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Niazi SK, Magoola M, Mariam Z. Innovative Therapeutic Strategies in Alzheimer's Disease: A Synergistic Approach to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:741. [PMID: 38931409 PMCID: PMC11206655 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a significant challenge in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, even nearly a century after its discovery, due to the elusive nature of its causes. The development of drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease has emerged as a promising strategy to address the complexities of AD and related conditions. The immune system's role, particularly in AD, has gained considerable interest, with nanobodies representing a new frontier in biomedical research. Advances in targeting antibodies against amyloid-β (Aβ) and using messenger RNA for genetic translation have revolutionized the production of antibodies and drug development, opening new possibilities for treatment. Despite these advancements, conventional therapies for AD, such as Cognex, Exelon, Razadyne, and Aricept, often have limited long-term effectiveness, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. This necessity has led to the incorporation advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning into the drug discovery process for neurodegenerative diseases. These technologies help identify therapeutic targets and optimize lead compounds, offering a more effective approach to addressing the challenges of AD and similar conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zamara Mariam
- Centre for Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Chamera K, Curzytek K, Kamińska K, Leśkiewicz M, Basta-Kaim A. Prenatal Immune Challenge Differentiates the Effect of Aripiprazole and Risperidone on CD200-CD200R and CX3CL1-CX3CR1 Dyads and Microglial Polarization: A Study in Organotypic Cortical Cultures. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:721. [PMID: 38929704 PMCID: PMC11205240 DOI: 10.3390/life14060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune cells of the central nervous system and extensively contribute to brain homeostasis. Dysfunctional or excessive activity of microglia may be associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Therefore, we examined whether aripiprazole and risperidone could influence the expression of the Cd200-Cd200r and Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 axes, which are crucial for the regulation of microglial activity and interactions of these cells with neurons. Additionally, we evaluated the impact of these drugs on microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory markers (Cd40, Il-1β, Il-6, Cebpb, Cd206, Arg1, Il-10 and Tgf-β) and cytokine release (IL-6, IL-10). The research was executed in organotypic cortical cultures (OCCs) prepared from the offspring of control rats (control OCCs) or those exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA OCCs), which allows for the exploration of schizophrenia-like disturbances in animals. All experiments were performed under basal conditions and after additional stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), following the "two-hit" hypothesis of schizophrenia. We found that MIA diminished the mRNA level of Cd200r and affected the OCCs' response to additional LPS exposure in terms of this parameter. LPS downregulated the Cx3cr1 expression and profoundly changed the mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory microglial markers in both types of OCCs. Risperidone increased Cd200 expression in MIA OCCs, while aripiprazole treatment elevated the gene levels of the Cx3cl1-Cx3cr1 dyad in control OCCs. The antipsychotics limited the LPS-generated increase in the expression of proinflammatory factors (Il-1β and Il-6) and enhanced the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory components (Cd206 and Tgf-β) of microglial polarization, mostly in the absence of the MIA procedure. Finally, we observed a more pronounced modulating impact of aripiprazole on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines when compared to risperidone in MIA OCCs. In conclusion, our data suggest that MIA might influence microglial activation and crosstalk of microglial cells with neurons, whereas aripiprazole and risperidone could beneficially affect these changes in OCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna St., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Soelter TM, Howton TC, Wilk EJ, Whitlock JH, Clark AD, Birnbaum A, Patterson DC, Cortes CJ, Lasseigne BN. Evaluation of altered cell-cell communication between glia and neurons in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice at two time points. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595199. [PMID: 38826305 PMCID: PMC11142088 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline, affecting behavior, speech, and motor abilities. The neuropathology of AD includes the formation of extracellular amyloid-β plaque and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of phosphorylated tau, along with neuronal loss. While neuronal loss is an AD hallmark, cell-cell communication between neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations maintains neuronal health and brain homeostasis. To study changes in cell-cell communication during disease progression, we performed snRNA-sequencing of the hippocampus from female 3xTg-AD and wild-type littermates at 6 and 12 months. We inferred differential cell-cell communication between 3xTg-AD and wild-type mice across time points and between senders (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and OPCs) and receivers (excitatory and inhibitory neurons) of interest. We also assessed the downstream effects of altered glia-neuron communication using pseudobulk differential gene expression, functional enrichment, and gene regulatory analyses. We found that glia-neuron communication is increasingly dysregulated in 12-month 3xTg-AD mice. We also identified 23 AD-associated ligand-receptor pairs that are upregulated in the 12-month-old 3xTg-AD hippocampus. Our results suggest increased AD association of interactions originating from microglia. Signaling mediators were not significantly differentially expressed but showed altered gene regulation and TF activity. Our findings indicate that altered glia-neuron communication is increasingly dysregulated and affects the gene regulatory mechanisms in neurons of 12-month-old 3xTg-AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea M. Soelter
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Howton
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Wilk
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jordan H. Whitlock
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Amanda D. Clark
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Allison Birnbaum
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dalton C. Patterson
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Constanza J. Cortes
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Brittany N. Lasseigne
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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Esposito E, Licastro E, Cuomo O, Lo EH, Hayakawa K, Pignataro G. Postconditioning promotes recovery in the neurovascular unit after stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1260389. [PMID: 37744881 PMCID: PMC10515625 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1260389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Experimental studies suggest that ischemic postconditioning interferes with cell death mechanisms and reduces infarction during the acute phase after focal cerebral ischemia. Postconditioning may be a practically feasible way to promote stroke recovery, but many drawbacks prevent its clinical translation. First, all existing studies are mostly on acute 24 h outcomes. Second, the mechanisms of protection and augmented long-term benefits remain unclear. Our study aims to define some of the mechanisms that explain long-term benefits of improved recovery. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to 100-min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or postconditioning (100-min middle cerebral artery occlusion plus 10-min reperfusion plus 10-min reocclusion). After 3 days or 2 weeks, infarct volumes, western blot, and immunohistochemical markers of neurogenesis and angiogenesis were quantified. Fluorocitrate (FC) or saline were administrated ICV (intraventricular injection) every other day starting on day 5 after focal cerebral ischemia, animals were recovered for 2 weeks. Results After postconditioning BDNF protein expression levels increased compared to animals subjected to MCAO. Immunostaining showed that BDNF increased specifically in astrocytes. Moreover, when astrocytes were metabolically inhibited by fluorocitrate the postconditioning neuroprotective effect together with the postconditioning-dependent new angiogenesis and neurogenesis, were no longer observed. Conclusion These results suggest for the first time that therapeutic effects of postconditioning may involve the promotion of neurogenesis and angiogenic remodeling, via BDNF released by astrocytes, during the recovery phase after focal cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elga Esposito
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA)
| | - Ester Licastro
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ornella Cuomo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eng H. Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Consortium International pour la Recherche Circadienne sur l'AVC (CIRCA)
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratories, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Dentistry Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Mihailova V, Stoyanova II, Tonchev AB. Glial Populations in the Human Brain Following Ischemic Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2332. [PMID: 37760773 PMCID: PMC10525766 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in glial cells in the central nervous system due to their important role in maintaining brain homeostasis under physiological conditions and after injury. A significant amount of evidence has been accumulated regarding their capacity to exert either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects under different pathological conditions. In combination with their proliferative potential, they contribute not only to the limitation of brain damage and tissue remodeling but also to neuronal repair and synaptic recovery. Moreover, reactive glial cells can modulate the processes of neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, and migration of neurons in the existing neural circuits in the adult brain. By discovering precise signals within specific niches, the regulation of sequential processes in adult neurogenesis holds the potential to unlock strategies that can stimulate the generation of functional neurons, whether in response to injury or as a means of addressing degenerative neurological conditions. Cerebral ischemic stroke, a condition falling within the realm of acute vascular disorders affecting the circulation in the brain, stands as a prominent global cause of disability and mortality. Extensive investigations into glial plasticity and their intricate interactions with other cells in the central nervous system have predominantly relied on studies conducted on experimental animals, including rodents and primates. However, valuable insights have also been gleaned from in vivo studies involving poststroke patients, utilizing highly specialized imaging techniques. Following the attempts to map brain cells, the role of various transcription factors in modulating gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia is gaining increasing popularity. Although the results obtained thus far remain incomplete and occasionally ambiguous, they serve as a solid foundation for the development of strategies aimed at influencing the recovery process after ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mihailova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (I.I.S.); (A.B.T.)
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Li M, Wang X, Yang L, Jiang Y, Xie Y, Li K. Acupuncture improves learning and memory ability of posttraumatic stress disorder model rats through epigenetic regulation of microglial phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:409-421. [PMID: 37066940 DOI: 10.3233/thc-236035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia express phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) has been implicated in the induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP) and in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. However, there are few studies on the interference of PI3K signal pathway in microglia. OBJECTIVE The study goal is to gain a better understanding of the mechanism by which EA affects synapses provides insights into how electroacupuncture (EA) modulates synaptic plasticity in learning and memory. METHODS Rat models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were used to explore the effects of EA on microglial PI3K pathway, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and LTP, and the target and mechanism underlying the effects of EA on PI3K from the perspective of protein ubiquitination. RESULTS EA induced microglial BDNF expression by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway, thereby facilitating LTP and synaptic plasticity. EA inhibited lincRNA 02023 to rescue the binding of WWP2 to PTEN, thereby promoting PTEN ubiquitination and degradation. CONCLUSION The mechanism of EA improving the learning and memory ability of PTSD rats may be that it can promote the competitive combination of WWP2 and PTEN by inhibiting Linc RNA02023, and then lead to microglial PI3K and its pathway activation, BDNF up-regulation, and finally induce LTP and repair damaged synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xian Wang
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Lijie Yang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiqiang Xie
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Hai Nan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Diaz-Galvan P, Miyagawa T, Przybelski SA, Lesnick TG, Senjem ML, Jack CR, Forsberg LK, Min HK, St. Louis EK, Savica R, Fields JA, Benarroch EE, Lowe V, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Kantarci K. Brain glucose metabolism and nigrostriatal degeneration in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Brain Commun 2023; 5:fcad021. [PMID: 36844148 PMCID: PMC9945851 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations of cerebral glucose metabolism can be detected in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, a prodromal feature of neurodegenerative diseases with α-synuclein pathology. However, metabolic characteristics that determine clinical progression in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and their association with other biomarkers need to be elucidated. We investigated the pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, differentiating between those who clinically progressed and those who remained stable over time. Second, we studied the association between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and lower dopamine transporter availability in the putamen, another hallmark of synucleinopathies. Patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder from the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center and Center for Sleep Medicine (n = 22) and age-and sex-matched clinically unimpaired controls (clinically unimpaired; n = 44) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging were included. All participants underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and dopamine transporter imaging with iodine 123-radiolabeled 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane on single-photon emission computerized tomography. A subset of patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder with follow-up evaluations (n = 17) was classified as isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder progressors (n = 7) if they developed mild cognitive impairment or Parkinson's disease; or isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder stables (n = 10) if they remained with a diagnosis of isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder with no cognitive impairment. Glucose metabolic abnormalities in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder were determined by comparing atlas-based regional 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET uptake between isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and clinically unimpaired. Associations between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and dopamine transporter availability in the putamen were analyzed with Pearson's correlation within the nigrostriatal pathway structures and with voxel-based analysis in the cortex. Patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder had lower glucose metabolism in the substantia nigra, retrosplenial cortex, angular cortex, and thalamus, and higher metabolism in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex compared with clinically unimpaired. Patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder who clinically progressed over time were characterized by higher glucose metabolism in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex, and lower glucose metabolism in the cerebellum compared with clinically unimpaired. Lower dopamine transporter availability in the putamen was associated with higher glucose metabolism in the pallidum within the nigrostriatal pathway; and with higher 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the amygdala, insula, and temporal pole on a voxel-based analysis, although these associations did not survive after correcting for multiple comparisons. Our findings suggest that cerebral glucose metabolism in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is characterized by hypometabolism in regions frequently affected during the prodromal stage of synucleinopathies, potentially reflecting synaptic dysfunction. Hypermetabolism is also seen in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, suggesting that synaptic metabolic disruptions may be leading to a lack of inhibition, compensatory mechanisms, or microglial activation, especially in regions associated with nigrostriatal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toji Miyagawa
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Scott A Przybelski
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Timothy G Lesnick
- Department of Quantitative Health Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Matthew L Senjem
- Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Clifford R Jack
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Leah K Forsberg
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rodolfo Savica
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Julie A Fields
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Val Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Qin J, Yao B, Xie L, Wang T, Zhang S, Luo M, Wang H, Xu D, Peng B. Impact of prenatal amoxicillin exposure on hippocampal development deficiency. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109331. [PMID: 36396078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amoxicillin has been widely used to treat infectious diseases during pregnancy. Current studies suggest that amoxicillin exposure during pregnancy could lead to developmental disorders in the offspring and increase the incidence of long-term complications such as asthma and kidney damage in adulthood. However, the adverse effects of prenatal amoxicillin exposure (PAmE) including administration stage, doses and courses on fetal hippocampal neurodevelopment and its function in the offspring have not been elucidated. In this study, we intend to investigate the effects of PAmE on fetal hippocampal development and its possible mechanisms. METHOD Pregnant Kunming mice were given intragastric administration with amoxicillin at different administration stage, doses and courses, and GD (gestational day) 18 offspring hippocampus was collected for morphological and development-related functional assays, and the molecular mechanisms were explored. RESULTS PAmE induced hippocampal hypoplasia in the offspring with suppressed hippocampal neuronal cell proliferation and impaired neuronal synaptic plasticity comparatively; hippocampal astrocyte and microglia were damaged to varying degrees. The developmental toxicity of PAmE in fetal mices varies by time, dose, and course of treatment. The most severe damage was observed in the late gestation, high dose, and multi-course dosing groups. The significant reduction either in SOX2, an essential gene in regulating neural progenitor cell proliferation, and reduction of genes related to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may suggest that the key role of SOX2/Wnt/β-catenin pathway in impaired hippocampal development in the offspring due to PAmE. CONCLUSION In this study, PAmE was found to be developmentally toxic to the hippocampus thus to induce developmental damage to various hippocampal cells; Even with current clinically safe doses, potential hippocampal damage to offspring may still present; This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for guiding the rational usage of drugs during pregnancy and giving effectively assessment of the risk on fetal hippocampal developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baozhen Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Lulu Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Pediatrics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingcui Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China; Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Gentry NW, McMahon T, Yamazaki M, Webb J, Arnold TD, Rosi S, Ptáček LJ, Fu YH. Microglia are involved in the protection of memories formed during sleep deprivation. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2022; 12:100073. [PMID: 35028489 PMCID: PMC8741522 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation can generate inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. In turn, this inflammation increases sleep drive, leading to a rebound in sleep duration. Microglia, the innate immune cells found exclusively in the CNS, have previously been found to release inflammatory signals and exhibit altered characteristics in response to sleep deprivation. Together, this suggests that microglia may be partially responsible for the brain's response to sleep deprivation through their inflammatory activity. In this study, we ablated microglia from the mouse brain and assessed resulting sleep, circadian, and sleep deprivation phenotypes. We find that microglia are dispensable for both homeostatic sleep and circadian function and the sleep rebound response to sleep deprivation. However, we uncover a phenomenon by which microglia appear to be essential for the protection of fear-conditioning memories formed during the recovery sleep period following a period of sleep deprivation. This phenomenon occurs potentially through the upregulation of synaptic-homeostasis related genes to protect nascent dendritic spines that may be otherwise removed or downscaled during recovery sleep. These findings further expand the list of known functions for microglia in synaptic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Gentry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Thomas McMahon
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Maya Yamazaki
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Webb
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Thomas D. Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Louis J. Ptáček
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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Xu L, Zhang C, Zhong M, Che F, Guan C, Zheng X, Liu S. Role of histidine decarboxylase gene in the pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2511. [PMID: 35114079 PMCID: PMC8933785 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is caused by complex genetic and environmental factors and is characterized by tics. Histidine decarboxylase (HDC) mutation is a rare genetic cause with high penetrance in patients with TS. HDC-knockout (KO) mice have similar behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities as patients with TS. Therefore, HDC-KO mice are considered a valuable TS pathophysiological model as it reveals the underlying pathological mechanisms that cannot be obtained from patients with TS, thus advancing the development of treatment strategies for TS and other tic disorders. This review summarizes some of the recent research hotspots and progress in HDC-KO mice, aiming to deepen our understanding of brain mechanisms relevant to TS. Furthermore, we encapsulate the possible brain nerve cell changes in HDC-KO mice and their potential roles in TS to provide multiple directions for the future research on tics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Eleventh Clinical Medical College of Qingdao University, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Meixiang Zhong
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, The Eleventh Clinical Medical College of Qingdao University, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Chengcheng Guan
- Department of Medical Cenetics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xueping Zheng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Department of Medical Cenetics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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11
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Zhou L, Su S, Yu J, Wan S, Xu X, Li X, Xiong M, Tian W, Wang L, Wu Y, Ke C. Schnurri-2 promotes the expression of excitatory glutamate receptors and contributes to neuropathic pain. Neuroscience 2022; 488:20-31. [PMID: 35218885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain with complex mechanisms, and current treatments have shown limited success in treating patients suffering from chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has shown that the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain is mediated by the plasticity of excitatory neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, which provides insights into the treatment of hyperalgesia. In this study, we found that Schnurri-2 (Shn2) was significantly upregulated in the L4-L6 segments of the spinal cord of C57 mice with spared nerve injury, which was accompanied by an increase in GluN2D subunit and glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) levels. Knocking down the expression of Shn2 using a lentivirus in the spinal cord decreased the GluN2D subunit and GluR1 levels in spared nerve injury mice and eventually alleviated mechanical allodynia. In summary, Shn2 regulates neuropathic pain, promotes the upregulation of GluN2D in glutamatergic neurons and increases the accumulation of GluR1 in excitatory neurons. Taken together, our study provides a new underlying mechanism for the development of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhou
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China; Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shanchun Su
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shengjun Wan
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xueqin Xu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Mengyuan Xiong
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Linhan Wang
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Yanqiong Wu
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Changbin Ke
- Institute of Anesthesiology & Pain (IAP), Department of Anesthesiology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
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12
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Carrier M, Šimončičová E, St-Pierre MK, McKee C, Tremblay MÈ. Psychological Stress as a Risk Factor for Accelerated Cellular Aging and Cognitive Decline: The Involvement of Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:749737. [PMID: 34803607 PMCID: PMC8599581 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.749737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the central nervous system (CNS) and microglia is lifelong. Microglia originate in the embryonic yolk sac during development and populate the CNS before the blood-brain barrier forms. In the CNS, they constitute a self-renewing population. Although they represent up to 10% of all brain cells, we are only beginning to understand how much brain homeostasis relies on their physiological functions. Often compared to a double-edged sword, microglia hold the potential to exert neuroprotective roles that can also exacerbate neurodegeneration once compromised. Microglia can promote synaptic growth in addition to eliminating synapses that are less active. Synaptic loss, which is considered one of the best pathological correlates of cognitive decline, is a distinctive feature of major depressive disorder (MDD) and cognitive aging. Long-term psychological stress accelerates cellular aging and predisposes to various diseases, including MDD, and cognitive decline. Among the underlying mechanisms, stress-induced neuroinflammation alters microglial interactions with the surrounding parenchymal cells and exacerbates oxidative burden and cellular damage, hence inducing changes in microglia and neurons typical of cognitive aging. Focusing on microglial interactions with neurons and their synapses, this review discusses the disrupted communication between these cells, notably involving fractalkine signaling and the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM). Overall, chronic stress emerges as a key player in cellular aging by altering the microglial sensome, notably via fractalkine signaling deficiency. To study cellular aging, novel positron emission tomography radiotracers for TREM and the purinergic family of receptors show interest for human study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Chloe McKee
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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13
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Bellingacci L, Mancini A, Gaetani L, Tozzi A, Parnetti L, Di Filippo M. Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Red Thread from Inflammation to Network Disconnection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189753. [PMID: 34575917 PMCID: PMC8469646 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) has been clinically considered a chronic inflammatory disease of the white matter; however, in the last decade growing evidence supported an important role of gray matter pathology as a major contributor of MS-related disability and the involvement of synaptic structures assumed a key role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Synaptic contacts are considered central units in the information flow, involved in synaptic transmission and plasticity, critical processes for the shaping and functioning of brain networks. During the course of MS, the immune system and its diffusible mediators interact with synaptic structures leading to changes in their structure and function, influencing brain network dynamics. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the existing literature on synaptic involvement during experimental and human MS, in order to understand the mechanisms by which synaptic failure eventually leads to brain networks alterations and contributes to disabling MS symptoms and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bellingacci
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Gaetani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Alessandro Tozzi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Di Filippo
- Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (L.B.); (A.M.); (L.G.); (L.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-075-578-3830
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14
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Microglia as the Critical Regulators of Neuroprotection and Functional Recovery in Cerebral Ischemia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:2505-2525. [PMID: 34460037 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is considered as the critical pathogenic event in diverse central nervous system disorders including cerebral ischemia. Proinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been well reported in the ischemic brain and neuroinflammatory responses of activated microglia have been believed to be the potential therapeutic strategy. However, despite having proinflammatory roles, microglia can have significant anti-inflammatory roles and they are associated with the production of growth factors which are responsible for neuroprotection and recovery after ischemic injury. Microglia can directly promote neuroprotection by preventing ischemic infarct expansion and promoting functional outcomes. Indirectly, microglia are involved in promoting anti-inflammatory responses, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in the ischemic brain which are crucial pathophysiological events for ischemic recovery. In fact, anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors produced by microglia can promote neuroprotection and attenuate neurobehavioral deficits. In addition, microglia regulate phagocytosis, axonal regeneration, blood-brain barrier protection, white matter integrity, and synaptic remodeling, which are essential for ischemic recovery. Microglia can also regulate crosstalk with neurons and other cell types to promote neuroprotection and ischemic recovery. This review mainly focuses on the roles of microglia in neuroprotection and recovery following ischemic injury. Furthermore, this review also sheds the light on the therapeutic potential of microglia in stroke patients.
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15
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Carthy E, Ellender T. Histamine, Neuroinflammation and Neurodevelopment: A Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:680214. [PMID: 34335160 PMCID: PMC8317266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.680214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The biogenic amine, histamine, has been shown to critically modulate inflammatory processes as well as the properties of neurons and synapses in the brain, and is also implicated in the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Indeed, a reduction in the synthesis of this neuromodulator has been associated with the disorders Tourette's syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder, with evidence that this may be through the disruption of the corticostriatal circuitry during development. Furthermore, neuroinflammation has been associated with alterations in brain development, e.g., impacting synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, and there are suggestions that histamine deficiency may leave the developing brain more vulnerable to proinflammatory insults. While most studies have focused on neuronal sources of histamine it remains unclear to what extent other (non-neuronal) sources of histamine, e.g., from mast cells and other sources, can impact brain development. The few studies that have started exploring this in vitro, and more limited in vivo, would indicate that non-neuronal released histamine and other preformed mediators can influence microglial-mediated neuroinflammation which can impact brain development. In this Review we will summarize the state of the field with regard to non-neuronal sources of histamine and its impact on both neuroinflammation and brain development in key neural circuits that underpin neurodevelopmental disorders. We will also discuss whether histamine receptor modulators have been efficacious in the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders in both preclinical and clinical studies. This could represent an important area of future research as early modulation of histamine from neuronal as well as non-neuronal sources may provide novel therapeutic targets in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Carthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommas Ellender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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16
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Trans-synaptic degeneration in the visual pathway: Neural connectivity, pathophysiology, and clinical implications in neurodegenerative disorders. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:411-426. [PMID: 34146577 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong interrelationship between eye and brain diseases. It has been shown that neurodegenerative changes can spread bidirectionally in the visual pathway along neuronal projections. For example, damage to retinal ganglion cells in the retina leads to degeneration of the visual cortex (anterograde degeneration) and vice versa (retrograde degeneration). The underlying mechanisms of this process, known as trans-synaptic degeneration (TSD), are unknown, but TSD contributes to the progression of numerous neurodegenerative disorders, leading to clinical and functional deterioration. The hierarchical structure of the visual system comprises of a strong topographic connectivity between the retina and the visual cortex and therefore serves as an ideal model to study the cellular effect, clinical manifestations, and deterioration extent of TSD. With this review we provide comprehensive information about the neural connectivity, synapse function, molecular changes, and pathophysiology of TSD in visual pathways. We then discuss its bidirectional nature and clinical implications in neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough understanding of TSD in the visual pathway can provide insights into progression of neurodegenerative disorders and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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17
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Gaspar R, Soares-Cunha C, Domingues AV, Coimbra B, Baptista FI, Pinto L, Ambrósio AF, Rodrigues AJ, Gomes CA. Resilience to stress and sex-specific remodeling of microglia and neuronal morphology in a rat model of anxiety and anhedonia. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 14:100302. [PMID: 33614864 PMCID: PMC7879043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to stress or glucocorticoids (GC) is associated with the appearance of psychiatric diseases later in life. Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are altered in stress-related disorders. Synthetic GC such as dexamethasone (DEX) are commonly prescribed in case of preterm risk labour in order to promote fetal lung maturation. Recently, we reported long-lasting differences in microglia morphology in a model of in utero exposure to DEX (iuDEX), that presents an anxious phenotype. However, it is still unclear if stress differentially affects iuDEX males and females. In this work, we evaluated how iuDEX animals of both sexes cope with chronic mild stress for 2 weeks. We evaluated emotional behavior and microglia and neuronal morphology in the dorsal hippocampus (dHIP) and nucleus accumbens (NAc), two brain regions involved in emotion-related disorders. We report that males and females prenatally exposed to DEX have better performance in anxiety- and depression-related behavioral tests after chronic stress exposure in adulthood than non-exposed animals. Interestingly, iuDEX animals present sex-dependent changes in microglia morphology in the dHIP (hypertrophy in females) and in the NAc (atrophy in females and hypertrophy in males). After chronic stress, these cells undergo sex-specific morphological remodeling. Paralleled to these alterations in cytoarchitecture of microglia, we report inter-regional differences in dendritic morphology in a sex-specific manner. iuDEX females present fewer complex neurons in the NAc, whereas iuDEX males presented less complex neuronal morphology in the dHIP. Interestingly, these alterations were modified by stress exposure. Our work shows that stressful events during pregnancy can exert a preserved sex-specific effect in adulthood. Although the role of the observed cellular remodeling is still unknown, sex-specific differences in microglia plasticity induced by long-term stress exposure may anticipate differences in drug efficacy in the context of stress-induced anxiety- or depression-related behaviors. iuDEX induces anxiety- and depression-related behavioral in both sexes. iuDEX induces sex dependent fine structural alterations in neurons and microglia morphology in the dHIP and in the NAc. uCMS in combination to iuDEX normalize the behavior as well the morphology of neurons in the NAc. Stressful events during pregnancy can exert a preserved sex-specific effect in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Gaspar
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carina Soares-Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Verónica Domingues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Filipa I Baptista
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António F Ambrósio
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's -PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Catarina A Gomes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal.,Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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18
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Role of Microglia in Modulating Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186875. [PMID: 32961703 PMCID: PMC7555074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, constituting the powerhouse of brain innate immunity. They originate from hematopoietic precursors that infiltrate the developing brain during different stages of embryogenesis, acquiring a phenotype characterized by the presence of dense ramifications. Microglial cells play key roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating brain immune responses. They continuously scan and sense the brain environment to detect any occurring changes. Upon detection of a signal related to physiological or pathological processes, the cells are activated and transform to an amoeboid-like phenotype, mounting adequate responses that range from phagocytosis to secretion of inflammatory and trophic factors. The overwhelming evidence suggests that microglia are crucially implicated in influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as synaptic connections, and thereby cognitive and behavioral functions. Here, we review the role of microglia in adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions, and how this role is affected in neurodegenerative diseases.
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19
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Acosta-Martínez M. Shaping Microglial Phenotypes Through Estrogen Receptors: Relevance to Sex-Specific Neuroinflammatory Responses to Brain Injury and Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:223-236. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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20
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Morris G, Puri BK, Maes M, Olive L, Berk M, Carvalho AF. The role of microglia in neuroprogressive disorders: mechanisms and possible neurotherapeutic effects of induced ketosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109858. [PMID: 31923453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of molecular mechanisms involved in the promotion and maintenance of distinct microglia phenotypes is provided. The acquisition and perpetuation of predominantly pro-inflammatory microglial phenotypes have been implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuroprogressive diseases and is associated with reduced ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation, increased ATP generation by glycolysis, elevated oxidative and nitrosative stress and other metabolic, inflammatory and hormonal insults. Microglia can also adopt a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotypes with neuroprotective properties. Strategies that promote and maintain a predominantly anti-inflammatory phenotype may hold promise as novel therapeutic opportunities for neuroprogressive illness. Induced ketosis may promote a transition towards predominantly anti-inflammatory microglial states/phenotypes by several mechanisms, including inhibition of glycolysis and increased NAD+ production; engagement of microglial GPR109A receptors; histone deacetylase inhibition; and elevated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Since microglia activation can now be assessed in vivo, these data provide a clear rationale for the design of transdiagnostic randomized controlled trials of the ketogenic diet and other ketosis-inducing strategies for neuroprogressive diseases, which may also provide mechanistic insights through the assessment of "target engagement".
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, CMMR Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, School of Medicine, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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21
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Griffin AL, Jaishankar P, Grandjean JM, Olson SH, Renslo AR, Baraban SC. Zebrafish studies identify serotonin receptors mediating antiepileptic activity in Dravet syndrome. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz008. [PMID: 31667472 PMCID: PMC6798786 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is a life-threatening early-onset epilepsy not well controlled by antiepileptic drugs. Drugs that modulate serotonin (5-HT) signalling, including clemizole, locaserin, trazodone and fenfluramine, have recently emerged as potential treatment options for Dravet syndrome. To investigate the serotonin receptors that could moderate this antiepileptic activity, we designed and synthesized 28 novel analogues of clemizole, obtained receptor binding affinity profiles, and performed in vivo screening in a scn1lab mutant zebrafish (Danio rerio) model which recapitulates critical clinical features of Dravet syndrome. We discovered three clemizole analogues with 5-HT receptor binding that exert powerful antiepileptic activity. Based on structure–activity relationships and medicinal chemistry-based analysis, we then screened an additional set of known 5-HT receptor specific drug candidates. Integrating our in vitro and in vivo data implicates 5-HT2B receptors as a critical mediator in the mechanism of seizure suppression observed in Dravet syndrome patients treated with 5-HT modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliesha L Griffin
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Grandjean
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven H Olson
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
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22
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Merlo S, Spampinato SF, Sortino MA. Early compensatory responses against neuronal injury: A new therapeutic window of opportunity for Alzheimer's Disease? CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:5-13. [PMID: 30101571 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by extensive neurodegeneration and inflammation in selective brain areas, linked to severely disabling cognitive deficits. Before full manifestation, different stages appear with progressively increased brain pathology and cognitive impairment. This significantly extends the time lag between initial molecular triggers and appearance of detectable symptoms. Notably, a number of studies in the last decade have revealed that in the early stage of mild cognitive impairment, events that appear in contrast with neuronal distress may occur. These have been reproduced in vitro and in animal models and include increase in synaptic elements, increase in synaptic and metabolic activity, enhancement of neurotrophic milieu and changes in glial cell reactivity and inflammation. They have been interpreted as compensatory responses that could either delay disease progression or, in the long run, result detrimental. For this reason, these mechanisms define a new and previously undervalued window of opportunity for intervention. Their importance resides especially in their early appearance. Directing efforts to better characterize this stage, in order to identify new pharmacological targets, is an exciting new avenue to future advances in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Simona Federica Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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23
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Hammond TR, Robinton D, Stevens B. Microglia and the Brain: Complementary Partners in Development and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:523-544. [PMID: 30089221 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An explosion of findings driven by powerful new technologies has expanded our understanding of microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). This wave of discoveries has fueled a growing interest in the roles that these cells play in the development of the CNS and in the neuropathology of a diverse array of disorders. In this review, we discuss the crucial roles that microglia play in shaping the brain-from their influence on neurons and glia within the developing CNS to their roles in synaptic maturation and brain wiring-as well as some of the obstacles to overcome when assessing their contributions to normal brain development. Furthermore, we examine how normal developmental functions of microglia are perturbed or remerge in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Hammond
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Daisy Robinton
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Beth Stevens
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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24
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Esposito E, Hayakawa K, Ahn BJ, Chan SJ, Xing C, Liang AC, Kim KW, Arai K, Lo EH. Effects of ischemic post-conditioning on neuronal VEGF regulation and microglial polarization in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2018; 146:160-172. [PMID: 29570780 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic postconditioning is increasingly being investigated as a therapeutic approach for cerebral ischemia. However, the majority of studies are focused on the acute protection of neurons per se. Whether and how postconditioning affects multiple cells in the recovering neurovascular unit remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we asked whether postconditioning may modulate help-me signaling between injured neurons and reactive microglia. Rats were subjected to 100 min of focal cerebral ischemia, then randomized into a control versus postconditioning group. After 3 days of reperfusion, infarct volumes were significantly reduced in animals treated with postconditioning, along with better neurologic outcomes. Immunostaining revealed that ischemic postconditioning increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in neurons within peri-infarct regions. Correspondingly, we confirmed that VEGFR2 was expressed on Iba1-positive microglia/macrophages, and confocal microscopy showed that in postconditioned rats, these cells were polarized to a ramified morphology with higher expression of M2-like markers. Treating rats with a VEGF receptor 2 kinase inhibitor negated these effects of postconditioning on microglia/macrophage polarization. In vitro, postconditoning after oxygen-glucose deprivation up-regulated VEGF release in primary neuron cultures, and adding VEGF to microglial cultures partly shifted their M2-like markers. Altogether, our findings support the idea that after postconditioning, injured neurons may release VEGF as a 'help-me' signal that promotes microglia/macrophage polarization into potentially beneficial phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elga Esposito
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kazuhide Hayakawa
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bum Ju Ahn
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jing Chan
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.,Institute of Medical Biology, Glycotherapeutics Group, Immunos, Singapore
| | - Changhong Xing
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anna C Liang
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- NeuroVascular Protection Research Center, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ken Arai
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Fang T, Yang X, Luo X, Guo A, Newell KA, Huang XF, Yu Y. Galantamine improves cognition, hippocampal inflammation, and synaptic plasticity impairments induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:112. [PMID: 29669582 PMCID: PMC5907415 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) levels are higher in the brains of Alzheimer's disease patients and are associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive decline, while neural cholinergic signaling controls inflammation. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of galantamine, a clinically approved cholinergic agent, in alleviating LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive decline as well as the associated mechanism. METHODS Mice were treated with galantamine (4 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) for 14 days prior to LPS exposure (intracerebroventricular injection). Cognitive tests were performed, including the Morris water maze and step-through tests. mRNA expression of the microglial marker (CD11b), astrocytic marker (GFAP), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were examined in the hippocampus by quantitative RT-PCR. The inflammatory signaling molecule, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65), and synapse-associated proteins (synaptophysin, SYN, and postsynaptic density protein 95, PSD-95) were examined in the hippocampus by western blotting. Furthermore, NF-κB p65 levels in microglial cells and hippocampal neurons were examined in response to LPS and galantamine. RESULTS Galantamine treatment prevented LPS-induced deficits in spatial learning and memory as well as memory acquisition of the passive avoidance response. Galantamine decreased the expression of microglia and astrocyte markers (CD11b and GFAP), pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and NF-κB p65 in the hippocampus of LPS-exposed mice. Furthermore, galantamine ameliorated LPS-induced loss of synapse-associated proteins (SYN and PSD-95) in the hippocampus. In the in vitro study, LPS increased NF-κB p65 levels in microglia (BV-2 cells); the supernatant of LPS-stimulated microglia (Mi-sup), but not LPS, decreased the viability of hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22 cells) and increased NF-κB p65 levels as well as expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6) in HT-22 cells. Importantly, galantamine reduced the inflammatory response not only in the BV-2 microglia cell line, but also in the HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cell line. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that galantamine could be a promising treatment to improve endotoxin-induced cognitive decline and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Yuyun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongyong Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Anlei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kelly A Newell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, Jiangsu, China.
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26
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The GluN2A Subunit Regulates Neuronal NMDA receptor-Induced Microglia-Neuron Physical Interactions. Sci Rep 2018; 8:828. [PMID: 29339791 PMCID: PMC5770428 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are known to engage in physical interactions with neurons. However, our understanding of the detailed mechanistic regulation of microglia-neuron interactions is incomplete. Here, using high resolution two photon imaging, we investigated the regulation of NMDA receptor-induced microglia-neuron physical interactions. We found that the GluN2A inhibitor NVPAAM007, but not the GluN2B inhibitor ifenprodil, blocked the occurrence of these interactions. Consistent with the well-known developmental regulation of the GluN2A subunit, these interactions are absent in neonatal tissues. Furthermore, consistent with a preferential synaptic localization of GluN2A subunits, there is a differential sensitivity of their occurrence between denser (stratum radiatum) and less dense (stratum pyramidale) synaptic sub-regions of the CA1. Finally, consistent with differentially expressed GluN2A subunits in the CA1 and DG areas of the hippocampus, these interactions could not be elicited in the DG despite robust microglial chemotactic capabilities. Together, these results enhance our understanding of the mechanistic regulation of NMDA receptor-dependent microglia-neuronal physical interactions phenomena by the GluN2A subunit that may be relevant in the mammalian brain during heightened glutamatergic neurotransmission such as epilepsy and ischemic stroke.
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27
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Peng X, Madany AM, Jang JC, Valdez JM, Rivas Z, Burr AC, Grinberg YY, Nordgren TM, Nair MG, Cocker D, Carson MJ, Lo DD. Continuous Inhalation Exposure to Fungal Allergen Particulates Induces Lung Inflammation While Reducing Innate Immune Molecule Expression in the Brainstem. ASN Neuro 2018; 10:1759091418782304. [PMID: 30016877 PMCID: PMC6053578 DOI: 10.1177/1759091418782304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous exposure to aerosolized fine (particle size ≤2.5 µm) and ultrafine (particle size ≤0.1 µm) particulates can trigger innate inflammatory responses in the lung and brain depending on particle composition. Most studies of manmade toxicants use inhalation exposure routes, whereas most studies of allergens use soluble solutions administered via intranasal or injection routes. Here, we tested whether continuous inhalation exposure to aerosolized Alternaria alternata particulates (a common fungal allergen associated with asthma) would induce innate inflammatory responses in the lung and brain. By designing a new environmental chamber able to control particle size distribution and mass concentration, we continuously exposed adult mice to aerosolized ultrafine Alternaria particulates for 96 hr. Despite induction of innate immune responses in the lung, induction of innate immune responses in whole brain samples was not detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or flow cytometry. However, exposure did trigger decreases in Arginase 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA in the brainstem samples containing the central nervous system respiratory circuit (the dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group, and the pre-Bötzinger and Bötzinger complexes). In addition, a significant decrease in the percentage of Toll-like receptor 2-expressing brainstem microglia was detected by flow cytometry. Histologic analysis revealed a significant decrease in Iba1 but not glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in both the brainstem and the hippocampus. Together these data indicate that inhalation exposure to a natural fungal allergen under conditions sufficient to induce lung inflammation surprisingly causes reductions in baseline expression of select innate immune molecules (similar to that observed during endotoxin tolerance) in the region of the central nervous system controlling respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinze Peng
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns
College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology
(Ce-Cert),
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Abdullah M. Madany
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jessica C. Jang
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joseph M. Valdez
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Zuivanna Rivas
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Abigail C. Burr
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yelena Y. Grinberg
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tara M. Nordgren
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Meera G. Nair
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David Cocker
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns
College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology
(Ce-Cert),
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Monica J. Carson
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David D. Lo
- BREATHE Center, University of California, Riverside, CA,
USA
- Center for Glial-Neuronal Interactions,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Microbiology Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program,
University
of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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28
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Skvarc DR, Berk M, Byrne LK, Dean OM, Dodd S, Lewis M, Marriott A, Moore EM, Morris G, Page RS, Gray L. Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction: An exploration of the inflammatory hypothesis and novel therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 84:116-133. [PMID: 29180259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a highly prevalent condition with significant clinical, social and financial impacts for patients and their communities. The underlying pathophysiology is becoming increasingly understood, with the role of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress secondary to surgery and anaesthesia strongly implicated. This review aims to describe the putative mechanisms by which surgery-induced inflammation produces cognitive sequelae, with a focus on identifying potential novel therapies based upon their ability to modify these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Skvarc
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Linda K Byrne
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Olivia M Dean
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Matthew Lewis
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia; Aged Psychiatry Service, Caulfield Hospital, Alfred Health, Caulfield, Australia
| | - Andrew Marriott
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine & Pain Management, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eileen M Moore
- Department of Anaesthesia, Perioperative Medicine & Pain Management, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Innovations in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Richard S Page
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia; Department of Orthopaedics, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Laura Gray
- Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia.
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29
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Petrisko T, Konat G. Peripheral viral challenge triggers hippocampal production of inflammatory proteins. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1249-1254. [PMID: 28523567 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral viral infections increase seizure propensity and intensity in susceptible individuals. We have modeled this comorbidity by demonstrating that intraperitoneal (ip) injection of the conventional viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC), renders the brain hypersusceptible to seizures induced by kainic acid (KA). At the molecular level, the hippocampus, which is the ictal site of KA-induced seizures, exhibits upregulated expression of messages encoding several inflammatory genes. Here, we profiled temporal expression of these genes at the protein level. Briefly, eight-week old female C57BL/6 mice were ip injected with 12 mg/kg of PIC and inflammatory proteins were quantified in the hippocampus and blood by ELISA. We found a robust but transient increase in blood concentration of IL-6, CXCL10, CCL2, CXCL9, CCL7 and CCL12 six hours after PIC challenge. CXCL1, IL1β, TNFα and CXCL2 featured a moderate increase. However, only four chemokines were increased in the hippocampus. CXCL10 showed the highest increase 6-12 h after PIC challenge, and its level dwindled to the baseline by 48 h. CXCL1, CXCl9 and CXCL2 were also transiently elevated but their maximal values were by an order of magnitude lower than the values for CXCL10. These results indicate that CXCL10 is the primary inflammatory protein generated in the hippocampus in response to PIC challenge, and that this chemokine may drive the development of seizure hypersusceptibility. In addition, the hippocampus featured a protracted increase in the levels of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, indicating the activation of the complement cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Petrisko
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4052 HSCN, P.O. Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9128, USA
| | - Gregory Konat
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 4052 HSCN, P.O. Box 9128, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9128, USA.
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30
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Kabba JA, Xu Y, Christian H, Ruan W, Chenai K, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Saavedra JM, Pang T. Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:53-71. [PMID: 28534246 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, of myeloid origin, play fundamental roles in the control of immune responses and the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. These cells, just like peripheral macrophages, may be activated into M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes by appropriate stimuli. Microglia do not respond in isolation, but form part of complex networks of cells influencing each other. This review addresses the complex interaction of microglia with each cell type in the brain: neurons, astrocytes, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. We also highlight the participation of microglia in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain, and their roles in the development and progression of age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alimamy Kabba
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Handson Christian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kitchen Chenai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
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31
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Paolicelli RC, Ferretti MT. Function and Dysfunction of Microglia during Brain Development: Consequences for Synapses and Neural Circuits. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28539882 PMCID: PMC5423952 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many diverse factors, ranging from stress to infections, can perturb brain homeostasis and alter the physiological activity of microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system. Microglia play critical roles in the process of synaptic maturation and brain wiring during development. Any perturbation affecting microglial physiological function during critical developmental periods could result in defective maturation of synaptic circuits. In this review, we critically appraise the recent literature on the alterations of microglial activity induced by environmental and genetic factors occurring at pre- and early post-natal stages. Furthermore, we discuss the long-lasting consequences of early-life microglial perturbation on synaptic function and on vulnerability to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa C Paolicelli
- IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland.,ZNZ Neuroscience Center ZurichZürich, Switzerland
| | - Maria T Ferretti
- IREM, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of ZurichZürich, Switzerland.,ZNZ Neuroscience Center ZurichZürich, Switzerland
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32
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Guruswamy R, ElAli A. Complex Roles of Microglial Cells in Ischemic Stroke Pathobiology: New Insights and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030496. [PMID: 28245599 PMCID: PMC5372512 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke constitutes the major cause of death and disability in the industrialized world. The interest in microglia arose from the evidence outlining the role of neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke pathobiology. Microglia constitute the powerhouse of innate immunity in the brain. Microglial cells are highly ramified, and use these ramifications as sentinels to detect changes in brain homeostasis. Once a danger signal is recognized, cells become activated and mount specialized responses that range from eliminating cell debris to secreting inflammatory signals and trophic factors. Originally, it was suggested that microglia play essentially a detrimental role in ischemic stroke. However, recent reports are providing evidence that the role of these cells is more complex than what was originally thought. Although these cells play detrimental role in the acute phase, they are required for tissue regeneration in the post-acute phases. This complex role of microglia in ischemic stroke pathobiology constitutes a major challenge for the development of efficient immunomodulatory therapies. This review aims at providing an overview regarding the role of resident microglia and peripherally recruited macrophages in ischemic pathobiology. Furthermore, the review will highlight future directions towards the development of novel fine-tuning immunomodulatory therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Guruswamy
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Ayman ElAli
- Neuroscience Axis, CHU de Québec Research Center (CHUL), Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada.
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Microglial Dysregulation in OCD, Tourette Syndrome, and PANDAS. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8606057. [PMID: 28053994 PMCID: PMC5174185 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8606057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that immune dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Tourette syndrome, and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). The mechanistic details of this pathophysiology, however, remain unclear. Here we focus on one particular component of the immune system: microglia, the brain's resident immune cells. The role of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases has been understood in terms of classic, inflammatory activation, which may be both a consequence and a cause of neuronal damage. In OCD and Tourette syndrome, which are not characterized by frank neural degeneration, the potential role of microglial dysregulation is much less clear. Here we review the evidence for a neuroinflammatory etiology and microglial dysregulation in OCD, Tourette syndrome, and PANDAS. We also explore new hypotheses as to the potential contributions of microglial abnormalities to pathophysiology, beyond neuroinflammation, including failures in neuroprotection, lack of support for neuronal survival, and abnormalities in synaptic pruning. Recent advances in neuroimaging and animal model work are creating new opportunities to elucidate these issues.
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Frick L, Rapanelli M, Abbasi E, Ohtsu H, Pittenger C. Histamine regulation of microglia: Gene-environment interaction in the regulation of central nervous system inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:326-337. [PMID: 27381299 PMCID: PMC5012904 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia mediate neuroinflammation and regulate brain development and homeostasis. Microglial abnormalities are implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric pathology, including Tourette syndrome (TS) and autism. Histamine (HA) is both a neurotransmitter and an immune modulator. HA deficiency has been implicated as a rare cause of TS and may contribute to other neuropsychiatric conditions. In vitro studies suggest that HA can regulate microglia, but this has never been explored in vivo. We used immunohistochemistry to examine the effects of HA deficiency in histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) knockout mice and of HA receptor stimulation in wild-type animals. We find HA to regulate microglia in vivo, via the H4 receptor. Chronic HA deficiency in Hdc knockout mice reduces ramifications of microglia in the striatum and (at trend level) in the hypothalamus, but not elsewhere in the brain. Depletion of histaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus has a similar effect. Microglia expressing IGF-1 are particularly reduced, However, the microglial response to challenge with lipopolysacchariade (LPS) is potentiated in Hdc knockout mice. Genetic abnormalities in histaminergic signaling may produce a vulnerability to inflammatory challenge, setting the state for pathogenically dysregulated neuroimmune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Frick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Eeman Abbasi
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Hiroshi Ohtsu
- Tohoku University, Graduate School of Engineering, Sendai, Janpan
| | - Christopher Pittenger
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.
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35
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex, heterogeneous behavioural and cognitive syndrome that seems to originate from disruption of brain development caused by genetic or environmental factors, or both. Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission contributes to the genesis of psychotic symptoms, but evidence also points to a widespread and variable involvement of other brain areas and circuits. Disturbances of synaptic function might underlie abnormalities of neuronal connectivity that possibly involves interneurons, but the precise nature, location, and timing of these events are uncertain. At present, treatment mainly consists of antipsychotic drugs combined with psychological therapies, social support, and rehabilitation, but a pressing need for more effective treatments and delivery of services exists. Advances in genomics, epidemiology, and neuroscience have led to great progress in understanding the disorder, and the opportunities for further scientific breakthrough are numerous--but so are the challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Preben B Mortensen
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Social Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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36
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Tay TL, Savage JC, Hui CW, Bisht K, Tremblay MÈ. Microglia across the lifespan: from origin to function in brain development, plasticity and cognition. J Physiol 2016; 595:1929-1945. [PMID: 27104646 DOI: 10.1113/jp272134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the only immune cells that permanently reside in the central nervous system (CNS) alongside neurons and other types of glial cells. The past decade has witnessed a revolution in our understanding of their roles during normal physiological conditions. Cutting-edge techniques revealed that these resident immune cells are critical for proper brain development, actively maintain health in the mature brain, and rapidly adapt their function to physiological or pathophysiological needs. In this review, we highlight recent studies on microglial origin (from the embryonic yolk sac) and the factors regulating their differentiation and homeostasis upon brain invasion. Elegant experiments tracking microglia in the CNS allowed studies of their unique roles compared with other types of resident macrophages. Here we review the emerging roles of microglia in brain development, plasticity and cognition, and discuss the implications of the depletion or dysfunction of microglia for our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Immune activation, inflammation and various other conditions resulting in undesirable microglial activity at different stages of life could severely impair learning, memory and other essential cognitive functions. The diversity of microglial phenotypes across the lifespan, between compartments of the CNS, and sexes, as well as their crosstalk with the body and external environment, is also emphasised. Understanding what defines particular microglial phenotypes is of major importance for future development of innovative therapies controlling their effector functions, with consequences for cognition across chronic stress, ageing, neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Leng Tay
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julie C Savage
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Chin Wai Hui
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Kanchan Bisht
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
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37
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Kıray H, Lindsay SL, Hosseinzadeh S, Barnett SC. The multifaceted role of astrocytes in regulating myelination. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:541-9. [PMID: 26988764 PMCID: PMC5019113 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the major glial cell of the central nervous system (CNS), providing both metabolic and physical support to other neural cells. After injury, astrocytes become reactive and express a continuum of phenotypes which may be supportive or inhibitory to CNS repair. This review will focus on the ability of astrocytes to influence myelination in the context of specific secreted factors, cytokines and other neural cell targets within the CNS. In particular, we focus on how astrocytes provide energy and cholesterol to neurons, influence synaptogenesis, affect oligodendrocyte biology and instigate cross-talk between the many cellular components of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hülya Kıray
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Hosseinzadeh
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Sir Graeme Davies Building, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom..
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38
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Landek-Salgado MA, Faust TE, Sawa A. Molecular substrates of schizophrenia: homeostatic signaling to connectivity. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:10-28. [PMID: 26390828 PMCID: PMC4684728 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a devastating psychiatric condition affecting numerous brain systems. Recent studies have identified genetic factors that confer an increased risk of SZ and participate in the disease etiopathogenesis. In parallel to such bottom-up approaches, other studies have extensively reported biological changes in patients by brain imaging, neurochemical and pharmacological approaches. This review highlights the molecular substrates identified through studies with SZ patients, namely those using top-down approaches, while also referring to the fruitful outcomes of recent genetic studies. We have subclassified the molecular substrates by system, focusing on elements of neurotransmission, targets in white matter-associated connectivity, immune/inflammatory and oxidative stress-related substrates, and molecules in endocrine and metabolic cascades. We further touch on cross-talk among these systems and comment on the utility of animal models in charting the developmental progression and interaction of these substrates. Based on this comprehensive information, we propose a framework for SZ research based on the hypothesis of an imbalance in homeostatic signaling from immune/inflammatory, oxidative stress, endocrine and metabolic cascades that, at least in part, underlies deficits in neural connectivity relevant to SZ. Thus, this review aims to provide information that is translationally useful and complementary to pathogenic hypotheses that have emerged from genetic studies. Based on such advances in SZ research, it is highly expected that we will discover biomarkers that may help in the early intervention, diagnosis or treatment of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Landek-Salgado
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T E Faust
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Sawa
- Department of Psychiatry, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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39
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Grosche A, Hauser A, Lepper MF, Mayo R, von Toerne C, Merl-Pham J, Hauck SM. The Proteome of Native Adult Müller Glial Cells From Murine Retina. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:462-80. [PMID: 26324419 PMCID: PMC4739667 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.052183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the proteomic profiling of Müller cells, the dominant macroglia of the retina, has been hampered because of the absence of suitable enrichment methods. We established a novel protocol to isolate native, intact Müller cells from adult murine retinae at excellent purity which retain in situ morphology and are well suited for proteomic analyses. Two different strategies of sample preparation - an in StageTips (iST) and a subcellular fractionation approach including cell surface protein profiling were used for quantitative liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS) comparing Müller cell-enriched to depleted neuronal fractions. Pathway enrichment analyses on both data sets enabled us to identify Müller cell-specific functions which included focal adhesion kinase signaling, signal transduction mediated by calcium as second messenger, transmembrane neurotransmitter transport and antioxidant activity. Pathways associated with RNA processing, cellular respiration and phototransduction were enriched in the neuronal subpopulation. Proteomic results were validated for selected Müller cell genes by quantitative real time PCR, confirming the high expression levels of numerous members of the angiogenic and anti-inflammatory annexins and antioxidant enzymes (e.g. paraoxonase 2, peroxiredoxin 1, 4 and 6). Finally, the significant enrichment of antioxidant proteins in Müller cells was confirmed by measurements on vital retinal cells using the oxidative stress indicator CM-H2DCFDA. In contrast to photoreceptors or bipolar cells, Müller cells were most efficiently protected against H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species formation, which is in line with the protein repertoire identified in the proteomic profiling. Our novel approach to isolate intact glial cells from adult retina in combination with proteomic profiling enabled the identification of novel Müller glia specific proteins, which were validated as markers and for their functional impact in glial physiology. This provides the basis to allow the discovery of novel glial specializations and will enable us to elucidate the role of Müller cells in retinal pathologies — a topic still controversially discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Grosche
- From the ‡Insitute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- From the ‡Insitute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marlen Franziska Lepper
- §Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Mayo
- From the ‡Insitute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christine von Toerne
- §Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- §Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- §Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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40
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Michalovicz LT, Lally B, Konat GW. Peripheral challenge with a viral mimic upregulates expression of the complement genes in the hippocampus. J Neuroimmunol 2015. [PMID: 26198930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral challenge with a viral mimetic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC) induces hippocampal hyperexcitability in mice. Here, we characterized this hippocampal response through a whole genome transcriptome analysis. Intraperitoneal injection of PIC resulted in temporal dysregulation of 625 genes in the hippocampus, indicating an extensive genetic reprogramming. The bioinformatics analysis of these genes revealed the complement pathway to be the most significantly activated. The gene encoding complement factor B (CfB) exhibited the highest response, and its upregulation was commensurate with the development of hyperexcitability. Collectively, these results suggest that the induction of hippocampal hyperexcitability may be mediated by the alternative complement cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T Michalovicz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506-9128, USA
| | - Brent Lally
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506-9128, USA
| | - Gregory W Konat
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, West Virginia University School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Dr., Morgantown, WV 26506-9128, USA.
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41
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Funk GD, Rajani V, Alvares TS, Revill AL, Zhang Y, Chu NY, Biancardi V, Linhares-Taxini C, Katzell A, Reklow R. Neuroglia and their roles in central respiratory control; an overview. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 186:83-95. [PMID: 25634606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
While once viewed as mere housekeepers, providing structural and metabolic support for neurons, it is now clear that neuroglia do much more. Phylogenetically, they have undergone enormous proliferation and diversification as central nervous systems grew in their complexity. In addition, they: i) are morphologically and functionally diverse; ii) play numerous, vital roles in maintaining CNS homeostasis; iii) are key players in brain development and responses to injury; and, iv) via gliotransmission, are likely participants in information processing. In this review, we discuss the diverse roles of neuroglia in maintaining homeostasis in the CNS, their evolutionary origins, the different types of neuroglia and their functional significance for respiratory control, and finally consider evidence that they contribute to the processing of chemosensory information in the respiratory network and the homeostatic control of blood gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Funk
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Vishaal Rajani
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tucaauê S Alvares
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ann L Revill
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nathan Y Chu
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vivian Biancardi
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias/UNESP, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Camila Linhares-Taxini
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Fac. de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias/UNESP, Via de Acesso Paulo Donato Castellane km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Alexis Katzell
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Reklow
- Department of Physiology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Women and Children's Health Research Institute (WCHRI), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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42
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Topper LA, Valenzuela CF. Effect of repeated alcohol exposure during the third trimester-equivalent on messenger RNA levels for interleukin-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and interleukin 10 in the developing rat brain after injection of lipopolysaccharide. Alcohol 2014; 48:773-80. [PMID: 25446642 PMCID: PMC4254564 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglia undergo maturation during the third trimester of human development (equivalent to the first 1-2 weeks of postnatal life in rodents), during which these cells may be particularly sensitive to insult. Alcohol exposure during this period can activate the neuroimmune system, an effect that may contribute to the pathophysiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Here, we investigated whether repeated alcohol exposure during the third trimester-equivalent in rats has a priming effect on the neuroimmune response to injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pups were exposed to alcohol in vapor chambers for 4 h daily from postnatal day (PD)2 to PD16 (peak blood alcohol concentrations ∼150 mg/dL). On PD17, rats were injected with either saline or LPS (50 μg/kg) and the frontal cortex, cerebellar vermis, and dentate gyrus were collected 2 h later. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the pro-inflammatory agents interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and chemokine (C-C) motif ligand 2 (CCL2), as well as levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10), were measured using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. LPS consistently increased IL-1β and CCL2 mRNA levels in the dentate gyrus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum of both male and female rats. Furthermore, the LPS-induced increase of IL-1β mRNA levels was significantly blunted in the frontal cortex of alcohol-exposed female rats. Conversely, LPS only minimally affected IL-10 mRNA expression and there were no significant differences between air- and alcohol-exposed rats. Taken together with the literature regarding the effect of third-trimester alcohol exposure on the neuroimmune system, our findings suggest that chronic exposure to lower levels is less disruptive to the neuroimmune system than binge-like exposure to high doses of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Topper
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - C Fernando Valenzuela
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
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43
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Functional tolerance to mechanical deformation developed from organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:561-75. [PMID: 25236799 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we measured changes in electrophysiological activity after mechanical deformation of living organotypic hippocampal brain slice cultures at tissue strains and strain rates relevant to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Electrophysiological activity was measured throughout the hippocampus with a 60-electrode microelectrode array. Electrophysiological parameters associated with unstimulated spontaneous activity (neural event firing rate, duration, and magnitude), stimulated evoked responses (the maximum response [Formula: see text], the stimulus current necessary for a half-maximal response [Formula: see text], and the electrophysiological parameter m that is representative of firing uniformity), and paired-pulse responses (paired-pulse ratio at varying interstimulus intervals) were quantified for each hippocampal region (CA1, CA3, and DG). We present functional tolerance criteria for the hippocampus in the form of mathematical relationships between the input tissue-level injury parameters (strain and strain rate) and altered neuronal network function. Most changes in electrophysiology were dependent on strain and strain rate in a complex fashion, independent of hippocampal anatomy, with the notable exception of [Formula: see text]. Until it becomes possible to directly measure brain tissue deformation in vivo, finite element (FE) models will be necessary to simulate and predict the in vivo consequences of TBI. One application of our study is to provide functional relationships that can be incorporated into these FE models to enhance their biofidelity of accident and collision reconstructions by predicting biological outcomes in addition to mechanical responses.
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44
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Zhu X, Park J, Golinski J, Qiu J, Khuman J, Lee CCH, Lo EH, Degterev A, Whalen MJ. Role of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin in functional outcome after concussive brain injury in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1531-9. [PMID: 24938400 PMCID: PMC4158669 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Akt (protein kinase B) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cell death and cognitive outcome after cerebral contusion in mice; however, a role for Akt/mTOR in concussive brain injury has not been well characterized. In a mouse closed head injury (CHI) concussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) model, phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt), mTOR (p-mTOR), and S6RP (p-S6RP) was increased by 24 hours in cortical and hippocampal brain homogenates (P<0.05 versus sham for each), and p-S6RP was robustly induced in IBA-1+ microglia and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+) astrocytes. Pretreatment with inhibitors of Akt or mTOR individually by the intracerebroventricular route reduced phosphorylation of their respective direct substrates FOXO1 (P<0.05) or S6RP (P<0.05) after CHI, confirming the activity of inhibitors. Rapamycin pretreatment significantly worsened hidden platform (P<0.01) and probe trial (P<0.05) performance in CHI mice. Intracerebroventricular administration of necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) before CHI increased hippocampal Akt and S6RP phosphorylation and improved place learning (probe trials, P<0.001 versus vehicle), whereas co-administration of rapamycin or Akt inhibitor with Nec-1 eliminated improved probe trial performance. These data suggest a beneficial role for Akt/mTOR signaling after concussion TBI independent of cell death that may contribute to improved outcome by Nec-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Zhu
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [3] Department of Rheumatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juyeon Park
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julianne Golinski
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jianhua Qiu
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jugta Khuman
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher C H Lee
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- 1] Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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45
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Santiago AR, Baptista FI, Santos PF, Cristóvão G, Ambrósio AF, Cunha RA, Gomes CA. Role of microglia adenosine A(2A) receptors in retinal and brain neurodegenerative diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:465694. [PMID: 25132733 PMCID: PMC4124703 DOI: 10.1155/2014/465694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation mediated by microglial cells in the brain has been commonly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Whether this microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is cause or consequence of neurodegeneration is still a matter of controversy. However, it is unequivocal that chronic neuroinflammation plays a role in disease progression and halting that process represents a potential therapeutic strategy. The neuromodulator adenosine emerges as a promising targeting candidate based on its ability to regulate microglial proliferation, chemotaxis, and reactivity through the activation of its G protein coupled A2A receptor (A2AR). This is in striking agreement with the ability of A2AR blockade to control several brain diseases. Retinal degenerative diseases have been also associated with microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, but the role of A2AR has been scarcely explored. This review aims to compare inflammatory features of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases with glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, discussing the therapeutic potential of A2AR in these degenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R. Santiago
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- AIBILI, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Filipa I. Baptista
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo F. Santos
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cristóvão
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- AIBILI, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina A. Gomes
- Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Universidade de Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Mihaly SR, Morioka S, Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Takaesu G. Activated macrophage survival is coordinated by TAK1 binding proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94982. [PMID: 24736749 PMCID: PMC3988229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play diverse roles in tissue homeostasis and immunity, and canonically activated macrophages are critically associated with acute inflammatory responses. It is known that activated macrophages undergo cell death after transient activation in some settings, and the viability of macrophages impacts on inflammatory status. Here we report that TGFβ- activated kinase (TAK1) activators, TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) and TAK1-binding protein 2 (TAB2), are critical molecules in the regulation of activated macrophage survival. While deletion of Tak1 induced cell death in bone marrow derived macrophages even without activation, Tab1 or Tab2 deletion alone did not profoundly affect survival of naïve macrophages. However, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages, even single deletion of Tab1 or Tab2 resulted in macrophage death with both necrotic and apoptotic features. We show that TAB1 and TAB2 were redundantly involved in LPS-induced TAK1 activation in macrophages. These results demonstrate that TAK1 activity is the key to activated macrophage survival. Finally, in an in vivo setting, Tab1 deficiency impaired increase of peritoneal macrophages upon LPS challenge, suggesting that TAK1 complex regulation of macrophages may participate in in vivo macrophage homeostasis. Our results demonstrate that TAB1 and TAB2 are required for activated macrophages, making TAB1 and TAB2 effective targets to control inflammation by modulating macrophage survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- September R. Mihaly
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sho Morioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jun Ninomiya-Tsuji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JNT); (GT)
| | - Giichi Takaesu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (JNT); (GT)
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