 and OSCA2.2 function as hypo-osmosensitive Ca2+-permeable channels in planta and in HEK293 cells. Decreasing osmolarity of the medium enhanced pollen Ca2+ oscillations, which were mediated by OSCA2.1 and OSCA2.2 and required for germination. OSCA2.1 and OSCA2.2 convert extracellular water status into Ca2+ spiking in pollen and may serve as essential hypo-osmosensors for tracking rehydration in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songyu Pei
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Tao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenke Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoning Qi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Borong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shiwen Dai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiujing Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijian Xu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Liang Liang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuantao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kena Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Mengjia Cheng
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benguang Yang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Jessica Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Karen Song
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Feihua Wu
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary B Swift
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huanghe Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuexiao Zou
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuan Vo-Dinh
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Zhen-Ming Pei
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Fitzpatrick Institute for Photonics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Fang Yuan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.
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14
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Ma Q, Liu HS, Li HJ, Bai WP, Gao QF, Wu SD, Yin XX, Chen QQ, Shi YQ, Gao TG, Bao AK, Yin HJ, Li L, Rowland O, Hepworth SR, Luan S, Wang SM. Genomic analysis reveals phylogeny of Zygophyllales and mechanism for water retention of a succulent xerophyte. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:617-639. [PMID: 38285060 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Revealing the genetic basis for stress-resistant traits in extremophile plants will yield important information for crop improvement. Zygophyllum xanthoxylum, an extant species of the ancient Mediterranean, is a succulent xerophyte that can maintain a favorable water status under desert habitats; however, the genetic basis of this adaptive trait is poorly understood. Furthermore, the phylogenetic position of Zygophyllales, to which Z. xanthoxylum belongs, remains controversial. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the chromosome-level genome of Z. xanthoxylum. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Zygophyllales and Myrtales form a separated taxon as a sister to the clade comprising fabids and malvids, clarifying the phylogenetic position of Zygophyllales at whole-genome scale. Analysis of genomic and transcriptomic data revealed multiple critical mechanisms underlying the efficient osmotic adjustment using Na+ and K+ as "cheap" osmolytes that Z. xanthoxylum has evolved through the expansion and synchronized expression of genes encoding key transporters/channels and their regulators involved in Na+/K+ uptake, transport, and compartmentation. It is worth noting that ZxCNGC1;1 (cyclic nucleotide-gated channels) and ZxCNGC1;2 constituted a previously undiscovered energy-saving pathway for Na+ uptake. Meanwhile, the core genes involved in biosynthesis of cuticular wax also featured an expansion and upregulated expression, contributing to the water retention capacity of Z. xanthoxylum under desert environments. Overall, these findings boost the understanding of evolutionary relationships of eudicots, illustrate the unique water retention mechanism in the succulent xerophyte that is distinct from glycophyte, and thus provide valuable genetic resources for the improvement of stress tolerance in crops and insights into the remediation of sodic lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hai-Shuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hu-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Wan-Peng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qi-Fei Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sheng-Dan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiu-Xia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Qin-Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Ya-Qi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Tian-Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Ai-Ke Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Hong-Ju Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Grassland, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Owen Rowland
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Shelley R Hepworth
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suo-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems; College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
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15
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Ndathe R, Kato N. Phosphatidic acid produced by phospholipase Dα1 and Dδ is incorporated into the internal membranes but not involved in the gene expression of RD29A in the abscisic acid signaling network in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1356699. [PMID: 38681216 PMCID: PMC11045897 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1356699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Core protein components of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling network, pyrabactin resistance (PYR), protein phosphatases 2C (PP2C), and SNF1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) are involved in the regulation of stomatal closure and gene expression downstream responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phosphatidic acid (PA) produced by the phospholipases Dα1 and Dδ (PLDs) in the plasma membrane has been identified as a necessary molecule in ABA-inducible stomatal closure. On the other hand, the involvement of PA in ABA-inducible gene expression has been suggested but remains a question. In this study, the involvement of PA in the ABA-inducible gene expression was examined in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the canonical RD29A ABA-inducible gene that possesses a single ABA-responsive element (ABRE) in the promoter. The promoter activity and accumulation of the RD29A mRNA during ABA exposure to the plants were analyzed under conditions in which the production of PA by PLDs is abrogated through chemical and genetic modification. Changes in the subcellular localization of PA during the signal transduction were analyzed with confocal microscopy. The results obtained in this study suggest that inhibition of PA production by the PLDs does not affect the promoter activity of RD29A. PA produced by the PLDs and exogenously added PA in the plasma membrane are effectively incorporated into internal membranes to transduce the signal. However, exogenously added PA induces stomatal closure but not RD29A expression. This is because PA produced by the PLDs most likely inhibits the activity of not all but only the selected PP2C family members, the negative regulators of the RD29A promoter. This finding underscores the necessity for experimental verifications to adapt previous knowledge into a signaling network model before its construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naohiro Kato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
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16
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Pavlovič A, Ševčíková L, Hřivňacký M, Rác M. Effect of the General Anaesthetic Ketamine on Electrical and Ca 2+ Signal Propagation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:894. [PMID: 38592882 PMCID: PMC10975207 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The systemic electrical signal propagation in plants (i.e., from leaf to leaf) is dependent on GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE proteins (GLRs). The GLR receptors are the homologous proteins to the animal ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) which are ligand-gated non-selective cation channels that mediate neurotransmission in the animal's nervous system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the general anaesthetic ketamine, a well-known non-competitive channel blocker of human iGluRs, on systemic electrical signal propagation in Arabidopsis thaliana. We monitored the electrical signal propagation, intracellular calcium level [Ca2+]cyt and expression of jasmonate (JA)-responsive genes in response to heat wounding. Although ketamine affected the shape and the parameters of the electrical signals (amplitude and half-time, t1/2) mainly in systemic leaves, it was not able to block a systemic response. Increased [Ca2+]cyt and the expression of jasmonate-responsive genes were detected in local as well as in systemic leaves in response to heat wounding in ketamine-treated plants. This is in contrast with the effect of the volatile general anaesthetic diethyl ether which completely blocked the systemic response. This low potency of ketamine in plants is probably caused by the fact that the critical amino acid residues needed for ketamine binding in human iGluRs are not conserved in plants' GLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Pavlovič
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (L.Š.); (M.H.); (M.R.)
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17
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Li K, Grauschopf C, Hedrich R, Dreyer I, Konrad KR. K + and pH homeostasis in plant cells is controlled by a synchronized K + /H + antiport at the plasma and vacuolar membrane. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1525-1542. [PMID: 38017688 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal movement involves ion transport across the plasma membrane (PM) and vacuolar membrane (VM) of guard cells. However, the coupling mechanisms of ion transporters in both membranes and their interplay with Ca2+ and pH changes are largely unclear. Here, we investigated transporter networks in tobacco guard cells and mesophyll cells using multiparametric live-cell ion imaging and computational simulations. K+ and anion fluxes at both, PM and VM, affected H+ and Ca2+ , as changes in extracellular KCl or KNO3 concentrations were accompanied by cytosolic and vacuolar pH shifts and changes in [Ca2+ ]cyt and the membrane potential. At both membranes, the K+ transporter networks mediated an antiport of K+ and H+ . By contrast, net transport of anions was accompanied by parallel H+ transport, with differences in transport capacity for chloride and nitrate. Guard and mesophyll cells exhibited similarities in K+ /H+ transport but cell type-specific differences in [H+ ]cyt and pH-dependent [Ca2+ ]cyt signals. Computational cell biology models explained mechanistically the properties of transporter networks and the coupling of transport across the PM and VM. Our integrated approach indicates fundamental principles of coupled ion transport at membrane sandwiches to control H+ /K+ homeostasis and points to transceptor-like Ca2+ /H+ -based ion signaling in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Li
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Christina Grauschopf
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Faculty of Engineering, Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling (CBSM), University of Talca, 3460000, Talca, Chile
| | - Kai R Konrad
- Department of Botany I, Julius-Von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, University of Wuerzburg, 97082, Wuerzburg, Germany
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18
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Nowroz F, Hasanuzzaman M, Siddika A, Parvin K, Caparros PG, Nahar K, Prasad PV. Elevated tropospheric ozone and crop production: potential negative effects and plant defense mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1244515. [PMID: 38264020 PMCID: PMC10803661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1244515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) levels on Earth are increasing because of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. Ozone enters plants through the leaves, leading to the overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mesophyll and guard cell walls. ROS can damage chloroplast ultrastructure and block photosynthetic electron transport. Ozone can lead to stomatal closure and alter stomatal conductance, thereby hindering carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation. Ozone-induced leaf chlorosis is common. All of these factors lead to a reduction in photosynthesis under O3 stress. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of O3 disrupts plant physiological processes, including water and nutrient uptake, respiration, and translocation of assimilates and metabolites. As a result, plant growth and reproductive performance are negatively affected. Thus, reduction in crop yield and deterioration of crop quality are the greatest effects of O3 stress on plants. Increased rates of hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and ion leakage are the common indicators of oxidative damage in plants exposed to O3 stress. Ozone disrupts the antioxidant defense system of plants by disturbing enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant content. Improving photosynthetic pathways, various physiological processes, antioxidant defense, and phytohormone regulation, which can be achieved through various approaches, have been reported as vital strategies for improving O3 stress tolerance in plants. In plants, O3 stress can be mitigated in several ways. However, improvements in crop management practices, CO2 fertilization, using chemical elicitors, nutrient management, and the selection of tolerant crop varieties have been documented to mitigate O3 stress in different plant species. In this review, the responses of O3-exposed plants are summarized, and different mitigation strategies to decrease O3 stress-induced damage and crop losses are discussed. Further research should be conducted to determine methods to mitigate crop loss, enhance plant antioxidant defenses, modify physiological characteristics, and apply protectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Nowroz
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Siddika
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khursheda Parvin
- Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pedro Garcia Caparros
- Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P.V. Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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19
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Bork A, Smits SHJ, Schmitt L. Calcium binding of AtCBL1: Structural and functional insights. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:140967. [PMID: 37757925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
CBL1 is an EF hand Ca2+ binding protein from A. thaliana that is involved in the detection of cellular Ca2+ signals and the downstream signal transmission by interaction with the protein kinase CIPK23. So far, the structure and calcium ion binding affinities of CBL1 remain elusive. In this study it was observed that CBL1 tends to form higher oligomeric states due to an intrinsic hydrophobicity and the presence of the detergent BriJ35 was required for the purification of monomeric and functional protein. Functional insights into the in vitro Ca2+ binding capabilities of CBL1 were obtained by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) of the wildtype protein as well as single site EF hand mutants. Based on our results, a binding model of CBL1 for Ca2+in vivo is proposed. Additionally, upon both, ITC measurements and the analysis of an AlphaFold2 model of CBL1, we could gain first insights into the formation of the dimer interface. We could identify an area around EF hand 4 to be relevant for the structural and functional integrity of monomeric CBL1 and likely EF hand 1 to be involved in the dimer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bork
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Center for Structural Studies, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Rose CR, Verkhratsky A. Sodium homeostasis and signalling: The core and the hub of astrocyte function. Cell Calcium 2024; 117:102817. [PMID: 37979342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal activity and neurochemical stimulation trigger spatio-temporal changes in the cytoplasmic concentration of Na+ ions in astrocytes. These changes constitute the substrate for Na+ signalling and are fundamental for astrocytic excitability. Astrocytic Na+ signals are generated by Na+ influx through neurotransmitter transporters, with primary contribution of glutamate transporters, and through cationic channels; whereas recovery from Na+ transients is mediated mainly by the plasmalemmal Na+/K+ ATPase. Astrocytic Na+ signals regulate the activity of plasmalemmal transporters critical for homeostatic function of astrocytes, thus providing real-time coordination between neuronal activity and astrocytic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Rose
- Institute of Neurobiology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Alexej Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China; International Collaborative Center on Big Science Plan for Purinergic Signaling, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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21
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Waszczak C, Yarmolinsky D, Leal Gavarrón M, Vahisalu T, Sierla M, Zamora O, Carter R, Puukko T, Sipari N, Lamminmäki A, Durner J, Ernst D, Winkler JB, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Fleming AJ, Andersson MX, Kollist H, Kangasjärvi J. Synthesis and import of GDP-l-fucose into the Golgi affect plant-water relations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:747-763. [PMID: 37964509 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Land plants evolved multiple adaptations to restrict transpiration. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not sufficiently understood. We used an ozone-sensitivity forward genetics approach to identify Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in gas exchange regulation. High water loss from detached leaves and impaired decrease of leaf conductance in response to multiple stomata-closing stimuli were identified in a mutant of MURUS1 (MUR1), an enzyme required for GDP-l-fucose biosynthesis. High water loss observed in mur1 was independent from stomatal movements and instead could be linked to metabolic defects. Plants defective in import of GDP-l-Fuc into the Golgi apparatus phenocopied the high water loss of mur1 mutants, linking this phenotype to Golgi-localized fucosylation events. However, impaired fucosylation of xyloglucan, N-linked glycans, and arabinogalactan proteins did not explain the aberrant water loss of mur1 mutants. Partial reversion of mur1 water loss phenotype by borate supplementation and high water loss observed in boron uptake mutants link mur1 gas exchange phenotypes to pleiotropic consequences of l-fucose and boron deficiency, which in turn affect mechanical and morphological properties of stomatal complexes and whole-plant physiology. Our work emphasizes the impact of fucose metabolism and boron uptake on plant-water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Waszczak
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Marina Leal Gavarrón
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Triin Vahisalu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Sierla
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olena Zamora
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ross Carter
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, CB2 1LR, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tuomas Puukko
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Sipari
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Viikki Metabolomics Unit, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Lamminmäki
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jörg Durner
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Ernst
- Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lars Paulin
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Auvinen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrew J Fleming
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, S10 2TN, Sheffield, UK
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hannes Kollist
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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22
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Huang S, Shen L, Roelfsema MRG, Becker D, Hedrich R. Light-gated channelrhodopsin sparks proton-induced calcium release in guard cells. Science 2023; 382:1314-1318. [PMID: 38096275 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj9696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Although there has been long-standing recognition that stimuli-induced cytosolic pH alterations coincide with changes in calcium ion (Ca2+) levels, the interdependence between protons (H+) and Ca2+ remains poorly understood. We addressed this topic using the light-gated channelrhodopsin HcKCR2 from the pseudofungus Hyphochytrium catenoides, which operates as a H+ conductive, Ca2+ impermeable ion channel on the plasma membrane of plant cells. Light activation of HcKCR2 in Arabidopsis guard cells evokes a transient cytoplasmic acidification that sparks Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. A H+-induced cytosolic Ca2+ signal results in membrane depolarization through the activation of Ca2+-dependent SLAC1/SLAH3 anion channels, which enabled us to remotely control stomatal movement. Our study suggests a H+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism in plant cells and establishes HcKCR2 as a tool to dissect the molecular basis of plant intracellular pH and Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Like Shen
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - M Rob G Roelfsema
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Enomoto T, Tanaka N, Fujiwara T, Nishida S. Role of Potassium-Dependent Alternative Splicing of MYB59 in the Maintenance of Potassium Concentration in Shoots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:1159-1166. [PMID: 37494427 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is a major plant nutrient. K+ is taken up by channel and transporter proteins in roots and translocated from roots to shoots via the xylem. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the K+ transporter NPF7.3 mediates K+ loading into the xylem and the transcription factor MYB59 is responsible for NPF7.3 expression. Here, we demonstrate that MYB59 is regulated by alternative splicing in response to K availability. Three splicing isoforms of MYB59 are detected in roots: an isoform with the first intron spliced out encodes a protein with the full DNA-binding motif (MYB59α), and two isoforms with the first intron retained partially or completely encode a protein missing part of the DNA-binding motif (MYB59β). Functional analysis showed that only MYB59α is capable of inducing the expression of NPF7.3. The abundance of the MYB59α isoform increased under low K, but the total abundance of MYB59 transcripts did not change, indicating that MYB59α is increased by modification of the splicing pattern in response to low K. Although MYB59α is increased by low K, NPF7.3 expression remained constant independent of K. In addition, there was no significant difference in NPF7.3 expression between an MYB59 knockout mutant and the wild type under normal K. These results suggest that an unknown mechanism is involved in NPF7.3 expression under normal K and switches roles with MYB59 under low K. We propose that the regulation of MYB59 by alternative splicing is required for the maintenance of shoot K concentration in adaptation to low K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Enomoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tanaka
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8518 Japan
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Sho Nishida
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Karimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan
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24
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Mudrilov MA, Ladeynova MM, Kuznetsova DV, Vodeneev VA. Ion Channels in Electrical Signaling in Higher Plants. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1467-1487. [PMID: 38105018 DOI: 10.1134/s000629792310005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrical signals (ESs) appearing in plants under the action of various external factors play an important role in adaptation to changing environmental conditions. Generation of ES in higher plant cells is associated with activation of Ca2+, K+, and anion fluxes, as well as with changes in the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase. In the present review, molecular nature of the ion channels contributing to ESs transmission in higher plants is analyzed based on comparison of the data from molecular-genetic and electrophysiological studies. Based on such characteristics of ion channels as selectivity, activation mechanism, and intracellular and tissue localization, those ion channels that meet the requirements for potential participation in ES generation were selected from a wide variety of ion channels in higher plants. Analysis of the data of experimental studies performed on mutants with suppressed or enhanced expression of a certain channel gene revealed those channels whose activation contributes to ESs formation. The channels responsible for Ca2+ flux during generation of ESs include channels of the GLR family, for K+ flux - GORK, for anions - MSL. Consideration of the prospects of further studies suggests the need to combine electrophysiological and genetic approaches along with analysis of ion concentrations in intact plants within a single study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim A Mudrilov
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Maria M Ladeynova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Darya V Kuznetsova
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky National Research State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia.
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25
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Bulychev AA, Shapiguzov SY, Alova AV. Electrical Signals at the Plasma Membrane and Their Influence on Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Chara Chloroplasts in vivo. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1455-1466. [PMID: 38105017 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Action potentials of plant cells are engaged in the regulation of many cell processes, including photosynthesis and cytoplasmic streaming. Excitable cells of characean algae submerged in a medium with an elevated K+ content are capable of generating hyperpolarizing electrical responses. These active responses of plasma membrane originate upon the passage of inward electric current comparable in strength to natural currents circulating in illuminated Chara internodes. So far, it remained unknown whether the hyperpolarizing electrical signals in Chara affect the photosynthetic activity. Here, we showed that the negative shift of cell membrane potential, which drives K+ influx into the cytoplasm, is accompanied by a delayed decrease in the actual yield of chlorophyll fluorescence F' and the maximal fluorescence yield Fm' under low background light (12.5 µmol m-2 s-1). The transient changes in F' and Fm' were evident only under illumination, which suggests their close relation to the photosynthetic energy conversion in chloroplasts. Passing the inward current caused an increase in pH at the cell surface (pHo), which reflected high H+/OH- conductance of the plasmalemma and indicated a decrease in cytoplasmic pH due to the H+ entry into the cell. The shifts in pHo arising in response to the first hyperpolarizing pulse disappeared upon repeated stimulation, thus indicating the long-term inactivation of plasmalemmal H+/OH- conductance. Suppression of plasmalemmal H+ fluxes did not abolish the hyperpolarizing responses and the analyzed changes in chlorophyll fluorescence. These results suggest that K+ fluxes between the extracellular medium, cytoplasm, and stroma are involved in the functional changes of chloroplasts reflected by transients of F' and Fm'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna V Alova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119234, Russia
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26
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Hedrich R, Kreuzer I. Demystifying the Venus flytrap action potential. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2108-2112. [PMID: 37424515 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
All plants are electrically excitable, but only few are known to fire a well-defined, all-or-nothing action potential (AP). The Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula displays APs with an extraordinarily high firing frequency and speed, enabling the capture organ of this carnivorous plant to catch small animals as fast as flies. The number of APs triggered by the prey is counted and serves as the basis for decisions within the flytrap's hunting cycle. The archetypical Dionaea AP lasts 1 s and consists of five phases: Starting from the resting state, an initial cytosolic Ca2+ transient is followed by depolarization, repolarization and a transient hyperpolarization (overshoot) before the original membrane potential is finally recovered. When the flytrap matures and becomes excitable, a distinct set of ion channels, pumps and carriers is expressed, each mastering a distinct AP phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Würzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
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27
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Burtscher V, Mount J, Cowgill J, Chang Y, Bickel K, Yuan P, Chanda B. Structural Basis for Hyperpolarization-dependent Opening of the Human HCN1 Channel. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.17.553623. [PMID: 37645882 PMCID: PMC10462129 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.17.553623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization and cyclic-nucleotide (HCN) activated ion channels play a critical role in generating self-propagating action potentials in pacemaking and rhythmic electrical circuits in the human body. Unlike most voltage-gated ion channels, the HCN channels activate upon membrane hyperpolarization, but the structural mechanisms underlying this gating behavior remain unclear. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human HCN1 in Closed, Intermediate, and Open states. Our structures reveal that the inward motion of two gating charges past the charge transfer center (CTC) and concomitant tilting of the S5 helix drives the opening of the central pore. In the intermediate state structure, a single gating charge is positioned below the CTC and the pore appears closed, whereas in the open state structure, both charges move past CTC and the pore is fully open. Remarkably, the downward motion of the voltage sensor is accompanied by progressive unwinding of the inner end of S4 and S5 helices disrupting the tight gating interface that stabilizes the Closed state structure. This "melting" transition at the intracellular gating interface leads to a concerted iris-like displacement of S5 and S6 helices, resulting in pore opening. These findings reveal key structural features that are likely to underlie reversed voltage-dependence of HCN channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Burtscher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Mount
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Cowgill
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongchang Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathleen Bickel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peng Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baron Chanda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Catacuzzeno L, Conti F, Franciolini F. Fifty years of gating currents and channel gating. J Gen Physiol 2023; 155:e202313380. [PMID: 37410612 PMCID: PMC10324510 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We celebrate this year the 50th anniversary of the first electrophysiological recordings of the gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels done in 1973. This retrospective tries to illustrate the context knowledge on channel gating and the impact gating-current recording had then, and how it continued to clarify concepts, elaborate new ideas, and steer the scientific debate in these 50 years. The notion of gating particles and gating currents was first put forward by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952 as a necessary assumption for interpreting the voltage dependence of the Na and K conductances of the action potential. 20 years later, gating currents were actually recorded, and over the following decades have represented the most direct means of tracing the movement of the gating charges and gaining insights into the mechanisms of channel gating. Most work in the early years was focused on the gating currents from the Na and K channels as found in the squid giant axon. With channel cloning and expression on heterologous systems, other channels as well as voltage-dependent enzymes were investigated. Other approaches were also introduced (cysteine mutagenesis and labeling, site-directed fluorometry, cryo-EM crystallography, and molecular dynamics [MD] modeling) to provide an integrated and coherent view of voltage-dependent gating in biological macromolecules. The layout of this retrospective reflects the past 50 years of investigations on gating currents, first addressing studies done on Na and K channels and then on other voltage-gated channels and non-channel structures. The review closes with a brief overview of how the gating-charge/voltage-sensor movements are translated into pore opening and the pathologies associated with mutations targeting the structures involved with the gating currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Catacuzzeno
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Conti
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Franciolini
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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29
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Bulychev AA, Krupenina NA, Shapiguzov SY, Alova AV. Plasma membrane-chloroplast interactions activated by the hyperpolarizing response in characean cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107836. [PMID: 37329688 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Signaling pathways in plant cells often comprise electrical phenomena developing at the plasma membrane. The action potentials in excitable plants like characean algae have a marked influence on photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 assimilation. The internodal cells of Characeae can also generate active electrical signals of a different type. The so called hyperpolarizing response develops under the passage of electric current whose strength is comparable to physiological currents circulating between nonuniform cell regions. The plasma membrane hyperpolarization is involved in multiple physiological events in aquatic and terrestrial plants. The hyperpolarizing response may represent an unexplored tool for studying the plasma membrane-chloroplast interactions in vivo. This study shows that the hyperpolarizing response of Chara australis internodes whose plasmalemma was preliminary converted into the K+-conductive state induces transient changes in maximal (Fm') and actual (F') fluorescence yields of chloroplasts in vivo. These fluorescence transients were light dependent, suggesting their relation to photosynthetic electron and H+ transport. The cell hyperpolarization promoted H+ influx that was inactivated after a single electric stimulus. The results indicate that the plasma membrane hyperpolarization drives transmembrane ion fluxes and modifies the ionic composition of cytoplasm, which indirectly (via envelope transporters) affects the pH of chloroplast stroma and chlorophyll fluorescence. Remarkably, the functioning of envelope ion transporters can be revealed in short-term experiments in vivo, without growing plants on solutions with various mineral compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna V Alova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Wang Q, Li S, Li F, Tian X, Li Z. Identification of Shaker Potassium Channel Family Members in Gossypium hirsutum L. and Characterization of GhKAT1aD. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1461. [PMID: 37511836 PMCID: PMC10381577 DOI: 10.3390/life13071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
K+ channels of the Shaker family have been shown to play crucial roles in K+ uptake and transport. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is an important cash crop. In this study, the 24 Shaker family genes were identified in cotton. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that they were assigned to five clusters. Additionally, their chromosomal location, conserved motifs and gene structure were analyzed. The promoter of cotton Shaker K+ channel genes comprises drought-, low-temperature-, phytohormone-response elements, etc. As indicated by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR), cotton Shaker K+ channel genes responded to low K+ and NaCl, and especially dehydration stress, at the transcript level. Moreover, one of the Shaker K+ channel genes, GhKAT1aD, was characterized. This gene is localized in the plasma membrane and is predicted to contain six transmembrane segments. It restored the growth of the yeast mutant strain defective in K+ uptake, and silencing GhKAT1a via VIGS (virus-induced gene silencing) resulted in more severe symptoms of K+ deficiency in cotton leaves as well as a lower net K+ uptake rate. The results of this study showed the overall picture of the cotton Shaker K+ channel family regarding bioinformatics as well as the function of one of its members, which provide clues for future investigations of cotton K+ transport and molecular insights for breeding K+-efficient cotton varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoli Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan Xi Lu, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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31
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Popova LG, Khramov DE, Nedelyaeva OI, Volkov VS. Yeast Heterologous Expression Systems for the Study of Plant Membrane Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10768. [PMID: 37445944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers are often interested in proteins that are present in cells in small ratios compared to the total amount of proteins. These proteins include transcription factors, hormones and specific membrane proteins. However, sufficient amounts of well-purified protein preparations are required for functional and structural studies of these proteins, including the creation of artificial proteoliposomes and the growth of protein 2D and 3D crystals. This aim can be achieved by the expression of the target protein in a heterologous system. This review describes the applications of yeast heterologous expression systems in studies of plant membrane proteins. An initial brief description introduces the widely used heterologous expression systems of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. S. cerevisiae is further considered a convenient model system for functional studies of heterologously expressed proteins, while P. pastoris has the advantage of using these yeast cells as factories for producing large quantities of proteins of interest. The application of both expression systems is described for functional and structural studies of membrane proteins from plants, namely, K+- and Na+-transporters, various ATPases and anion transporters, and other transport proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa G Popova
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitrii E Khramov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Nedelyaeva
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim S Volkov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology RAS, 127276 Moscow, Russia
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32
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Zhu H, Guo J, Ma T, Liu S, Zhou Y, Yang X, Li Q, Yu K, Wang T, He S, Zhao C, Wang J, Sui J. The Sweet Potato K + Transporter IbHAK11 Regulates K + Deficiency and High Salinity Stress Tolerance by Maintaining Positive Ion Homeostasis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2422. [PMID: 37446983 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The K+ transporter KT/HAK/KUP (K+ transporter/high-affinity K+/K+ uptake) family has a critical effect on K+ uptake and translocation in plants under different environmental conditions. However, the functional analysis of KT/HAK/KUP members in sweet potatoes is still limited. The present work reported the physiological activity of a new gene, IbHAK11, in the KT/HAK/KUP family in sweet potatoes. IbHAK11 expression increased significantly in the low K+-tolerant line compared with the low K+-sensitive line following treatment with low K+ concentrations. IbHAK11 upregulation promoted root growth in Arabidopsis under low K+ conditions. Under high saline stress, transgenic lines had superior growth and photosynthetic characteristics compared with the wild-type (WT). As for IbHAK11-overexpressing plants, activation of both the non-enzymatic and enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems was observed. Therefore, IbHAK11-overexpressing plants had lower malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS levels (including H2O2 and O2-) compared with WT under salt-induced stress. We also found that under both low K+ and high salinity conditions, overexpression of IbHAK11 enhanced K+ translocation from the root to the shoot and decreased Na+ absorption in Arabidopsis. Consequently, IbHAK11 positively regulated K+ deficiency and high salinity stresses by regulating K+ translocation and Na+ uptake, thus maintaining K+/Na+ homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Academy of Dongying Efficient Agricultural Technology and Industry on Saline and Alkaline Land in Collaboration with Qingdao Agricultural University, Dongying 257091, China
| | - Jiayu Guo
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Ma
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shuyan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Crop research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Tuber and Root Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qiyan Li
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kaiyue Yu
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tongshuai Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Sixiang He
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunmei Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jingshan Wang
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiongming Sui
- College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Crop research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Tuber and Root Crops in Huang-Huai-Hai Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jinan 250100, China
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Gradogna A, Lagostena L, Beltrami S, Tosato E, Picco C, Scholz-Starke J, Sparla F, Trost P, Carpaneto A. Tonoplast cytochrome b561 is a transmembrane ascorbate-dependent monodehydroascorbate reductase: functional characterization of electron currents in plant vacuoles. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:1957-1971. [PMID: 36806214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbate (Asc) is a major redox buffer of plant cells, whose antioxidant activity depends on the ratio with its one-electron oxidation product monodehydroascorbate (MDHA). The cytoplasm contains millimolar concentrations of Asc and soluble enzymes that can regenerate Asc from MDHA or fully oxidized dehydroascorbate. Also, vacuoles contain Asc, but no soluble Asc-regenerating enzymes. Here, we show that vacuoles isolated from Arabidopsis mesophyll cells contain a tonoplast electron transport system that works as a reversible, Asc-dependent transmembrane MDHA oxidoreductase. Electron currents were measured by patch-clamp on isolated vacuoles and found to depend on the availability of Asc (electron donor) and ferricyanide or MDHA (electron acceptors) on opposite sides of the tonoplast. Electron currents were catalyzed by cytochrome b561 isoform A (CYB561A), a tonoplast redox protein with cytoplasmic and luminal Asc binding sites. The Km for Asc of the luminal (4.5 mM) and cytoplasmic site (51 mM) reflected the physiological Asc concentrations in these compartments. The maximal current amplitude was similar in both directions. Mutant plants with impaired CYB561A expression showed no detectable trans-tonoplast electron currents and strong accumulation of leaf anthocyanins under excessive illumination, suggesting a redox-modulation exerted by CYB561A on the typical anthocyanin response to high-light stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Lagostena
- Institute of Biophysics - CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Sara Beltrami
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Edoardo Tosato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Picco
- Institute of Biophysics - CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 42, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Armando Carpaneto
- Institute of Biophysics - CNR, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genova, Italy
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Konrad KR, Gao S, Zurbriggen MD, Nagel G. Optogenetic Methods in Plant Biology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 74:313-339. [PMID: 37216203 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071122-094840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is a technique employing natural or genetically engineered photoreceptors in transgene organisms to manipulate biological activities with light. Light can be turned on or off, and adjusting its intensity and duration allows optogenetic fine-tuning of cellular processes in a noninvasive and spatiotemporally resolved manner. Since the introduction of Channelrhodopsin-2 and phytochrome-based switches nearly 20 years ago, optogenetic tools have been applied in a variety of model organisms with enormous success, but rarely in plants. For a long time, the dependence of plant growth on light and the absence of retinal, the rhodopsin chromophore, prevented the establishment of plant optogenetics until recent progress overcame these difficulties. We summarize the recent results of work in the field to control plant growth and cellular motion via green light-gated ion channels and present successful applications to light-control gene expression with single or combined photoswitches in plants. Furthermore, we highlight the technical requirements and options for future plant optogenetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai R Konrad
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Shiqiang Gao
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ,
| | - Matias D Zurbriggen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology and CEPLAS, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; ,
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Cai Z, Fu M, Yao Y, Chen Y, Song H, Zhang S. Differences in phytohormone and flavonoid metabolism explain the sex differences in responses of Salix rehderiana to drought and nitrogen deposition. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:534-553. [PMID: 36790349 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to global warming and the increase in nitrogen oxide emissions, plants experience drought and nitrogen (N) deposition. However, little is known about the acclimation to drought and N deposition of Salix species, which are dioecious woody plants. Here, an investigation into foliar N deposition combined with drought was conducted by assessing integrated phenotypes, phytohormones, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of male and female Salix rehderiana. The results indicated that there was greater transcriptional regulation in males than in females. Foliar N deposition induced an increase in foliar abscisic acid (ABA) levels in males, resulting in the inhibition of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, carbon (C) and N accumulation, and growth, whereas more N was assimilated in females. Growth as well as C and N accumulation in drought-stressed S. rehderiana females increased after N deposition. Interestingly, drought decreased flavonoid biosynthesis whereas N deposition increased it in females. Both drought and N deposition increased flavonoid methylation in males and glycosylation in females. However, in drought-exposed S. rehderiana, N deposition increased the biosynthesis and glycosylation of flavonoids in females but decreased glycosylation in males. Therefore, foliar N deposition affects the growth and drought tolerance of S. rehderiana by altering the foliar ABA levels and the biosynthesis and modification of flavonoids. This work provides a basis for understanding how S. rehderiana may acclimate to N deposition and drought in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mingyue Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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36
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Miśkiewicz J, Burdach Z, Trela Z, Siemieniuk A, Karcz W. Multifractal Analysis of the Influence of Indole-3-Acetic Acid on Fast-Activating Vacuolar (FV) Channels of Beta vulgaris L. Taproot Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:406. [PMID: 37103833 PMCID: PMC10141395 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the multifractal properties of the ion current time series in the fast-activating vacuolar (FV) channels of Beta vulgaris L. taproot cells were investigated. These channels are permeable for only monovalent cations and mediate K+ at very low concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ and large voltages of either polarity. Using the patch clamp technique, the currents of the FV channels in red beet taproot vacuoles were recorded and analysed by using the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) method. The activity of the FV channels depended on the external potential and was sensitive to the auxin. It was also shown that the singularity spectrum of the ion current in the FV channels is non-singular, and the multifractal parameters, i.e., the generalised Hurst exponent and the singularity spectrum, were modified in the presence of IAA. Taking into account the obtained results, it can be suggested that the multifractal properties of fast-activating vacuolar (FV) K+ channels, indicating the existence of long-term memory, should be taken into account in the molecular mechanism of the auxin-induced growth of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Miśkiewicz
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wrocław, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
- Physics and Biophysics Department, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Burdach
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Trela
- Physics and Biophysics Department, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siemieniuk
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Waldemar Karcz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Pupkis V, Lapeikaite I, Kavaliauskas J, Trebacz K, Kisnieriene V. Certain calcium channel inhibitors exhibit a number of secondary effects on the physiological properties in Nitellopsis obtusa: a voltage clamp approach. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:195-205. [PMID: 36318873 DOI: 10.1071/fp22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An unsolved problem of contemporary plant electrophysiology is the identity of Ca2+ channels responsible for the initiation of the action potential. We took a pharmacological approach and applied several Ca2+ channel blockers (verapamil, tetrandrine, and NED-19) on a Characean (Nitellopsis obtusa ) algae model system. The impact of the selected pharmaceuticals on the parameters of excitation transients of a single cell was analysed employing the two-electrode voltage clamp technique. It was revealed that tetrandrine exerted no effect, while both verapamil and NED-19 prolonged activation and inactivation durations of the excitatory Cl- current. NED-19 also significantly depolarised the excitation threshold membrane potential and shifted Ca2+ current reversal potential. Thus, NED-19 most specifically targeted Ca2+ channels. A viability assay paired with observations of cytoplasmic streaming revealed that verapamil affected not only Ca2+ channels but also exhibited non-specific effects, which eventually lead to cell death. Since many potential Ca2+ channel blockers exert additional undesirable non-specific effects, our study underlines the necessity to search for new more specific modulators of plant Ca2+ transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilmantas Pupkis
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekio Avenue, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indre Lapeikaite
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekio Avenue, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Julius Kavaliauskas
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekio Avenue, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kazimierz Trebacz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Vilma Kisnieriene
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, 7 Sauletekio Avenue, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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38
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de Melo HC. Plants detect and respond to sounds. PLANTA 2023; 257:55. [PMID: 36790549 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Specific sound patterns can affect plant development. Plants are responsive to environmental stimuli such as sound. However, little is known about their sensory apparatus, mechanisms, and signaling pathways triggered by these stimuli. Thus, it is important to understand the effect of sounds on plants and their technological potential. This review addresses the effects of sounds on plants, the sensory elements inherent to sound detection by the cell, as well as the triggering of signaling pathways that culminate in plant responses. The importance of sound standardization for the study of phytoacoustics is demonstrated. Studies on the sounds emitted or reflected by plants, acoustic stress in plants, and recognition of some sound patterns by plants are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyrandir Cabral de Melo
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Avenida Esperança, S/N Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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39
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A graph neural network model for deciphering the biological mechanisms of plant electrical signal classification. Appl Soft Comput 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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40
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The Impacts of Phosphorus-Containing Compounds on Soil Microorganisms of Rice Rhizosphere Contaminated by Lead. DIVERSITY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/d15010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The cost effectiveness of using exogenous phosphorus to remediate heavy metals in soil, which would alter the structure of the soil microbial community, had been widely acknowledged. In the present study, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technology was taken as the breakthrough point, and rhizosphere soil microorganisms in different growth stages (jointing stage and maturity stage) of Minghui 86 (MH) and Yangdao No.6 (YD) rice were taken as the research objects. As revealed by the results, the rhizosphere soil microorganisms of MH and YD had distinct sensitivities to exogenous phosphorus and had a certain inhibitory effect on MH and YD enhancement. The sensitivity of rice root soil microorganisms to exogenous phosphorus also varied in different growth stages of rice. Bacteria were the dominant microorganism in the soil microbial community of rice roots, and the gain of exogenous phosphorus had a certain impact on the structure of the two soil microbial communities. Through analysis of the microbial community characteristics of MH rice and YD soil after adding exogenous phosphorus, further understanding was attained with respect to the effect of exogenous phosphorus on the microbial community characteristics of rice rhizosphere soil and the impact thereof on ecological functions.
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Graus D, Li K, Rathje JM, Ding M, Krischke M, Müller MJ, Cuin TA, Al-Rasheid KAS, Scherzer S, Marten I, Konrad KR, Hedrich R. Tobacco leaf tissue rapidly detoxifies direct salt loads without activation of calcium and SOS signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:217-231. [PMID: 36128659 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a major abiotic stress, responsible for declining agricultural productivity. Roots are regarded as hubs for salt detoxification, however, leaf salt concentrations may exceed those of roots. How mature leaves manage acute sodium chloride (NaCl) stress is mostly unknown. To analyze the mechanisms for NaCl redistribution in leaves, salt was infiltrated into intact tobacco leaves. It initiated pronounced osmotically-driven leaf movements. Leaf downward movement caused by hydro-passive turgor loss reached a maximum within 2 h. Salt-driven cellular water release was accompanied by a transient change in membrane depolarization but not an increase in cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+ ) level. Nonetheless, only half an hour later, the leaves had completely regained turgor. This recovery phase was characterized by an increase in mesophyll cell plasma membrane hydrogen ion (H+ ) pumping, a salt uptake-dependent cytosolic alkalization, and a return of the apoplast osmolality to pre-stress levels. Although, transcript numbers of abscisic acid- and Salt Overly Sensitive pathway elements remained unchanged, salt adaptation depended on the vacuolar H+ /Na+ -exchanger NHX1. Altogether, tobacco leaves can detoxify sodium ions (Na+ ) rapidly even under massive salt loads, based on pre-established posttranslational settings and NHX1 cation/H+ antiport activity. Unlike roots, signaling and processing of salt stress in tobacco leaves does not depend on Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Graus
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kunkun Li
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan M Rathje
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Meiqi Ding
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J Müller
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tracey Ann Cuin
- Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas., 7005, Australia
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Irene Marten
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai R Konrad
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Julius von-Sachs Platz 2, D-97082, Würzburg, Germany
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Yu B, Liu N, Tang S, Qin T, Huang J. Roles of Glutamate Receptor-Like Channels (GLRs) in Plant Growth and Response to Environmental Stimuli. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3450. [PMID: 36559561 PMCID: PMC9782139 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like channels (GLRs) are the homologues of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate neurotransmission in mammals, and they play important roles in various plant-specific physiological processes, such as pollen tube growth, sexual reproduction, root meristem proliferation, internode cell elongation, stomata aperture regulation, and innate immune and wound responses. Notably, these biological functions of GLRs have been mostly linked to the Ca2+-permeable channel activity as GLRs can directly channel the transmembrane flux of Ca2+, which acts as a key second messenger in plant cell responses to both endogenous and exogenous stimuli. Thus, it was hypothesized that GLRs are mainly involved in Ca2+ signaling processes in plant cells. Recently, great progress has been made in GLRs for their roles in long-distance signal transduction pathways mediated by electrical activity and Ca2+ signaling. Here, we review the recent progress on plant GLRs, and special attention is paid to recent insights into the roles of GLRs in response to environmental stimuli via Ca2+ signaling, electrical activity, ROS, as well as hormone signaling networks. Understanding the roles of GLRs in integrating internal and external signaling for plant developmental adaptations to a changing environment will definitely help to enhance abiotic stress tolerance.
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Chen G, Shi Y, Shen X, Zhang Y, Lu X, Li Y, Jin C, Wang J, Wu J. Guard cell anion channel PbrSLAC1 regulates stomatal closure through PbrSnRK2.3 protein kinases. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 325:111487. [PMID: 36209939 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal pores on the leaf surface are the gateways for gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere, which is regulated mainly by the S-type anion channel SLAC1. However, the gene encoding the main S-type anion channel SLAC1 in pear and its genetic characteristics remain unknown. In this study, Pbr015894.1 was identified as the candidate for PbrSLAC1 in pear, and it was found to be expressed abundantly in leaves, particularly in the guard cells. Virus-induced gene silencing experiments indicated that stomatal closure was achieved by a change in cell turgor instigated by PbrSLAC1 channel transport of NO3- in pear leaves and induced by abscisic acid. Furthermore, the expression of PbrSLAC1 in Arabidopsis slac1-3 and slac1-4 rescued the defective NO3- transport seen in these mutants, pointing to its role in anion transport. Fluorescence microscopy suggested that PbrSLAC1 was localized in the plasma membrane, and a dual-luciferase assay system demonstrated an interaction between PbrSLAC1 and PbrSnRK2.3/2.8. Moreover, anion conductance mediated by PbrSLAC1 was activated by PbrSnRK2.3 in Xenopus laevis oocytes and the channel showed greater permeability for nitrate than chloride, sulfate, or malate ions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that PbrSLAC1, an anion channel regulated by PbrSnRK2.3, is involved in stomatal closure by mediating the efflux of NO3- in pear leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Chen
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China; Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yunyong Shi
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Xue Shen
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Xiangyu Lu
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Cong Jin
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Jizhong Wang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- Center of Pear Engineering Technology Research, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhou H, Hu Z, Luo Y, Feng C, Long Y. Multiple ALMT subunits combine to form functional anion channels: A case study for rice ALMT7. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1012578. [PMID: 36452104 PMCID: PMC9702572 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Aluminum Activated Malate Transporter (ALMT) family members are anion channels that play important roles in organic acid transport, stress resistance, growth, development, fertilization and GABA responses. The rice malate permeable OsALMT7 influences panicle development and grain yield. A truncated OsALMT7 mutant, panicle apical abortion1 (paab1) lacking at least 2 transmembrane helices, mediates reduced malate efflux resulting in yield reducing. Here, we further investigated the contribution of OsALMT7 transmembrane helices to channel activity, using heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes. We further found that OsALMT7 formed as a homomer by co-expressing OsALMT7 and paab1 proteins in oocytes and detecting the physical interaction between two OsALMT7, and between OsALMT7 and paab1 mutant protein. Further study proved that not just OsALMT7, mutants of TaALMT1 inhibit wild-type TaALMT1 channel, indicating that ALMTs might perform channel function as homomers. Our discovery brings a light for ion channel structure and homomultimer regulation understanding for ALMT anion channels and potential for crop grain yield and stress response improvement in the context of the essential role of ALMTs in these plant processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yu Long
- *Correspondence: Yu Long, ; Cuizhu Feng,
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45
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Mimata Y, Munemasa S, Nakamura T, Nakamura Y, Murata Y. Extracellular malate induces stomatal closure via direct activation of guard-cell anion channel SLAC1 and stimulation of Ca 2+ signalling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:852-863. [PMID: 35879859 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants secrete malate from guard cells to apoplast under stress conditions and exogenous malate induces stomatal closure. Malate is considered an extracellular chemical signal of stomatal closure. However, the molecular mechanism of malate-induced stomatal closure is not fully elucidated. We investigated responses of stomatal aperture, ion channels, and cytosolic Ca2+ to malate. A treatment with malate induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type plants, but not in the mutants deficient in the slow (S-type) anion channel gene SLOW ANION CHANNEL-ASSOCIATED 1 (SLAC1). The treatment with malate increased S-type anion currents in guard-cell protoplasts of wild-type plants but not in the slac1 mutant. In addition, extracellular rather than intracellular application of malate increased the S-type currents of constitutively active mutants of SLAC1, which have kinase-independent activities, in a heterologous expression system using Xenopus oocytes. The treatment with malate transiently increased cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the wild-type Arabidopsis guard cells and the malate-induced stomatal closure was inhibited by the Ca2+ channel blocker and the Ca2+ chelator. These results indicate that extracellular malate directly activates SLAC1 and simultaneously stimulates Ca2+ signalling in guard cells, resulting in steady and solid activation of SLAC1 for stomatal closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiharu Mimata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shintaro Munemasa
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka 1-1-1, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan
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Ruberti C, Feitosa-Araujo E, Xu Z, Wagner S, Grenzi M, Darwish E, Lichtenauer S, Fuchs P, Parmagnani AS, Balcerowicz D, Schoenaers S, de la Torre C, Mekkaoui K, Nunes-Nesi A, Wirtz M, Vissenberg K, Van Aken O, Hause B, Costa A, Schwarzländer M. MCU proteins dominate in vivo mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in Arabidopsis roots. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:4428-4452. [PMID: 35938694 PMCID: PMC9614509 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling is central to plant development and acclimation. While Ca2+-responsive proteins have been investigated intensely in plants, only a few Ca2+-permeable channels have been identified, and our understanding of how intracellular Ca2+ fluxes is facilitated remains limited. Arabidopsis thaliana homologs of the mammalian channel-forming mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) protein showed Ca2+ transport activity in vitro. Yet, the evolutionary complexity of MCU proteins, as well as reports about alternative systems and unperturbed mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in knockout lines of MCU genes, leave critical questions about the in vivo functions of the MCU protein family in plants unanswered. Here, we demonstrate that MCU proteins mediate mitochondrial Ca2+ transport in planta and that this mechanism is the major route for fast Ca2+ uptake. Guided by the subcellular localization, expression, and conservation of MCU proteins, we generated an mcu triple knockout line. Using Ca2+ imaging in living root tips and the stimulation of Ca2+ transients of different amplitudes, we demonstrated that mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake became limiting in the triple mutant. The drastic cell physiological phenotype of impaired subcellular Ca2+ transport coincided with deregulated jasmonic acid-related signaling and thigmomorphogenesis. Our findings establish MCUs as a major mitochondrial Ca2+ entry route in planta and link mitochondrial Ca2+ transport with phytohormone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias Feitosa-Araujo
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | - Zhaolong Xu
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milan, I-20133, Italy
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | | | - Matteo Grenzi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milan, I-20133, Italy
| | - Essam Darwish
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Plant Physiology Section, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Sophie Lichtenauer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, D-48143, Germany
| | | | | | - Daria Balcerowicz
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
| | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
| | - Carolina de la Torre
- NGS Core Facility, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, D-68167, Germany
| | - Khansa Mekkaoui
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Markus Wirtz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, D-69120, Germany
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
- Department of Agriculture, Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, 71410, Greece
| | | | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Halle (Saale), D-06120, Germany
| | - Alex Costa
- Authors for correspondence: (A.C); (M.S.)
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Dickinson MS, Pourmal S, Gupta M, Bi M, Stroud RM. Symmetry Reduction in a Hyperpolarization-Activated Homotetrameric Ion Channel. Biochemistry 2022; 61:2177-2181. [PMID: 34964607 PMCID: PMC9931035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plants obtain nutrients from the soil via transmembrane transporters and channels in their root hairs, from which ions radially transport in toward the xylem for distribution across the plant body. We determined structures of the hyperpolarization-activated channel AKT1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, which mediates K+ uptake from the soil into plant roots. These structures of AtAKT1 embedded in lipid nanodiscs show that the channel undergoes a reduction of C4 to C2 symmetry, possibly to regulate its electrical activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Sasha Dickinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Sergei Pourmal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Maxine Bi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Graduate Group in Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, Genentech Hall, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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48
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Scherzer S, Böhm J, Huang S, Iosip AL, Kreuzer I, Becker D, Heckmann M, Al-Rasheid KAS, Dreyer I, Hedrich R. A unique inventory of ion transporters poises the Venus flytrap to fast-propagating action potentials and calcium waves. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4255-4263.e5. [PMID: 36087579 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the 19th century, it has been known that the carnivorous Venus flytrap is electrically excitable. Nevertheless, the mechanism and the molecular entities of the flytrap action potential (AP) remain unknown. When entering the electrically excitable stage, the trap expressed a characteristic inventory of ion transporters, among which the increase in glutamate receptor GLR3.6 RNA was most pronounced. Trigger hair stimulation or glutamate application evoked an AP and a cytoplasmic Ca2+ transient that both propagated at the same speed from the site of induction along the entire trap lobe surface. A priming Ca2+ moiety entering the cytoplasm in the context of the AP was further potentiated by an organelle-localized calcium-induced calcium release (CICR)-like system prolonging the Ca2+ signal. While the Ca2+ transient persisted, SKOR K+ channels and AHA H+-ATPases repolarized the AP already. By counting the number of APs and long-lasting Ca2+ transients, the trap directs the different steps in the carnivorous plant's hunting cycle. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sönke Scherzer
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Böhm
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Shouguang Huang
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anda L Iosip
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Ines Kreuzer
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Becker
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Heckmann
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, Wuerzburg University, Röntgenring 9, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Khaled A S Al-Rasheid
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ingo Dreyer
- Center of Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling (CBSM), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, 2 Norte 685, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs Institute for Biosciences, Biocenter, Wuerzburg University, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, 97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Gradogna A, Carpaneto A. Electrophysiology and fluorescence to investigate cation channels and transporters in isolated plant vacuoles. STRESS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:42. [PMID: 37676514 PMCID: PMC10442027 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-022-00064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The plant vacuole plays a fundamental role in cell homeostasis. The successful application of patch-clamp technique on isolated vacuoles allows the determination of the functional characteristics of tonoplast ion channels and transporters. The parallel use of a sensor-based fluorescence approach capable of detecting changes in calcium and proton concentrations opens up new possibilities for investigation. In excised patch, the presence of fura-2 in the vacuolar solution reveals the direct permeation of calcium in plant TPC channels. In whole-vacuole, the activity of non-electrogenic NHX potassium proton antiporters can be measured by using the proton sensitive dye BCECF loaded in the vacuolar lumen by the patch pipette. Both vacuolar NHXs and CLCa (chloride/nitrate antiporter) are inhibited by the phosphoinositide PI(3,5)P2, suggesting a coordinated role of these proteins in salt accumulation. Increased knowledge in the molecular mechanisms of vacuolar ion channels and transporters has the potential to improve our understanding on how plants cope with a rapidly changing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Gradogna
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy
| | - Armando Carpaneto
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genoa, Italy.
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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50
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Kisnieriene V, Trębacz K, Pupkis V, Koselski M, Lapeikaite I. Evolution of long-distance signalling upon plant terrestrialization: comparison of action potentials in Characean algae and liverworts. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:457-475. [PMID: 35913486 PMCID: PMC9510943 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this review, we summarize data concerning action potentials (APs) - long-distance electrical signals in Characean algae and liverworts. These lineages are key in understanding the mechanisms of plant terrestrialization. Liverworts are postulated to be pioneer land plants, whereas aquatic charophytes are considered the closest relatives to land plants. The drastic change of the habitat was coupled with the adaptation of signalling systems to the new environment. SCOPE APs fulfil the 'all-or-nothing' law, exhibit refractory periods and propagate with a uniform velocity. Their ion mechanism in the algae and liverworts consists of a Ca2+ influx (from external and internal stores) followed by/coincident with a Cl- efflux, which both evoke the membrane potential depolarization, and a K+ efflux leading to repolarization. The molecular identity of ion channels responsible for these fluxes remains unknown. Publication of the Chara braunii and Marchantia polymorpha genomes opened up new possibilities for studying the molecular basis of APs. Here we present the list of genes which can participate in AP electrogenesis. We also point out the differences between these plant species, e.g. the absence of Ca2+-permeable glutamate receptors (GLRs) and Cl--permeable SLAC1 channel homologues in the Chara genome. Both these channels play a vital role in long-distance signalling in liverworts and vascular plants. Among the common properties of APs in liverworts and higher plants is their duration (dozens of seconds) and the speed of propagation (mm s-1), which are much slower than in the algae (seconds, and dozens of mm s-1, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Future studies with combined application of electrophysiological and molecular techniques should unravel the ion channel proteins responsible for AP generation, their regulation and transduction of those signals to physiological responses. This should also help to understand the adaptation of the signalling systems to the land environment and further evolution of APs in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vilmantas Pupkis
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mateusz Koselski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka, Lublin, Poland
| | - Indre Lapeikaite
- Department of Neurobiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave, Vilnius, Lithuania
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