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Ke Z, Lu Z, Li Q, Tong W. Intestinal glucose excretion: A potential mechanism for glycemic control. Metabolism 2024; 152:155743. [PMID: 38007149 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The gut has been increasingly recognized in recent years as a pivotal organ in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Specifically, the profound and enduring improvement in glucose metabolism achieved through metabolic surgery to modify the anatomy of the gut has prompted scholars to acknowledge that the most effective strategy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) involves the gut. The mechanisms underlying the regulation of glucose metabolism by the gut encompass gut hormones, bile acids, intestinal gluconeogenesis, gut microbiota, and signaling interactions between the gut and other organs (liver, brain, adipose, etc.). Recent studies have also revealed a novel phenomenon of glucose lowering through the gut: metabolic surgery and metformin promote the excretion of glucose from the circulation into the intestinal lumen by enterocytes. However, there is still limited understanding regarding the underlying mechanisms of intestinal glucose excretion and its contribution to glycemic control. This article reviews current research on intestinal glucose excretion while focusing on its role in T2DM management as well as potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Ke
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zongshi Lu
- Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Weidong Tong
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China.
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Caleffi‐Marchesini ER, Herling AA, Macente J, Bonan RH, de Freitas Lima P, Moreno R, Alexandre V, Charbe NB, Borghi‐Pangoni FB, Cristofoletti R, Diniz A. Adult and pediatric physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling to explain lamotrigine immediate release absorption process. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:208-221. [PMID: 37916262 PMCID: PMC10864931 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically-based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM) has potential to accelerate the development of new drug and formulations. An important application of PBBM is for special populations such as pediatrics that have pharmacokinetics dependent on the maturation process. Lamotrigine (LTG) is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) II drug and is widely prescribed. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the biopharmaceutics risk of the low-soluble drug LTG when the ontogeny on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) physiological parameters are considered. An oral physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model and a PBBM were developed and verified using GastroPlus™ software for both adults and children (2-12 years old, 12-52 kg). The biopharmaceutics properties and GIT physiological parameters were evaluated by sensitivity analysis. High doses were simulated assuming a worst case scenario, that is, the dose of 200 mg for adults and 5 mg/kg (up to the maximum of 200 mg) for 2-year-old children. Although several authors have suggested that ontogeny may have an effect on gastrointestinal fluid volume, our study found no evidence of interference between fluid and dose volumes with in vivo dissolution of LTG. The most impactful parameter was found to be the gastric transit time. Therefore, the hypothesis is developed to examine whether LTG exhibits characteristics of a BCS II classification in vitro while showing BCS I-like behavior in vivo. This hypothesis could act as a base for conducting novel studies on model-informed precision dosing, tailored to specific populations and clinical conditions. In addition, it could be instrumental in assessing the influence of various release profiles on in vivo performance for both adult and pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Antunes Herling
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics LaboratoryState University of MaringáMaringáPRBrazil
| | - Julia Macente
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics LaboratoryState University of MaringáMaringáPRBrazil
| | | | | | - Rafaela Moreno
- Centro Universitário Barão de MauáRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Veriano Alexandre
- Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de MedicinaUniversidade de São PauloRibeirão PretoSPBrazil
| | - Nitin Bharat Charbe
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems PharmacologyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | | | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Center for Pharmacometrics & Systems PharmacologyUniversity of FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
| | - Andréa Diniz
- Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics LaboratoryState University of MaringáMaringáPRBrazil
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3
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Pistol GC, Pertea AM, Taranu I. The Use of Fruit and Vegetable by-Products as Enhancers of Health Status of Piglets after Weaning: The Role of Bioactive Compounds from Apple and Carrot Industrial Wastes. Vet Sci 2023; 11:15. [PMID: 38250921 PMCID: PMC10820549 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
At weaning, piglets are exposed to a large variety of stressors, from environmental/behavioral factors to nutritional stress. Weaning transition affects the gastrointestinal tract especially, resulting in specific disturbances at the level of intestinal morphology, barrier function and integrity, mucosal immunity and gut microbiota. All these alterations are associated with intestinal inflammation, oxidative stress and perturbation of intracellular signaling pathways. The nutritional management of the weaning period aims to achieve the reinforcement of intestinal integrity and functioning to positively modulate the intestinal immunity and that of the gut microbiota and to enhance the health status of piglets. That is why the current research is focused on the raw materials rich in phytochemicals which could positively modulate animal health. The composition analysis of fruit, vegetable and their by-products showed that identified phytochemicals could act as bioactive compounds, which can be used as modulators of weaning-induced disturbances in piglets. This review describes nutritional studies which investigated the effects of bioactive compounds derived from fruit (apple) and vegetables (carrot) or their by-products on the intestinal architecture and function, inflammatory processes and oxidative stress at the intestinal level. Data on the associated signaling pathways and on the microbiota modulation by bioactive compounds from these by-products are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Cecilia Pistol
- Laboratory of Animal Biology, INCDBNA-IBNA, National Research—Development Institute for Animal Biology and Nutrition, 077015 Balotesti, Ilfov, Romania; (A.-M.P.); (I.T.)
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Aidos L, Pallaoro M, Mirra G, Serra V, Castrica M, Agradi S, Curone G, Vigo D, Riva F, Balzaretti CM, De Bellis R, Pastorelli G, Brecchia G, Modina SC, Di Giancamillo A. Intestine Health and Barrier Function in Fattening Rabbits Fed Bovine Colostrum. Vet Sci 2023; 10:657. [PMID: 37999480 PMCID: PMC10675739 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability of the immature intestine is higher in newborns than in adults; a damaged gut barrier in young animals increases the susceptibility to digestive and infectious diseases later in life. It is therefore of major importance to avoid impairment of the intestinal barrier, specifically in a delicate phase of development, such as weaning. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bovine colostrum supplementation on the intestinal barrier, such as the intestinal morphology and proliferation level and tight junctions expression (zonulin) and enteric nervous system (ENS) inflammation status (through the expression of PGP9.5 and GFAP) in fattening rabbits. Rabbits of 35 days of age were randomly divided into three groups (n = 13) based on the dietary administration: commercial feed (control group, CTR) and commercial feed supplemented with 2.5% and 5% bovine colostrum (BC1 and BC2 groups, respectively). Rabbits receiving the BC1 diet showed a tendency to have better duodenum morphology and higher proliferation rates (p < 0.001) than the control group. An evaluation of the zonulin expression showed that it was higher in the BC2 group, suggesting increased permeability, which was partially confirmed by the expression of GFAP. Our results suggest that adding 2.5% BC into the diet could be a good compromise between intestinal morphology and permeability, since rabbits fed the highest inclusion level of BC showed signs of higher intestinal permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Aidos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Margherita Pallaoro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Giorgio Mirra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Valentina Serra
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Marta Castrica
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione—BCA, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università, 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Claudia Maria Balzaretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Roberta De Bellis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”, Via A. Saffi 2, 61029 Urbino, Italy;
| | - Grazia Pastorelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Silvia Clotilde Modina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.A.); (M.P.); (G.M.); (V.S.); (S.A.); (G.C.); (D.V.); (F.R.); (C.M.B.); (G.P.); (G.B.); (S.C.M.)
| | - Alessia Di Giancamillo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Martínez-Ruiz S, Sáez-Fuertes L, Casanova-Crespo S, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ, Badia J, Baldoma L. Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Immunity and Intestinal Maturation in Suckling Rats. Nutrients 2023; 15:4701. [PMID: 37960354 PMCID: PMC10649425 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota-host communication is primarily achieved by secreted factors that can penetrate the mucosal surface, such as extracellular membrane vesicles (EVs). The EVs released by the gut microbiota have been extensively studied in cellular and experimental models of human diseases. However, little is known about their in vivo effects in early life, specifically regarding immune and intestinal maturation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of daily administration of EVs from probiotic and commensal E. coli strains in healthy suckling rats during the first 16 days of life. On days 8 and 16, we assessed various intestinal and systemic variables in relation to animal growth, humoral and cellular immunity, epithelial barrier maturation, and intestinal architecture. On day 16, animals given probiotic/microbiota EVs exhibited higher levels of plasma IgG, IgA, and IgM and a greater proportion of Tc, NK, and NKT cells in the spleen. In the small intestine, EVs increased the villi area and modulated the expression of genes related to immune function, inflammation, and intestinal permeability, shifting towards an anti-inflammatory and barrier protective profile from day 8. In conclusion, interventions involving probiotic/microbiota EVs may represent a safe postbiotic strategy to stimulate immunity and intestinal maturation in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Ruiz
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Sáez-Fuertes
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Sergi Casanova-Crespo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Baldoma
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-R.); (L.S.-F.); (S.C.-C.); (J.B.)
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Barcelona, Spain
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Subramaniam M, Loewen ME. Review: A species comparison of the kinetic homogeneous and heterogeneous organization of sodium-dependent glucose transport systems along the intestine. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111492. [PMID: 37536429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
The targeted use of carbohydrates by feed and food industries to create balanced and cost-effective diets has generated a tremendous amount of research in carbohydrate digestion and absorption in different species. Specifically, this research has led us to a larger observation that identified different organizations of intestinal sodium-dependent glucose absorption across species, which has not been previously collated and reviewed. Thus, this review will compare the kinetic segregation of sodium-dependent glucose transport across the intestine of different species, which we have termed either homogeneous or heterogeneous systems. For instance, the pig follows a heterogeneous system of sodium-dependent glucose transport with a high-affinity, super-low-capacity (Ha/sLc) in the jejunum, and a high-affinity, super-high-capacity (Ha/sHc) in the ileum. This is achieved by multiple sodium-dependent glucose transporters contributing to each segment. In contrast, tilapia have a homogenous system characterized by high-affinity, high-capacity (Ha/Hc) throughout the intestine. Additionally, we are the first to report glucose transporter patterns across species presented from vertebrates to invertebrates. Finally, other kinetic transport systems are briefly covered to illustrate possible contributions/modulations to sodium-dependent glucose transporter organization. Overall, we present a new perspective on the organization of glucose absorption along the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Beharry KD, Latkowska M, Valencia AM, Allana A, Soto J, Cai CL, Golombek S, Hand I, Aranda JV. Factors Influencing Neonatal Gut Microbiome and Health with a Focus on Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2528. [PMID: 37894186 PMCID: PMC10608807 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Maturational changes in the gut start in utero and rapidly progress after birth, with some functions becoming fully developed several months or years post birth including the acquisition of a full gut microbiome, which is made up of trillions of bacteria of thousands of species. Many factors influence the normal development of the neonatal and infantile microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis, which is associated with various interventions used for neonatal morbidities and survival. Extremely low gestational age neonates (<28 weeks' gestation) frequently experience recurring arterial oxygen desaturations, or apneas, during the first few weeks of life. Apnea, or the cessation of breathing lasting 15-20 s or more, occurs due to immature respiratory control and is commonly associated with intermittent hypoxia (IH). Chronic IH induces oxygen radical diseases of the neonate, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most common and devastating gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. NEC is associated with an immature intestinal structure and function and involves dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, inflammation, and necrosis of the intestinal mucosal layer. This review describes the factors that influence the neonatal gut microbiome and dysbiosis, which predispose preterm infants to NEC. Current and future management and therapies, including the avoidance of dysbiosis, the use of a human milk diet, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, restricted antibiotics, and fecal transplantation, for the prevention of NEC and the promotion of a healthy gut microbiome are also reviewed. Interventions directed at boosting endogenous and/or exogenous antioxidant supplementation may not only help with prevention, but may also lessen the severity or shorten the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay D. Beharry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.L.); (C.L.C.); (S.G.); (J.V.A.)
| | - Magdalena Latkowska
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.L.); (C.L.C.); (S.G.); (J.V.A.)
| | - Arwin M. Valencia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Saddleback Memorial Medical Center, Laguna Hills, CA 92653, USA;
| | - Ahreen Allana
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (A.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Jatnna Soto
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (A.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Charles L. Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.L.); (C.L.C.); (S.G.); (J.V.A.)
| | - Sergio Golombek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.L.); (C.L.C.); (S.G.); (J.V.A.)
| | - Ivan Hand
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
| | - Jacob V. Aranda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (M.L.); (C.L.C.); (S.G.); (J.V.A.)
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Liu G, Sun H, Liu C, Bai L, Yang L, Jiang W, Gao S. Impact of different dietary fibre sources on production performance, bacterial composition and metabolites in the caecal contents of rabbits. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1279-1293. [PMID: 37070489 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different dietary fibre sources on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development, caecal fermentation and bacterial composition in the caecal contents of rabbits. A total of 120 35-day-old weaned Minxinan black rabbits were divided into three groups and fed a diet composed of peanut straw powder (Group A), alfalfa powder (Group B) and soybean straw powder (Group C) as the main fibre source. The final body weight and average daily gain in Group B were higher than those in Group C, and the average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio in Group A were lower than those in Group C (p < 0.05). The relative weights of the stomach, small intestine and caecum of rabbits in Group C were higher than those in Groups of B and A, and the relative weights of the caecal contents in Group C were lower than those in Groups A or B (p < 0.05). The pH value and propionic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid concentrations in the caecum of Group C were lower than those in the caecum of Groups A or B, and the concentration of acetic acid in the caecum was lower (p < 0.05). The dominant microbes in the caecal contents of Minxinan black rabbits were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria at the phylum level, and the number of species, Chao1 index and ACE index measured was different between the B-C and A-C groups (p < 0.05). Different dietary fibre sources could affect the growth performance, gastrointestinal tract development and intestinal microbiota of rabbits, and the nutritional value of alfalfa powder was better than that of peanut straw and soybean straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongyan Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Ce Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liya Bai
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxue Jiang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Shuxia Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multiomics of MARA, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
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Bosnar LM, Shindler AE, Wood J, Patch C, Franks AE. Attempts to limit sporulation in the probiotic strain Bacillus subtilis BG01-4 TM through mutation accumulation and selection. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000419. [PMID: 37323944 PMCID: PMC10267654 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of bacterial spores in probiotics over viable loads of bacteria has many advantages, including the durability of spores, which allows spore-based probiotics to effectively traverse the various biochemical barriers present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the majority of spore-based probiotics developed currently aim to treat adults, and there is a litany of differences between the adult and infant intestinal systems, including the immaturity and low microbial species diversity observed within the intestines of infants. These differences are only further exacerbated in premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and indicates that what may be appropriate for an adult or even a healthy full-term infant may not be suited for an unhealthy premature infant. Complications from using spore-based probiotics for premature infants with NEC may involve the spores remaining dormant and adhering to the intestinal epithelia, the out-competing of commensal bacteria by spores, and most importantly the innate antibiotic resistance of spores. Also, the ability of Bacillus subtilis to produce spores under duress may result in less B. subtilis perishing within the intestines and releasing membrane branched-chain fatty acids. The isolate B. subtilis BG01-4TM is a proprietary strain developed by Vernx Biotechnology through accumulating mutations within the BG01-4TM genome in a serial batch culture. Strain BG01-4TM was provided as a non-spore-forming B. subtilis , but a positive sporulation status for BG01-4TM was confirmed through in vitro testing and suggested that selection for the sporulation defective genes could occur within an environment that would select against sporulation. The durability of key sporulation genes was ratified in this study, as the ability of BG01-4TM to produce spores was not eliminated by the attempts to select against sporulation genes in BG01-4TM by the epigenetic factors of high glucose and low pH. However, a variation in the genes in isolate BG01-4-8 involved in the regulation of sporulation is believed to have occurred during the mutation selection from the parent strain BG01-4TM. An alteration in selected sporulation regulation genes is expected to have occurred from BG01-4TM to BG01-4-8, with BG01-4-8 producing spores within 24 h, ~48 h quicker than BG01-4TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke M. Bosnar
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Anya E. Shindler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Craig Patch
- School of Allied Health, Human Services, and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Vernx Pty Ltd, Level 17, 40 City Road, Southbank, Victoria 3066, Australia
| | - Ashley E. Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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10
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Molecular Mechanisms of Hyperoxia-Induced Neonatal Intestinal Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054366. [PMID: 36901800 PMCID: PMC10002283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen therapy is important for newborns. However, hyperoxia can cause intestinal inflammation and injury. Hyperoxia-induced oxidative stress is mediated by multiple molecular factors and leads to intestinal damage. Histological changes include ileal mucosal thickness, intestinal barrier damage, and fewer Paneth cells, goblet cells, and villi, effects which decrease the protection from pathogens and increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). It also causes vascular changes with microbiota influence. Hyperoxia-induced intestinal injuries are influenced by several molecular factors, including excessive nitric oxide, the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, reactive oxygen species, toll-like receptor-4, CXC motif ligand-1, and interleukin-6. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways and some antioxidant cytokines or molecules including interleukin-17D, n-acetylcysteine, arginyl-glutamine, deoxyribonucleic acid, cathelicidin, and health microbiota play a role in preventing cell apoptosis and tissue inflammation from oxidative stress. NF-κB and Nrf2 pathways are essential to maintain the balance of oxidative stress and antioxidants and prevent cell apoptosis and tissue inflammation. Intestinal inflammation can lead to intestinal damage and death of the intestinal tissue, such as in NEC. This review focuses on histologic changes and molecular pathways of hyperoxia-induced intestinal injuries to establish a framework for potential interventions.
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11
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Meng Q, Zhang Y, Li J, Shi B, Ma Q, Shan A. Lycopene Affects Intestinal Barrier Function and the Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets via Antioxidant Signaling Regulation. J Nutr 2022; 152:2396-2408. [PMID: 36774106 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In pig production, early and abrupt weaning frequently causes weaning stress, which manifests as oxidative damage, barrier disruption, and digestion and absorption capacity declines. Lycopene exhibits beneficial antioxidant capacity in both humans and other animal models. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to investigate the effects of lycopene supplementation on early weaning stress in piglets and the underlying mechanisms by examining the oxidative stress state, gut intestinal barrier function, and the gut microbiota. METHODS Twenty-four 21-day-old weaned piglets [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire); castrated males; 5.48 ± 0.10 kg initial body weight] were randomly assigned to 2 treatments. The piglets were fed a basal diet (control treatment) or a basal diet supplemented with 50 mg/kg lycopene (lycopene treatment) for 28 days. The serum lipid levels, serum and jejunum enzyme activities, jejunum morphology, mRNA and protein expression, and gut microbiota were determined. RESULTS Compared with the control treatment, lycopene supplementation increased the serum catalase activity (P = 0.042; 62.0%); serum total cholesterol concentration (P = 0.020; 14.1%); and jejunum superoxide dismutase activity (P = 0.032; 21.4%), whereas it decreased serum (P = 0.039, 23.0%) and jejunum (P = 0.047; 20.9%) hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Additionally, lycopene increased the mRNA and protein expression of NFE2-like bZIP transcription factor 2 (214.0% and 102.4%, respectively) and CD36 (100.8% and 145.2%, respectively) in the jejunum, whereas it decreased the mRNA and protein expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (55.6% and 39.8%, respectively ). Lycopene also improved jejunal morphology, increasing the villus height (P = 0.018; 27.5%) and villus:crypt ratio (P < 0.001; 57.9%). Furthermore, it increased the abundances of potentially beneficial bacterial groups, including Phascolarctobacterium and Parasutterella, and decreased those of potentially pathogenic bacterial groups, including Treponema_2 and Prevotellaceae_unclassified. CONCLUSIONS Lycopene supplementation strengthens the intestinal barrier function and improves the gut microbiota in weaned piglets by regulating intestinal antioxidant signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Meng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jibo Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingquan Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
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12
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Abbas M, Hayirli Z, Drakesmith H, Andrews SC, Lewis MC. Effects of iron deficiency and iron supplementation at the host-microbiota interface: Could a piglet model unravel complexities of the underlying mechanisms? Front Nutr 2022; 9:927754. [PMID: 36267902 PMCID: PMC9577221 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.927754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent human micronutrient deficiency, disrupting the physiological development of millions of infants and children. Oral iron supplementation is used to address iron-deficiency anemia and reduce associated stunting but can promote infection risk since restriction of iron availability serves as an innate immune mechanism against invading pathogens. Raised iron availability is associated with an increase in enteric pathogens, especially Enterobacteriaceae species, accompanied by reductions in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli and may skew the pattern of gut microbiota development. Since the gut microbiota is the primary driver of immune development, deviations from normal patterns of bacterial succession in early life can have long-term implications for immune functionality. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding how both iron deficiency and luminal iron availability affect gut microbiota development, or the subsequent impact on immunity, which are likely to be contributors to the increased risk of infection. Piglets are naturally iron deficient. This is largely due to their low iron endowments at birth (primarily due to large litter sizes), and their rapid growth combined with the low iron levels in sow milk. Thus, piglets consistently become iron deficient within days of birth which rapidly progresses to anemia in the absence of iron supplementation. Moreover, like humans, pigs are omnivorous and share many characteristics of human gut physiology, microbiota and immunity. In addition, their precocial nature permits early maternal separation, individual housing, and tight control of nutritional intake. Here, we highlight the advantages of piglets as valuable and highly relevant models for human infants in promoting understanding of how early iron status impacts physiological development. We also indicate how piglets offer potential to unravel the complexities of microbiota-immune responses during iron deficiency and in response to iron supplementation, and the link between these and increased risk of infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Zeynep Hayirli
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon C. Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Marie C. Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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13
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Freund M, Graus D, Fleischmann A, Gilbert KJ, Lin Q, Renner T, Stigloher C, Albert VA, Hedrich R, Fukushima K. The digestive systems of carnivorous plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:44-59. [PMID: 35604105 PMCID: PMC9434158 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To survive in the nutrient-poor habitats, carnivorous plants capture small organisms comprising complex substances not suitable for immediate reuse. The traps of carnivorous plants, which are analogous to the digestive systems of animals, are equipped with mechanisms for the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Such capabilities have been acquired convergently over the past tens of millions of years in multiple angiosperm lineages by modifying plant-specific organs including leaves. The epidermis of carnivorous trap leaves bears groups of specialized cells called glands, which acquire substances from their prey via digestion and absorption. The digestive glands of carnivorous plants secrete mucilage, pitcher fluids, acids, and proteins, including digestive enzymes. The same (or morphologically distinct) glands then absorb the released compounds via various membrane transport proteins or endocytosis. Thus, these glands function in a manner similar to animal cells that are physiologically important in the digestive system, such as the parietal cells of the stomach and intestinal epithelial cells. Yet, carnivorous plants are equipped with strategies that deal with or incorporate plant-specific features, such as cell walls, epidermal cuticles, and phytohormones. In this review, we provide a systematic perspective on the digestive and absorptive capacity of convergently evolved carnivorous plants, with an emphasis on the forms and functions of glands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andreas Fleischmann
- Botanische Staatssammlung München and GeoBio-Center LMU, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kadeem J Gilbert
- Department of Plant Biology & W.K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan 49060, USA
| | - Qianshi Lin
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tanya Renner
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility of the Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Victor A Albert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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14
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Evaluation of a Dietary Grape Extract on Oxidative Status, Intestinal Morphology, Plasma Acute-Phase Proteins and Inflammation Parameters of Weaning Piglets at Various Points of Time. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081428. [PMID: 35892630 PMCID: PMC9394324 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of the underlying mechanisms of dietary grape extract (GE) in overcoming weaning challenges in piglets have been partly inconsistent. Furthermore, evaluations of the effects of GE at weaning in comparison to those of widely used therapeutic antibiotics have been scarce. To explore the mode of action of GE in selected tissues and plasma, we evaluated gut morphology, antioxidant and inflammation indices. Accordingly, 180 weaning piglets were allocated to three treatment groups: negative control (NC), NC and antibiotic treatment for the first 5 days of the trial (positive control, PC), and NC and GE (entire trial). The villus surface was positively affected by GE and PC on day 27/28 of the trial in the jejunum and on day 55/56 of the trial in the ileum. In the colon, NC tended (p < 0.10) to increase crypt parameters compared to PC on day 55/56. The PC group tended (p < 0.10) to increase catalase activity in the ileum and decrease Cu/Zn-SOD activity in the jejunum, both compared to NC. There were no additional effects on antioxidant measurements of tissue and plasma, tissue gene expression, or plasma acute-phase proteins. In conclusion, GE supplementation beneficially affected the villus surface of the small intestine. However, these changes were not linked to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of GE.
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15
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Wang M, Wang L, Tan X, Wang L, Xiong X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Yang H, Yin Y. The developmental changes in intestinal epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and shedding in weaning piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:214-222. [PMID: 35600553 PMCID: PMC9092860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Schocker F, Jappe U. Breastfeeding: Maternally Transferred Allergens in Breast Milk: Protective or Sensitizing? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200066. [PMID: 35619210 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
According to a thorough literature search, the following allergen sources have been associated with allergy symptoms in the exclusively breastfed child: hen's egg, cow's milk, peanut, trout. Subsequently, several studies use the advantage of molecular allergology and investigate the potential transfer of single allergens into breastmilk. This is shown for caseins, whey proteins, gliadin, ovalbumin, ovomucoid, the peanut allergens Ara h 2 and Ara h 6, as well as the inhalant allergens Der p 1 and Blo t 5. It is still a matter of debate whether or not food allergens transferred via breastfeeding to the baby promote allergic sensitization or induce tolerance and via which mechanisms they may shift the immune response to the one or other side. Noteworthy, some breastfed children are described to be sensitized to foods before being exposed to solid foods, and this exposure may have occurred through breastmilk. In the light of these findings the investigation of food allergens transferred from the mother's diet into breastmilk and their impact on sensitization or allergy prevention remains a current topic in research. This review describes breastmilk in its composition and provides data on the identification of food allergens therein including human and mouse studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Schocker
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Priority Research Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany.,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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17
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DeSesso JM. Comparative anatomy, pre- and postnatal changes during the development and maturation of the small intestine: Life-stage influences on exposure. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:449-466. [PMID: 35451574 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) system absorbs nutrients and xenobiotics, excretes waste, and performs immunologic and endocrine functions. The subdivisions of the mature gut and the complexity of their corrugated, absorptive luminal surfaces differ greatly among mammals. Regardless, the embryonic gut tube in all mammalian species arises when cephalocaudal folding incorporates the roof of the yolk sac into the embryo. The gut tube quickly lengthens and bulges into the umbilical cord. Upon reentry into the abdominal cavity, the gut tube begins to differentiate-a process that continues until well into the lactation period. Differentiation of the small intestine involves (1) increasing the absorptive surface area of the lumen; (2) establishing mechanisms to control the pH of luminal contents; (3) forming a hierarchical vascular system for distribution of absorbed nutrients; (4) developing a complex enteric nervous system to control motility; (5) providing a system for replenishment of cells; and (6) contributing to the immunity of the organism. Because the length of gestation varies among species typically used in safety tests and is much shorter than human gestation, the state of GI maturation at the time of parturition differs significantly. Differences in GI maturation can contribute to species differences in the rate and extent of absorption; these differences must be considered when designing and interpreting pharmacological/toxicological studies and extrapolating safety test results to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M DeSesso
- Health Sciences Center, Exponent, Inc, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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18
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Martínez-Boixaderas N, Garza-Moreno L, Sibila M, Segalés J. Impact of maternally derived immunity on immune responses elicited by piglet early vaccination against the most common pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35296365 PMCID: PMC8928644 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Newborn piglets can trigger an elementary immune response, but the acquirement of specific antibodies and/or cellular immunity against pathogens before they get infected post-natally is paramount to preserve their health. This is especially important for the pathogens involved in porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) as they are widespread, fairly resistant at environment, and genetically variable; moreover, some of them can cause intrauterine/early life infections. Main body Piglet protection can be achieved by either passive transfer of maternal derived immunity (MDI) and/or actively through vaccination. However, vaccinating piglets in the presence of remaining MDI might interfere with vaccine efficacy. Hence, the purpose of this work is to critically review the putative interference that MDI may exert on vaccine efficacy against PRDC pathogens. This knowledge is crucial to design a proper vaccination schedule. Conclusion MDI transferred from sows to offspring could potentially interfere with the development of an active humoral immune response. However, no conclusive interference has been shown regarding performance parameters based on the existing published literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Martínez-Boixaderas
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Garza-Moreno
- Ceva Salud Animal, Avenida Diagonal, 609-615, 9º Planta, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Catalonia, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain. .,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain.
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19
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Early Antibiotic Exposure Alters Intestinal Development and Increases Susceptibility to Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Mechanistic Study. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030519. [PMID: 35336095 PMCID: PMC8951210 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that prolonged antibiotic therapy in preterm infants is associated with increased mortality and morbidities, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a devastating gastrointestinal pathology characterized by intestinal inflammation and necrosis. While a clinical correlation exists between antibiotic use and the development of NEC, the potential causality of antibiotics in NEC development has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we tested the effects of systemic standard-of-care antibiotic therapy for ten days on intestinal development in neonatal mice. Systemic antibiotic treatment impaired the intestinal development by reducing intestinal cell proliferation, villi height, crypt depth, and goblet and Paneth cell numbers. Oral bacterial challenge in pups who received antibiotics resulted in NEC-like intestinal injury in more than half the pups, likely due to a reduction in mucous-producing cells affecting microbial–epithelial interactions. These data support a novel mechanism that could explain why preterm infants exposed to prolonged antibiotics after birth have a higher incidence of NEC and other gastrointestinal disorders.
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20
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Guo H, Yang Y, Qiao Y, He J, Yao W, Zheng W. Heat stress affects fetal brain and intestinal function associated with the alterations of placental barrier in late pregnant mouse. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112916. [PMID: 34695613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High ambient temperature-induced heat stress (HS) during pregnancy may affect the placental function and fetal development. Late gestation is a critical period of the developing fetal brain and intestine. The study aimed to investigate the effects of HS during late pregnancy on the function of placenta, fetal brain and intestine in a mouse model. We found that the number of stillborn fetal mice were increased due to maternal HS. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of genes enriched in nutrients transport and metabolism of HS group were up-regulated in the placenta, but down-regulated in the fetal duodenum and jejunum. Interestingly, the concentration of triglyceride (TG) in the HS group was raised in the placenta, but reduced both in the fetal duodenum and jejunum compared with the thermal-neutral (TN) group. Additionally, maternal HS also reduced total cholesterol (TC) contents in the fetal duodenum. The mRNA expression and protein levels of placental fatty acid binding protein 2 and 4 (fabp2 and fabp4) were not affected by maternal HS, but the mRNA expression and protein levels of cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (Dgat2) were decreased in the fetal intestine. Furthermore, maternal HS reduced the mRNA expression and protein levels of the placental 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (Hsd11b2) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1D (Htr1d). The concentrations of corticosterone and the expression of heat shock protein 90 beta family member 1 (hsp90b1), hypoxia up-regulated 1 (hyou1) and corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 1 (crhr1) enriched in response to glucocorticoids in the fetal brain were increased by maternal HS. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that maternal HS disrupted the placental glucocorticoid barrier and serotonin system associated with the raised corticosterone levels in the fetal brain, which might contribute to the decreased capacity of nutrients transport and metabolism in the fetal intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiduo Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Yunnan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jianwen He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang 712000, PR China
| | - Wen Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; Key Lab of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Weijiang Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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21
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Upadhaya SD, Kim IH. The Impact of Weaning Stress on Gut Health and the Mechanistic Aspects of Several Feed Additives Contributing to Improved Gut Health Function in Weanling Piglets-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082418. [PMID: 34438875 PMCID: PMC8388735 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current review aimed to provide an overview on the problems associated with weaning with a special focus on gut health, and also highlighted the nutritional approach using different kinds of feed additives and their mechanistic aspects in mitigating production inefficiencies and gut health dysfunction in weanling pigs. Abstract Newly weaned pig encounters psychosocial, physical, and nutritional stressors simultaneously when their immune system is not fully developed. These stressors have a cumulative effect on the immune response that contributes to the post-weaning growth lag which is characterized by depression in feed intake, reduced or negative growth rates, and increased susceptibility to pathogens in the first 24 to 48 h post-weaning. Consequently, the intestinal integrity, and digestive and absorptive capacity are impaired, and there is an increase in intestinal oxidative stress. It also causes the shifts in the taxonomic and functional properties of intestinal microbiome abruptly, thereby adversely affecting the health and performance of animals. It has been suggested that the effects of weaning stress on immune functions, intestinal barrier functions, and nervous system function in early weaned pigs extends into adulthood. The inclusion of different types of feed additives into the diet have been reported to alleviate the negative effects of weaning stress. The objective of this paper was to provide an overview on how the weaning stress affects gut health and the impact it has on production efficiencies, as well as the mechanistic aspects of several feed additives applied in reducing the weaning associated gut health problems and performance inefficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - In-Ho Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-3652; Fax: +82-41-565-2949
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22
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Stead SM, Bădescu I, Boonstra R. Of mammals and milk: how maternal stress affects nursing offspring. Mamm Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Stead
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ONM1C 1A4Canada
| | - Iulia Bădescu
- Département d’Anthropologie Université de Montréal 3150 Rue Jean‐Brillant Montréal QCH3T 1N8Canada
| | - Rudy Boonstra
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Scarborough 1265 Military Trail Scarborough ONM1C 1A4Canada
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23
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Mukonowenzou NC, Adeshina KA, Donaldson J, Ibrahim KG, Usman D, Erlwanger KH. Medicinal Plants, Phytochemicals, and Their Impacts on the Maturation of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Physiol 2021; 12:684464. [PMID: 34393812 PMCID: PMC8363294 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.684464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is the first point of contact for ingested substances and thus represents a direct interface with the external environment. Apart from food processing, this interface plays a significant role in immunity and contributes to the wellbeing of individuals through the brain-gut-microbiota axis. The transition of life from the in utero environment, to suckling and subsequent weaning has to be matched by phased development and maturation of the GIT; from an amniotic fluid occupancy during gestation, to the milk in the suckling state and ultimately solid food ingestion at weaning. This phased maturation of the GIT can be affected by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including diet. Despite the increasing dietary inclusion of medicinal plants and phytochemicals for health benefits, a dearth of studies addresses their impact on gut maturation. In this review we focus on some recent findings mainly on the positive impact of medicinal plants and phytochemicals in inducing precocious maturation of the GIT, not only in humans but in pertinent animals. We also discuss Paneth cells as mediators and potential markers of GIT maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kehinde Ahmad Adeshina
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Janine Donaldson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kasimu Ghandi Ibrahim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Dawoud Usman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
- Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Kennedy Honey Erlwanger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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24
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Wang H, An J, He S, Liao C, Wang J, Tuo B. Chloride intracellular channels as novel biomarkers for digestive system tumors (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:630. [PMID: 34278487 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system malignant tumors are common tumors, and the traditional treatment methods for these tumors include surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and molecularly targeted drugs. However, diagnosis remains challenging, and the early detection of postoperative recurrence is complicated. Therefore, it is necessary to explore novel biomarkers to facilitate clinical diagnosis and treatment. Accumulating evidence supports the crucial role of chloride channels in the development of multiple types of cancers. Given that chloride channels are widely expressed and involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle, among other processes, they may serve as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic target. Chloride intracellular channels (CLICs) are a class of chloride channels that are upregulated or downregulated in certain types of cancer. Furthermore, in certain cases, during cell cycle progression, the localization and function of the cytosolic form of the transmembrane proteins of CLICs are also altered, which may provide a key target for cancer therapy. The aim of the present review was to focus on CLICs as biomarkers for digestive system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Suyu He
- The Fourth Department of the Digestive Disease Center, Suining Central Hospital, Suining, Sichuan 629000, P.R. China
| | - Chengcheng Liao
- Special Key Laboratory of Oral Disease Research, Higher Education Institution in Guizhou Province, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563006, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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25
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Fournier E, Roussel C, Dominicis A, Ley D, Peyron MA, Collado V, Mercier-Bonin M, Lacroix C, Alric M, Van de Wiele T, Chassard C, Etienne-Mesmin L, Blanquet-Diot S. In vitro models of gut digestion across childhood: current developments, challenges and future trends. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107796. [PMID: 34252564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human digestion is a multi-step and multi-compartment process essential for human health, at the heart of many issues raised by academics, the medical world and industrials from the food, nutrition and pharma fields. In the first years of life, major dietary changes occur and are concomitant with an evolution of the whole child digestive tract anatomy and physiology, including colonization of gut microbiota. All these phenomena are influenced by child exposure to environmental compounds, such as drugs (especially antibiotics) and food pollutants, but also childhood infections. Due to obvious ethical, regulatory and technical limitations, in vivo approaches in animal and human are more and more restricted to favor complementary in vitro approaches. This review summarizes current knowledge on the evolution of child gut physiology from birth to 3 years old regarding physicochemical, mechanical and microbial parameters. Then, all the available in vitro models of the child digestive tract are described, ranging from the simplest static mono-compartmental systems to the most sophisticated dynamic and multi-compartmental models, and mimicking from the oral phase to the colon compartment. Lastly, we detail the main applications of child gut models in nutritional, pharmaceutical and microbiological studies and discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elora Fournier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Charlène Roussel
- Laval University, INAF Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, G1V 0A6 Quebec, Canada
| | - Alessandra Dominicis
- European Reference Laboratory for E. coli, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Delphine Ley
- Université Lille 2, Faculté de Médecine, Inserm U995 Nutritional Modulation of Infection and Inflammation, 59045 Lille, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Peyron
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Collado
- Université Clermont Auvergne, EA 4847, CROC, Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Lacroix
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Monique Alric
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Tom Van de Wiele
- Ghent University, Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Chassard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UMRF, 15000 Aurillac, France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UMR 454 MEDIS, Microbiologie Environnement Digestif et Santé, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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26
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Lu X, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu K, Wang Q, Wang H. Determination of the panel of reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR in fetal and adult rat intestines. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 104:68-75. [PMID: 34242779 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) detection, the stability of reference genes varies with different organs, tissue locations, sex and developmental stages. This study aimed to screen out and determine the optimal panel of reference genes of the intestine in pre- and post-natal rats of different sex. We used qRT-PCR to detect the mRNA expression of six commonly used reference genes (ACTB, GAPDH, HPRT1, B2M, RPLPO and SDHA) in rat intestines at gestational day 21 (GD21) and postnatal week 12 (PW12). Using GeNorm, BestKeeper and NormFinder software comprehensively analyzed the stability of candidate reference genes and screened out stable reference genes. Further, we used the pathological model of prenatal dexamethasone exposure (PDE) to verify the stability of the selected panel of reference genes. Based on the results of the software analysis, the optimal panel of reference genes in the fetal rat intestine was SDHA + ACTB, and the adult rat small intestine and colon were ACTB + HPRT1 and RPLP0 + GAPDH, respectively. There was no significant sex difference in the above results. Besides, in the PDE model, the results were consistent with those under physiological conditions. Therefore, the stability of intestinal reference genes in fetal rats and adult rats was different, and the intestinal reference genes of adult rats were intestinal segments-specific. The selected panel of reference genes was still stable under pathological conditions. This study determined the optimal panel of reference genes of pre- and post-natal rat intestines and provided reliable reference genes for the qRT-PCR analysis of rat intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dingmei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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27
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Gaowa N, Li W, Gelsinger S, Murphy B, Li S. Analysis of Host Jejunum Transcriptome and Associated Microbial Community Structure Variation in Young Calves with Feed-Induced Acidosis. Metabolites 2021; 11:414. [PMID: 34201826 PMCID: PMC8303401 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet-induced acidosis imposes a health risk to young calves. In this study, we aimed to investigate the host jejunum transcriptome changes, along with its microbial community variations, using our established model of feed-induced ruminal acidosis in young calves. Eight bull calves were randomly assigned to two diet treatments beginning at birth (a starch-rich diet, Aci; a control diet, Con). Whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing was performed on the jejunum tissues collected at 17 weeks of age. Ribosomal RNA reads were used for studying microbial community structure variations in the jejunum. A total of 853 differentially expressed genes were identified (402 upregulated and 451 downregulated) between the two groups. The cell cycle and the digestion and absorption of protein in jejunal tissue were affected by acidosis. Compared to the control, genera of Campylobacter, Burkholderia, Acidaminococcus, Corynebacterium, and Olsenella significantly increased in abundance in the Aci group, while Lachnoclostridium and Ruminococcus were significantly lower in the Aci group. Expression changes in the AXL gene were associated with the abundance variations of a high number of genera in jejunum. Our study provided a snapshot of the transcriptome changes in the jejunum and its associated meta-transcriptome changes in microbial communities in young calves with feed-induced acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Gaowa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wenli Li
- Cell Wall Biology and Utilization Research Unit, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Sonia Gelsinger
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Brianna Murphy
- Cell Wall Biology and Utilization Research Unit, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Shengli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China;
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28
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Garcia TM, van Roest M, Vermeulen JLM, Meisner S, Smit WL, Silva J, Koelink PJ, Koster J, Faller WJ, Wildenberg ME, van Elburg RM, Muncan V, Renes IB. Early Life Antibiotics Influence In Vivo and In Vitro Mouse Intestinal Epithelium Maturation and Functioning. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:943-981. [PMID: 34102314 PMCID: PMC8346670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The use of antibiotics (ABs) is a common practice during the first months of life. ABs can perturb the intestinal microbiota, indirectly influencing the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), but can also directly affect IECs independent of the microbiota. Previous studies have focused mostly on the impact of AB treatment during adulthood. However, the difference between the adult and neonatal intestine warrants careful investigation of AB effects in early life. METHODS Neonatal mice were treated with a combination of amoxicillin, vancomycin, and metronidazole from postnatal day 10 to 20. Intestinal permeability and whole-intestine gene and protein expression were analyzed. IECs were sorted by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter and their genome-wide gene expression was analyzed. Mouse fetal intestinal organoids were treated with the same AB combination and their gene and protein expression and metabolic capacity were determined. RESULTS We found that in vivo treatment of neonatal mice led to decreased intestinal permeability and a reduced number of specialized vacuolated cells, characteristic of the neonatal period and necessary for absorption of milk macromolecules. In addition, the expression of genes typically present in the neonatal intestinal epithelium was lower, whereas the adult gene expression signature was higher. Moreover, we found altered epithelial defense and transepithelial-sensing capacity. In vitro treatment of intestinal fetal organoids with AB showed that part of the consequences observed in vivo is a result of the direct action of the ABs on IECs. Lastly, ABs reduced the metabolic capacity of intestinal fetal organoids. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that early life AB treatment induces direct and indirect effects on IECs, influencing their maturation and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Martins Garcia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon van Roest
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline L M Vermeulen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Meisner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter L Smit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joana Silva
- Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim J Koelink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - William J Faller
- Department of Oncogenomics, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurd M van Elburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vanesa Muncan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ingrid B Renes
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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29
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Guibourdenche M, El Khayat El Sabbouri H, Djekkoun N, Khorsi-Cauet H, Bach V, Anton PM, Gay-Quéheillard J. Programming of intestinal homeostasis in male rat offspring after maternal exposure to chlorpyrifos and/or to a high fat diet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11420. [PMID: 34075131 PMCID: PMC8169651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration of programming of the intestinal wall maturation may be responsible for non-communicable chronic diseases in adulthood. It may originate from prenatal exposure of mothers to deleterious environmental factors such as pesticides or western diet. This work was undertaken to determine whether disturbances of the digestive tract function and of innate immunity of offspring at adulthood could be due to maternal exposure to a pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and a High Fat Diet (HFD) starting 4 months before gestation and lasting until weaning of offspring. Fifty-one male Wistar rats coming from 4 groups of dams exposed to CPF, HFD, both and control were followed from birth to 8 weeks of age. They were fed standard chow and received no treatment. The maternal pesticide exposure slows down fetal and postnatal weight gain without histological injuries of the gut mucosa. CPF or HFD both induced modifications of tight junctions and mucins genes expressions without inducing an increase in epithelial permeability or an inflammatory state. Co-exposure to both CPF and HFD did not exacerbate the effects observed with each factor separately. Despite the lack of direct contact except through breast milk until weaning, CPF or HFD maternal exposure have demonstrated preliminary gut barrier impacts on offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Guibourdenche
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Chemin du Thil, 80025, Amiens, France.,Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, ULR 7519, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Hiba El Khayat El Sabbouri
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Chemin du Thil, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Narimane Djekkoun
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Chemin du Thil, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Hafida Khorsi-Cauet
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Chemin du Thil, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Bach
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Chemin du Thil, 80025, Amiens, France
| | - Pauline M Anton
- Institut Polytechnique UniLaSalle, Université d'Artois, ULR 7519, 19 rue Pierre Waguet, BP 30313, 60026, Beauvais, France
| | - Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard
- PériTox, Périnatalité & Risques Toxiques, UMR-I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Université Picardie Jules Verne, CURS, Présidence UPJV, Chemin du Thil, 80025, Amiens, France.
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Stages of Gut Development as a Useful Tool to Prevent Gut Alterations in Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051412. [PMID: 34069190 PMCID: PMC8155857 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During the prenatal, neonatal, and weaning periods, the porcine gastrointestinal tract undergoes several morpho-functional, changes together with substantial modification of the microbial ecosystem. Modifications of the overall structure of the small intestine also occur, as well as a rapid increase of the volume, mainly in the last period of gestation: intestinal villi, starting from jejunum, appears shortly before the sixth week of gestation, and towards the end of the third month, epithelial cells diversify into enterocytes, goblet cells, endocrine, and Paneth cells. Moreover, in the neonatal period, colostrum induces an increase in intestinal weight, absorptive area, and brush border enzyme activities: intestine doubles its weight and increases the length by 30% within three days of birth. During weaning, intestinal environment modifies drastically due to a replacement of highly digestible sow milk by solid feed: profound changes in histological parameters and enzymatic activity are associated with the weaning period, such as the atrophy of the villi and consequent restorative hypertrophy of the crypts. All these modifications are the result of a delicate and precise balance between the proliferation and the death of the cells that form the intestinal mucosa (i.e., mitosis and apoptosis) and the health conditions of the piglet. An in-depth knowledge of these phenomena and of how they can interfere with the correct intestinal function can represent a valid support to predict strategies to improve gut health in the long-term and to prevent weaning gut alterations; thus, reducing antimicrobial use.
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31
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Donaldson J, Świątkiewicz S, Arczewka-Włosek A, Muszyński S, Szymańczyk S, Arciszewski MB, Siembida AZ, Kras K, Piedra JLV, Schwarz T, Tomaszewska E, Dobrowolski P. Modern Hybrid Rye, as an Alternative Energy Source for Broiler Chickens, Improves the Absorption Surface of the Small Intestine Depending on the Intestinal Part and Xylanase Supplementation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1349. [PMID: 34068515 PMCID: PMC8151840 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of the inclusion of modern hybrid rye (Brasetto variety) to a corn-wheat-based diet, with or without xylanase, on the absorptive surface of the small intestine of broilers. A total of 224 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly divided into four experimental groups with seven replicate cages of eight birds/replicate. A 2 × 2 factorial study design was used, with rye inclusion (0% or 20%) and xylanase supplementation (0 or 200 mg/kg of feed) as factors. Inclusion of rye increased duodenal and ileal crypt depth, villi height, the villus-to-crypt ratio and absorption surface area (p < 0.05), and ileal mucosa thickness and crypt width (p < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation attenuated the effects of rye in the duodenum and ileum and decreased the villi height and villus-to-crypt ratio in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Rye and xylanase had no effect on the spatial distribution of claudin 3 and ZO-1 protein, but xylanase supplementation reduced the amount of claudin 3 in the duodenum and jejunum (p < 0.05). The findings of this study indicate that 20% inclusion of modern hybrid rye to the diets of broilers improved the structure of the duodenum and ileum, but these effects were attenuated by xylanase supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Donaldson
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Sylwester Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 1 Krakowska St., 32-083 Balice, Poland; (S.Ś.); (A.A.-W.)
| | - Anna Arczewka-Włosek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 1 Krakowska St., 32-083 Balice, Poland; (S.Ś.); (A.A.-W.)
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Szymańczyk
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 12 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (S.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Marcin Bartłomiej Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.A.); (A.Z.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Anna Zacharko Siembida
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.A.); (A.Z.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kras
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.B.A.); (A.Z.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Jose Luis Valverde Piedra
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Schwarz
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 12 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (S.S.); (E.T.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Cardoso CL, King A, Chapwanya A, Esposito G. Ante-Natal and Post-Natal Influences on Neonatal Immunity, Growth and Puberty of Calves-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051212. [PMID: 33922339 PMCID: PMC8144962 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this review is to give the reader an overview of interactions between immunity, growth and puberty in calves and highlight how these influence future performances. The risk of morbidity and mortality is high during the first four weeks of age. Adaption to extra-uterine life starts early during embryonic development and is underpinned by optimal maternal nutrition. It is known that colostrum is paramount to neonate nutrition and passive immunity. Good colostrum management allows the calf to develop coping mechanisms to efficiently utilize feed resources for optimal growth. A deeper understanding of these interactions paves the way for developing strategies to improve immune responses to environmental pathogens, optimal growth and timely attainment of puberty in calves. The literature reviewed here shows that there are opportunities to enhance future performance of cattle paying attention to the interaction of nutrition and immunity at early developmental stages. This then guarantees efficient neonate nutrition and profitable cattle production. Abstract Calf immunity, growth and puberty are important factors affecting heifer productivity. The first four weeks of age are critical for reducing calf morbidity and mortality. It is well documented that colostrum is paramount to neonatal nutrition and passive immunity, however, adaptation to extra-uterine life starts early during embryonic development. Therefore, successful calf rearing strategies are underpinned by adequate maternal nutrition during gestation, and good colostrum management. A deeper understanding of these interactions paves the way for developing strategies to improve immune responses to environmental pathogens, optimal growth and timely attainment of puberty in calves. The literature reviewed here shows that there are opportunities to enhance the future performance of cattle paying attention to the interaction of nutrition and immunity at each developmental stage. Therefore, the objective of this review is to give the reader an overview of interactions between immunity, growth and puberty in dairy calves and highlight how these influence future performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia L. Cardoso
- Ruminant Health and Production, Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa;
| | - Ailbhe King
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Farm Road, 42123 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Farm Road, 42123 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis; (A.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Giulia Esposito
- RUM&N Sas, Via Sant’Ambrogio, 42123 Reggio Emilia (RE), Italy
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-328-973-5009
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Jin C, Yuan X, Wang C, Fu Z, Jin Y. Maternal exposure to imazalil disrupts intestinal barrier and bile acids enterohepatic circulation tightly related IL-22 expression in F 0, F 1 and F 2 generations of mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123668. [PMID: 32814239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence linking maternal exposure of environmental pollutants to intestinal and metabolic diseases that can be conserved across multiple generations. Here, female C57BL/6 mice were treated imazalil (IMZ) at dietary levels of 0, 0.025‰ and 0.25‰ during the gestation and lactation periods. The results demonstrated that IMZ treatment not only induced significant changes in the mucus secretion and ionic transport, but also disrupted the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine of F0, F1 and F2 generations. In addition, IMZ exposure altered BAs metabolism and the affected the expression levels of critical genes involved in BAs synthesis, signaling, transportation and apical uptake. The immune cell-produced cytokines were displaying extraordinary changes after IMZ exposure. In particular, whether it was in F0, F1-20d, F1-7 w or F2-20d, the expression of IL-22 had the trend of markedly increasing upon IMZ exposure. Correlation analyses revealed that the expression of IL-22 was positively correlated with the change of BAs metabolites. Together, all these results indicated that IMZ exposure was perceived as a major stress by the intestinal epithelium that strongly affected the intestinal barrier function (including mucus, CFTR, AMPs, inflammation), largely in response to an alteration of BAs metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyuan Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xianling Yuan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Caiyun Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Omega-3 fatty acids reduce the negative effects of dexamethasone-induced physiological stress in laying hens by acting through the nutrient digestibility and gut morphometry. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100889. [PMID: 33516483 PMCID: PMC7936135 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on egg production, nutrients digestibility, eggs yolk lipid peroxidation, and intestinal morphology in laying hens under physiological stress were investigated. Ninety-six 35-wk-old Lohmann LSL-Lite laying hens were used in 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of dexamethasone (DEX) (0 and 1.5 mg/kg of the diet) and 3 levels of omega-3 fatty acids (0, 0.24, or 0.48% of the diet) in a completely randomized design. At 41 wk of age, the stress groups were continuously fed with a DEX 1.5 mg/kg diet for 1 wk. Egg production, egg mass, feed intake, egg weight, and feed conversion ratio were recorded. In addition, the AME, digestibility of CP, crude fat (CF), and organic matter were measured during the stress induction period. At the end of 41 wk of age, malondialdehyde and cholesterol concentrations in the egg yolk and intestinal morphology were investigated. The results showed that egg production, egg mass (P < 0.0001), egg weight (P = 0.043), and BW (P = 0.0005) were lower in DEX layers. Feed intake was reduced by the interaction between DEX and omega-3 fatty acid (P = 0.042). Malondialdehyde value (P = 0.002) and cholesterol concentration (P = 0.001) in egg yolk increased by DEX administration. The combination of DEX administration and omega-3 fatty acids supplementation was found in the indices of intestinal morphology such as villus height and width and crypt depth (P < 0.05). Administration of DEX decreased the CP digestibility (P < 0.0001) and AME (P = 0.006). Digestibility of CF and AME in the group of 0.48% omega-3 fatty acids were higher (P < 0.05) than those of 0 and 0.24%. In conclusion, we found that dietary omega-3 fatty acids had beneficial effects on gut morphology and nutrient digestibility in laying hens under physiological stress. However, they could not alleviate the negative effects of physiological stress on performance.
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Mortensen NP, Moreno Caffaro M, Patel PR, Snyder RW, Watson SL, Aravamudhan S, Montgomery SA, Lefever T, Sumner SJ, Fennell TR. Biodistribution, cardiac and neurobehavioral assessments, and neurotransmitter quantification in juvenile rats following oral administration of aluminum oxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:1316-1329. [PMID: 33269475 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the uptake, biodistribution, and biological responses of nanoparticles (NPs) and their toxicity in developing animals. Here, male and female juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats received four consecutive daily doses of 10 mg/kg Al2 O3 NP (diameter: 24 nm [transmission electron microscope], hydrodynamic diameter: 148 nm) or vehicle control (water) by gavage between postnatal days (PNDs) 17-20. Basic neurobehavioral and cardiac assessments were performed on PND 20. Animals were sacrificed on PND 21, and selected tissues were collected, weighed, and processed for histopathology or neurotransmitter analysis. The biodistribution of Al2 O3 NP in tissue sections of the intestine, liver, spleen, kidney, and lymph nodes were evaluated using enhanced dark-field microscopy (EDM) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Liver-to-body weight ratio was significantly increased for male pups administered Al2 O3 NP compared with control. HSI suggested that Al2 O3 NP was more abundant in the duodenum and ileum tissue of the female pups compared with the male pups, whereas the abundance of NP was similar for males and females in the other tissues. The abundance of NP was higher in the liver compared with spleen, lymph nodes, and kidney. Homovanillic acid and norepinephrine concentrations in brain were significantly decreased following Al2 O3 NP administration in female and male pups, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was significantly increased in male pups. EDM/HSI indicates intestinal uptake of Al2 O3 NP following oral administration. Al2 O3 NP altered neurotransmitter/metabolite concentrations in juvenile rats' brain tissues. Together, these data suggest that orally administered Al2 O3 NP interferes with the brain biochemistry in both female and male pups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninell P Mortensen
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maria Moreno Caffaro
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Purvi R Patel
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rodney W Snyder
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott L Watson
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shyam Aravamudhan
- Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy Lefever
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan J Sumner
- UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Timothy R Fennell
- Discovery Sciences, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Zaworska-Zakrzewska A, Kasprowicz-Potocka M, Mikuła R, Taciak M, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Frankiewicz A. Growth Performance, Gut Environment and Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Weaned Piglets Fed a Diet Supplemented with Raw and Fermented Narrow-Leafed Lupine Seeds. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10112084. [PMID: 33182615 PMCID: PMC7696427 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Fermented feed in growing pig nutrition may influence microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract, improve utilization of nutrients from the diet, and reduce the level of excreted ammonia and phosphorus released into the environment. In the research, fermentation of narrow-leafed lupine seeds was provided and fermented seeds were added to the pigs’ diet. In the 28-day experiment, 24 male pigs were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a soybean meal diet, whereas in the experimental diets, 50% of soybean meal (SBM) protein was replaced by raw or fermented lupine seeds. The influence of fermentation on performance results, gut environment and physiology, and selected blood metabolic parameters in young pigs, were analyzed. Fermentation did not affect pigs’ performance, metabolic, microbial and most gastrointestinal tract parameters, but influenced crypt depth, concentrations of short chain fatty acids and p-cresole in the proximal colon segment, and significantly lowered the pH of the middle colon digesta and ammonia contents. Fermentation improved the chemical composition of seeds, but due to the lack of a significant improvement in the performance, the results may prove to be economically unviable. Abstract The aim of this study was to: (1) provide controlled fermentation of narrow-leafed lupine seeds; (2) monitor seed composition, and (3) determine the influence of fermentation on the performance, gut environment and physiology, and selected blood metabolic parameters, in young pigs. Firstly, the effect of 24 h lupine seed fermentation by bacteria and yeast on seed chemical composition was determined. It increased contents of crude protein, crude fiber and ash, but reduced nitrogen-free extractive levels. The amino acid profile of fermented lupine (FL) was similar to that of raw lupine (RL) seeds, whereas the contents of oligosaccharides and P-phytate decreased significantly, in contrast to alkaloids. In fermented feed, pH dropped from 5.5 to 3.9. In the 28-day experiment, 24 male pigs were divided into three groups. The control group was fed a soybean meal diet (SBM), whereas in the experimental diets, 50% of SBM protein was replaced by RL or FL. Afterwards, eight pigs from each group were euthanized and their digesta and blood samples were collected. The FL use did not affect pigs’ performance, nor their metabolic, microbial and most gastrointestinal tract parameters, but influenced crypt depth. Fermentation affected concentrations of short chain fatty acids and p-cresole in the proximal colon segment. In the small intestine, the levels of acetate and butyrate decreased, and, in the caecum, the propionate level decreased. Fermentation significantly lowered the pH of the middle colon digesta and ammonia contents compared to RL. A part of SBM may be successfully replaced by RL and FL in young pigs’ diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Zaworska-Zakrzewska
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (A.Z.-Z.); (R.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Małgorzata Kasprowicz-Potocka
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (A.Z.-Z.); (R.M.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-7722; Fax: +48-61-848-7226
| | - Robert Mikuła
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (A.Z.-Z.); (R.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Marcin Taciak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Frankiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 33, 60-637 Poznan, Poland; (A.Z.-Z.); (R.M.); (A.F.)
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Beaumont M, Paës C, Mussard E, Knudsen C, Cauquil L, Aymard P, Barilly C, Gabinaud B, Zemb O, Fourre S, Gautier R, Lencina C, Eutamène H, Theodorou V, Canlet C, Combes S. Gut microbiota derived metabolites contribute to intestinal barrier maturation at the suckling-to-weaning transition. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1268-1286. [PMID: 32352849 PMCID: PMC7524271 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1747335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In suckling mammals, the onset of solid food ingestion is coincident with the maturation of the gut barrier. This ontogenic process is driven by the colonization of the intestine by the microbiota. However, the mechanisms underlying the microbial regulation of the intestinal development in early life are not fully understood. Here, we studied the co-maturation of the microbiota (composition and metabolic activity) and of the gut barrier at the suckling-to-weaning transition by using a combination of experiments in vivo (suckling rabbit model), ex vivo (Ussing chambers) and in vitro (epithelial cell lines and organoids). The microbiota composition, its metabolic activity, para-cellular epithelial permeability and the gene expression of key components of the gut barrier shifted sharply at the onset of solid food ingestion in vivo, despite milk was still predominant in the diet at that time. We found that cecal content sterile supernatant (i.e. containing a mixture of metabolites) obtained after the onset of solid food ingestion accelerated the formation of the epithelial barrier in Caco-2 cells in vitro and our results suggested that these effects were driven by the bacterial metabolite butyrate. Moreover, the treatment of organoids with cecal content sterile supernatant partially replicated in vitro the effects of solid food ingestion on the epithelial barrier in vivo. Altogether, our results show that the metabolites produced by the microbiota at the onset of solid food ingestion contribute to the maturation of the gut barrier at the suckling-to-weaning transition. Targeting the gut microbiota metabolic activity during this key developmental window might therefore be a promising strategy to promote intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beaumont
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France,CONTACT Martin Beaumont GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, ToulouseF-31326, France
| | - Charlotte Paës
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France,GEC Consortium CCPA, Evialis, Inzo, MixScience, Techna, Toulouse, France
| | - Eloïse Mussard
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Cauquil
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Aymard
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Barilly
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Olivier Zemb
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Roselyne Gautier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Corinne Lencina
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Eutamène
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Vassilia Theodorou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Sylvie Combes
- GenPhySE, Université De Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
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Eckol Alleviates Intestinal Dysfunction during Suckling-to-Weaning Transition via Modulation of PDX1 and HBEGF. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134755. [PMID: 32635412 PMCID: PMC7370175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining intestinal health in livestock is critical during the weaning period. The precise mechanisms of intestinal dysfunction during this period are not fully understood, although these can be alleviated by phlorotannins, including eckol. This question was addressed by evaluating the changes in gene expression and intestinal function after eckol treatment during suckling-to-weaning transition. The biological roles of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in intestinal development were investigated by assessing intestinal wound healing and barrier functions, as well as the associated signaling pathways and oxidative stress levels. We identified 890 DEGs in the intestine, whose expression was altered by eckol treatment, including pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (PDX)1, which directly regulate heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HBEGF) expression in order to preserve intestinal barrier functions and promote wound healing through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT and P38 signaling. Additionally, eckol alleviated H2O2-induced oxidative stress through PI3K/AKT, P38, and 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, improved growth, and reduced oxidative stress and intestinal permeability in pigs during the weaning period. Eckol modulates intestinal barrier functions, wound healing, and oxidative stress through PDX/HBEGF, and improves growth during the suckling-to-weaning transition. These findings suggest that eckol can be used as a feed supplement in order to preserve the intestinal functions in pigs and other livestock during this process.
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Khanal P, D. Axel AM, Safayi S, Elbrønd VS, Nielsen MO. Prenatal over- and undernutrition differentially program small intestinal growth, angiogenesis, absorptive capacity, and endocrine function in sheep. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14498. [PMID: 32597039 PMCID: PMC7322502 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to test the hypothesis that prenatal under- and overnutrition in late gestation can program small intestinal (SI) growth, angiogenesis, and endocrine function to predispose for a hyperabsorptive state, thereby increasing the susceptibility to the adverse effects of an early postnatal obesogenic diet. Twin-pregnant ewes were exposed to adequate (NORM), LOW (50% of NORM), or HIGH (150% energy and 110% protein of NORM) diets through the last trimester (term ~147 days). From 3 days to 6 months of age, their lambs were fed either a moderate (CONV) or a high-carbohydrate high-fat (HCHF) diet. At 6 months of age, responses in plasma metabolites and insulin to refeeding after fasting were determined and then different segments of the SI were sampled at autopsy. Prenatal overnutrition impacts were most abundant in the duodenum where HIGH had increased villus amplification factor and lowered villi thickness with increased IRS-1 and reduced GH-R expressions. In jejunum, HIGH lambs had an increased expression of Lactate gene and amplified when exposed to HCHF postnatally. Specifically, in LOW, sensitivity to HCHF was affected in ileum. Thus, the mismatching LOW-HCHF nutrition increased expressions of angiogenic genes (VEGF, VEGF-R1, ANGPT1, RTK) and increased mucosa layer (tunica mucosa) thickness but reduced muscle layer (Tunica muscularis) thickness. The SI is a target of prenatal nutritional programming, where late gestation overnutrition increased and shifted digestive capacity for carbohydrates toward the jejunum, whereas late gestation undernutrition predisposed for ileal angiogenesis and carbohydrate and fat hyperabsorptive capacity upon subsequent exposure to postnatal obesogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Khanal
- Faculty of Biosciences and AquacultureAnimal Science, Production and Welfare DivisionNord UniversitySteinkjerNorway
| | - Anne Marie D. Axel
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | | | - Vibeke S. Elbrønd
- Department of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark
| | - Mette O. Nielsen
- Department of Animal ScienceFaculty of Technical SciencesAarhus UniversityTjeleDenmark
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Toorop AA, van der Voorn B, Hollanders JJ, Dijkstra LR, Dolman KM, Heijboer AC, Rotteveel J, Honig A, Finken MJJ. Diurnal rhythmicity in breast-milk glucocorticoids, and infant behavior and sleep at age 3 months. Endocrine 2020; 68:660-668. [PMID: 32274700 PMCID: PMC7308244 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In previous studies, associations between breast-milk cortisol levels obtained on one occasion and infant neurodevelopment were demonstrated. However, more recent evidence indicates that breast-milk cortisol and cortisone concentrations follow the diurnal rhythm of maternal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, peaking in the early morning and with a nadir at midnight. We studied associations between breast-milk glucocorticoid (GC) rhythmicity, and infant behavior and sleep. METHODS We included 59 mothers, and their infants, of whom 17 had consulted an expert center during pregnancy for an increased risk of psychological distress. At 1 month postpartum, breast milk was sampled (on average six times) over a 24 h period for assessment of cortisol and cortisone using LC-MS/MS, and experienced maternal distress was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. Three months after birth, infant behavior was assessed with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire, and infant sleep pattern was quantified by questionnaire. Associations between breast-milk GC rhythm parameters (maximum, delta, and Area Under the Curve increase and ground) and infant behavior and sleep were tested with linear regression analyses. RESULTS No consistent associations between breast-milk GC rhythm parameters and infant behavior or sleep were found. CONCLUSIONS Breast-milk GC rhythmicity at 1 month postpartum was not associated with infant behavior or sleep at the age of 3 months. Findings from previous studies linking breast-milk cortisol to infant neurodevelopment might be biased by the lack of GC measurements across the full diurnal cycle, and should therefore be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Toorop
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bibian van der Voorn
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonneke J Hollanders
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette R Dijkstra
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koert M Dolman
- Department of Pediatrics, OLVG Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc and AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Rotteveel
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan Honig
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J J Finken
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Almanza-Sepulveda ML, Fleming AS, Jonas W. Mothering revisited: A role for cortisol? Horm Behav 2020; 121:104679. [PMID: 31927022 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This selective review first describes the involvement of the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during pregnancy and the postpartum period, and the relation between peripartum HPA axis function and maternal behavior, stress reactivity and emotional dysregulation in human mothers. To provide experimental background to this correlational work, where helpful, animal studies are also described. It then explores the association between HPA axis function in mothers and their infants, under ongoing non-stressful conditions and during stressful challenges, the moderating role of mothers' sensitivity and behavior in the mother-child co-regulation and the effects of more traumatic risk factors on these relations. The overarching theme being explored is that the HPA axis - albeit a system designed to function during periods of high stress and challenge - also functions to promote adaptation to more normative processes, shown in the new mother who experiences both high cortisol and enhanced attraction and attention to and recognition of, their infants and their cues. Hence the same HPA system shows positive relations with behavior at some time points and inverse ones at others. However, the literature is not uniform and results vary widely depending on the number, timing, place, and type of samplings and assessments, and, of course, the population being studied and, in the present context, the state, the stage, and the stress levels of mother and infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra L Almanza-Sepulveda
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Alison S Fleming
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada.
| | - Wibke Jonas
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Widerströmska Huset, Tomtebodavägen 18a, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Jiao LF, Dai TM, Zhong SQ, Jin M, Sun P, Zhou QC. Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection impaired intestinal barrier function and nutrient absorption in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:184-189. [PMID: 32035168 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is the primary target of pathogenic microbes during invasion. However, the interaction of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) with intestinal epithelial cells and its effects on the intestinal function of Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) are poorly studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of V. parahaemolyticus infection on intestinal barrier function and nutrient absorption in L. vannamei. In the present study, a total of 90 shrimp were randomly divided into two groups including the control group and V. parahaemolyticus infection group (final concentration of 1 × 105 CFU/mL), with three replicates per group. The result showed that compared with the control group, V. parahaemolyticus infection increased (P < 0.05) serum diamine oxidase activity and endotoxin quantification, and down-regulated (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of intestinal peroxinectin, integrin, midline fasciclin at 48 h and 72 h; V. parahaemolyticus infection decreased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of intestinal amino acid transporter (CAT1, EAAT3 and ASCT1) and glucose transporter (SGLT-1, GLUT) at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, and increased (P < 0.05) serum glucose and amino acid (Asp, Thr, Ser, Glu, Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, Tyr, Phe, Lys, His and Arg) concentration at 24 h. The results indicated that V. parahaemolyticus infection increased intestinal permeability, inhibited absorption of glucose and amino acid in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Fei Jiao
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Tian Meng Dai
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Sun Qian Zhong
- Ningbo Economic Technical Development Area Bolun Marine Surveyors Office, Ningbo, 315800, PR China
| | - Min Jin
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Peng Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Qi Cun Zhou
- Laboratory of Fish Nutrition, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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43
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Christoforidou Z, Mora Ortiz M, Poveda C, Abbas M, Walton G, Bailey M, Lewis MC. Sexual Dimorphism in Immune Development and in Response to Nutritional Intervention in Neonatal Piglets. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2705. [PMID: 31921096 PMCID: PMC6911813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sex disparity in immunological function and susceptibility to various inflammatory and infectious disease is recognized in adults, far less is known about the situation in young infants during immune development. We have used an outbred piglet model to explore potential early sex disparity underlying both mucosal immune development and systemic responses to novel antigen. Despite similarities in intestinal barrier function and therefore, presumably, antigen exposure, females had less CD172+ (Sirp-α) antigen presenting cells and expression of MHCIIDR at 28 days old compared to males, along with greater regulatory T-cell numbers. This suggests that, during infancy, females may have greater potential for local immune regulation than their male counterparts. However, females also presented with significantly greater systemic antibody responses to injected ovalbumin and dietary soya. Females also synthesized significantly more IgA in mesenteric lymph nodes, whereas males synthesized more in caecal mucosa, suggesting that plasma cells were retained within the MLN in females, but increased numbers of plasma cells circulated through to the mucosal tissue in males. Significant effects of inulin and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC2818 on the developing immune system were also sex-dependent. Our results may start to explain inconsistencies in outcomes of trials of functional foods in infants, as distinction between males and females is seldom made. Since later functionality of the immune system is highly dependent on appropriate development during infancy, stratifying nutritional interventions by sex may present a novel means of optimizing treatments and preventative strategies to reduce the risk of the development of immunological disorders in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Christoforidou
- Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Mora Ortiz
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Munawar Abbas
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Walton
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Bailey
- Infection and Immunity, School of Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marie C Lewis
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
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Daily expression of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter-1 protein in jejunum during rat ontogeny. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:290-296. [PMID: 31528732 PMCID: PMC6737494 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely known that intestinal capacities such as the enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, and the subsequent absorption of the hydrolyzed products, are evolutionary matched to dietary loads and feeding behaviors. In this study, we demonstrate that the protein expression of apically located sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter-1 (SGLT-1) throughout rat ontogeny is daily adjusted to afford glucose uptake when the load of this metabolically essential monosaccharide in the intestinal lumen is maximum. The jejunal expression of SGLT-1 protein in 14 one-day-old suckling pups was found to increase at dark and early light phase (P < 0.05), when they have a better access to mother milk. In weaning 21-d-old and juvenile 28-d-old rats, the cotransporter expression was high throughout the entire day (P < 0.05). Finally, adult 90-d-old rats showed a well-developed circadian rhythm for SGLT-1 protein (P < 0.05), whose expression increased at late light and dark phase when the highest intestinal glucose load was achieved. To our knowledge, these results are the first reporting the daily profile of SGLT-1 expression during rat early developmental stage and may contribute to understand the biological significance of a well-established molecular capacity to deal with the crucial increase of glucose load in the diet during the weaning process.
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45
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Lu A, Petrullo L, Carrera S, Feder J, Schneider-Crease I, Snyder-Mackler N. Developmental responses to early-life adversity: Evolutionary and mechanistic perspectives. Evol Anthropol 2019; 28:249-266. [PMID: 31498945 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse ecological and social conditions during early life are known to influence development, with rippling effects that may explain variation in adult health and fitness. The adaptive function of such developmental plasticity, however, remains relatively untested in long-lived animals, resulting in much debate over which evolutionary models are most applicable. Furthermore, despite the promise of clinical interventions that might alleviate the health consequences of early-life adversity, research on the proximate mechanisms governing phenotypic responses to adversity have been largely limited to studies on glucocorticoids. Here, we synthesize the current state of research on developmental plasticity, discussing both ultimate and proximate mechanisms. First, we evaluate the utility of adaptive models proposed to explain developmental responses to early-life adversity, particularly for long-lived mammals such as humans. In doing so, we highlight how parent-offspring conflict complicates our understanding of whether mothers or offspring benefit from these responses. Second, we discuss the role of glucocorticoids and a second physiological system-the gut microbiome-that has emerged as an additional, clinically relevant mechanism by which early-life adversity can influence development. Finally, we suggest ways in which nonhuman primates can serve as models to study the effects of early-life adversity, both from evolutionary and clinical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Lauren Petrullo
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Sofia Carrera
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jacob Feder
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - India Schneider-Crease
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York.,Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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46
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Petrullo L, Hinde K, Lu A. Steroid hormone concentrations in milk predict sex-specific offspring growth in a nonhuman primate. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23315. [PMID: 31468643 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In humans and other mammals, maternal hormones are transferred to offspring during lactation via milk and may regulate postnatal development, including the pace of early growth. Here, we used a nonhuman primate model to test the hypotheses that milk cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations reflect maternal characteristics, and that changes in these hormones across lactation are associated with early postnatal growth rates. METHODS Demographic information, morphometrics, and milk samples were collected from rhesus macaque mothers and their infants at the California National Primate Research Center in Davis, California. Using linear models, we examined the relationship between maternal traits and milk hormone concentrations (N = 104 females) and explored the effect of milk hormones on the rate of offspring growth (N = 72 mother-infant dyads), controlling for available milk energy. RESULTS Contrary to previous studies, we found that milk cortisol concentrations were categorically higher in multiparous females than in primiparous females. However, milk DHEAS concentrations decreased with maternal parity. Neither milk cortisol nor DHEAS were related to maternal rank. Finally, changes in milk hormones predicted offspring growth in a sex-specific and temporal manner: increases in cortisol from peak to late lactation predicted faster female growth, and increases in DHEAS concentrations from early to peak and peak to late lactation predicted faster male growth. CONCLUSIONS Our findings shed light on how hormonal components of milk have sex-specific effects on offspring growth during early postnatal life with varying temporal windows of sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Petrullo
- Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Katie Hinde
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.,Brain, Mind, and Behavior Unit, California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Amy Lu
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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47
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Toriz CG, Melo AI, Solano-Agama C, Gómez-Domínguez EG, Martínez-Muñoz MDLA, Castañeda-Obeso J, Vera-Aguilar E, Aguirre-Benítez EL, Romero-Aguilar L, González-del Pliego M, Jiménez-Estrada I, Luna M, Pardo JP, Camacho J, Mendoza-Garrido ME. Physiological changes of growth hormone during lactation in pup rats artificially reared. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220853. [PMID: 31408482 PMCID: PMC6692037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the lactation period, rat pups are fed by the dam, and the patterns of mother-pup interaction change during this period. Additionally, there are changes in feeding; first, mother´s milk is the only food needed for sustenance, and later, it is combined with solid food and water. GH serum concentrations depend on both maternal-pup interaction and energy metabolism. In the artificial rearing (AR) procedure, pups are deprived of mother-pup interaction, and the feeding pattern is controlled. This rearing paradigm has been used in rats to analyze the effects of maternal deprivation on social behavior. In the present study, we analyzed the variation in GH, acylated ghrelin and IGF-1 serum concentrations throughout the lactation period in AR pups. At pnd7, the maternal rearing (MR) pups responded to a 4 h fast with a drop in GH serum concentration, which is a well-known response to maternal deprivation. GH serum levels in the AR pups did not change, suggesting an adaptation phenomenon. A dopamine inhibitory effect of GH secretion was observed in pnd7 cultured somatotropes, suggesting dopamine regulation of GH secretion at this age. Acylated ghrelin serum levels in the AR pups showed an inverted pattern compared to that in the MR pups, which was related to the artificial feeding pattern. IGF-1 serum levels were lower in the AR pups than in MR pups, which was associated with hepatic GH resistance and with low Igf1 mRNA expression at pnd7. Interestingly, at pnd14, both pup groups showed high hepatic Igf1 mRNA expression but low IGF-1 serum levels, and this was inverted at pnd21. However, serum glucose levels were lower in the AR pups at pnd14 but reached the same levels as the MR pups at pnd21. Moreover, hepatomegaly and higher hepatic GH-receptor levels were observed in the AR pups at pnd21, which was in agreement with an absence of a solid food meal. During AR, the pups lost the maternal interaction-stimulated GH secretion, which correlated with lower IGF-1 serum levels during the first week of postnatal development. Later, the AR pups exhibited hepatic responses, in order to satisfy the metabolic demand for the normal weaning, with low carbohydrates levels in their meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G. Toriz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel I. Melo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, CINVESTAV-IPN ‐Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | - Carmen Solano-Agama
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edgar Giovanhi Gómez-Domínguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Castañeda-Obeso
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Elsa Liliana Aguirre-Benítez
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Margarita González-del Pliego
- Departamento de Embriología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna
- Instituto de Neurobiología, UNAM, Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Juriquilla, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Juan Pablo Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Camacho
- Departamento de Farmacología, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Eugenia Mendoza-Garrido
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
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Yoon M, Ring C, Van Landingham CB, Suh M, Song G, Antonijevic T, Gentry PR, Taylor MD, Keene AM, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ. Assessing children's exposure to manganese in drinking water using a PBPK model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 380:114695. [PMID: 31394159 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A previously published human PBPK model for manganese (Mn) in infants and children has been updated with Mn in drinking water as an additional exposure source. Built upon the ability to capture differences in Mn source-specific regulation of intestinal uptake in nursing infants who are breast-fed and formula-fed, the updated model now describes the bioavailability of Mn from drinking water in children of ages 0-18. The age-related features, including the recommended age-specific Mn dietary intake, age-specific water consumption rates, and age-specific homeostasis of Mn, are based on the available human data and knowledge of the biology of essential-metal homeostasis. Model simulations suggest that the impact of adding drinking-water exposure to daily Mn exposure via dietary intake and ambient air inhalation in children is not greater than the impacts in adults, even at a drinking-water concentration that is 2 times higher than the USEPA's lifetime health advisory value. This conclusion was also valid for formula-fed infants who are considered at the highest potential exposure to Mn from drinking water compared to all other age groups. Our multi-route, multi-source Mn PBPK model for infants and children provides insights about the potential for Mn-related health effects on growing children and will thereby improve the level of confidence in properly interpreting Mn exposure-health effects relationships in children in human epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yoon
- ToxStrategies, Inc., RTP, NC, USA.
| | - C Ring
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - M Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Orange County, CA, USA
| | - G Song
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Orange County, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - A M Keene
- Afton Chemical Corporation, Richmond, VA, USA
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Zalewska A. Developmental milestones in neonatal and juvenile C57Bl/6 mouse - Indications for the design of juvenile toxicity studies. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 88:91-128. [PMID: 31386883 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing demand for wild type mice and mouse models of disease that may be more representative of human conditions but there is little information on neonatal and juvenile mouse anatomy. This project produces sound and comprehensive histology background data on the developing neonatal mouse at different time points from Day 0 until Day 28. The work describes optimal methods for tissue harvesting, fixation and processing from the neonatal and juvenile mice which can be used in routine toxicology studies. A review of the available literature revealed inconsistencies in the developmental milestones reported in the mouse. Although it is true that the sequence of events during the development is virtually the same in mice and rats, important developmental milestones in the mouse often happen earlier than in the rat, and these species should not be used interchangeably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zalewska
- Sequani Limited, Bromyard Road, Ledbury, HR8 1LH, Herefordshire, United Kingdom.
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50
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Bertero A, Augustyniak J, Buzanska L, Caloni F. Species-specific models in toxicology: in vitro epithelial barriers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 70:103203. [PMID: 31176950 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Species-specific in vitro epithelial barriers represent interesting predictive tools for risk assessment evaluation in toxicological studies. Moreover, these models could be applied either as stand-alone methods for the study of absorption, bioavailability, excretion, transport, effects of xenobiotics, or through an Integrated Testing Strategy. The aim of this review is to give a comprehensive overview of in vitro species-specific epithelial barrier models from bovine, dog and swine. Bovine mammary epithelial barrier as a fundamental instrument for the evaluation of the toxicant excretion, the blood brain barrier as a useful first approach in toxicological and pharmacological studies, the porcine intestinal barrier, the canine skin barrier, and finally the pulmonary barrier from bovine and swine species are described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertero
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET) Milan, Italy
| | - J Augustyniak
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - L Buzanska
- Stem Cell Bioengineering Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - F Caloni
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET) Milan, Italy.
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