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Wang B, Yang L, Yuan X, Zhang Y. Roles and therapeutic targeting of dendritic cells in liver fibrosis. J Drug Target 2024; 32:647-654. [PMID: 38682473 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2024.2347365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common pathological condition marked by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins, resulting in irreversible cirrhosis and cancer. Dendritic cells (DCs) act as the crucial component of hepatic immunity and are believed to affect fibrosis by regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a key mediator of fibrogenesis, and by interplaying with immune cells in the liver. This review concisely describes the process of fibrogenesis, and the phenotypic and functional characteristics of DCs in the liver. Besides, it focuses on the interaction between DCs and HSCs, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, as well as the dual roles of DCs in liver fibrosis, for the sake of exploring the potential of targeting DCs as a therapeutic strategy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Wang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Liuxin Yang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Xingxing Yuan
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, P.R. China
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Rameshrad M, Naraki K, Memariani Z, Hosseinzadeh H. Protective effects of Panax ginseng as a medical food against chemical toxic agents: molecular and cellular mechanisms. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5. [PMID: 38861010 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to different types of toxic agents, which may directly induce organ malfunction or indirectly alter gene expression, leading to carcinogenic and teratogenic effects, and eventually death. Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is the most valuable of all medicinal herbs. Nevertheless, specific data on the antidotal mechanisms of this golden herb are currently unavailable. Based on the findings of in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, this review focused on the probable protective mechanisms of ginseng and its major components, such as protopanaxadiols, protopanaxatriols, and pentacyclic ginsenosides against various chemical toxic agents. Relevant articles from 2000 to 2023 were gathered from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. This literature review shows that P. ginseng and its main components have protective and antidotal effects against the deteriorative effects of pesticides, pharmaceutical agents, including acetaminophen, doxorubicin, isoproterenol, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, and gentamicin, ethanol, and some chemical agents. These improvements occur through multi-functional mechanisms. They exhibit antioxidant activity, induce anti-inflammatory action, and block intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. However, relevant clinical trials are necessary to validate the mentioned effects and translate the knowledge from basic science to human benefit, fulfilling the fundamental goal of all toxicologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Rameshrad
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Karim Naraki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Memariani
- Traditional Medicine and History of Medical Sciences Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Garcia Moreno AS, Guicciardi ME, Wixom AQ, Jessen E, Yang J, Ilyas SI, Bianchi JK, Pinto e Vairo F, Lazaridis KN, Gores GJ. IL-17 signaling in primary sclerosing cholangitis patient-derived organoids. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0454. [PMID: 38829197 PMCID: PMC11150034 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is unclear, although studies implicate IL-17A as an inflammatory mediator in this disease. However, a direct assessment of IL-17 signaling in PSC cholangiocytes is lacking. In this study, we aimed to investigate and characterize the response of PSC extrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids (ECO) to IL-17A stimulation. METHODS Cholangiocytes obtained from patients with PSC and without PSC by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were cultured as ECO. The ECO were treated with vehicle or IL-17A and assessed by transcriptomics, secretome analysis, and genome sequencing. RESULTS Unsupervised clustering of all integrated single-cell RNA sequencing data identified 8 cholangiocyte clusters that did not differ between PSC and non-PSC ECO. However, PSC ECO cells demonstrated a robust response to IL-17 treatment, as noted by an increased number of differentially expressed genes by transcriptomics and more abundant chemokine and cytokine expression and secretion. After rigorous filtering, genome sequencing identified candidate somatic variants shared among PSC ECO from unrelated individuals. However, no candidate rare variants in genes regulating the IL-17 pathway were identified, but rare variants regulating the MAPK signaling pathway were present in all PSC ECO. CONCLUSIONS PSC and non-PSC patient-derived ECO respond differently to IL-17 stimulation, implicating this pathway in the pathogenesis of PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Garcia Moreno
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Maria E. Guicciardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alexander Q. Wixom
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Erik Jessen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jingchun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sumera I. Ilyas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jackie K. Bianchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Filippo Pinto e Vairo
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Konstantinos N. Lazaridis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J. Gores
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Yang X, Liao L, Liang Z, Yu S, Guo Z. Correlation Analysis of IL-17, IL-21, IL-23 with Non-Alcoholic Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:2327-2335. [PMID: 38651006 PMCID: PMC11033842 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s452061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This research aimed to explore the involvement of interleukins (IL) - IL-6, IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 - in the evolution and diagnosis of non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Methods The study subjects were selected from the patients who visited the Department of Hepatology of X Hospital in Y City from August 2021 to April 2023. Peripheral blood samples were collected. All participants were divided into liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatitis, and healthy subjects four groups. IL-21, IL-17, IL23, IL-6 were detected by double antibody sandwich. Results The results showed that there was a significant difference in the levels of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 among the 4 groups (P<0.0001). ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC values of IL-17, IL-21 and liver fiber 4 items were >0.70, suggesting that the diagnostic efficacy of IL-17, IL-21 was similar to that of liver fiber 4 items. Spearman correlation analysis showed that IL-17 had a positive correlation with collagen type III N-peptide, type IV collagen, and Laminin (P < 0.05), and no correlation with Hyaluronic acid (P > 0.05). Conclusion IL-17, IL-21, and IL-23 play a pivotal role in the inflammatory pathways associated with liver injuries, establishing themselves as potent auxiliary diagnostic markers in identifying liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyin Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zizhen Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenglong Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511400, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonghui Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Panyu Central Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511400, People’s Republic of China
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Yang M, Zhang CY. Interleukins in liver disease treatment. World J Hepatol 2024; 16:140-145. [PMID: 38495285 PMCID: PMC10941743 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v16.i2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines play pleiotropic roles in human health and disease by regulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukins (ILs), a large group of cytokines, can be divided into seven families, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-17 families. Here, we review the functions of ILs in the pathogenesis and resolution of liver diseases, such as liver inflammation (e.g., IL-35), alcohol-related liver disease (e.g., IL-11), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (e.g., IL-22), liver fibrosis (e.g., Il-17a), and liver cancer (e.g., IL-8). Overall, IL-1 family members are implicated in liver inflammation induced by different etiologies, such as alcohol consumption, high-fat diet, and hepatitis viruses. IL-2 family members mainly regulate T lymphocyte and NK cell proliferation and activation, and the differentiation of T cells. IL-6 family cytokines play important roles in acute phase response in liver infection, liver regeneration, and metabolic regulation, as well as lymphocyte activation. IL-8, also known as CXCL8, is activated in chronic liver diseases, which is associated with the accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages. IL-10 family members contribute key roles to liver immune tolerance and immunosuppression in liver disease. IL-12 family cytokines influence T-cell differentiation and play an essential role in autoimmune liver disease. IL-17 subfamilies contribute to infection defense, liver inflammation, and Th17 cell differentiation. ILs interact with different type I and type II cytokine receptors to regulate intracellular signaling pathways that mediate their functions. However, most clinical studies are only performed to evaluate IL-mediated therapies on alcohol and hepatitis virus infection-induced hepatitis. More pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to evaluate IL-mediated monotherapy and synergistic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States.
| | - Chun-Ye Zhang
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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Xu W, Wang Y, Jin C, Zhang W, Chen J, Chen X, Gao J, Gao J, Wang H. IL-17 Imbalance Promotes the Pyroptosis in Immune-Mediated Liver Injury Through STAT3-IFI16 Axis. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e46. [PMID: 38188602 PMCID: PMC10767549 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) affects all age group and occurs mainly in women. Pyroptosis is a novel programmed cell death featured with cell bursting and release of proinflammatory cytokines. A deeper understanding of AIH pathogenesis will contribute to novel therapy for AIH patients. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of IL-17 in immune-mediated liver injury. The levels of cytokines were measured by ELISA, and mRNA levels of STAT3 and IFN gamma-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) were detected by PCR. Expressions of STAT3, IFI16, gasdermin D and cleaved caspase-1 were measured by western-blotting. Immunohistochemical staining and transmission electron microscopy were applied to evaluate liver histopathological changes of the treated mice. Our results showed that the levels of IFI16 was increased in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 protein, and further elevated after STAT3-overexpressed (STAT3-OE) lentivirus treatment. The levels of IFI16 were reduced in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 neutralizing Ab (nAb), but were significantly increased after STAT3-OE treatment. Pyroptosis was observed in hepatocytes treated with IL-17 protein, and further cell damage was observed after STAT3-OE lentivirus treatment. Liver damage was alleviated in mice treated with IL-17 nAb, however sever damage was experienced after STAT3-OE lentivirus treatment. A binding interaction between IFI16 and STAT3 was detected in IL-17 treated hepatocytes. Glutathione transaminase activity was enhanced in concanavalin A-induced AIH mice compared to the control group (p<0.01). IL-17 plays an important role in activating STAT3 and up-regulating IFI16, which may promote the pyroptosis in AIH-related liver injury through STAT3-IFI16 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Jiangnan Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Xuefang Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312020, China
| | - Junli Gao
- Hangzhou Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Junshun Gao
- Hangzhou Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Hangzhou Cosmos Wisdom Mass Spectrometry Center of Zhejiang University Medical School, Hangzhou 311200, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine in Diagnosis and Monitoring Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310016, China
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Varlamova EG, Goltyaev MV, Rogachev VV, Gudkov SV, Karaduleva EV, Turovsky EA. Antifibrotic Effect of Selenium-Containing Nanoparticles on a Model of TAA-Induced Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2023; 12:2723. [PMID: 38067151 PMCID: PMC10706216 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, based on the expression analysis of a wide range of pro- and anti-fibrotic, pro- and anti-inflammatory, and pro- and anti-apoptotic genes, key markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER-stress), molecular mechanisms for the regulation of fibrosis, and accompanying negative processes caused by thioacetamide (TAA) injections and subsequent injections of selenium-containing nanoparticles and sorafenib have been proposed. We found that selenium nanoparticles of two types (doped with and without sorafenib) led to a significant decrease in almost all pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes. Sorafenib injections also reduced mRNA expression of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory genes but less effectively than both types of nanoparticles. In addition, it was shown for the first time that TAA can be an inducer of ER-stress, most likely activating the IRE1α and PERK signaling pathways of the UPR, an inducer of apoptosis and pyroptosis. Sorafenib, despite a pronounced anti-apoptotic effect, still did not reduce the expression of caspase-3 and 12 or mitogen-activated kinase JNK1 to control values, which increases the risk of persistent apoptosis in liver cells. After injections of selenium-containing nanoparticles, the negative effects caused by TAA were leveled, causing an adaptive UPR signaling response through activation of the PERK signaling pathway. The advantages of selenium-containing nanoparticles over sorafenib, established in this work, once again emphasize the unique properties of this microelement and serve as an important factor for the further introduction of drugs based on it into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (M.V.G.); (V.V.R.); (E.V.K.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Michail Victorovich Goltyaev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (M.V.G.); (V.V.R.); (E.V.K.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Vladimir Vladimirovich Rogachev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (M.V.G.); (V.V.R.); (E.V.K.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Sergey V. Gudkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute, the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Biophysics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena V. Karaduleva
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (M.V.G.); (V.V.R.); (E.V.K.); (E.A.T.)
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (M.V.G.); (V.V.R.); (E.V.K.); (E.A.T.)
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El-Mokhtar SA, Afifi NA, Abdel-Malek MO, Hassan WA, Hetta H, El-Badawy O. Aberrant cytokine and VCAM-1 expression in patients with viral and non-viral related liver cirrhosis. Cytokine 2023; 171:156385. [PMID: 37788510 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The study aim was to compare the alterations in the expression levels of proinflammatory and chemotactic cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-8, the down regulatory cytokine IL-10, in addition to the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene in different groups of patients with cirrhosis due to various etiologies. This case-control study included 84 patients suffering from cirrhosis of viral and non-viral etiologies and 20 sex and age-matched healthy controls. All patients were subjected to detailed history taking, clinical examination, and liver function assessment. The expression levels of TNF-α, IL-17A, IL-8, IL-10, and VCAM-1 were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by real-time PCR. Patients with cirrhosis showed marked changes in the tested gene expression levels relative to the control group. Higher expression levels of all genes except IL-10 were seen in patients of the viral than in the non-viral groups. Most of the significant correlations of liver function parameters were observed with TNF-α in both the viral and non-viral groups, followed by IL-17A. Increased TNF-α and IL-17A presented potential risk factors for disease progression to cirrhosis of Child class C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A El-Mokhtar
- Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Noha A Afifi
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Abdel-Malek
- Tropical Medicine & Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Waleed A Hassan
- Tropical Medicine & Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Helal Hetta
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Omnia El-Badawy
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
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9
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Li X, Hua S, Fang D, Fei X, Tan Z, Zheng F, Wang W, Fang M. RAGE deficiency ameliorates autoimmune hepatitis involving inhibition of IL-6 production via suppressing protein Arid5a in mice. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2167-2179. [PMID: 36454447 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines are essential for human autoimmune hepatitis. RAGE is one of the receptors for the inflammatory alarm molecule high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and it is involved in autoimmune hepatitis. However, the molecular mechanism of RAGE in the context of autoimmune hepatitis remains elusive. This study aimed to identify the function and mechanism of RAGE in autoimmune hepatitis. The role and underlying mechanisms of RAGE signaling-driven immune inflammatory response in ConA-induced experimental hepatitis were examined using the RAGE-deficient mice. We found that the RAGE deficiency protected the mouse from liver inflammatory injury caused by the ConA challenge. mRNA expression of VCAM-1, IL-6, and TNF-α within the livers is markedly decreased in RAGE-deficient mice compared to wild-type mice. In parallel, RAGE deficiency leads to reduced levels of the serum pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α as compared with wild-type control mice. RAGE-deficient mice exhibit increased hepatic NK cells and decreased CD4+ T cells compared with wild-type control mice. Notably, in vivo blockade of IL-6 in wild-type mice significantly protected mice from ConA-induced hepatic injury. Furthermore, RAGE deficiency impaired IL-6 production and was associated with decreased expression of Arid5a in liver tissues, a half-life IL-6 mRNA regulator. RAGE signaling is important in regulating the development of autoimmune hepatitis. Immune regulation of RAGE may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent immune-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Shuyao Hua
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dai Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Fei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Fang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13# Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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10
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Lee AR, Lee SY, Choi JW, Um IG, Na HS, Lee JH, Cho ML. Establishment of a humanized mouse model of keloid diseases following the migration of patient immune cells to the lesion: Patient-derived keloid xenograft (PDKX) model. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1713-1719. [PMID: 37524866 PMCID: PMC10474158 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Keloid disorder is an abnormal fibroproliferative reaction that can occur on any area of skin, and it can impair the quality of life of affected individuals. To investigate the pathogenesis and develop a treatment strategy, a preclinical animal model of keloid disorder is needed. However, keloid disorder is unique to humans, and the development of an animal model of keloid disorder is highly problematic. We developed the patient-derived keloid xenograft (PDKX), which is a humanized mouse model, and compared it to the traditional mouse xenograft model (transplantation of only keloid lesions). To establish the PDKX model, peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ten keloid patients or five healthy control subjects were injected into NOD/SCID/IL-2Rγnull mice, and their keloid lesions were grafted onto the back after the engraftment of immune cells (transplantation of keloid lesions and KP PBMCs or HC PBMCs). Four weeks after surgery, the grafted keloid lesion was subjected to histologic evaluation. Compared to the traditional model, neotissue formed along the margin of the grafted skin, and lymphocyte infiltration and collagen synthesis were significantly elevated in the PDKX model. The neotissue sites resembled the margin areas of keloids in several respects. In detail, the levels of human Th17 cells, IL-17, HIF-1a, and chemokines were significantly elevated in the neotissue of the PDKX model. Furthermore, the weight of the keloid lesion was increased significantly in the PDKX model, which was due to the proinflammatory microenvironment of the keloid lesion. We confirmed that our patient-derived keloid xenograft (PDKX) model mimicked keloid disorder by recapitulating the in vivo microenvironment. This model will contribute to the investigation of cellular mechanisms and therapeutic treatments for keloid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ram Lee
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seon-Yeong Lee
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong Won Choi
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Gyu Um
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Na
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Lab of Translational ImmunoMedicine, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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11
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Anwer T, Alruwaili MN, Alshahrani S, Alqahtani SS, Jali A, Ahmed RA, Alam MF, Moni SS. Hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against hepatotoxic effect of isoniazid and rifampin in wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2023; 42:9603271221149199. [PMID: 36592122 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221149199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The treatment of tuberculosis with isoniazid and rifampin is associated with hepatocellular damage. Therefore, the study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against hepatotoxic effect of isoniazid and rifampin in Wistar rats. METHODS Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering isoniazid and rifampin (100 mg/kg), whereas diosmin was given as treatment control. Markers of liver function (ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin), inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β), apoptosis (caspase-3), oxidative stress parameters (LPO, GSH, CAT and SOD) and histological changes in liver were assessed in normal, hepatotoxic control and treatment groups. RESULTS The administration of isoniazid and rifampin significantly increased markers of liver dysfunction (ALT, AST, ALP and bilirubin), cytokines (TNFα, IL-6 and IL-1β) and apoptosis (caspase-3). However, daily dosing of diosmin significantly reduced these markers of liver dysfunction, inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis to near normal levels. Additionally, markers of hepatocellular oxidative stress parameters were significantly altered as evident from increased LPO level and decreased endogenous antioxidants such as GSH, SOD and CAT in isoniazid-and rifampin-treated hepatotoxic group. It was observed that diosmin treatment reduced high levels of LPO and demonstrated significant improvement in antioxidant levels. Histological studies of liver also supported our biochemical findings, which are also manifested as diosmin treatment exhibited protection against hepatocellular degeneration and inflammation. CONCLUSION Results of the present study demonstrate hepatoprotective potential of diosmin against isoniazid-and rifampin-treated hepatotoxicity. Thus, we conclude that diosmin may be used along with anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) in tuberculosis patients to overcome their hepatotoxic adverse effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarique Anwer
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Alruwaili
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Jali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayan A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Firoz Alam
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, 123285Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sivakumar S Moni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Zhang P, Li H, Peng B, Zhang Y, Liu K, Cheng K, Ming Y. Single-cell RNA transcriptomics reveals differences in the immune status of alcoholic and hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132085. [PMID: 36817578 PMCID: PMC9932584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver cirrhosis has placed a tremendous burden on the healthcare system with limited treatment options. This study explored the differences in the immune status of alcoholic and HBV-related liver cirrhosis. METHODS A total of 15 human liver samples from the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, including five healthy controls (HC group), five alcoholic cirrhosis patients (ALC group), and five HBV-related cirrhosis patients (HBV group) were used. Of these, eight samples, including 3 HC group, 2 ALC group and 3 HBV group, were randomly collected to do single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). The degree of steatosis was assessed by H&E staining and the presence of intrahepatic immune cells was evaluated by immunochemistry (IHC). RESULTS The immune status of alcoholic and HBV-related liver cirrhosis differed significantly. ScRNA-seq analysis identified a higher ratio of intrahepatic monocyte/macrophages and an obvious decreased ratio of T cells and B cells in the ALC group than in the HBV group. IHC staining of intrahepatic monocyte/macrophages, T and B cell exhibited similar results with scRNA-seq analysis. CD5L+ Kupffer cells, a cell type involved in lipid metabolism, were the major monocyte/macrophage subset in ALC liver tissue. H&E staining indicated that the level of steatosis was more severe in the ALC than in the HBV group. Ligand/receptor analysis showed that the T cell exhaustion observed in the ALC liver may be related to the expression of Galectin-9 on Kupffer cells. Fewer B cells were also found in the ALC group and most had higher lipid metabolism, reduced ribosomal activity, and a dysregulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. Moreover, scRNA-seq showed a significantly lower ratio of plasma B cells, indicating that the humoral immune response in the ALC liver was similarly dysfunctional. Ligand/receptor analysis also discovered that Galectin-9 expressed on Kupffer cells may inhibit humoral immunity. CONCLUSION Patients with ALC have different immune characteristics than those with HBV-induced cirrhosis, including an increased ratio of intrahepatic monocyte/macrophages and a dysfunctional adaptive immune response in the liver. Galectin-9 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for ALC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Zhang
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Li
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Peng
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Liu
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingzi Ming
- The Transplantation Center of the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Engineering & Technology Research Center for Transplantation Medicine of National Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Yingzi Ming,
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13
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Heidari M, Khalili M, Malek Hosseini SA, Geramizadeh B, Shamsaefar AR, Balouchi F, Karimi MH. Investigation of the Association Between the ITPA Gene 94C>A Gene Sequence Variant and Liver Transplant Rejection in Iranian Liver Transplant Recipients. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2022; 20:1094-1098. [PMID: 36718008 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2022.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase is an enzyme encoded by the ITPA gene and functions to prevent the incorporation of thiopurine nucleotides into DNA and RNA. Thiopurine drug metabolites such as azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine have been included in the lists of inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase substrates. Inosine triphosphatase gene alterations are other pharmacogenetic sequence variants possibly involved in thiopurine metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the possible association between ITPA 94C>A gene sequence variant (C-to-A substitution at nucleotide 94) in liver transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotyping of ITPA 94C>A was evaluated by the polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism method in 200 liver transplant recipients as well as 100 controls. Data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software. RESULTS This study showed statistically significant associations between the CA genotype of the ITPA 94C>A sequence variant and liver transplant in the rejection and nonrejection groups. Moreover, the results reported in this study showed no significant differences between sex, age, and blood group in patients with liver transplant (with or without transplant rejection). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that there were statistically significant associations of the CA genotype of ITPA 94C>A sequence variant with liver transplant in the rejection and nonrejection groups. Further studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Heidari
- From the Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Autoimmunity in human CE: Correlative with the fertility status of the CE cyst. Helminthologia 2022; 59:1-17. [PMID: 35601761 PMCID: PMC9075880 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is speculated to exert several immune-evasion strategies involving autoimmune-phenomena. We evaluated the hypothesizes that the prevalence of autoantibodies increases in the sera of CE patients that may evidence the association between the parasite and autoimmune diseases. Sera from 63 subjects at distinct types of CE cyst fertility were investigated for antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and anti-CCP antibodies. Plasma levels and cellular production of IL-17A cytokine were specifically defined as being assumed to prime for autoimmunity. Healthy-controls were age and gender-matched to test sera. ANA expressions inside the surgically removed metacestode and adventitial layer were also assayed. Out of 63 patients, 35 % had fertile highly viable cysts (group-1), 41 % had fertile low viable cysts (group-2) and 24 % had non-fertile cysts (group-3). A four-fold increase in ANA sera-levels was detected in group-1 compared with their controls (p-value 0.001) while anti-CCP levels were of insignificant differences. In group-2 and group-3, no significant differences were detected between ANA and anti-CCP sera-levels in CE patients and their controls. IL-17A sera-levels in group-1 and group- 2 were significantly higher than their healthy-controls while being of insignificant differences in group-3, p-value= 0.300. No association was detected between sera-levels of IL-17A and ANA as well as anti-CCP antibodies. Interestingly, relative IL-17A cellular expression associated positive ANA deposition in the parasite cells and adventitial layer. Collectively, based on the parasite fertility, IL-17A and ANA seemed to be involved in the host immune defenses against CE. There is no association between CE and anti-CCP antibodies.
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15
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Garbuzenko DV. Pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation in liver fibrosis. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:3662-3676. [PMID: 35647163 PMCID: PMC9100727 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i12.3662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathological process controlled by a variety of cells, mediators and signaling pathways. Hepatic stellate cells play a central role in the development of liver fibrosis. In chronic liver disease, hepatic stellate cells undergo dramatic phenotypic activation and acquire fibrogenic properties. This review focuses on the pathophysiological mechanisms of hepatic stellate cells activation in liver fibrosis. They enter the cell cycle under the influence of various triggers. The “Initiation” phase of hepatic stellate cells activation overlaps and continues with the “Perpetuation” phase, which is characterized by a pronounced inflammatory and fibrogenic reaction. This is followed by a resolution phase if the injury subsides. Knowledge of these pathophysiological mechanisms paved the way for drugs aimed at preventing the development and progression of liver fibrosis. In this respect, impairments in intracellular signaling, epigenetic changes and cellular stress response can be the targets of therapy where the goal is to deactivate hepatic stellate cells. Potential antifibrotic therapy may focus on inducing hepatic stellate cells to return to an inactive state through cellular aging, apoptosis, and/or clearance by immune cells, and serve as potential antifibrotic therapy. It is especially important to prevent the formation of liver cirrhosis since the only radical approach to its treatment is liver transplantation which can be performed in only a limited number of countries.
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16
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Zeng S, Schnabl B. Roles for the mycobiome in liver disease. Liver Int 2022; 42:729-741. [PMID: 34995410 PMCID: PMC8930708 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease, a major cause of global mortality, has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes). Studies have associated changes in gut bacteria with pathogenesis and severity of liver disease, but the contributions of the mycobiome (the fungal populations of the gut) to health and disease have not been well studied. We review recent findings of alterations in the composition of the mycobiota in patients with liver disease and discuss the mechanisms by which these might affect pathogenesis and disease progression. Strategies to manipulate the gut mycobiota might be developed to treat or prevent liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Zeng
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Khotimchenko M, Brunk NE, Hixon MS, Walden DM, Hou H, Chakravarty K, Varshney J. In Silico Development of Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Key Signaling Pathways in Metabolic Syndrome. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2937-2950. [PMID: 35313359 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulations of key signaling pathways in metabolic syndrome are multifactorial, eventually leading to cardiovascular events. Hyperglycemia in conjunction with dyslipidemia induces insulin resistance and provokes release of proinflammatory cytokines resulting in chronic inflammation, accelerated lipid peroxidation with further development of atherosclerotic alterations and diabetes. We have proposed a novel combinatorial approach using FDA approved compounds targeting IL-17a and DPP4 to ameliorate a significant portion of the clustered clinical risks in patients with metabolic syndrome. In our current research we have modeled the outcomes of metabolic syndrome treatment using two distinct drug classes. METHODS Targets were chosen based on the clustered clinical risks in metabolic syndrome: dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose control, and chronic inflammation. Drug development platform, BIOiSIM™, was used to narrow down two different drug classes with distinct modes of action and modalities. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of the most promising drugs were modeling showing predicted outcomes of combinatorial therapeutic interventions. RESULTS Preliminary studies demonstrated that the most promising drugs belong to DPP-4 inhibitors and IL-17A inhibitors. Evogliptin was chosen to be a candidate for regulating glucose control with long term collateral benefit of weight loss and improved lipid profiles. Secukinumab, an IL-17A sequestering agent used in treating psoriasis, was selected as a repurposed candidate to address the sequential inflammatory disorders that follow the first metabolic insult. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis suggests this novel combinatorial therapeutic approach inducing DPP4 and Il-17a suppression has a high likelihood of ameliorating a significant portion of the clustered clinical risk in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Khotimchenko
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA
| | - Nicholas E Brunk
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA
| | - Mark S Hixon
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA
| | - Daniel M Walden
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA
| | - Hypatia Hou
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA
| | - Kaushik Chakravarty
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA.
| | - Jyotika Varshney
- VeriSIM Life, 1 Sansome Street, Suite 3500, San Francisco, California, 94104, USA.
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18
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Askoura M, Abbas HA, Al Sadoun H, Abdulaal WH, Abu Lila AS, Almansour K, Alshammari F, Khafagy ES, Ibrahim TS, Hegazy WAH. Elevated Levels of IL-33, IL-17 and IL-25 Indicate the Progression from Chronicity to Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus Patients. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010057. [PMID: 35056005 PMCID: PMC8781674 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most epidemic viral infections in the world. Three-quarters of individuals infected with HCV become chronic. As a consequence of persistent inflammation, a considerable percentage of chronic patients progress to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokines, which are particularly produced from T-helper cells, play a crucial role in immune protection against HCV and the progression of the disease as well. In this study, the role of interleukins IL-33, IL-17, and IL-25 in HCV patients and progression of disease from chronicity to hepatocellular carcinoma will be characterized in order to use them as biomarkers of disease progression. The serum levels of the tested interleukins were measured in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis C (CHC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and healthy controls (C), and their levels were correlated to the degree of liver fibrosis, liver fibrosis markers and viral load. In contrast to the IL-25 serum level, which increased in patients suffering from HCC only, the serum levels of both IL-33 and IL-17 increased significantly in those patients suffering from CHC and HCC. In addition, IL-33 serum level was found to increase by liver fibrosis progression and viral load, in contrast to both IL-17 and IL-25. Current results indicate a significant role of IL-33 in liver inflammation and fibrosis progress in CHC, whereas IL-17 and IL-25 may be used as biomarkers for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (W.A.H.H.); Tel.: +20-1125226642 (M.A.); +20-1101188800 (W.A.H.H.)
| | - Hisham A. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hadeel Al Sadoun
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wesam H. Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
| | - Farhan Alshammari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.L.); (K.A.); (F.A.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (W.A.H.H.); Tel.: +20-1125226642 (M.A.); +20-1101188800 (W.A.H.H.)
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19
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Fathi F, Saidi RF, Banafshe HR, Arbabi M, Lotfinia M, Motedayyen H. Changes in immune profile affect disease progression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221078476. [PMID: 35226515 PMCID: PMC8891922 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221078476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a chronic liver condition is largely associated with immune responses. Previous studies have revealed that different subsets of lymphocytes play fundamental roles in controlling or improving the development and outcome of solid tumors like HCC. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether immune system changes were related to disease development in HCC patients. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from 30 HCC patients and 30 healthy volunteers using Ficoll density centrifugation. The isolated cells were stained with different primary antibodies and percentages of different immune cells were determined by flow cytometry. Results: HCC patients indicated significant reductions in the numbers of CD4+ cells, Tbet+IFNγ+cells, and GATA+IL-4+cells in peripheral blood in comparison with healthy individuals (p < 0.05). There was no significant change in IL-17+RORγt+cells between patient and healthy groups. In contrast, Foxp3+CD127lowcell frequency was significantly higher in patients than healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). The numbers of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells were significantly lower in HCC patients than healthy control (p < 0.0001), although the reduction in Th2 cell numbers was not statistically significant. On the contrary, Treg percentage showed a significant increase in patients compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). Other data revealed that Th1, Th2, and Th17 cell frequencies were significantly higher in healthy individuals than patients with different TNM stages of HCC, with the exception of Th2 in patients with stage II HCC (p < 0.01-0.05). Treg percentage was significantly increased in patients with different TNM stages (p < 0.0001). Among all CD4+ T cells, the frequency of Th2 cell was significantly associated with TNM stages of HCC (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our data provide further evidence to show that immune changes may participate in determining HCC progression and disease outcome. However, it should be mentioned that more investigations are needed to clarify our results and explain possible impacts of other immune cells on the pathogenesis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Fathi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, 48455Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza F Saidi
- Division of Transplant Services, Department of Surgery, 12302SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Hamid Reza Banafshe
- Physiology Research Center, 48462Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Arbabi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, 48462Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Lotfinia
- Physiology Research Center, 48462Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Motedayyen
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, 48462Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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20
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HIF-1α modulates sex-specific Th17/Treg responses during hepatic amoebiasis. J Hepatol 2022; 76:160-173. [PMID: 34599999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS An invasive form of intestinal Entamoeba (E.) histolytica infection, which causes amoebic liver abscess, is more common in men than in women. Immunopathological mechanisms are responsible for the more severe outcome in males. Here, we used a mouse model of hepatic amoebiasis to investigate the contribution of hepatic hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α to T helper 17 (Th17)/regulatory T cell (Treg) responses in the context of the sex-specific outcome of liver damage. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were infected intrahepatically with E. histolytica trophozoites. HIF-1α expression was determined by qPCR, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Tregs and Th17 cells were analysed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Finally, male and female hepatocyte-specific Hif1α knockout mice were generated, and the effect of HIF-1α on abscess development, the cytokine milieu, and Th17/Treg differentiation was examined. RESULTS E. histolytica infection increased hepatic HIF-1α levels, along with the elevated frequencies of hepatic Th17 and Treg cells. While the Th17 cell population was larger in male mice, Tregs characterised by increased expression of Foxp3 in female mice. Male mice displayed increased IL-6 expression, contributing to immunopathology; this increase in IL-6 expression declined upon deletion of hepatic HIF-1α. In both sexes, hepatic deletion of HIF-1α reduced the Th17 cell frequency; however, the percentage of Tregs was reduced in female mice only. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic HIF-1α modulates the sex-specific outcome of murine E. histolytica infection. Our results suggest that in male mice, Th17 cells can be modulated by hepatic HIF-1α via IL-6, indicating marked involvement in the immunopathology underlying abscess development. Strong expression of Foxp3 by hepatic Tregs from female mice suggests a potent immunosuppressive function, leading to initiation of liver regeneration. LAY SUMMARY Infection with the parasite Entamoeba histolytica activates immunopathological mechanisms in male mice, which lead to liver abscesses that are larger than those in female mice. In the absence of the protein HIF-1α in hepatocytes, abscess formation is reduced; moreover, the sex difference in abscess size is abolished. These results suggest that HIF-1α modulates the immune response involved in the induction of immunopathology, resulting in differential disease susceptibility in males and females.
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Wei L, Abraham D, Ong V. The Yin and Yang of IL-17 in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885609. [PMID: 35603223 PMCID: PMC9116143 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-17 (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a sub-set of T helper cells termed Th17 cells primarily in response to cytokines like TGF-β and IL-23 and play an important role in host defense. IL-17 signals via the IL-17RA/RC heterodimer and the adaptor protein Act1 to activate both canonical and non-canonical pathways inducing transcriptional activation and stabilization of mRNAs. IL-17 appears to act not directly on immune cells but stimulates stromal cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells and fibroblasts to secrete other immunomodulatory factors. Fibroblast activated by IL-17 can support the growth and differentiation of immune cells. Studies have begun to uncover a dual role for IL-17; on one hand enhancing immune reactions and promoting inflammatory diseases and on the other decreasing responses and immune activity in established disease settings. The balance of double-edged sword effect of IL-17 and autoimmunity is illustrated in a variety of human diseases and experimental models of diseases. Specifically, the emerging interest in autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) has led to potential role of IL-17A as a target therapy in this disease.
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22
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El Saftawy EA, Abdelmoktader A, Sabry MM, Alghandour SM. Histological and immunological insights to hydatid disease in camels. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2021; 26:100635. [PMID: 34879946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the immuno-histological evidences in viable and non-viable hydatid cysts obtained from naturally infected camels. METHODS A cohort study (February 2018-December 2019), a total of 15 hydatidosis-infected camels from slaughter houses in Cairo were involved. Specimens were investigated for parasite viability, liver histological changes, IL-17A cytokine immunohistochemical expressions in the adventitial layer, and the anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) immunofluorescent expression in the metacestode's structures. Real-Time Quantitative -Morphocytometry and SPSS were utilized. RESULTS Multi-focal lesions and high viability were found in 60% of the cases. Overall accumulation of collagen associated the parasite establishment that involved infiltrations of mononuclear cells with significantly increased IL-17A expression. Interestingly, the ANAs appeared to have a role in the immune-defense against the metacestode showing different patterns. ANAs production correlated with IL-17A expression and the viability of the parasite. CONCLUSION IL-17A responses in hydatidosis is associated with collagen deposition and ANA production as a sort of anti-parasite immunity in a viability dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas A El Saftawy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt; Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Armed Forces College of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Abdelrahman Abdelmoktader
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Marwa Mohamed Sabry
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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23
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Abstract
Interleukin 17A (IL-17A)-producing T helper 17 (Th17) cells were identified as a subset of T helper cells that play a critical role in host defense against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Th17 cells differentiate from Th0 naïve T-cells in response to transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and IL-6, the cytokines which also drive development of liver fibrosis, require activation of transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor gamma t (RORγt). IL-17A signals through the ubiquitously expressed receptor IL-17RA. Expression of IL-17RA is upregulated in patients with hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus (HBV/HCV) infections, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcohol-associated liver disease (AALD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and experimental models of chronic toxic liver injury. The role of IL-17 signaling in the pathogenesis of NASH- and AALD-induced metabolic liver injury and HCC will be the focus of this review. The role of IL-17A-IL-17RA axis in mediation of the cross-talk between metabolically injured hepatic macrophages, hepatocytes, and fibrogenic myofibroblasts will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Gen Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hiroaki Fuji
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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24
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Gong L, Liao L, Dai X, Xue X, Peng C, Li Y. The dual role of immune response in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: Implication for immune pharmacological targets. Toxicol Lett 2021; 351:37-52. [PMID: 34454010 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP), one of the most widely used antipyretic and analgesic drugs, principally contributes to drug-induced liver injury when taken at a high dose. APAP-induced liver injury (AILI) results in extensive necrosis of hepatocytes along with the occurrence of multiple intracellular events such as metabolic activation, cell injury, and signaling pathway activation. However, the specific role of the immune response in AILI remains controversial for its complicated regulatory mechanisms. A variety of inflammasomes, immune cells, inflammatory mediators, and signaling transduction pathways are activated in AILI. These immune components play antagonistic roles in aggravating the liver injury or promoting regeneration. Recent experimental studies indicated that natural products showed remarkable therapeutic effects against APAP hepatotoxicity due to their favorable efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to review the present understanding of the immune response in AILI and attempted to establish ties among a series of inflammatory cascade reactions. Also, the immune molecular mechanisms of natural products in the treatment of AILI were extensively reviewed, thus providing a fundamental basis for exploring the potential pharmacological targets associated with immune interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xuyang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xinyan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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25
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Bellanti F, Vendemiale G. Coronavirus disease 2019 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:969-978. [PMID: 34630869 PMCID: PMC8473503 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v13.i9.969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may present with a broad range of clinical manifestations, from no or mild symptoms to severe disease. Patients with specific pre-existing comorbidities, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, are at high risk of coming out with a critical form of COVID-19. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, and, because of its frequent association with metabolic alterations including obesity and type 2 diabetes, it has recently been re-named as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Several studies and systematic reviews pointed out the increased risk of severe COVID-19 in NAFLD/MAFLD patients. Even though dedicated mechanistic studies are missing, this higher probability may be justified by systemic low-grade chronic inflammation associated with immune dysregulation in NAFLD/MAFLD, which could trigger cytokine storm and hypercoagulable state after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. This review focuses on the predisposing role of NAFLD/MAFLD in favoring severe COVID-19, discussing the available information on specific risk factors, clinical features, outcomes, and pathogenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellanti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
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26
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Chen D, Zeng R, Teng G, Cai C, Pan T, Tu H, Lin H, Du Q, Wang H, Chen Y. Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells attenuate inflammation and improve the mortality of acute liver failure combining with A2AR agonist in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:2619-2627. [PMID: 33729623 PMCID: PMC8518829 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Acute liver failure (ALF) poses a serious public health issue. The menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MenSCs) have been applied to cure various liver-related diseases. However, the efficacy and mechanism are far from clear. This study aims to explore the efficacy and potential mechanism of MenSCs to cure ALF. METHODS We investigate the potential mechanism of MenSCs on the ALF in vitro and in vivo. A2A adenosine receptor (A2AR) activation was investigated as the potential reinforcer for MenSCs treatment. Lipid polysaccharide/d-galactosamine (d-GalN) was employed to induce ALF. Diverse techniques were used to measure the inflammatory cytokines and key signaling molecules. Hematoxylin-eosin stain and aminotransaminases were applied to evaluate the liver injury. Flow cytometry was employed to assess the T cells. RESULTS The MenSCs can decrease the lipid polysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine elevation and related signaling molecules in ALF, including TLR4, phosphorylated-NF-kBp65 (p-NF-kBp65), PI3K, and p-AKT, p-mTOR and p-IKK in vitro. Moreover, MenSCs also can significantly reverse the liver injury, inflammatory cytokines elevation and related signaling molecules increase, and Treg/Th17 ratio decrease in vivo. In addition, MenSCs plus A2AR agonist can enhance the above changes. CONCLUSIONS The MenSCs can attenuate the ALF-induced liver injury via inhibition of TLR4-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR/IKK signaling. Then, this inhibits the p-NF-κBp65 translocate into nuclear, which causes a decrease of inflammatory cytokines release. Moreover, A2AR agonist can play a synergic role with MenSCs and enhance the above-mentioned effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dazhi Chen
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Ruichao Zeng
- Department of Oncological SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina,Precision and Systems BiomedicineQIMR Berghofer Medical Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia,Faculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Guigen Teng
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Hanxiao Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Hongwei Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Qingjing Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Huahong Wang
- Department of GastroenterologyPeking University First HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of HepatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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27
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Han J, Zhang X. Complement Component C3: A Novel Biomarker Participating in the Pathogenesis of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:653293. [PMID: 34395461 PMCID: PMC8358116 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.653293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common cause of chronic liver disorder worldwide. The pathological spectrum of NAFLD ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) that induces progressive liver cirrhosis and eventually hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the molecular mechanisms driving the transformation of NASH are obscure. There is a compelling need for understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of NASH, and thereby providing new insight into mechanism-based therapy. Currently, several studies reported that complement system, an innate immune system, played an important role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, which was also proved by our recent study. Complement component 3 (C3), a protein of the innate immune system, plays a hub role in the complement system. Herein, we present a review on the role and molecular mechanism of C3 in NASH as well as its implication in NASH diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juqiang Han
- Institute of Liver Disease, The 7th Medical Centre of Chinese People Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.,The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- The Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Lotfy A, Elgamal A, Burdzinska A, Swelum AA, Soliman R, Hassan AA, Shiha G. Stem cell therapies for autoimmune hepatitis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:386. [PMID: 34233726 PMCID: PMC8262021 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02464-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic inflammatory hepatic disorder which may cause liver fibrosis. Appropriate treatment of autoimmune hepatitis is therefore important. Adult stem cells have been investigated as therapies for a variety of disorders in latest years. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were the first known adult stem cells (ASCs) and can give rise to all of the cell types in the blood and immune system. Originally, HSC transplantation was served as a therapy for hematological malignancies, but more recently researchers have found the treatment to have positive effects in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are ASCs which can be extracted from different tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and dental pulp. MSCs interact with several immune response pathways either by direct cell-to-cell interactions or by the secretion of soluble factors. These characteristics make MSCs potentially valuable as a therapy for autoimmune diseases. Both ASC and ASC-derived exosomes have been investigated as a therapy for autoimmune hepatitis. This review aims to summarize studies focused on the effects of ASCs and their products on autoimmune hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Lotfy
- Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Postgraduate Studies for Advanced Sciences (PSAS), Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Aya Elgamal
- Department of Animal Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anna Burdzinska
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Nowogrodzka 59, 02-006, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.,Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Soliman
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.,Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Hassan
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Gamal Shiha
- Egyptian Liver Research Institute and Hospital (ELRIAH), Mansoura, Egypt. .,Hepatology and Gastroenterology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
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29
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Chu H, Wang J, Wang Q, Chen J, Li J, Li H, Zhang L. Protective Effect of n-Butanol Extract from Viola yedoensis on Immunological Liver Injury. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2001043. [PMID: 33929783 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Viola yedoensis Makino was used to treat inflammation, viral hepatitis, acute pyogenic infection, and ulcerative carbuncles. However, the protective effect on immunological liver injury (ILI) of V. yedoensis had been rarely reported. This study aimed to explore the protective effect of n-butanol extract (BE) from V. yedoensis on ILI in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the BE significantly inhibited the secretions of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the HepG2.2.15 cells and the replication of HBV DNA. The research data in vivo revealed that the BE reduced the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) in liver tissues of the ConA-induced mice, while increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and the effective contents of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and the BE could ameliorate liver histological lesions. These results motivated a further investigation into the chemical constituents of BE. Four coumarins (esculetin, prionanthoside, cichoriin, and esculin) and one flavonoid (quercetin-3-O-galactoside) were isolated from the BE by silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization, of which structures were eventually confirmed by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jiexin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Jiaoning Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Hangying Li
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Ningxia Engineering and Technology Research Center for Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), Yinchuan, 750004, P. R. China
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30
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Lurje I, Werner W, Mohr R, Roderburg C, Tacke F, Hammerich L. In Situ Vaccination as a Strategy to Modulate the Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650486. [PMID: 34025657 PMCID: PMC8137829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy that develops in patients with chronic liver diseases and dysregulated systemic and hepatic immunity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and is central to mediating immune evasion and resistance to therapy. The interplay between these cells types often leads to insufficient antigen presentation, preventing effective anti-tumor immune responses. In situ vaccines harness the tumor as the source of antigens and implement sequential immunomodulation to generate systemic and lasting antitumor immunity. Thus, in situ vaccines hold the promise to induce a switch from an immunosuppressive environment where HCC cells evade antigen presentation and suppress T cell responses towards an immunostimulatory environment enriched for activated cytotoxic cells. Pivotal steps of in situ vaccination include the induction of immunogenic cell death of tumor cells, a recruitment of antigen-presenting cells with a focus on dendritic cells, their loading and maturation and a subsequent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells to ensure cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Several in situ vaccine approaches have been suggested, with vaccine regimens including oncolytic viruses, Flt3L, GM-CSF and TLR agonists. Moreover, combinations with checkpoint inhibitors have been suggested in HCC and other tumor entities. This review will give an overview of various in situ vaccine strategies for HCC, highlighting the potentials and pitfalls of in situ vaccines to treat liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Lurje
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Werner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphael Mohr
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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31
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Ahmed LA, Mohamed AF, Abd El-Haleim EA, El-Tanbouly DM. Boosting Akt Pathway by Rupatadine Modulates Th17/Tregs Balance for Attenuation of Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Failure in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:651150. [PMID: 33995066 PMCID: PMC8121023 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.651150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of Th17/Tregs homeostasis plays a crucial role in governing the immune response during myocardial fibrosis and its progression to heart failure. The present study aimed to assess for the first time the possible protection afforded by rupatadine against isoproterenol-induced heart failure in rats. It also explored the role of PI3k/Akt as a possible mechanistic pathway, through which rupatadine could modulate Th17/Tregs balance to display its effect. Isoproterenol (85 and 170 mg/kg/day) was injected subcutaneously for 2 successive days, respectively and rupatadine (4 mg/kg/day) was then given orally for 14 days with or without wortmannin (PI3K/Akt inhibitor). Rupatadine succeeded to completely ameliorate isoproterenol-induced cardiac dysfunction as demonstrated by improvements of electrocardiographic and echocardiographic measurements. Moreover, rupatadine prevented the marked elevation of PAF and oxidative stress in addition to Th17 promoting cytokines (IL-6, IL-23, and TGF-β). Accordingly, rupatadine prevented Th17 stimulation or expansion as indicated by increased Foxp3/RORγt ratio and decreased production of its pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-17). Rupatadine treatment mitigated isoproterenol-induced activation of STAT-3 signaling and the imbalance in p-Akt/total Akt ratio affording marked decrease in atrogin-1 and apoptotic biomarkers. Finally, this therapy was effective in averting cardiac troponin loss and reverting the histological alterations as assessed by myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy grading. Contrariwise, co-administration of wortmannin mostly attenuated the protective effects of rupatadine affording more or less similar results to that of isoproterenol-untreated rats. In conclusion, rupatadine could be an effective therapy against the development of isoproterenol-induced heart failure where PI3K/Akt pathway seems to play a crucial role in its protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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32
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Liang KH, Lai MW, Lin YH, Chu YD, Lin CL, Lin WR, Huang YH, Wang TH, Chien RN, Hu TH, Yeh CT. Plasma interleukin-17 and alpha-fetoprotein combination effectively predicts imminent hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence in liver cirrhotic patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:177. [PMID: 33865328 PMCID: PMC8052794 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Predicting imminent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in liver cirrhotic patients is an unmet medical need. We aimed to investigate circulatory biomarkers and their optimum combinations in a prospective study.
Methods We investigated plasma interleukin 17 (IL-17) concentrations, quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for the prediction of HCC in a large cohort of 404 HCC-naïve liver cirrhotic patients regularly followed after recruitment. Additionally, IL-17 in surgically resected tumor tissues were evaluated using immunohistochemistry staining.
Results IL-17 was detected in HCC tissues. The IL-17 concentrations in the peripheral blood do not have correlation with an extensive list of 31 common demographic, metabolic and liver function variables in the cohort of liver cirrhotic patients. Furthermore, patients stratified by IL-17 and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) showed distinctive cumulative incidence of HCC. Imminent HCC, defined here as HCC occurrence within 1 year, can be predicted by IL-17 alone with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] of 0.762 (P = 0.002). An multivariate analysis showed that age, hepatitis C viral infection, AFP and IL-17 were four independent factors associated with imminent HCC (adjusted P = 0.03, 0.041, 0.024 and 0.008 respectively). An explicit risk score (R) combining the concentrations of two plasma biomarkers, AFP and IL-17, achieved a high AUC of 0.933 (95% confidence interval 0.893–0.972, P < 0.001) in predicting imminent HCC, with 100% sensitivity and 79.9% specificity at the optimum cutoff. The score is defined as: \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\text{R}} = (2.6914)*{\text{IL-17}} + (0.3909)*{\text{AFP}} - (0.80812875)*{\text{IL-17}}^{2} + (0.10288876884)*{\text{IL-17}}^{2} *{\text{AFP}}.$$\end{document}R=(2.6914)∗IL-17+(0.3909)∗AFP-(0.80812875)∗IL-172+(0.10288876884)∗IL-172∗AFP. Conclusions The circulatory IL-17 concentration is a predictor of subsequent HCC occurrence in liver cirrhotic patients. The combination of AFP and IL-17 is highly effective in predicting imminent HCC within 1 year. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12876-021-01761-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Hao Liang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Lai
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Hsiang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yu-De Chu
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Lang Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Liver Research Unit, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 222, Maijin Road, Keelung, Taiwan.,Community Medicine Research Center, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wey-Ran Lin
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Tong-Hung Wang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan.,Liver Research Unit, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 222, Maijin Road, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hui Hu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan. .,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, 5, Fu-Shin street, Kuei-Shan District, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Tehrani HA, Einollahi B, Ahmadpoor P, Nafar M, Nikoueinejad H, Parvin M, Ashrafi S, Dalili N. The relationship between T-cell infiltration in biopsy proven acute T-cell mediated rejection with allograft function and response to therapy: A retrospective study. Transpl Immunol 2021; 71:101394. [PMID: 33865964 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2021.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the degree of CD3, CD20, Th17, and Tregs infiltration in kidney biopsy of the patients with acute cellular rejection and the possible relation with graft outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, fifty patients with Acute T Cell-Mediated Rejection (ATCMR) were enrolled. Previous and one year clinical follow-up data were collected. The kidney specimens were evaluated for infiltration of CD3, CD20, FOXP3, and Th17 with IHC. According to the serum creatinine level in one-year follow-up of the patients after rejection therapy and function of the transplanted organ from the day admitted into the hospital, they were respectively categorized in Stable graft function versus impaired graft function; appropriate response to treatment versus failure to response. RESULTS Treg (P = 0.96) and Th17 (P = 0.24) cells were more in the unstable group than the stable group, but the difference wasn't significant. On the other hand, the FOXP3/Th17 ratio was higher in the stable group (P = 0.22). Moreover Treg (P = 0.1) and Th17 (P = 0.15) were higher in failure to response group, but FOXP3/Th17 was higher in proper response group (P = 0.8). CONCLUSION From the results, it can be concluded that TH17 infiltration has a more significant effect on graft outcome and response to rejection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Azhdari Tehrani
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Department of Nephrology, Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Ahmadpoor
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Nephrology, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nafar
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Department of Nephrology, Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadra Ashrafi
- Student of Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee, Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Dalili
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center (CKDRC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Department of Nephrology, Shahid Labbafinejad Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yeung OWH, Qi X, Pang L, Liu H, Ng KTP, Liu J, Lo CM, Man K. Type III TGF-β Receptor Down-Regulation Promoted Tumor Progression via Complement Component C5a Induction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071503. [PMID: 33805946 PMCID: PMC8037431 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The clinical implications of TGFβR3 downregulation are currently unknown in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, we identified that HCC patients with low expression levels of tumoral TGFβR3 exhibited significantly late tumor stages and shortened survival outcomes. Moreover, HCC patients developed lower plasma levels of TGFβR3 (sTGFβR3) (8.9 ng/mL) compared to healthy individuals (15.9 ng/mL), which represented a potential diagnostic marker. Similar to tumoral TGFβR3, low levels of plasma sTGFβR3 are also associated with poor clinical outcomes in HCC. To determine its tumor-suppressing capacities, continuous injection of sTGFβR3 in an orthotopic liver tumor model was performed, resulting in 2-fold tumor volume reduction compared to control. Decreased expression of TGFβR3 induced the upregulation of tumoral complement component C5a in HCC, which was found to contribute to poor clinical outcomes and promote tumor progression via a novel function in activating the tumor-promoting macrophages. Abstract Background and Aims—Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling orchestrates tumorigenesis and one of the family members, TGF-β receptor type III (TGFβR3), are distinctively under-expressed in numerous malignancies. Currently, the clinical impact of TGFβR3 down-regulation and the underlying mechanism remains unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aimed to identify the tumor-promoting roles of decreased TGFβR3 expression in HCC progression. Materials and Methods—For clinical analysis, plasma and liver specimens were collected from 100 HCC patients who underwent curative resection for the quantification of TGFβR3 by q-PCR and ELISA. To study the tumor-promoting mechanism of TGFβR3 downregulation, HCC mouse models and TGFβR3 knockout cell lines were applied. Results—Significant downregulation of TGFβR3 and its soluble form (sTGFβR3) were found in HCC tissues and plasma compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.01). Patients with <9.4 ng/mL sTGFβR3 exhibited advanced tumor stage, higher recurrence rate and shorter disease-free survival (p < 0.05). The tumor-suppressive function of sTGFβR3 was further revealed in an orthotopic mouse HCC model, resulting in 2-fold tumor volume reduction. In TGFβR3 knockout hepatocyte and HCC cells, increased complement component C5a was observed and strongly correlated with shorter survival and advanced tumor stage (p < 0.01). Interestingly, C5a activated the tumor-promoting Th-17 response in tumor associated macrophages. Conclusion—TGFβR3 suppressed tumor progression, and decreased expression resulted in poor prognosis in HCC patients through upregulation of tumor-promoting complement C5a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kwan Man
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-39179646
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Network Pharmacology-Based Study on the Molecular Biological Mechanism of Action for Qingdu Decoction against Chronic Liver Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6661667. [PMID: 33747110 PMCID: PMC7952185 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6661667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Qingdu Decoction (QDD) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for treating chronic liver injury (CLI). Materials and methods. A network pharmacology combining experimental validation was used to investigate potential mechanisms of QDD against CLI. We firstly screened the bioactive compounds with pharmacology analysis platform of the Chinese medicine system (TCMSP) and gathered the targets of QDD and CLI. Then, we constructed a compound-target network and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and enriched core targets in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathways. At last, we used a CLI rat model to confirm the effect and mechanism of QDD against CLI. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot (WB), and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were used. Results 48 bioactive compounds of QDD passed the virtual screening criteria, and 53 overlapping targets were identified as core targets of QDD against CLI. A compound-CLI related target network containing 94 nodes and 263 edges was constructed. KEGG enrichment of core targets contained some pathways related to CLI, such as hepatitis B, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, apoptosis, hepatitis C, interleukin-17 (IL-17) signaling pathway, and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathway. Three PPI clusters were identified and enriched in hepatitis B and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway, apoptosis and hepatitis B pathway, and peroxisome pathway, respectively. Animal experiment indicated that QDD decreased serum concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), endotoxin (ET), and IL-17 and increased prothrombin time activity (PTA) level. WB and RT-qPCR analyses indicated that, compared with the model group, the expression of cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-9 (caspase-9) protein, caspase-3 protein, B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax) mRNA, and cytochrome c (Cyt c) mRNA was inhibited and the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) mRNA was enhanced in the QDD group. Conclusions QDD has protective effect against CLI, which may be related to the regulation of hepatocyte apoptosis. This study provides novel insights into exploring potential biological basis and mechanisms of clinically effective formula systematically.
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Kisseleva T, Brenner D. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and its regression. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:151-166. [PMID: 33128017 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-020-00372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 246.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver injury leads to liver inflammation and fibrosis, through which activated myofibroblasts in the liver secrete extracellular matrix proteins that generate the fibrous scar. The primary source of these myofibroblasts are the resident hepatic stellate cells. Clinical and experimental liver fibrosis regresses when the causative agent is removed, which is associated with the elimination of these activated myofibroblasts and resorption of the fibrous scar. Understanding the mechanisms of liver fibrosis regression could identify new therapeutic targets to treat liver fibrosis. This Review summarizes studies of the molecular mechanisms underlying the reversibility of liver fibrosis, including apoptosis and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells, the crosstalk between the liver and the systems that orchestrate the recruitment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (and other inflammatory cells) driving fibrosis resolution, and the interactions between various cell types that lead to the intracellular signalling that induces fibrosis or its regression. We also discuss strategies to target hepatic myofibroblasts (for example, via apoptosis or inactivation) and the myeloid cells that degrade the matrix (for example, via their recruitment to fibrotic liver) to facilitate fibrosis resolution and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - David Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Helal M, Yan C, Gong Z. Stimulation of hepatocarcinogenesis by activated cholangiocytes via Il17a/f1 pathway in kras transgenic zebrafish model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1372. [PMID: 33446803 PMCID: PMC7809472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been well known that tumor progression is dependent on secreted factors not only from tumor cells but also from other surrounding non-tumor cells. In the current study, we investigated the role of cholangiocytes during hepatocarcinogenesis following induction of oncogenic krasV12 expression in hepatocytes using an inducible transgenic zebrafish model. Upon induction of carcinogenesis in hepatocytes, a progressive cell proliferation in cholangiocytes was observed. The proliferative response in cholangiocytes was induced by enhanced lipogenesis and bile acids secretion from hepatocytes through activation of Sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1pr2), a known cholangiocyte receptor involving in cholangiocyte proliferation. Enhancement and inhibition of S1pr2 could accelerate or inhibit cholangiocyte proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis respectively. Gene expression analysis of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes showed that cholangiocytes stimulated carcinogenesis in hepatocytes via an inflammatory cytokine, Il17a/f1, which activated its receptor (Il17ra1a) on hepatocytes and enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis via an ERK dependent pathway. Thus, the enhancing effect of cholangiocytes on hepatocarcinogenesis is likely via an inflammatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Helal
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore ,grid.419615.e0000 0004 0404 7762Marine Pollution Lab, Marine Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Chuan Yan
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Moradi F, Kooshki F, Nokhostin F, Khoshbaten M, Bazyar H, Pourghassem Gargari B. A pilot study of the effects of chromium picolinate supplementation on serum fetuin-A, metabolic and inflammatory factors in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2021; 63:126659. [PMID: 33045675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating the impact of chromium picolinate supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profile, inflammatory markers and fetuin-A in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS In present research, participants (N = 46) were randomized to (400 mcg/day, n = 23) chromium picolinate and placebo (n = 23) for 3 months. RESULTS Glucose indices, and lipid profiles, inflammatory biomarker and fetuin-A were measured before and after the intervention. Chromium reduced triglyceride (TG), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL) -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and fetuin-A significantly compared to placebo group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, chromium significantly increased the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI). There were no significant differences in total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), fasting blood sugar (FBS), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C), interleukin (IL)-17 between the two groups (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Chromium picolinate significantly decreased TG, insulin, HOMA-IR, fetuin-A, the number of inflammatory factors, and increased QUICKI without changing FBS, HbA1C, TC, LDL, HDL, IL-17 levels and liver steatosis intensity in patients with NAFLD. Further studies by examining the effect of different doses of chromium and mechanisms of cellular action, would help further clarify the subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry & Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Fateme Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry & Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Iran
| | - Forough Nokhostin
- Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Khoshbaten
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Bazyar
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Science, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Biochemistry & Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Iran.
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Mostafa AM, Saafan HA, Al-Tawashi AS, Kasem MH, Alaa AM, Eltobgy MM, Moubarak AS, Gharib MM, Awwad MA, Omar HM, El-Derany MO. Interleukin-17 haplotyping predicts hepatocellular carcinoma in sofosbuvir, pegylated interferon-alpha-2a & ribavirin treated chronic hepatitis C patients. Virus Res 2020; 292:198226. [PMID: 33171166 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Suspect has been directed towards some direct acting antivirals (DAAs) due to their reported association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. The mechanisms behind HCC development, following CHC treatment, were not well understood and may be linked to genetic variabilities in different patients which affect several cytokine productions involved in angiogenesis and inflammation. Of these variabilities, is the genetic polymorphisms in the interleukin-17 (IL-17) A receptor gene. Being an important pleiotropic cytokine, this study aimed to investigate the association between haplotypes in IL-17A receptor rs2275913 and rs3819024 and development of HCC in CHC patients treated with either triple therapy (sofosbuvir (SOF), pegylated interferon-alpha-2a (Peg-IFNα-2a) & ribavirin(RBV)) or with dual therapy (Peg-IFNα-2a&RBV). A cohort of 100 CHC patients was recruited in this study. Samples were tested for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in IL-17A receptor (rs2275913 and rs3819024) using TaqMan Genotyping assay. Our results showed that the presence of G-G haplotype in IL-17A (rs2275913& rs3819024) is inversely associated with HCC development in patients receiving triple therapy. While, high serum AFP levels are directly associated with HCC development in patients receiving triple therapy. However, in patients receiving dual therapy, HCC development was only associated with high serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels and was not correlated to any specific allele in our studied SNPs. Such results highlight the importance of IL17A receptor gene haplotyping in the prediction of HCC development in patients receiving triple therapy. These results will aid in performing tailored, personalized strategy for CHC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Mostafa
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hesham A Saafan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Al-Tawashi
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhannad H Kasem
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Alaa
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Eltobgy
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Moubarak
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Manar M Gharib
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Awwad
- Drug Design Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hazem M Omar
- Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Marwa O El-Derany
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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García-Marchena N, Maza-Quiroga R, Serrano A, Barrios V, Requena-Ocaña N, Suárez J, Chowen JA, Argente J, Rubio G, Torrens M, López-Gallardo M, Marco EM, Castilla-Ortega E, Santín LJ, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Pavón FJ, Araos P. Abstinent patients with alcohol use disorders show an altered plasma cytokine profile: Identification of both interleukin 6 and interleukin 17A as potential biomarkers of consumption and comorbid liver and pancreatic diseases. J Psychopharmacol 2020; 34:1250-1260. [PMID: 32536325 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120928176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated that alcohol consumption can modulate the immune system by directly activating natural immunity and triggering inflammatory processes in the central nervous system and in peripheral organs, such as the liver and pancreas. Patients with alcohol use disorders have an elevated frequency of comorbid mental disorders and gut diseases (i.e. fatty liver and pancreatitis) that complicate diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. AIMS The present study aims to explore possible associations in circulating plasma cytokine concentrations in abstinent patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorders. METHODS To this end, 85 abstinent subjects with alcohol use disorders from an outpatient setting and 55 healthy subjects were evaluated for both substance and mental disorders. The plasma levels of cytokines interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 4, interleukin 6, interleukin 17A, interferon gamma and tumour necrosis alpha were determined and their association with (a) history of alcohol consumption, (b) psychiatric comorbidity and (c) liver/pancreas comorbidities was explored. RESULTS We found that plasma concentrations of interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis alpha were increased, whereas plasma concentrations of interleukin 4, interleukin 17A and interferon gamma were decreased in abstinent alcohol use disorder patients as compared with control subjects. Moreover, we found that changes in interleukin 6 and interleukin 17A plasma concentrations in alcohol use disorder patients were associated with the presence of liver and pancreatic diseases. CONCLUSION The present results suggest alcohol use disorder is associated with alterations of plasma cytokines, being interleukin 6 and interleukin 17A potential biomarkers of the presence of comorbidities of digestive organs. The clinical relevance of these findings is discussed in the context of alcohol-induced inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria García-Marchena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Adicciones, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maza-Quiroga
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Requena-Ocaña
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julie Ann Chowen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Servicio de Psiquiatría, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Torrens
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions del Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell López-Gallardo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva María Marco
- Departamento de Fisiología II, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Luis Javier Santín
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica del Corazón, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Araos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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Drescher HK, Bartsch LM, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Intrahepatic T H17/T Reg Cells in Homeostasis and Disease-It's All About the Balance. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:588436. [PMID: 33123017 PMCID: PMC7566778 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.588436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Both acute and chronic hepatic inflammation likely result from an imbalance in the TH1/TH2 cell response and can lead to liver fibrosis and end-stage liver disease. More recently, a novel CD4+ T helper cell subset was described, characterized by the production of IL-17 and IL-22. These TH17 cells 50were predominantly implicated in host defense against infections and in autoimmune diseases. Interestingly, studies over the last 10 years revealed that the development of TH17 cells favors pro-inflammatory responses in almost all tissues and there is a reciprocal relationship between TH17 and TReg cells. The balance between TH17and TReg cells is critical for immune reactions, especially in injured liver tissue and the return to immune homeostasis. The pathogenic contribution of TH17 and TReg cells in autoimmunity, acute infection, and chronic liver injury is diverse and varies among disease etiologies. Understanding the mechanisms underlying TH17 cell development, recruitment, and maintenance, along with the suppression of TReg cells, will inform the development of new therapeutic strategies in liver diseases. Active manipulation of the balance between pathogenic and regulatory processes in the liver may assist in the restoration of homeostasis, especially in hepatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Drescher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lea M Bartsch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Lurje I, Hammerich L, Tacke F. Dendritic Cell and T Cell Crosstalk in Liver Fibrogenesis and Hepatocarcinogenesis: Implications for Prevention and Therapy of Liver Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197378. [PMID: 33036244 PMCID: PMC7583774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a chronic, highly prevalent disease that may progress to cirrhosis and substantially increases the risk for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Fibrotic livers are characterized by an inflammatory microenvironment that is composed of various immunologically active cells, including liver-resident populations (e.g., Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). While inflammatory injury drives both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, the tolerogenic microenvironment of the liver conveys immunosuppressive effects that encourage tumor growth. An insufficient crosstalk between dendritic cells (DCs), the professional antigen presenting cells, and T cells, the efficient anti-tumor effector cells, is one of the main mechanisms of HCC tumor tolerance. The meticulous analysis of patient samples and mouse models of fibrosis-HCC provided in-depth insights into molecular mechanisms of immune interactions in liver cancer. The therapeutic modulation of this multifaceted immunological response, e.g., by inhibiting immune checkpoint molecules, in situ vaccination, oncolytic viruses or combinations thereof, is a rapidly evolving field that holds the potential to improve the outcome of patients with HCC. This review aims to highlight the current understanding of DC–T cell interactions in fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis and to illustrate the potentials and pitfalls of therapeutic clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Nithiyanandam
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabina Evan Prince
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Soltani D, Jafari S, Ashraf H, Sobh-Rakhshankhah A, Kolahchi Z, Masoudkabir F, Boroumand MA, Vasheghani-Farahani A. Ratio of Serum Aspartate to Alanine Aminotransferase as a Marker of Isolated Coronary Artery Ectasia and its Severity. Heart Int 2020; 14:43-48. [PMID: 36277666 PMCID: PMC9524754 DOI: 10.17925/hi.2020.14.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 04/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported an association between elevated liver enzymes and increased risks for developing inflammatory diseases. The aim of our study was to examine how serum liver transaminases, as inexpensive and routinely measured markers, and the De Ritis ratio are associated with the presence of coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and its severity. METHODS Participants were recruited from patients admitted to Tehran Heart Center for diagnostic coronary angiography due to suspected myocardial ischaemia. These participants also underwent concurrent laboratory routine biochemical and liver enzyme tests. RESULTS A total of 104 participants were included; 59 had CAE and 45 were controls without coronary artery disease (CAD). The CAE group was split into a further two subgroups: those with isolated CAE (n=27) and those with CAD and coexisting CAE (n=32). In the adjusted multivariate analysis, a lower ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to ALT (AST/ALT) was, uniquely among the variables, a statistically significant marker for isolated CAE. In the CAD + CAE group, the AST/ALT ratio was not significant after adjustments for the confounding factors. The multivariate linear regression for the Markis score showed that the AST/ALT ratio was inversely associated with the severity of CAE. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the AST/ALT ratio and, to some extent, ALT independently of other inflammatory factors, can be associated with the presence and severity of isolated CAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danesh Soltani
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Jafari
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Haleh Ashraf
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cardiology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sobh-Rakhshankhah
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Kolahchi
- Students’ Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Masoudkabir
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Boroumand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vasheghani-Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Matsuda M, Seki E. The liver fibrosis niche: Novel insights into the interplay between fibrosis-composing mesenchymal cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 143:111556. [PMID: 32640349 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a hepatic wound-healing response caused by chronic liver diseases that include viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and cholestatic liver disease. Liver fibrosis eventually progresses to cirrhosis that is histologically characterized by an abnormal liver architecture that includes distortion of liver parenchyma, formation of regenerative nodules, and a massive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Despite intensive investigations into the underlying mechanisms of liver fibrosis, developments of anti-fibrotic therapies for liver fibrosis are still unsatisfactory. Recent novel experimental approaches, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and proteomics, have revealed the heterogeneity of ECM-producing cells (mesenchymal cells) and ECM-regulating cells (immune cells and endothelial cells). These approaches have accelerated the identification of fibrosis-specific subpopulations among these cell types. The ECM also consists of heterogenous components. Their production, degradation, deposition, and remodeling are dynamically regulated in liver fibrosis, further affecting the functions of cells responsible for fibrosis. These cellular and ECM elements cooperatively form a unique microenvironment: a fibrotic niche. Understanding the complex interplay between these elements could lead to a better understanding of underlying fibrosis mechanisms and to the development of effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Matsuda
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ekihiro Seki
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells Contribute to Hepatic Antigen-Presenting Cell Function and Th17 Expansion in Cirrhosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051227. [PMID: 32429209 PMCID: PMC7290576 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic immune function is compromised during cirrhosis. This study investigated the immune features of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) in two experimental models of cirrhosis. Dendritic cells, hepatic macrophages, and LSECs were isolated from carbon tetrachloride and bile duct-ligated rats. Gene expression of innate receptors, bacterial internalization, co-stimulatory molecules induction, and CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation were evaluated. Induced bacterial peritonitis and norfloxacin protocols on cirrhotic rats were also carried out. LSECs demonstrated an active immunosurveillance profile, as shown by transcriptional modulation of different scavenger and cell-adhesion genes, and their contribution to bacterial internalization. LSECs significantly increased their expression of CD40 and CD80 and stimulated CD4+ T cell activation marker CD71 in both models. The pro-inflammatory Th17 subset was expanded in CCl4-derived LSECs co-cultures. In the bile duct ligation (BDL) model, CD4+ T cell differentiation only occurred under induced bacterial peritonitis conditions. Differentiated pro-inflammatory Th cells by LSECs in both experimental models were significantly reduced with norfloxacin treatment, whereas Foxp3 tolerogenic Th CD4+ cells were expanded. Conclusion: LSECs’ participation in the innate-adaptive immune progression, their ability to stimulate pro-inflammatory CD4+ T cells expansion during liver damage, and their target role in norfloxacin-induced immunomodulation granted a specific competence to this cell population in cirrhosis.
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Ma HY, Yamamoto G, Xu J, Liu X, Karin D, Kim JY, Alexandrov LB, Koyama Y, Nishio T, Benner C, Heinz S, Rosenthal SB, Liang S, Sun M, Karin G, Zhao P, Brodt P, Mckillop IH, Quehenberger O, Dennis E, Saltiel A, Tsukamoto H, Gao B, Karin M, Brenner DA, Kisseleva T. IL-17 signaling in steatotic hepatocytes and macrophages promotes hepatocellular carcinoma in alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2020; 72:946-959. [PMID: 31899206 PMCID: PMC7167339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is associated with a marked increase in hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory IL-17A and its receptor IL-17RA. METHODS Genetic deletion and pharmacological blocking were used to characterize the role of IL-17A/IL-17RA signaling in the pathogenesis of HCC in mouse models and human specimens. RESULTS We demonstrate that the global deletion of the Il-17ra gene suppressed HCC in alcohol-fed diethylnitrosamine-challenged Il-17ra-/- and major urinary protein-urokinase-type plasminogen activator/Il-17ra-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. When the cell-specific role of IL-17RA signaling was examined, the development of HCC was decreased in both alcohol-fed Il-17raΔMΦ and Il-17raΔHep mice devoid of IL-17RA in myeloid cells and hepatocytes, but not in Il-17raΔHSC mice (deficient in IL-17RA in hepatic stellate cells). Deletion of Il-17ra in myeloid cells ameliorated tumorigenesis via suppression of pro-tumorigenic/inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic responses in alcohol-fed Il-17raΔMΦ mice. Remarkably, despite a normal inflammatory response, alcohol-fed Il-17raΔHep mice developed the fewest tumors (compared with Il-17raΔMΦ mice), with reduced steatosis and fibrosis. Steatotic IL-17RA-deficient hepatocytes downregulated the expression of Cxcl1 and other chemokines, exhibited a striking defect in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF receptor 1-dependent caspase-2-SREBP1/2-DHCR7-mediated cholesterol synthesis, and upregulated the production of antioxidant vitamin D3. The pharmacological blocking of IL-17A/Th-17 cells using anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibodies suppressed the progression of HCC (by 70%) in alcohol-fed mice, indicating that targeting IL-17 signaling might provide novel strategies for the treatment of alcohol-induced HCC. CONCLUSIONS Overall, IL-17A is a tumor-promoting cytokine, which critically regulates alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis, inflammation, fibrosis, and HCC. LAY SUMMARY IL-17A is a tumor-promoting cytokine, which critically regulates inflammatory responses in macrophages (Kupffer cells and bone-marrow-derived monocytes) and cholesterol synthesis in steatotic hepatocytes in an experimental model of alcohol-induced HCC. Therefore, IL-17A may be a potential therapeutic target for patients with alcohol-induced HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yen Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gen Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Karin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ju Youn Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ludmil B. Alexandrov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chris Benner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sven Heinz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara B. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Mengxi Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gabriel Karin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pnina Brodt
- Department of Medicine, McGill University and the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Iain H. Mckillop
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ed Dennis
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alan Saltiel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD & Cirrhosis Department of Pathology Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA,University of Southern California, and Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - David A. Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Intravenous Arginine Administration Benefits CD4 + T-Cell Homeostasis and Attenuates Liver Inflammation in Mice with Polymicrobial Sepsis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041047. [PMID: 32290120 PMCID: PMC7231035 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a single dose of arginine (Arg) administration at the beginning of sepsis on CD4+ T-cell regulation and liver inflammation in C57BL/6J mice. Mice were divided into normal control (NC), sham (SH), sepsis saline (SS), and sepsis Arg (SA) groups. An inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) inhibitor was administered to additional sepsis groups to evaluate the role of NO during sepsis. Sepsis was induced using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The SS and SA groups received saline or Arg (300 mg/kg body weight) via tail vein 1 h after CLP. Mice were euthanized at 12 and 24 h post-CLP. Blood, para-aortic lymph nodes, and liver tissues were collected for further measurement. The findings showed that sepsis resulted in decreases in blood and para-aortic lymph node CD4+ T-cell percentages, whereas percentages of interleukin (IL)-4- and IL-17-expressing CD4+ T cells were upregulated. Compared to the SS group, Arg administration resulted in maintained circulating and para-aortic lymph node CD4+ T cells, an increased Th1/Th2 ratio, and a reduced Th17/Treg ratio post-CLP. In addition, levels of plasma liver injury markers and expression of inflammatory genes in liver decreased. These results suggest that a single dose of Arg administered after CLP increased Arg availability, sustained CD4+ T-cell populations, elicited more-balanced Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg polarization in the circulation and the para-aortic lymph nodes, and attenuated liver inflammation in sepsis. The favorable effects of Arg were abrogated when an iNOS inhibitor was administered, which indicated that NO may be participated in regulating the homeostasis of Th/Treg cells and subsequent liver inflammation during sepsis.
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Ginsenoside F2 attenuates chronic-binge ethanol-induced liver injury by increasing regulatory T cells and decreasing Th17 cells. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:815-822. [PMID: 33192125 PMCID: PMC7655498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, beneficial roles of ginsenoside F2 (GF2), a minor constituent of Panax ginseng, have been demonstrated in diverse inflammatory diseases. However, its roles in alcoholic liver inflammation and injury have not been clearly understood. Here, we investigated the underlying mechanism by which GF2 ameliorated alcoholic liver injury. Methods To induce alcoholic liver injury, C57BL/6J wild type (WT) or interleukin (IL)-10 knockout (KO) mice were orally administered with ethanol (3 g/kg) or ethanol-containing GF2 (50 mg/kg) for 2 wk. Liver injury and infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils were evaluated by serum biochemistry and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The changes of hepatic immune cells were assessed by flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction analysis. In vitro differentiation of naïve T cells was performed. Results GF2 treatment significantly attenuated alcoholic liver injury, in which infiltrations of inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils were decreased. Moreover, the frequencies of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) increased but IL-17–producing T (Th17) cells decreased in GF2-treated mice compared to controls. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of IL-10 and Foxp3 was significantly increased, whereas IL-17 mRNA expression was suppressed in GF2-treated mice. However, these beneficial roles of GF2 were not observed in GF2-treated IL-10 KO mice, suggesting a critical role of IL-10. Similarly, GF2 treatment suppressed differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 cells by inhibiting RORγt expression and stimulating Foxp3 expression. Conclusion The present study suggests that GF2 treatment attenuates alcoholic liver injury by increasing IL-10 expression and Tregs and decreasing IL-17 expression and Th17 cells.
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Ishay Y, Nachman D, Khoury T, Ilan Y. The role of the sphingolipid pathway in liver fibrosis: an emerging new potential target for novel therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C1055-C1064. [PMID: 32130072 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00003.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SL) are a family of bioactive lipids and a major cellular membrane structural component. SLs include three main compounds: ceramide (Cer), sphingosine (Sp), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S-1P), all of which have emerging roles in biological functions in cells, especially in the liver. They are under investigation in various liver diseases, including cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of SLs in liver pathobiology and focus on their potential role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. We describe recent evidence and suggest SLs are a promising potential therapeutic target for the treatment of liver disease and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ishay
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dean Nachman
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tawfik Khoury
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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