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Matsumura T, Kitamura M, Amatsu S, Yamaguchi A, Kobayashi N, Yutani M, Fujinaga Y. Neutralization mechanism of human monoclonal antibodies against type B botulinum neurotoxin. Microbiol Immunol 2024; 68:348-358. [PMID: 39239735 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Botulism is a deadly neuroparalytic condition caused by the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) produced by Clostridium botulinum and related species. Toxin-neutralizing antibodies are the most effective treatments for BoNT intoxication. We generated human monoclonal antibodies neutralizing type B botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/B), designated M2 and M4. The combination of these antibodies exhibited a strong neutralizing effect against BoNT/B toxicity. In this study, we analyzed the mechanisms of action of these antibodies in vitro. M4 binds to the C-terminus of the heavy chain (the receptor-binding domain) and inhibits BoNT/B binding to neuronal PC12 cells. Although M2 recognized the light (L) chain (the metalloprotease domain), it did not inhibit substrate (VAMP2) cleavage in the cleavage assay. M2 increased the surface localization of BoNT/B in PC12 cells at a later time point, suggesting that M2 inhibits the translocation of the L chain from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol. These results indicate that M2 and M4 inhibit the different processes of BoNT/B individually and that multistep inhibition is important for the synergistic effect of the combination of monoclonal antibodies. Our findings may facilitate the development of effective therapeutic antibodies against BoNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mayu Kitamura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Aki Yamaguchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Kobayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yutani
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Bacteriology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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2
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Bilska A, Wochna K, Habiera M, Serwańska-Leja K. Health Hazard Associated with the Presence of Clostridium Bacteria in Food Products. Foods 2024; 13:2578. [PMID: 39200505 PMCID: PMC11353352 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridium bacteria were already known to Hippocrates many years before Christ. The name of the Clostridium species is owed to the Polish microbiologist, Adam Prażmowski. It is now known that these Clostridium bacteria are widespread in the natural environment, and their presence in food products is a threat to human health and life. According to European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) reports, every year, there are poisonings or deaths due to ingestion of bacterial toxins, including those of the Clostridium spp. The strengthening of consumer health awareness has increased interest in consuming products with minimal processing in recent years, which has led to a need to develop new techniques to ensure the safety of microbiological food, including elimination of bacteria from the Clostridium genera. On the other hand, the high biochemical activity of Clostridium bacteria allows them to be used in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and medical industries. Awareness of microbiological food safety is very important for our health. Unfortunately, in 2022, an increase in infections with Clostridium bacteria found in food was recorded. Knowledge about food contamination should thus be widely disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bilska
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Krystian Wochna
- Department of Swimming and Water Lifesaving, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Habiera
- Department of Swimming and Water Lifesaving, Poznan University of Physical Education, Krolowej Jadwigi 27/39, 61-871 Poznan, Poland; (K.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Serwańska-Leja
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznan, Poland
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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3
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Viravathana P, Tepp WH, Bradshaw M, Przedpelski A, Barbieri JT, Pellett S. Potency Evaluations of Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin A1 Mutants Designed to Reduce Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8955. [PMID: 39201641 PMCID: PMC11355004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant mutant holotoxin BoNTs (rBoNTs) are being evaluated as possible vaccines against botulism. Previously, several rBoNTs containing 2-3 amino acid mutations in the light chain (LC) showed significant decreases in toxicity (2.5-million-fold-12.5-million-fold) versus wild-type BoNT/A1, leading to their current exclusion from the Federal Select Agent list. In this study, we added four additional mutations in the receptor-binding domain, translocation domain, and enzymatic cleft to further decrease toxicity, creating 7M rBoNT/A1. Due to poor expression in E. coli, 7M rBoNT/A1 was produced in an endogenous C. botulinum expression system. This protein had higher residual toxicity (LD50: 280 ng/mouse) than previously reported for the catalytically inactive rBoNT/A1 containing only three of the mutations (>10 µg/mouse). To investigate this discrepancy, several additional rBoNT/A1 constructs containing individual sets of amino acid substitutions from 7M rBoNT/A1 and related mutations were also endogenously produced. Similarly to endogenously produced 7M rBoNT/A1, all of the endogenously produced mutants had ~100-1000-fold greater toxicity than what was reported for their original heterologous host counterparts. A combination of mutations in multiple functional domains resulted in a greater but not multiplicative reduction in toxicity. This report demonstrates the impact of production systems on residual toxicity of genetically inactivated rBoNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polrit Viravathana
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - William H. Tepp
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Marite Bradshaw
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amanda Przedpelski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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4
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Surana S, Villarroel-Campos D, Rhymes ER, Kalyukina M, Panzi C, Novoselov SS, Fabris F, Richter S, Pirazzini M, Zanotti G, Sleigh JN, Schiavo G. The tyrosine phosphatases LAR and PTPRδ act as receptors of the nidogen-tetanus toxin complex. EMBO J 2024; 43:3358-3387. [PMID: 38977849 PMCID: PMC11329502 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) causes spastic paralysis by inhibiting neurotransmission in spinal inhibitory interneurons. TeNT binds to the neuromuscular junction, leading to its internalisation into motor neurons and subsequent transcytosis into interneurons. While the extracellular matrix proteins nidogens are essential for TeNT binding, the molecular composition of its receptor complex remains unclear. Here, we show that the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases LAR and PTPRδ interact with the nidogen-TeNT complex, enabling its neuronal uptake. Binding of LAR and PTPRδ to the toxin complex is mediated by their immunoglobulin and fibronectin III domains, which we harnessed to inhibit TeNT entry into motor neurons and protect mice from TeNT-induced paralysis. This function of LAR is independent of its role in regulating TrkB receptor activity, which augments axonal transport of TeNT. These findings reveal a multi-subunit receptor complex for TeNT and demonstrate a novel trafficking route for extracellular matrix proteins. Our study offers potential new avenues for developing therapeutics to prevent tetanus and dissecting the mechanisms controlling the targeting of physiological ligands to long-distance axonal transport in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - David Villarroel-Campos
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elena R Rhymes
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Maria Kalyukina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Chiara Panzi
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sergey S Novoselov
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Federico Fabris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Sandy Richter
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - James N Sleigh
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Guo Z, Zhu AT, Wei X, Jiang Y, Yu Y, Noh I, Gao W, Fang RH, Zhang L. A genetically engineered neuronal membrane-based nanotoxoid elicits protective immunity against neurotoxins. Bioact Mater 2024; 38:321-330. [PMID: 38764446 PMCID: PMC11101676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Given their dangerous effects on the nervous system, neurotoxins represent a significant threat to public health. Various therapeutic approaches, including chelating agents, receptor decoys, and toxin-neutralizing antibodies, have been explored. While prophylactic vaccines are desirable, it is oftentimes difficult to effectively balance their safety and efficacy given the highly dangerous nature of neurotoxins. To address this, we report here on a nanovaccine against neurotoxins that leverages the detoxifying properties of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. A genetically modified cell line with constitutive overexpression of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is developed as a membrane source to generate biomimetic nanoparticles that can effectively and irreversibly bind to α-bungarotoxin, a model neurotoxin. This abrogates the biological activity of the toxin, enabling the resulting nanotoxoid to be safely delivered into the body and processed by the immune system. When co-administered with an immunological adjuvant, a strong humoral response against α-bungarotoxin is generated that protects vaccinated mice against a lethal dose of the toxin. Overall, this work highlights the potential of using genetic modification strategies to develop nanotoxoid formulations against various biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Audrey T. Zhu
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wei
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yao Jiang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yiyan Yu
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ilkoo Noh
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H. Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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6
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Tsai YC, Kozar L, Mawi ZP, Ichtchenko K, Shoemaker CB, McNutt PM, Weissman AM. The Degradation of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chains Using PROTACs. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7472. [PMID: 39000579 PMCID: PMC11242356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are some of the most potent natural toxins known; they cause flaccid paralysis by inhibiting synaptic vesicle release. Some serotypes, notably serotype A and B, can cause persistent paralysis lasting for several months. Because of their potency and persistence, botulinum neurotoxins are now used to manage several clinical conditions, and there is interest in expanding their clinical applications using engineered toxins with novel substrate specificities. It will also be beneficial to engineer toxins with tunable persistence. We have investigated the potential use of small-molecule proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to vary the persistence of modified recombinant botulinum neurotoxins. We also describe a complementary approach that has potential relevance for botulism treatment. This second approach uses a camelid heavy chain antibody directed against botulinum neurotoxin that is modified to bind the PROTAC. These strategies provide proof of principle for the use of two different approaches to fine tune the persistence of botulinum neurotoxins by selectively targeting their catalytic light chains for proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yien Che Tsai
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.M.W.)
| | - Loren Kozar
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.M.W.)
| | - Zo P. Mawi
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.M.W.)
| | - Konstantin Ichtchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Charles B. Shoemaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Grafton, MA 01536, USA;
| | - Patrick M. McNutt
- Wake Forest Research Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA;
| | - Allan M. Weissman
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.M.W.)
- Women’s Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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7
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Togawa S, Usui N, Doi M, Kobayashi Y, Koyama Y, Nakamura Y, Shinoda K, Kobayashi H, Shimada S. Neuroprotective effects of Si-based hydrogen-producing agent on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in juvenile mouse model. Behav Brain Res 2024; 468:115040. [PMID: 38723675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Neurotoxins have been extensively investigated, particularly in the field of neuroscience. They induce toxic damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation on neurons, triggering neuronal dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of a silicon (Si)-based hydrogen-producing agent (Si-based agent) in a juvenile neurotoxic mouse model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The Si-based agent produces hydrogen in bowels and functions as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. However, the effects of the Si-based agent on neural degeneration in areas other than the lesion and behavioral alterations caused by it are largely unknown. Moreover, the neuroprotective effects of Si-based agent in the context of lactation and use during infancy have not been explored in prior studies. In this study, we show the neuroprotective effect of the Si-based agent on 6-OHDA during lactation period and infancy using the mouse model. The Si-based agent safeguards against the degradation and neuronal cell death of dopaminergic neurons and loss of dopaminergic fibers in the striatum (STR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) caused by 6-OHDA. Furthermore, the Si-based agent exhibits a neuroprotective effect on the length of axon initial segment (AIS) in the layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). As a result, the Si-based agent mitigates hyperactive behavior in a juvenile neurotoxic mouse model induced by 6-OHDA. These results suggest that the Si-based agent serves as an effective neuroprotectant and antioxidant against neurotoxic effects in the brain, offering the possibility of the Si-based agent as a neuroprotectant for nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Togawa
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Omics Center, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan.
| | - Miyuki Doi
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- SANKEN (Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Koyama
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakamura
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Koh Shinoda
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kobayashi
- SANKEN (Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
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8
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Hoyt KM, Barr JR, Hopkins AO, Dykes JK, Lúquez C, Kalb SR. Validation of a clinical assay for botulinum neurotoxins through mass spectrometric detection. J Clin Microbiol 2024; 62:e0162923. [PMID: 38687021 PMCID: PMC11237762 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01629-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a paralytic disease due to the inhibition of acetylcholine exocytosis at the neuromuscular junction, which can be lethal if left untreated. Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by some spore-forming Clostridium bacteria. The current confirmatory assay to test for BoNTs in clinical specimens is the gold-standard mouse bioassay. However, an Endopep-MS assay method has been developed to detect BoNTs in clinical samples using benchtop mass spectrometric detection. This work demonstrates the validation of the Endopep-MS method for clinical specimens with the intent of method distribution in public health laboratories. The Endopep-MS assay was validated by assessing the sensitivity, robustness, selectivity, specificity, and reproducibility. The limit of detection was found to be equivalent to or more sensitive than the mouse bioassay. Specificity studies determined no cross-reactivity between the different serotypes and no false positives from an exclusivity panel of culture supernatants of enteric disease organisms and non-toxigenic strains of Clostridium. Inter-serotype specificity testing with 19 BoNT subtypes was 100% concordant with the expected results, accurately determining the presence of the correct serotype and the absence of incorrect serotypes. Additionally, a panel of potential interfering substances was used to test selectivity. Finally, clinical studies included clinical specimen stability and reproducibility, which was found to be 99.9% from a multicenter evaluation study. The multicenter validation study also included a clinical validation study, which yielded a 99.4% correct determination rate. Use of the Endopep-MS method will improve the capacity and response time for laboratory confirmation of botulism in public health laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Hoyt
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R. Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - André O. Hopkins
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet K. Dykes
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Carolina Lúquez
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Suzanne R. Kalb
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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9
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Rasetti-Escargueil C, Palea S. Embracing the Versatility of Botulinum Neurotoxins in Conventional and New Therapeutic Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:261. [PMID: 38922155 PMCID: PMC11209287 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been used for almost half a century in the treatment of excessive muscle contractility. BoNTs are routinely used to treat movement disorders such as cervical dystonia, spastic conditions, blepharospasm, and hyperhidrosis, as well as for cosmetic purposes. In addition to the conventional indications, the use of BoNTs to reduce pain has gained increased recognition, giving rise to an increasing number of indications in disorders associated with chronic pain. Furthermore, BoNT-derived formulations are benefiting a much wider range of patients suffering from overactive bladder, erectile dysfunction, arthropathy, neuropathic pain, and cancer. BoNTs are categorised into seven toxinotypes, two of which are in clinical use, and each toxinotype is divided into multiple subtypes. With the development of bioinformatic tools, new BoNT-like toxins have been identified in non-Clostridial organisms. In addition to the expanding indications of existing formulations, the rich variety of toxinotypes or subtypes in the wild-type BoNTs associated with new BoNT-like toxins expand the BoNT superfamily, forming the basis on which to develop new BoNT-based therapeutics as well as research tools. An overview of the diversity of the BoNT family along with their conventional therapeutic uses is presented in this review followed by the engineering and formulation opportunities opening avenues in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Palea
- Humana Biosciences-Prologue Biotech, 516 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 31670 Labège, France;
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10
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Li Y, Zheng Q, Lin J, Su X, Zhuang J, Wei Q, Hu J. Mild Allergic Reactions after Botulinum Toxin Injection: A Case Series and Literature Review. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e5845. [PMID: 38798928 PMCID: PMC11124596 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Botulinum toxin type A (BTA) is becoming more and more prevalent as an injection agent in cosmetic surgery. However, there is an increasing amount of cases reporting unexpected adverse reactions related to BTA injection. BTA can invoke many kinds of hypersensitive reactions, some of which can be delayed-type or even fatal; hence, it is of crucial importance to pay close attention to atypical and early symptoms that may indicate the presence of BTA allergy in patients. Methods In this study, we reported three cases of mild and unexpected BTA-related hypersensitive reaction with a symptom of nonpruritic erythema on the chest that happened after BTA treatment of upper facial wrinkles and proposed several suggestions based on our practical experience and literature review. Results Two patients' symptoms were alleviated spontaneously, and one patient's were alleviated after taking oral corticosteroid. According to our literature review, we believe that these incidences indicate a kind of unreported allergic reaction relevant to botulinum toxin. Conclusions We suggest clinicians consider warily patients' subsequent BTA injection schedule if any suspicious reaction occurs after treatment. We suggest that patients who experience nonpruritic erythema after botulinum toxin injection should suspend subsequent injection plans for at least 3 months to prevent more severe consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzi Li
- From the Cosmetic Injection Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyuan Zheng
- College of Clinical Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhao Lin
- Xinjiang Second Medical Collage, Karamay, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xueshang Su
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhuang
- Department of Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqian Wei
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jintian Hu
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Jiang Y, Wang R, Guo J, Cheng K, Chen L, Wang X, Li Y, Du P, Gao C, Lu J, Yu Y, Yang Z. Isolation and characterization of Hc-targeting chimeric heavy chain antibodies neutralizing botulinum neurotoxin type B. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380694. [PMID: 38779676 PMCID: PMC11109933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) produced by Clostridium botulinum is one of the most potent known toxins. Moreover, BoNT is classified as one of the most important biological warfare agents that threatens the biosafety of the world. Currently, the approved treatment for botulism in humans is the use of polyvalent horse serum antitoxins. However, they are greatly limited because of insufficient supply and adverse reactions. Thus, treatment of human botulism requires the development of effective toxin-neutralizing antibodies. Considering their advantages, neutralizing nanobodies will play an increasing role as BoNTs therapeutics. Methods Herein, neutralizing nanobodies binding to the heavy chain (Hc) domain of BoNT/B (BHc) were screened from a phage display library. Then, BoNT/B-specific clones were identified and fused with the human Fc fragment (hFc) to form chimeric heavy chain antibodies. Finally, the affinity, specificity, and neutralizing activity of antibodies against BoNT/B in vivo were evaluated. Results The B5-hFc, B9-hFc and B12-hFc antibodies demonstrated high affinity for BHc in the nanomolar range. The three antibodies were proven to have potent neutralizing activity against BoNT/B in vivo. Conclusion The results demonstrate that inhibiting toxin binding to the host receptor is an efficient strategy and the three antibodies could be used as candidates for the further development of drugs to prevent and treat botulism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiansheng Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Yang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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12
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Condon LF, Yu Y, Park S, Cao F, Pauli JL, Nelson TS, Palmiter RD. Parabrachial Calca neurons drive nociplasticity. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114057. [PMID: 38583149 PMCID: PMC11210282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pain that persists beyond the time required for tissue healing and pain that arises in the absence of tissue injury, collectively referred to as nociplastic pain, are poorly understood phenomena mediated by plasticity within the central nervous system. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a hub that relays aversive sensory information and appears to play a role in nociplasticity. Here, by preventing PBN Calca neurons from releasing neurotransmitters, we demonstrate that activation of Calca neurons is necessary for the manifestation and maintenance of chronic pain. Additionally, by directly stimulating Calca neurons, we demonstrate that Calca neuron activity is sufficient to drive nociplasticity. Aversive stimuli of multiple sensory modalities, such as exposure to nitroglycerin, cisplatin, or lithium chloride, can drive nociplasticity in a Calca-neuron-dependent manner. Aversive events drive nociplasticity in Calca neurons in the form of increased activity and excitability; however, neuroplasticity also appears to occur in downstream circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan F Condon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sekun Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Feng Cao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jordan L Pauli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler S Nelson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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13
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Schmidt G. Some Examples of Bacterial Toxins as Tools. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:202. [PMID: 38787054 PMCID: PMC11125981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria produce diverse protein toxins to disturb the host's defenses. This includes the opening of epithelial barriers to establish bacterial growth in deeper tissues of the host and to modulate immune cell functions. To achieve this, many toxins share the ability to enter mammalian cells, where they catalyze the modification of cellular proteins. The enzymatic activity is diverse and ranges from ribosyl- or glycosyl-transferase activity, the deamidation of proteins, and adenylate-cyclase activity to proteolytic cleavage. Protein toxins are highly active enzymes often with tight specificity for an intracellular protein or a protein family coupled with the intrinsic capability of entering mammalian cells. A broad understanding of their molecular mechanisms established bacterial toxins as powerful tools for cell biology. Both the enzymatic part and the pore-forming/protein transport capacity are currently used as tools engineered to study signaling pathways or to transport cargo like labeled compounds, nucleic acids, peptides, or proteins directly into the cytosol. Using several representative examples, this review is intended to provide a short overview of the state of the art in the use of bacterial toxins or parts thereof as tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudula Schmidt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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14
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Gregg BM, Matsumura T, Wentz TG, Tepp WH, Bradshaw M, Stenmark P, Johnson EA, Fujinaga Y, Pellett S. Botulinum neurotoxin X lacks potency in mice and in human neurons. mBio 2024; 15:e0310623. [PMID: 38347673 PMCID: PMC10936432 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03106-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are a class of toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) and other species of Clostridia. BoNT/X is a putative novel botulinum neurotoxin identified through genome sequencing and capable of SNARE cleavage, but its neurotoxic potential in humans and vertebrates remained unclear. The C. botulinum strain producing BoNT/X, Strain 111, encodes both a plasmid-borne bont/b2 as well as the chromosomal putative bont/x. This study utilized C. botulinum Strain 111 from Japan as well as recombinantly produced full-length BoNT/X to more fully analyze this putative pathogenic toxin. We confirmed production of full-length, catalytically active native BoNT/X by C. botulinum Strain 111, produced as a disulfide-bonded dichain polypeptide similar to other BoNTs. Both the purified native and the recombinant BoNT/X had high enzymatic activity in vitro but displayed very low potency in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal cells and in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of up to 50 µg of native BoNT/X in mice did not result in botulism; however, mild local paralysis was observed after injection of 2 μg into the gastrocnemius muscle. We further demonstrate that the lack of toxicity by BoNT/X is due to inefficient neuronal cell association and entry, which can be rescued by replacing the receptor binding domain of BoNT/X with that of BoNT/A. These data demonstrate that BoNT/X is not a potent vertebrate neurotoxin like the classical seven serotypes of BoNTs. IMPORTANCE The family of botulinum neurotoxins comprises the most potent toxins known to humankind. New members of this family of protein toxins as well as more distantly related homologs are being identified. The discovery of BoNT/X via bioinformatic screen in 2017 as a putative new BoNT serotype raised concern about its potential as a pathogenic agent with no available countermeasures. This study for the first time assessed both recombinantly produced and native purified BoNT/X for its vertebrate neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brieana M. Gregg
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Travis G. Wentz
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - William H. Tepp
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marite Bradshaw
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pål Stenmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric A. Johnson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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15
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Martínez-Sánchez JE, Cárdenas Y, Trujillo X, Ríos-Silva M, Díaz-Reval MI, Bricio-Barrios JA, Muñiz J, Alcaraz-Siqueiros J, Huerta M. Increased Frequency of Giant Miniature End-Plate Potentials at the Neuromuscular Junction in Diabetic Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 12:68. [PMID: 38255175 PMCID: PMC10813272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a need for research addressing the functional characteristics of the motor end-plate in diabetes to identify mechanisms contributing to neuromuscular dysfunction. Here, we investigated the effect of diabetes on spontaneous acetylcholine release in the rat neuromuscular junction. We studied two randomized groups of male Wistar rats (n = 7 per group, 350 ± 50 g, 12-16 weeks of age): one with streptozotocin-induced experimental diabetes, and a healthy control group without diabetes. After 8 weeks of monitoring after diabetes induction, rats in both groups were anesthetized with pentobarbital. Then, the diaphragm muscle was dissected for electrophysiological recordings of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPPs) using a single electrode located at the region of the muscle end-plate. All experiments were conducted at environmental temperature (20-22 °C) in rat Ringer solution with constant bubbling carbogen (95% O2, 5% CO2). Compared to healthy controls, in the diaphragm neuromuscular end-plate derived from diabetic rats, the MEPPs were higher in amplitude and frequency, and the proportion of giant MEPPs was elevated (7.09% vs. 1.4% in controls). Our results showed that diabetes affected the acetylcholine MEPP pattern and increased the number of giant potentials compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julián Elías Martínez-Sánchez
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
| | - Yolitzy Cárdenas
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
| | - Xóchitl Trujillo
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
| | - Mónica Ríos-Silva
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima—CONAHCyT, Av. 25 de Julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico
| | - M. Irene Díaz-Reval
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
| | - Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Av. Universidad #333, Col. Las Víboras, Colima 28040, Colima, Mexico;
| | - Jesús Muñiz
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
| | - Julio Alcaraz-Siqueiros
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Colima, Km 40 Autopista Colima-Manzanillo, Crucero de Tecomán, Tecomán 28930, Colima, Mexico
| | - Miguel Huerta
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de julio # 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima 28045, Colima, Mexico; (J.E.M.-S.); (X.T.)
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16
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Klinsky OG, Wetten PA, Zanni-Ruiz E, Pavarotti MA, Berberian MV, Michaut MA. The light chain of tetanus toxin bound to arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide inhibits cortical reaction in mouse oocytes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1259421. [PMID: 38033867 PMCID: PMC10684777 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1259421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cortical reaction is a secretory process that occurs after a spermatozoon fuses with the oocyte, avoiding the fusion of additional sperm. During this exocytic event, the cortical granule membrane fuses with the oocyte plasma membrane. We have identified several molecular components involved in this process and confirmed that SNARE proteins regulate membrane fusion during cortical reaction in mouse oocytes. In those studies, we microinjected different nonpermeable reagents to demonstrate the participation of a specific protein in the cortical reaction. However, the microinjection technique has several limitations. In this work, we aimed to assess the potential of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) as biotechnological tools for delivering molecules into oocytes, and to evaluate the functionality of the permeable tetanus toxin (bound to CPP sequence) during cortical reaction. Methods: Arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptides have demonstrated the optimal internalization of small molecules in mammalian cells. Two arginine-rich CPP were used in the present study. One, labeled with 5-carboxyfluorescein, to characterize the factors that can modulate its internalization, and the other, the permeable light chain of tetanus toxin, that cleaves the SNAREs VAMP1 and VAMP3 expressed in mouse oocytes. Results: Results showed that fluorescent CPP was internalized into the oocyte cytoplasm and that internalization was dependent on the concentration, time, temperature, and maturation stage of the oocyte. Using our functional assay to study cortical reaction, the light chain of tetanus toxin bound to arginine-rich cell-penetrating peptide inhibited cortical granules exocytosis. Discussion: Results obtained from the use of permeable peptides demonstrate that this CPP is a promising biotechnological tool to study functional macromolecules in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar G. Klinsky
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paula A. Wetten
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Emilia Zanni-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Transporte Intracelular, Instituto de Histología and Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Martín A. Pavarotti
- Laboratorio de Transporte Intracelular, Instituto de Histología and Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Berberian
- Laboratorio de Transporte Intracelular, Instituto de Histología and Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Marcela A. Michaut
- Laboratorio de Biología Reproductiva y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Universidad Nacional de Cuyo-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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17
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Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi SS, Mahdigholi FS, Amin M. Collateral beauty in the damages: an overview of cosmetics and therapeutic applications of microbial proteases. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:375. [PMID: 37935975 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03713-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Microbial proteases are enzymes secreted by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, and have attracted significant attention due to their versatile applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, certain proteases have been used in the development of skin health products and cosmetics. This article provides a review of microbial proteases in terms of their classification, sources, properties, and applications. Moreover, different pharmacological and molecular investigations have been reviewed. Various biological activities of microbial proteases, such as Arazyme, collagenase, elastin, and Nattokinase, which are involved in the digestion of dietary proteins, as well as their potential anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antithrombotic, and immunomodulatory effects have been included. Furthermore, their ability to control infections and treat various disorders has been discussed. Finally, this review highlights the potential applications and future perspectives of microbial proteases in biotechnology and biomedicine, and proposes further studies to develop new perspectives for disease control and health-promoting strategies using microbial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Sadeq Mousavi Ghahfarrokhi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Fateme Sadat Mahdigholi
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Group, Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Room No. 1-221, Faculty of Pharmacy, 16th Azar Street, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Condon LF, Yu Y, Park S, Cao F, Pauli JL, Nelson TS, Palmiter RD. Parabrachial Calca neurons drive nociplasticity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564223. [PMID: 37961621 PMCID: PMC10634894 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Pain that persists beyond the time required for tissue healing and pain that arises in the absence of tissue injury are poorly understood phenomena mediated by plasticity within the central nervous system. The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a hub that relays aversive sensory information and appears to play a role in nociplasticity. Here, by preventing PBN Calca neurons from releasing neurotransmitter or directly stimulating them we demonstrate that activation of Calca neurons is both necessary for the manifestation of chronic pain after nerve ligation and is sufficient to drive nociplasticity in wild-type mice. Aversive stimuli such as exposure to nitroglycerin, cisplatin, or LiCl can drive nociplasticity in a Calca-neuron-dependent manner. Calcium fluorescence imaging reveals that nitroglycerin activates PBN Calca neurons and potentiates their responses to mechanical stimulation. The activity and excitability of Calca neurons increased for several days after aversive events, but prolonged nociplasticity likely occurs in downstream circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan F Condon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ying Yu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sekun Park
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Feng Cao
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jordan L Pauli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tyler S Nelson
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, NY 10010, USA
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Lead Contact
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19
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Martínez-Mármol R, Muhaisen A, Cotrufo T, Roselló-Busquets C, Ros O, Hernaiz-Llorens M, Pérez-Branguli F, Andrés RM, Parcerisas A, Pascual M, Ulloa F, Soriano E. Syntaxin-1 is necessary for UNC5A-C/Netrin-1-dependent macropinocytosis and chemorepulsion. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1253954. [PMID: 37829513 PMCID: PMC10565356 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1253954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brain connectivity requires correct axonal guidance to drive axons to their appropriate targets. This process is orchestrated by guidance cues that exert attraction or repulsion to developing axons. However, the intricacies of the cellular machinery responsible for the correct response of growth cones are just being unveiled. Netrin-1 is a bifunctional molecule involved in axon pathfinding and cell migration that induces repulsion during postnatal cerebellar development. This process is mediated by UNC5 homolog receptors located on external granule layer (EGL) tracts. Methods Biochemical, imaging and cell biology techniques, as well as syntaxin-1A/B (Stx1A/B) knock-out mice were used in primary cultures and brain explants. Results and discussion Here, we demonstrate that this response is characterized by enhanced membrane internalization through macropinocytosis, but not clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We show that UNC5A, UNC5B, and UNC5C receptors form a protein complex with the t-SNARE syntaxin-1. By combining botulinum neurotoxins, an shRNA knock-down strategy and Stx1 knock-out mice, we demonstrate that this SNARE protein is required for Netrin1-induced macropinocytosis and chemorepulsion, suggesting that Stx1 is crucial in regulating Netrin-1-mediated axonal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Martínez-Mármol
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ashraf Muhaisen
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Cotrufo
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Roselló-Busquets
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Ros
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Hernaiz-Llorens
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Pérez-Branguli
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- IZKF Junior Research Group and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, IZKF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rosa Maria Andrés
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Parcerisas
- Tissue Repair and Regeneration Laboratory (TR2Lab), Institut de Recerca i Innovació en Ciències de la Vida i de la Salut a la Catalunya Central (IRIS-CC), Vic, Spain
- Biosciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, Technology and Engineerings, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Marta Pascual
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fausto Ulloa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Soriano
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED-CIBER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Fekete CD, Horning RZ, Doron MS, Nishiyama A. Cleavage of VAMP2/3 Affects Oligodendrocyte Lineage Development in the Developing Mouse Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2023; 43:6592-6608. [PMID: 37620160 PMCID: PMC10538588 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2206-21.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing and adult CNS, new oligodendrocytes (OLs) are generated from a population of cells known as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). As they begin to differentiate, OPCs undergo a series of highly regulated changes to morphology, gene expression, and membrane organization. This stage represents a critical bottleneck in oligodendrogliogenesis, and the regulatory program that guides it is still not fully understood. Here, we show that in vivo toxin-mediated cleavage of the vesicle associated SNARE proteins VAMP2/3 in the OL lineage of both male and female mice impairs the ability of early OLs to mature into functional, myelinating OLs. In the developing mouse spinal cord, many VAMP2/3-cleaved OLs appeared to stall in the premyelinating, early OL stage, resulting in an overall loss of both myelin density and OL number. The Src kinase Fyn, a key regulator of oligodendrogliogenesis and myelination, is highly expressed among premyelinating OLs, but its expression decreases as OLs mature. We found that OLs with cleaved VAMP2/3 in the spinal cord white matter showed significantly higher expression of Fyn compared with neighboring control cells, potentially because of an extended premyelinating stage. Overall, our results show that functional VAMP2/3 in OL lineage cells is essential for proper myelin formation and plays a major role in controlling the maturation and terminal differentiation of premyelinating OLs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The production of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) is essential for CNS myelination during development, myelin remodeling in adulthood, and remyelination following injury or in demyelinating disease. Before myelin sheath formation, newly formed OLs undergo a series of highly regulated changes during a stage of their development known as the premyelinating, or early OL stage. This stage acts as a critical checkpoint in OL development, and much is still unknown about the dynamic regulatory processes involved. In this study, we show that VAMP2/3, SNARE proteins involved in vesicular trafficking and secretion play an essential role in regulating premyelinating OL development and are required for healthy myelination in the developing mouse spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Fekete
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Robert Z Horning
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Matan S Doron
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269
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21
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Harmsen MM, Cornelissen JC, van der Wal FJ, Bergervoet JHW, Koene M. Single-Domain Antibody Multimers for Detection of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotypes C, D, and Their Mosaics in Endopep-MS. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:573. [PMID: 37755999 PMCID: PMC10535107 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are highly toxic proteins that require high-affinity immunocapture reagents for use in endopeptidase-based assays. Here, 30 novel and 2 earlier published llama single-domain antibodies (VHHs) against the veterinary-relevant BoNT serotypes C and D were yeast-produced. These VHHs recognized 10 independent antigenic sites, and many cross-reacted with the BoNT/DC and CD mosaic variants. As VHHs are highly suitable for genetically linking to increase antigen-binding affinity, 52 VHH multimers were produced and their affinity for BoNT/C, D, DC, and CD was determined. A selection of 15 multimers with high affinity (KD < 0.1 nM) was further shown to be resilient to a high salt wash that is used for samples from complex matrices and bound native BoNTs from culture supernatants as shown by Endopep-MS. High-affinity multimers suitable for further development of a highly sensitive Endopep-MS assay include four multimers that bind both BoNT/D and CD with KD of 14-99 pM, one multimer for BoNT/DC (65 pM) that also binds BoNT/C (75 pM), and seven multimers for BoNT/C (<1-19 pM), six of which also bind BoNT/DC with lower affinity (93-508 pM). In addition to application in diagnostic tests, these VHHs could be used for the development of novel therapeutics for animals or humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel M. Harmsen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
| | - Jan C. Cornelissen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
| | - Fimme J. van der Wal
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
| | - Jan H. W. Bergervoet
- Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University & Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (F.J.v.d.W.)
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22
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Gupta S, Pellett S. Recent Developments in Vaccine Design: From Live Vaccines to Recombinant Toxin Vaccines. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:563. [PMID: 37755989 PMCID: PMC10536331 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most effective strategies to prevent pathogen-induced illness in humans. The earliest vaccines were based on live inoculations with low doses of live or related pathogens, which carried a relatively high risk of developing the disease they were meant to prevent. The introduction of attenuated and killed pathogens as vaccines dramatically reduced these risks; however, attenuated live vaccines still carry a risk of reversion to a pathogenic strain capable of causing disease. This risk is completely eliminated with recombinant protein or subunit vaccines, which are atoxic and non-infectious. However, these vaccines require adjuvants and often significant optimization to induce robust T-cell responses and long-lasting immune memory. Some pathogens produce protein toxins that cause or contribute to disease. To protect against the effects of such toxins, chemically inactivated toxoid vaccines have been found to be effective. Toxoid vaccines are successfully used today at a global scale to protect against tetanus and diphtheria. Recent developments for toxoid vaccines are investigating the possibilities of utilizing recombinant protein toxins mutated to eliminate biologic activity instead of chemically inactivated toxins. Finally, one of the most contemporary approaches toward vaccine design utilizes messenger RNA (mRNA) as a vaccine candidate. This approach was used globally to protect against coronavirus disease during the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2019, due to its advantages of quick production and scale-up, and effectiveness in eliciting a neutralizing antibody response. Nonetheless, mRNA vaccines require specialized storage and transport conditions, posing challenges for low- and middle-income countries. Among multiple available technologies for vaccine design and formulation, which technology is most appropriate? This review focuses on the considerable developments that have been made in utilizing diverse vaccine technologies with a focus on vaccines targeting bacterial toxins. We describe how advancements in vaccine technology, combined with a deeper understanding of pathogen-host interactions, offer exciting and promising avenues for the development of new and improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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23
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Antonucci F, Bozzi Y. Action of Botulinum Neurotoxin E Type in Experimental Epilepsies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:550. [PMID: 37755976 PMCID: PMC10536604 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are zinc endopeptidases produced by the Clostridium genus of anerobic bacteria, largely known for their ability to cleave synaptic proteins, leading to neuromuscular paralysis. In the central nervous system, BoNTs are known to block the release of glutamate neurotransmitter, and for this reason, researchers explored the possible therapeutic action in disorders characterized by neuronal hyperactivity, such as epilepsy. Thus, using multidisciplinary approaches and models of experimental epilepsy, we investigated the pharmacological potential of BoNT/E serotype. In this review, written in memory of Prof. Matteo Caleo, a pioneer in these studies, we go back over the hypotheses and experimental approaches that led us to the conclusion that intrahippocampal administration of BoNT/E (i) displays anticonvulsant effects if prophylactically delivered in a model of acute generalized seizures; (ii) does not have any antiepileptogenic action after the induction of status epilepticus; (iii) reduces frequency of spontaneous seizures in a model of recurrent seizures if delivered during the chronic phase but in a transient manner. Indeed, the control on spontaneous seizures stops when BoNT/E effects are off (few days), thus limiting its pharmacological potential in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20054 Milan, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- CIMeC-Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Yuri Bozzi
- CIMeC-Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Piazza della Manifattura 1, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Ramsay HJ, Gookin SE, Ramsey AM, Kareemo DJ, Crosby KC, Stich DG, Olah SS, Actor-Engel HS, Smith KR, Kennedy MJ. AMPA and GABAA receptor nanodomains assemble in the absence of synaptic neurotransmitter release. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1232795. [PMID: 37602191 PMCID: PMC10435253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1232795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors and their associated scaffolding proteins assemble into discrete, nanometer-scale subsynaptic domains (SSDs) within the postsynaptic membrane at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Intriguingly, postsynaptic receptor SSDs are mirrored by closely apposed presynaptic active zones. These trans-synaptic molecular assemblies are thought to be important for efficient neurotransmission because they concentrate postsynaptic receptors near sites of presynaptic neurotransmitter release. While previous studies have characterized the role of synaptic activity in sculpting the number, size, and distribution of postsynaptic SSDs at established synapses, it remains unknown whether neurotransmitter signaling is required for their initial assembly during synapse development. Here, we evaluated synaptic nano-architecture under conditions where presynaptic neurotransmitter release was blocked prior to, and throughout synaptogenesis with tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT). In agreement with previous work, neurotransmitter release was not required for the formation of excitatory or inhibitory synapses. The overall size of the postsynaptic specialization at both excitatory and inhibitory synapses was reduced at chronically silenced synapses. However, both AMPARs and GABAARs still coalesced into SSDs, along with their respective scaffold proteins. Presynaptic active zone assemblies, defined by RIM1, were smaller and more numerous at silenced synapses, but maintained alignment with postsynaptic AMPAR SSDs. Thus, basic features of synaptic nano-architecture, including assembly of receptors and scaffolds into trans-synaptically aligned structures, are intrinsic properties that can be further regulated by subsequent activity-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison J. Ramsay
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sara E. Gookin
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Austin M. Ramsey
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dean J. Kareemo
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kevin C. Crosby
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dominik G. Stich
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Advanced Light Microscopy Core, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Samantha S. Olah
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hannah S. Actor-Engel
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katharine R. Smith
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Matthew J. Kennedy
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Tan X, Zhang CC, Lu JS, Li ZY, Li BL, Liu XY, Yu YZ, Xu Q. Biology activity and characterization of the functional L-HN fragment derivative of botulinum neurotoxin serotype E. Anaerobe 2023; 82:102764. [PMID: 37479022 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The mature botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is a long peptide chain consisting of a light chain (L) and a heavy chain (H) linked by a disulfide bond, where the heavy chain is divided into a translocation domain and an acceptor binding domain (Hc). In this study, we further explored the biology activity and characteristics of recombinant L-HN fragment (EL-HN) composed of the L and HN domains of BoNT/E in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Neurotoxicity of L-HN fragments from botulinum neurotoxins was assessed in mice. Cleavage of dichain EL-HN in vitro and in neuro-2a cells was assessed and compared with that of single chain EL-HN. Interaction of HN domain and the receptor synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) was explored in vitro and in neuro-2a cells only expressing SV2C. RESULTS We found that the 50% mouse lethal dose of the nicked dichain EL-HN fragment (EL-HN-DC) was 0.5 μg and its neurotoxicity was the highest among the L-HN's of the four serotypes of BoNT (A/B/E/F). The cleavage efficiency of EL-HN-DC toward synaptosome associated protein 25 (SNAP25) in vitro was 3-fold higher than that of the single chain at the cellular level, and showed 200-fold higher animal toxicity. The EL-HN-DC fragment might enter neuro-2a cells via binding to SV2C to efficiently cleave SNAP25. CONCLUSIONS The EL-HN fragment showed good biological activities in vivo and in vitro, and could be used as a drug screening model and to further explore the molecular mechanism of its transmembrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Cong-Cong Zhang
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jian-Sheng Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bo-Lin Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xu-Yang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Yun-Zhou Yu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Qing Xu
- Institute of Life Science and Biotechnology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China.
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26
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Panzi C, Surana S, De La-Rocque S, Moretto E, Lazo OM, Schiavo G. Botulinum neurotoxin A modulates the axonal release of pathological tau in hippocampal neurons. Toxicon 2023; 228:107110. [PMID: 37037273 PMCID: PMC10636589 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathological tau aggregates propagate across functionally connected neuronal networks in human neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease. However, the mechanism underlying this process is poorly understood. Several studies have showed that tau release is dependent on neuronal activity and that pathological tau is found in the extracellular space in free form, as well as in the lumen of extracellular vesicles. We recently showed that metabotropic glutamate receptor activity and SNAP25 integrity modulate the release of pathological tau from human and mouse synaptosomes. Here, we have leveraged botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which impair neurotransmitter release by cleaving specific synaptic SNARE proteins, to dissect molecular mechanisms related to tau release at synapses. In particular, we have tested the effect of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) on the synaptic release of tau in primary mouse neurons. Hippocampal neurons were grown in microfluidic chambers and transduced with lentiviruses expressing human tau (hTau). We found that neuronal stimulation significantly increases the release of mutant hTau, whereas wild-type hTau is unaffected. Importantly, BoNT/A blocks mutant hTau release, indicating that this process is controlled by SNAP25, a component of the SNARE complex, in intact neurons. These results suggest that BoNTs are potent tools to study the spreading of pathological proteins in neurodegenerative diseases and could play a central role in identifying novel molecular targets for the development of therapeutic interventions to treat tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Panzi
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sunaina Surana
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Samantha De La-Rocque
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edoardo Moretto
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, CNR, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Oscar Marcelo Lazo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK; UCL Queen Square Motor Neuron Disease Centre, University College London, London, UK.
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27
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Buzzatto MV, Berberián MV, Di Bartolo AL, Masone D, Tomes CN. α-Synuclein is required for sperm exocytosis at a post-fusion stage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1125988. [PMID: 37287458 PMCID: PMC10242118 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The sperm acrosome is a large dense-core granule whose contents are secreted by regulated exocytosis at fertilization through the opening of numerous fusion pores between the acrosomal and plasma membranes. In other cells, the nascent pore generated when the membrane surrounding a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane may have different fates. In sperm, pore dilation leads to the vesiculation and release of these membranes, together with the granule contents. α-Synuclein is a small cytosolic protein claimed to exhibit different roles in exocytic pathways in neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Here, we scrutinized its function in human sperm. Western blot revealed the presence of α-synuclein and indirect immunofluorescence its localization to the acrosomal domain of human sperm. Despite its small size, the protein was retained following permeabilization of the plasma membrane with streptolysin O. α-Synuclein was required for acrosomal release, as demonstrated by the inability of an inducer to elicit exocytosis when permeabilized human sperm were loaded with inhibitory antibodies to human α-synuclein. The antibodies halted calcium-induced secretion when introduced after the acrosome docked to the cell membrane. Two functional assays, fluorescence and transmission electron microscopies revealed that the stabilization of open fusion pores was responsible for the secretion blockage. Interestingly, synaptobrevin was insensitive to neurotoxin cleavage at this point, an indication of its engagement in cis SNARE complexes. The very existence of such complexes during AE reflects a new paradigm. Recombinant α-synuclein rescued the inhibitory effects of the anti-α-synuclein antibodies and of a chimeric Rab3A-22A protein that also inhibits AE after fusion pore opening. We applied restrained molecular dynamics simulations to compare the energy cost of expanding a nascent fusion pore between two model membranes and found it higher in the absence than in the presence of α-synuclein. Hence, our results suggest that α-synuclein is essential for expanding fusion pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Vanina Buzzatto
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Berberián
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas (ICB)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ary Lautaro Di Bartolo
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Diego Masone
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudia Nora Tomes
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM)-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Belvisi D, Leodori G, Costanzo M, Conte A, Berardelli A. How does botulinum toxin really work? INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 169:441-479. [PMID: 37482400 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has emerged as an effective and safe therapeutic tool for a number of neurological conditions, including dystonia. To date, the exact mechanism of action of BoNT in dystonia is not fully understood. Although it is well known that BoNT mainly acts on the neuromuscular junction, a growing body of evidence suggests that the therapeutic effect of BoNT in dystonia may also depend on its ability to modulate peripheral sensory feedback from muscle spindles. Animal models also suggest a retrograde and anterograde BoNT transportation from the site of injection to central nervous system structures. In humans, however, BoNT central effects seem to depend on the modulation of afferent input rather than on BoNT transportation. In this chapter, we aimed to report and discuss research evidence providing information on the possible mechanisms of action of BoNT in relation to treatment of dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Belvisi
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Giorgio Leodori
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Conte
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza, University of Rome, Viale dell' Università 30, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, via Atinense 18, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
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Jankovic J, Carruthers J, Naumann M, Ogilvie P, Boodhoo T, Attar M, Gupta S, Singh R, Soliman J, Yushmanova I, Brin MF, Shen J. Neutralizing Antibody Formation with OnabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX ®) Treatment from Global Registration Studies across Multiple Indications: A Meta-Analysis. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:342. [PMID: 37235376 PMCID: PMC10224273 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the formation of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) during treatment with botulinum neurotoxin is rare, their presence may nonetheless affect the biological activity of botulinum toxin and negatively impact clinical response. The goal of this updated meta-analysis was to evaluate and characterize the rate of NAb formation using an expanded dataset composed of 33 prospective placebo-controlled and open-label clinical trials with nearly 30,000 longitudinal subject records prior to and following onabotulinumtoxinA treatment in 10 therapeutic and aesthetic indications. Total onabotulinumtoxinA doses per treatment ranged from 10 U to 600 U administered in ≤15 treatment cycles. The NAb formation at baseline and post-treatment was tested and examined for impact on clinical safety and efficacy. Overall, 27 of the 5876 evaluable subjects (0.5%) developed NAbs after onabotulinumtoxinA treatment. At study exit, 16 of the 5876 subjects (0.3%) remained NAb positive. Due to the low incidence of NAb formation, no clear relationship was discernable between positive NAb results and gender, indication, dose level, dosing interval, treatment cycles, or the site of injection. Only five subjects who developed NAbs post-treatment were considered secondary nonresponders. Subjects who developed NAbs revealed no other evidence of immunological reactions or clinical disorders. This comprehensive meta-analysis confirms the low NAb formation rate following onabotulinumtoxinA treatment across multiple indications, and its limited clinical impact on treatment safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean Carruthers
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Jean Carruthers Cosmetic Surgery Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E1, Canada
| | - Markus Naumann
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mitchell F. Brin
- AbbVie, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Chen S, Li F, Liu G, Li Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Nakanishi H. Construction of a Yeast Cell-Based Assay System to Analyze SNAP25-Targeting Botulinum Neurotoxins. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1125. [PMID: 37317099 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a yeast cell-based assay system to analyze SNAP25-targeting botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). BoNTs are protein toxins, and, upon incorporation into neuronal cells, their light chains (BoNT-LCs) target specific synaptosomal N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins, including synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25). BoNT-LCs are metalloproteases, and each BoNT-LC recognizes and cleaves conserved domains in SNAREs termed the SNARE domain. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the SNAP25 ortholog Spo20 is required for production of the spore plasma membrane; thus, defects in Spo20 cause sporulation deficiencies. We found that chimeric SNAREs in which SNARE domains in Spo20 are replaced with those of SNAP25 are functional in yeast cells. The Spo20/SNAP25 chimeras, but not Spo20, are sensitive to digestion by BoNT-LCs. We demonstrate that spo20∆ yeasts harboring the chimeras exhibit sporulation defects when various SNAP25-targeting BoNT-LCs are expressed. Thus, the activities of BoNT-LCs can be assessed by colorimetric measurement of sporulation efficiencies. Although BoNTs are notorious toxins, they are also used as therapeutic and cosmetic agents. Our assay system will be useful for analyzing novel BoNTs and BoNT-like genes, as well as their manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Feng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Guoyu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Zijie Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Yishi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
| | - Hideki Nakanishi
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214126, China
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Gou Y, Li SM, Zhang JF, Hei XP, Lv BH, Feng K. 6084 Cases of Adult Tetanus from China: A Literature Analysis. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2007-2018. [PMID: 37038478 PMCID: PMC10082574 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s404747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of tetanus and determine the most appropriate focus for tetanus prevention and treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality in China. Methods Four databases, including the Chinese Bio-Medical Literature Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal Database, and Wan-fang Data, were searched from 1 January, 2000 to 30 October, 2022. Results In total, 151 articles including 6084 tetanus patients met the inclusion criteria. Additionally, 5925 patients had their gender recorded in detail, among which 66.67% (3950/5925) were male, and 33.33% (1975/ 5925) were female. The average age in the detailed records was reported in 4773 cases, with an overall average age of 46.69. The number of patients' places of residence was 580. Those from rural areas comprised the highest percentage with 88.62% (514 / 580). The causes of injury were recorded in 1592 cases in total; injuries caused by metals, wood, and wooden spikes accounted for the highest percentage with 54.52% (868/1592). Patient outcomes were recorded in 4305 cases, with a mortality of 9.34% (402/4305). The leading causes of death included treatment terminated by family members, asphyxia due to persistent spasms, respiratory failure, and autonomic dysfunction, family automatic abandonment and asphyxia accounted for the highest percentage, both 24.00% (54/225). Conclusion The overall success rate of tetanus treatment in China has dramatically improved, but the prevention and control of non-neonatal tetanus is still challenging. Focus should be placed on the prevention of adult tetanus and standardizing the use of sedative and spasmolytic drugs. Additionally, medical professionals should popularize tetanus prevention and treatment knowledge among the people and strengthen training in grass-roots hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gou
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Ming Li
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun-Fei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hei
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo-Hui Lv
- Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Feng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ke Feng, Department of Emergency Medical, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, 804 Shengli South Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18709676586, Email
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Split luciferase-based assay to detect botulinum neurotoxins using hiPSC-derived motor neurons. Commun Biol 2023; 6:122. [PMID: 36717690 PMCID: PMC9886929 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04495-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been widely used clinically as a muscle relaxant. These toxins target motor neurons and cleave proteins essential for neurotransmitter release like Synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25). In vitro assays for BoNT testing using rodent cells or immortalized cell lines showed limitations in accuracy and physiological relevance. Here, we report a cell-based assay for detecting SNAP-25-cleaving BoNTs by combining human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSC)-derived motor neurons and a luminescent detection system based on split NanoLuc luciferase. This assay is convenient, rapid, free-of-specialized antibodies, with a detection sensitivity of femtomolar concentrations of toxin, and can be used to study the different steps of BoNT intoxication.
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33
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Amatsu S, Matsumura T, Zuka M, Fujinaga Y. Molecular engineering of a minimal E-cadherin inhibitor protein derived from Clostridium botulinum hemagglutinin. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102944. [PMID: 36707052 PMCID: PMC9958082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA), a nontoxic component of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex, binds to E-cadherin and inhibits E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. HA is a 470 kDa protein complex comprising six HA1, three HA2, and three HA3 subcomponents. Thus, to prepare recombinant full-length HA in vitro, it is necessary to reconstitute the macromolecular complex from purified HA subcomponents, which involves multiple purification steps. In this study, we developed NanoHA, a minimal E-cadherin inhibitor protein derived from Clostridium botulinum HA with a simple purification strategy needed for production. NanoHA, containing HA2 and a truncated mutant of HA3 (amino acids 380-626; termed as HA3mini), is a 47 kDa single polypeptide (one-tenth the molecular weight of full-length HA, 470 kDa) engineered with three types of modifications: (i) a short linker sequence between the C terminus of HA2 and N terminus of HA3; (ii) a chimeric complex composed of HA2 derived from the serotype C BoNT complex and HA3mini from the serotype B BoNT complex; and (iii) three amino acid substitutions from hydrophobic to hydrophilic residues on the protein surface. We demonstrated that NanoHA inhibits E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion of epithelial cells (e.g., Caco-2 and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells) and disrupts their epithelial barrier. Finally, unlike full-length HA, NanoHA can be transported from the basolateral side to adherens junctions via passive diffusion. Overall, these results indicate that the rational design of NanoHA provides a minimal E-cadherin inhibitor with a wide variety of applications as a lead molecule and for further molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Amatsu
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan; Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Takuhiro Matsumura
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Masahiko Zuka
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukako Fujinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan.
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Zi Y, Barker JR, MacIsaac HJ, Zhang R, Gras R, Chiang YC, Zhou Y, Lu F, Cai W, Sun C, Chang X. Identification of neurotoxic compounds in cyanobacteria exudate mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159257. [PMID: 36208737 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Release of toxic cyanobacterial secondary metabolites threatens biosecurity, foodwebs and public health. Microcystis aeruginosa (Ma), the dominant species in global freshwater cyanobacterial blooms, produces exudates (MaE) that cause adverse outcomes including nerve damage. Previously, we identified > 300 chemicals in MaE. It is critical to investigate neurotoxicity mechanisms of active substances among this suite of Ma compounds. Here, we screened 103 neurotoxicity assays from the ToxCast database to reveal targets of action of MaE using machine learning. We then built a potential Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) to identify neurotoxicity mechanisms of MaE as well as key targets. Finally, we selected potential neurotoxins matched with those targets using molecular docking. We found 38 targets that were inhibited and eight targets that were activated, collectively mainly related to neurotransmission (i.e. cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitter systems). The potential AOP of MaE neurotoxicity could be caused by blocking calcium voltage-gated channel (CACNA1A), because of antagonizing neurotransmitter receptors, or because of inhibiting solute carrier transporters. We identified nine neurotoxic MaE compounds with high affinity to those targets, including LysoPC(16:0), 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, egonol glucoside, polyoxyethylene (600) monoricinoleate, and phytosphingosine. Our study enhances understanding of neurotoxicity mechanisms and identifies neurotoxins in cyanobacterial bloom exudates, which may help identify priority compounds for cyanobacteria management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Zi
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Justin R Barker
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Ruihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resources, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Robin Gras
- School of Computer Science, University of Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Ying-Chih Chiang
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Fangchi Lu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Life and Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9 B 3P4, Canada; College of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
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Chauhan R, Chauhan Kushwah V, Agnihotri S, Vimal M, Saxena N, Dhaked RK. Designing, synthesis and evaluation of derived analogues of selected small molecule non-peptidic inhibitors against serotype BoNT/ F. Toxicon 2023; 222:106981. [PMID: 36503896 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are lethal Biowarfare categorized in group A of selected agents, by CDC USA. The unavailability of counter-measures against these neurotoxins has been a matter of extensive research. The 8-hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) scaffold is established privileged compound and its potential as drug candidate against BoNTs is recently being explored. We have reported 8-HQ compounds NSC1014 and NSC1011 as potential small molecule inhibitors against BoNT/F. In the present study, analogues of NSC84087 and NSC1014 were designed, synthesized and studied for their inhibitory role against BoNT/F intoxication through in silico study, in vitro and in-vivo assays. ∼25 in-house synthesized small molecule inhibitors were evaluated against rBoNT/F light chain through fluorescence thermal shift (FTS) assay and then further assessed through endopeptidase assay. The binding affinity analysis was done through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based Proteon™ XPR 36 system. Finally, the in-vivo efficacy of these compounds was evaluated in mice model. Analogues C87.9, C87.10 and C87.12 of compound NSC84087 and C14.10, C14.11 and C14.13 of NSC1014 showed promising results through FTS assay and endopeptidase assay. SPR based protein-small molecule interaction studies showed KD values in sub-micromolar range signifying high affinity interaction. The IC50 of C14.10 was found to be the lowest of 3.016 ± 0.798 μM as determined through endopeptidase assay. Finally, efficacy of selected molecules was evaluated in mice, C14.10 and C14.13 protected 40% animals against 4X LD50 and extended survival time up to 200% at 10X LD50. The present study thus proposes the emergence of NSC84087 and NSC1014 analogues as lead compound against BoNT/F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chauhan
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, MP, India
| | - Vinita Chauhan Kushwah
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, MP, India
| | - Surabhi Agnihotri
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, MP, India
| | - Manorama Vimal
- Synthetic Chemistry Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, MP, India
| | - Nandita Saxena
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, MP, India
| | - Ram Kumar Dhaked
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, MP, India.
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Safarpour D, Jabbari B. Botulinum toxin for motor disorders. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:539-555. [PMID: 37620089 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins are a group of biological toxins produced by the gram-negative bacteria Clostridium botulinum. After intramuscular injection, they produce dose-related muscle relaxation, which has proven useful in the treatment of a large number of motor and movement disorders. In this chapter, we discuss the utility of botulinum toxin treatment in three major and common medical conditions related to the dysfunction of the motor system, namely dystonia, tremor, and spasticity. A summary of the existing literature is provided along with different techniques of injection including those recommended by the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delaram Safarpour
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Bahman Jabbari
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Zhou K, Luo W, Liu T, Ni Y, Qin Z. Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 36668838 PMCID: PMC9865788 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxins generally inhibit or promote the release of neurotransmitters or bind to receptors that are located in the pre- or post-synaptic membranes, thereby affecting physiological functions of synapses and affecting biological processes. With more and more research on the toxins of various origins, many neurotoxins are now widely used in clinical treatment and have demonstrated good therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the structural properties and potential pharmacological effects of neurotoxins acting on different components of the synapse, as well as their important clinical applications, thus could be a useful reference for researchers and clinicians in the study of neurotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weifeng Luo
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Institute of Pain Medicine and Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Zhenghong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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38
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Shikhkerimov RK, Istomina EV. Recombinant botulinum toxin as a new stage in the development of botulinum toxin therapy. Possibilities and perspectives of use in neurological practice. NEUROLOGY, NEUROPSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-6-103-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gardner AP, Barbieri JT, Pellett S. How Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain A1 Maintains Stable Association with the Intracellular Neuronal Plasma Membrane. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120814. [PMID: 36548711 PMCID: PMC9783275 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is the most potent protein toxin for humans and is utilized as a therapy for numerous neurologic diseases. BoNT/A comprises a catalytic Light Chain (LC/A) and a Heavy Chain (HC/A) and includes eight subtypes (BoNT/A1-/A8). Previously we showed BoNT/A potency positively correlated with stable localization on the intracellular plasma membrane and identified a low homology domain (amino acids 268-357) responsible for LC/A1 stable co-localization with SNAP-25 on the plasma membrane, while LC/A3 was present in the cytosol of Neuro2A cells. In the present study, steady-state- and live-imaging of a cytosolic LC/A3 derivative (LC/A3V) engineered to contain individual structural elements of the A1 LDH showed that a 59 amino acid region (275-334) termed the MLD was sufficient to direct LC/A3V from the cytosol to the plasma membrane co-localized with SNAP-25. Informatics and experimental validation of the MLD-predicted R1 region (an α-helix, residues 275-300) and R2 region (a loop, α-helix, loop, residues 302-334) both contribute independent steps to the stable co-localization of LC/A1 with SNAP-25 on the plasma membrane of Neuro-2A cells. Understanding how these structural elements contribute to the overall association of LC/A1 on the plasma membrane may identify the molecular basis for the LC contribution of BoNT/A1 to high potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Gardner
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Wisconsin 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: (J.T.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sabine Pellett
- Department of Bacteriology, Microbial Sciences Building, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (J.T.B.); (S.P.)
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40
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Fekete CD, Nishiyama A. Presentation and integration of multiple signals that modulate oligodendrocyte lineage progression and myelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1041853. [PMID: 36451655 PMCID: PMC9701731 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1041853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination is critical for fast saltatory conduction of action potentials. Recent studies have revealed that myelin is not a static structure as previously considered but continues to be made and remodeled throughout adulthood in tune with the network requirement. Synthesis of new myelin requires turning on the switch in oligodendrocytes (OL) to initiate the myelination program that includes synthesis and transport of macromolecules needed for myelin production as well as the metabolic and other cellular functions needed to support this process. A significant amount of information is available regarding the individual intrinsic and extrinsic signals that promote OL commitment, expansion, terminal differentiation, and myelination. However, it is less clear how these signals are made available to OL lineage cells when needed, and how multiple signals are integrated to generate the correct amount of myelin that is needed in a given neural network state. Here we review the pleiotropic effects of some of the extracellular signals that affect myelination and discuss the cellular processes used by the source cells that contribute to the variation in the temporal and spatial availability of the signals, and how the recipient OL lineage cells might integrate the multiple signals presented to them in a manner dialed to the strength of the input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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41
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Negro S, Pirazzini M, Rigoni M. Models and methods to study Schwann cells. J Anat 2022; 241:1235-1258. [PMID: 34988978 PMCID: PMC9558160 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are fundamental components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of all vertebrates and play essential roles in development, maintenance, function, and regeneration of peripheral nerves. There are distinct populations of SCs including: (1) myelinating SCs that ensheath axons by a specialized plasma membrane, called myelin, which enhances the conduction of electric impulses; (2) non-myelinating SCs, including Remak SCs, which wrap bundles of multiple axons of small caliber, and perysinaptic SCs (PSCs), associated with motor axon terminals at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). All types of SCs contribute to PNS regeneration through striking morphological and functional changes in response to nerve injury, are affected in peripheral neuropathies and show abnormalities and a diminished plasticity during aging. Therefore, methodological approaches to study and manipulate SCs in physiological and pathophysiological conditions are crucial to expand the present knowledge on SC biology and to devise new therapeutic strategies to counteract neurodegenerative conditions and age-derived denervation. We present here an updated overview of traditional and emerging methodologies for the study of SCs for scientists approaching this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
| | - Marco Pirazzini
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CIR‐MyoCentro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di MiologiaUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
| | - Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of PaduaPaduaItaly
- CIR‐MyoCentro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca di MiologiaUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
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42
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Mazzo F, Butnaru I, Grubisha O, Ficulle E, Sanger H, Fitzgerald G, Pan F, Pasqui F, Murray T, Monn J, Li X, Hutton M, Bose S, Schiavo G, Sher E. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Exocytotic Tau Release and Propagation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 383:117-128. [PMID: 36116796 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Using synaptosomes purified from the brains of two transgenic mouse models overexpressing mutated human tau (TgP301S and Tg4510) and brains of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease, we showed that aggregated and hyperphosphorylated tau was both present in purified synaptosomes and released in a calcium- and synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP25)-dependent manner. In all mouse and human synaptosomal preparations, tau release was inhibited by the selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 (mGluR2/3) agonist LY379268, an effect prevented by the selective mGlu2/3 antagonist LY341495. LY379268 was also able to block pathologic tau propagation between primary neurons in an in vitro microfluidic cellular model. These novel results are transformational for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating tau release and propagation at synaptic terminals in Alzheimer's disease and suggest that these processes could be inhibited therapeutically by the selective activation of presynaptic G protein-coupled receptors. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pathological tau release and propagation are key neuropathological events underlying cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease patients. This paper describes the role of regulated exocytosis, and the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) protein SNAP25, in mediating tau release from rodent and human synaptosomes. This paper also shows that a selective mGluR2/3 agonist is highly effective in blocking tau release from synaptosomes and tau propagation between neurons, opening the way to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mazzo
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Ioana Butnaru
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Olivera Grubisha
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Elena Ficulle
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Helen Sanger
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Griffin Fitzgerald
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Feng Pan
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Francesca Pasqui
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Tracey Murray
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - James Monn
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Xia Li
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Michael Hutton
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Suchira Bose
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Giampietro Schiavo
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
| | - Emanuele Sher
- Eli Lilly and Company Ltd, Neuroscience, Bracknell, United Kingdom (F.M., O.G., E.F., H.S., Fr.P., T.M., S.B., E.S.); UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, University College London, London, United Kingdom (I.B., G.S.); Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (G.F., Fe.P., J.M., X.L., M.H.); and Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom (G.S.)
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43
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Mohammadi M, Zangooei M, Abbasi E, Ebrahimi Fana S, Aminian M. Production of anti-tetanus toxin IgY and study of its protective effects in a mouse model. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2022; 44:283-295. [PMID: 36300827 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2022.2138718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus is an acute and often fatal infectious disease caused by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus toxin (TT) is responsible for spastic paralysis observed in tetanus. Anti-tetanus antibodies obtained from horses and humans are the most antitoxins used for tetanus treatment, although some clinical side effects and disadvantages have been reported in their application. The aim of this study is the production of anti-TT IgY and evaluation of its protective effects in a mouse model. Anti-TT IgY was purified from the egg yolk using PEG6000 precipitation and water dilution methods, and its purity was verified by SDS-PAGE. Finally, the potency of purified anti-TT IgY in neutralizing the lethal effects of TT was studied in vivo using a mouse model. PEG6000 precipitation method had better results. Animal studies showed that the purified IgY neutralized the toxic effects of 100 MLD of TT and multiple intravenous-dose injections of anti-TT IgY also had a continuous effect of TT neutralization. The purified anti-TT IgY was effective in neutralizing the lethal activity of TT in a mouse model. Our results suggested that IgY could be an alternative therapeutic source for the management of tetanus in the future.Abbreviations Anti-TT, Anti-tetanus toxin; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IgY, Immunoglobulin Y; MLD, Minimum lethal dose; PBS, Phosphate buffer solution; PEG, Polyethylene glycol; SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TIG, Tetanus immune globulin; TT, Tetanus toxin; WD, Water dilution; RT, Room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zangooei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Abbasi
- Department of Bacterial Vaccines, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeed Ebrahimi Fana
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Aminian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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44
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The Light Chain Domain and Especially the C-Terminus of Receptor-Binding Domain of the Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Are the Hotspots for Amino Acid Variability and Toxin Type Diversity. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101915. [PMID: 36292800 PMCID: PMC9601653 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) are the most potent toxins in the world. They are produced by a few dozens of strains within several clostridial species. The toxin that they produce can cause botulism, a flaccid paralysis in humans and other animals. With seven established serologically different types and over 40 subtypes, BoNTs are among the most diverse known toxins. The toxin, its structure, its function and its physiological effects on the neural cell and animal hosts along with its diversity have been the subjects of numerous studies. However, many gaps remain in our knowledge about the BoNT toxin and the species that produce them. One of these gaps involves the distribution and extent of variability along the full length of the gene and the protein as well as its domains and subdomains. In this study, we performed an extensive analysis of all of the available 143 unique BoNT-encoding genes and their products, and we investigated their diversity and evolution. Our results indicate that while the nucleotide variability is almost uniformly distributed along the entire length of the gene, the amino acid variability is not. We found that most of the differences were concentrated along the protein's light chain (LC) domain and especially, the C-terminus of the receptor-binding domain (HCC). These two regions of the protein are thus identified as the main source of the toxin type differentiation, and consequently, this toxin's versatility to bind different receptors and their isoforms and act upon different substrates, thus infecting different hosts.
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45
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Immunologic and Protective Properties of Subunit- vs. Whole Toxoid-Derived Anti-Botulinum Equine Antitoxin. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091522. [PMID: 36146601 PMCID: PMC9506527 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a paralytic disease caused by botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). Equine antitoxin is currently the standard therapy for botulism in human. The preparation of equine antitoxin relies on the immunization of horses with botulinum toxoid, which suffers from low yield and safety limitations. The Hc fragment of BoNTs was suggested to be a potent antibotulinum subunit vaccine. The current study presents a comparative evaluation of equine-based toxoid-derived antitoxin (TDA) and subunit-derived antitoxin (SDA). The potency of recombinant Hc/A, Hc/B, and Hc/E in mice was similar to that of toxoids of the corresponding serotypes. A single boost with Hc/E administered to a toxoid E-hyperimmune horse increased the neutralizing antibody concentration (NAC) from 250 to 850 IU/mL. Immunization of naïve horses with the recombinant subunits induced a NAC comparable to that of horses immunized with the toxoid. SDA and TDA bound common epitopes on BoNTs, as demonstrated by an in vitro competition binding assay. In vivo, SDA and TDA showed similar efficacy when administered to guinea pigs postexposure to a lethal dose of botulinum toxins. Collectively, the results of the current study suggest that recombinant BoNT subunits may replace botulinum toxoids as efficient and safe antigens for the preparation of pharmaceutical anti-botulinum equine antitoxins.
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46
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Panarese A, Vissani M, Meneghetti N, Vannini E, Cracchiolo M, Micera S, Caleo M, Mazzoni A, Restani L. Disruption of layer-specific visual processing in a model of focal neocortical epilepsy. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:4173-4187. [PMID: 36089833 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epileptic brain is the result of a sequence of events transforming normal neuronal populations into hyperexcitable networks supporting recurrent seizure generation. These modifications are known to induce fundamental alterations of circuit function and, ultimately, of behavior. However, how hyperexcitability affects information processing in cortical sensory circuits is not yet fully understood. Here, we investigated interlaminar alterations in sensory processing of the visual cortex in a mouse model of focal epilepsy. We found three main circuit dynamics alterations in epileptic mice: (i) a spreading of visual contrast-driven gamma modulation across layers, (ii) an increase in firing rate that is layer-unspecific for excitatory units and localized in infragranular layers for inhibitory neurons, and (iii) a strong and contrast-dependent locking of firing units to network activity. Altogether, our data show that epileptic circuits display a functional disruption of layer-specific organization of visual sensory processing, which could account for visual dysfunction observed in epileptic subjects. Understanding these mechanisms paves the way to circuital therapeutic interventions for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Panarese
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Vissani
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicolò Meneghetti
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vannini
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Cracchiolo
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 56127 Pisa, Italy.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neuroengineering, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Caleo
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Italy.,Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Restani
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms. Although their application in neuroscience has traditionally focused on the control of spiking activity at the somatodendritic level, the scope of optogenetic modulators for direct manipulation of presynaptic functions is growing. Presynaptically localized opsins combined with light stimulation at the terminals allow light-mediated neurotransmitter release, presynaptic inhibition, induction of synaptic plasticity and specific manipulation of individual components of the presynaptic machinery. Here, we describe presynaptic applications of optogenetic tools in the context of the unique cell biology of axonal terminals, discuss their potential shortcomings and outline future directions for this rapidly developing research area.
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48
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Bang JY, Zhao J, Rahman M, St-Cyr S, McGowan PO, Kim JC. Hippocampus-Anterior Hypothalamic Circuit Modulates Stress-Induced Endocrine and Behavioral Response. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:894722. [PMID: 35795487 PMCID: PMC9251012 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.894722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal input to the hypothalamus is known to be critically involved in mediating the negative feedback inhibition of stress response. However, the underlying neural circuitry has not been fully elucidated. Using a combination of rabies tracing, pathway-specific optogenetic inhibition, and cell-type specific synaptic silencing, the present study examined the role of hippocampal input to the hypothalamus in modulating neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress in mice. Transsynaptic rabies tracing revealed that the ventral hippocampus (vHPC) is monosynaptically connected to inhibitory cells in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN-GABA cells). Optogenetic inhibition of the vHPC→AHN pathway during a restraint stress resulted in a prolonged and exaggerated release of corticosterone, accompanied by an increase in stress-induced anxiety behaviors. Consistently, tetanus toxin-mediated synaptic inhibition in AHN-GABA cells produced a remarkably similar effect on the corticosterone release profile, corroborating the role of HPC→AHN pathway in mediating the hippocampal control of stress responses. Lastly, we found that chronic inhibition of AHN-GABA cells leads to cognitive impairments in both object and social recognition memory. Together, our data present a novel hypothalamic circuit for the modulation of adaptive stress responses, the dysfunction of which has been implicated in various affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Yoon Bang
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mouly Rahman
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie St-Cyr
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick O. McGowan
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun Chul Kim
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jun Chul Kim
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49
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Application of microneedle-based vaccines in biosecurity. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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50
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An JM, Shahriar SMS, Lee DY, Hwang SR, Lee YK. Pore Size-Dependent Stereoscopic Hydrogels Enhance the Therapeutic Efficiency of Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Nerve-Related Diseases. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:19139-19153. [PMID: 35452222 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is a major neurotherapeutic protein that has been used at low doses for diverse pharmacological applications. However, the pleiotropic effect of BoNT depends on multiple periodic injections owing to its rapid elimination profile, short-term therapeutic effect, and high mortality rate when administered at high doses. In addition to low patient compliance, these drawbacks represent the significant challenges that limit the further clinical use of BoNT. This study developed a new hydrogel-based single dosage form of BoNT by employing a one-step cross-linking chemistry. Its controlled porous structures and composition facilitated uniform drug distribution inside the hydrogel and controllable release of BoNT mediated by slow diffusion. A single dose remained stable for at least 2.5 months and showed sustained effect for at least 20 weeks, meeting the requirements for a single-dose form of BoNT. Additionally, this dosage form was evaluated as safe from all aspects of toxicology. This delivery system resulted in a 100% survival rate after administering a BoNT dose of 30 units, while a dose of more than 5 units of naked BoNT caused a 100% mortality rate within a few days. Overall, this strategy could provide patients with the first single-dose treatment option of BoNT and improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Man An
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
| | - S M Shatil Shahriar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- Department of Surgery-Transplant and Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5940, United States
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK FOUR Biopharmaceutical Innovation Leader for Education and Research Group, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
- KB Biomed Inc., Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
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