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An R, Blackwell VK, Harandi B, Gibbons AC, Siu O, Irby I, Rees A, Cornejal N, Sattler KM, Sheng T, Syracuse NC, Loftus D, Santa Maria SR, Cekanaviciute E, Reinsch SS, Ray HE, Paul AM. Influence of the spaceflight environment on macrophage lineages. NPJ Microgravity 2024; 10:63. [PMID: 38862517 PMCID: PMC11166655 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight and terrestrial spaceflight analogs can alter immune phenotypes. Macrophages are important immune cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and participate in immunoregulatory processes of homeostasis. Furthermore, macrophages are critically involved in initiating immunity, defending against injury and infection, and are also involved in immune resolution and wound healing. Heterogeneous populations of macrophage-type cells reside in many tissues and cause a variety of tissue-specific effects through direct or indirect interactions with other physiological systems, including the nervous and endocrine systems. It is vital to understand how macrophages respond to the unique environment of space to safeguard crew members with appropriate countermeasures for future missions in low Earth orbit and beyond. This review highlights current literature on macrophage responses to spaceflight and spaceflight analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky An
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Cornell University, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering and Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Virginia Katherine Blackwell
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bijan Harandi
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Tufts University, Department of Chemistry, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Alicia C Gibbons
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- University of California San Diego, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olivia Siu
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA
| | - Iris Irby
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Amy Rees
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Nadjet Cornejal
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Brooklyn College, Department of Natural and Behavioral Sciences, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA
| | - Kristina M Sattler
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Ohio State University, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tao Sheng
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Nicholas C Syracuse
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Life Sciences Training Program, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- North Carolina State University, Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - David Loftus
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sergio R Santa Maria
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Egle Cekanaviciute
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sigrid S Reinsch
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Hami E Ray
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- ASRC Federal, Inc, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Amber M Paul
- Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA.
- NASA Ames Research Center, Space Biosciences Division, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
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Li Z, Wu J, Zhao T, Wei Y, Xu Y, Liu Z, Li X, Chen X. Microglial activation in spaceflight and microgravity: potential risk of cognitive dysfunction and poor neural health. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1296205. [PMID: 38425432 PMCID: PMC10902453 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1296205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the increased crewed spaceflights in recent years, it is vital to understand how the space environment affects human health. A lack of gravitational force is known to risk multiple physiological functions of astronauts, particularly damage to the central nervous system (CNS). As innate immune cells of the CNS, microglia can transition from a quiescent state to a pathological state, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines that contribute to neuroinflammation. There are reports indicating that microglia can be activated by simulating microgravity or exposure to galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Consequently, microglia may play a role in the development of neuroinflammation during spaceflight. Prolonged spaceflight sessions raise concerns about the chronic activation of microglia, which could give rise to various neurological disorders, posing concealed risks to the neural health of astronauts. This review summarizes the risks associated with neural health owing to microglial activation and explores the stressors that trigger microglial activation in the space environment. These stressors include GCR, microgravity, and exposure to isolation and stress. Of particular focus is the activation of microglia under microgravity conditions, along with the proposal of a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Li
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhao
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyun Wei
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yajing Xu
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zongjian Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechai Chen
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Antiviral Drugs, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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Graf J, Schulz H, Wehland M, Corydon TJ, Sahana J, Abdelfattah F, Wuest SL, Egli M, Krüger M, Kraus A, Wise PM, Infanger M, Grimm D. Omics Studies of Tumor Cells under Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:926. [PMID: 38255998 PMCID: PMC10815863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is defined as a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth, expansion, and progression with metastasis. Various signaling pathways are involved in its development. Malignant tumors exhibit a high morbidity and mortality. Cancer research increased our knowledge about some of the underlying mechanisms, but to this day, our understanding of this disease is unclear. High throughput omics technology and bioinformatics were successful in detecting some of the unknown cancer mechanisms. However, novel groundbreaking research and ideas are necessary. A stay in orbit causes biochemical and molecular biological changes in human cancer cells which are first, and above all, due to microgravity (µg). The µg-environment provides conditions that are not reachable on Earth, which allow researchers to focus on signaling pathways controlling cell growth and metastasis. Cancer research in space already demonstrated how cancer cell-exposure to µg influenced several biological processes being involved in cancer. This novel approach has the potential to fight cancer and to develop future cancer strategies. Space research has been shown to impact biological processes in cancer cells like proliferation, apoptosis, cell survival, adhesion, migration, the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and growth factors, among others. This concise review focuses on publications related to genetic, transcriptional, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolomic studies on tumor cells exposed to real space conditions or to simulated µg using simulation devices. We discuss all omics studies investigating different tumor cell types from the brain and hematological system, sarcomas, as well as thyroid, prostate, breast, gynecologic, gastrointestinal, and lung cancers, in order to gain new and innovative ideas for understanding the basic biology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Graf
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Fatima Abdelfattah
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
| | - Simon L. Wuest
- Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland (M.E.)
| | - Marcel Egli
- Space Biology Group, Institute of Medical Engineering, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland (M.E.)
- National Center for Biomedical Research in Space, Innovation Cluster Space and Aviation (UZH Space Hub), University Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Armin Kraus
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra M. Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (J.G.); (H.S.); (M.W.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (P.M.W.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (A.K.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.); (J.S.)
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Murali A, Sarkar RR. Mechano-immunology in microgravity. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 37:50-64. [PMID: 37087179 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth has evolved to thrive in the Earth's natural gravitational field; however, as space technology advances, we must revisit and investigate the effects of unnatural conditions on human health, such as gravitational change. Studies have shown that microgravity has a negative impact on various systemic parts of humans, with the effects being more severe in the human immune system. Increasing costs, limited experimental time, and sample handling issues hampered our understanding of this field. To address the existing knowledge gap and provide confidence in modelling the phenomena, in this review, we highlight experimental works in mechano-immunology under microgravity and different computational modelling approaches that can be used to address the existing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Murali
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ram Rup Sarkar
- Chemical Engineering and Process Development, CSIR - National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Dickerson BL, Sowinski R, Kreider RB, Wu G. Impacts of microgravity on amino acid metabolism during spaceflight. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:380-393. [PMID: 36775855 PMCID: PMC10281620 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221139189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight exerts an extreme and unique influence on human physiology as astronauts are subjected to long-term or short-term exposure to microgravity. During spaceflight, a multitude of physiological changes, including the loss of skeletal muscle mass, bone resorption, oxidative stress, and impaired blood flow, occur, which can affect astronaut health and the likelihood of mission success. In vivo and in vitro metabolite studies suggest that amino acids are among the most affected nutrients and metabolites by microgravity (a weightless condition due to very weak gravitational forces). Moreover, exposure to microgravity alters gut microbial composition, immune function, musculoskeletal health, and consequently amino acid metabolism. Appropriate knowledge of daily protein consumption, with a focus on specific functional amino acids, may offer insight into potential combative and/or therapeutic effects of amino acid consumption in astronauts and space travelers. This will further aid in the successful development of long-term manned space mission and permanent space habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Broderick L Dickerson
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports
Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Ryan Sowinski
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports
Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Department of Kinesiology and Sports
Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and
Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Lv H, Yang H, Jiang C, Shi J, Chen RA, Huang Q, Shao D. Microgravity and immune cells. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220869. [PMID: 36789512 PMCID: PMC9929508 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The microgravity environment experienced during spaceflight severely impaired immune system, making astronauts vulnerable to various diseases that seriously threaten the health of astronauts. Immune cells are exceptionally sensitive to changes in gravity and the microgravity environment can affect multiple aspects of immune cells through different mechanisms. Previous reports have mainly summarized the role of microgravity in the classification of innate and adaptive immune cells, lacking an overall grasp of the laws that microgravity effects on immune cells at different stages of their entire developmental process, such as differentiation, activation, metabolism, as well as function, which are discussed and concluded in this review. The possible molecular mechanisms are also analysed to provide a clear understanding of the specific role of microgravity in the whole development process of immune cells. Furthermore, the existing methods by which to reverse the damage of immune cells caused by microgravity, such as the use of polysaccharides, flavonoids, other natural immune cell activators etc. to target cell proliferation, apoptosis and impaired function are summarized. This review will provide not only new directions and ideas for the study of immune cell function in the microgravity environment, but also an important theoretical basis for the development of immunosuppression prevention and treatment drugs for spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Lv
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Shi
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-an Chen
- Hematology Department, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, 309 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
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Changes in interstitial fluid flow, mass transport and the bone cell response in microgravity and normogravity. Bone Res 2022; 10:65. [PMID: 36411278 PMCID: PMC9678891 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, our scientific interest in spaceflight has grown exponentially and resulted in a thriving area of research, with hundreds of astronauts spending months of their time in space. A recent shift toward pursuing territories farther afield, aiming at near-Earth asteroids, the Moon, and Mars combined with the anticipated availability of commercial flights to space in the near future, warrants continued understanding of the human physiological processes and response mechanisms when in this extreme environment. Acute skeletal loss, more severe than any bone loss seen on Earth, has significant implications for deep space exploration, and it remains elusive as to why there is such a magnitude of difference between bone loss on Earth and loss in microgravity. The removal of gravity eliminates a critical primary mechano-stimulus, and when combined with exposure to both galactic and solar cosmic radiation, healthy human tissue function can be negatively affected. An additional effect found in microgravity, and one with limited insight, involves changes in dynamic fluid flow. Fluids provide the most fundamental way to transport chemical and biochemical elements within our bodies and apply an essential mechano-stimulus to cells. Furthermore, the cell cytoplasm is not a simple liquid, and fluid transport phenomena together with viscoelastic deformation of the cytoskeleton play key roles in cell function. In microgravity, flow behavior changes drastically, and the impact on cells within the porous system of bone and the influence of an expanding level of adiposity are not well understood. This review explores the role of interstitial fluid motion and solute transport in porous bone under two different conditions: normogravity and microgravity.
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Mitochondria-Targeted Human Catalase in the Mouse Longevity MCAT Model Mitigates Head-Tilt Bedrest-Induced Neuro-Inflammation in the Hippocampus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111838. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity (modeled by head-tilt bedrest and hind-limb unloading), experienced during prolonged spaceflight, results in neurological consequences, central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, and potentially impairment during the performance of critical tasks. Similar pathologies are observed in bedrest, sedentary lifestyle, and muscle disuse on Earth. In our previous study, we saw that head-tilt bedrest together with social isolation upregulated the milieu of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and plasma. These changes were mitigated in a MCAT mouse model overexpressing human catalase in the mitochondria, pointing out the importance of ROS signaling in this stress response. Here, we used a head-tilt model in socially housed mice to tease out the effects of head-tilt bedrest without isolation. In order to find the underlying molecular mechanisms that provoked the cytokine response, we measured CD68, an indicator of microglial activation in the hippocampus, as well as changes in normal in-cage behavior. We hypothesized that hindlimb unloading (HU) will elicit microglial hippocampal activations, which will be mitigated in the MCAT ROS-quenching mice model. Indeed, we saw an elevation of the activated microglia CD68 marker following HU in the hippocampus, and this pathology was mitigated in MCAT mice. Additionally, we identified cytokines in the hippocampus, which had significant positive correlations with CD68 and negative correlations with exploratory behaviors, indicating a link between neuroinflammation and behavioral consequences. Unveiling a correlation between molecular and behavioral changes could reveal a biomarker indicative of these responses and could also result in a potential target for the treatment and prevention of cognitive changes following long space missions and/or muscle disuse on Earth.
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An R. MRTF may be the missing link in a multiscale mechanobiology approach toward macrophage dysfunction in space. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:997365. [PMID: 36172272 PMCID: PMC9510870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.997365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages exhibit impaired phagocytosis, adhesion, migration, and cytokine production in space, hindering their ability to elicit immune responses. Considering that the combined effect of spaceflight microgravity and radiation is multiscale and multifactorial in nature, it is expected that contradictory findings are common in the field. This theory paper reanalyzes research on the macrophage spaceflight response across multiple timescales from seconds to weeks, and spatial scales from the molecular, intracellular, extracellular, to the physiological. Key findings include time-dependence of both pro-inflammatory activation and integrin expression. Here, we introduce the time-dependent, intracellular localization of MRTF-A as a hypothetical confounder of macrophage activation. We discuss the mechanosensitive MRTF-A/SRF pathway dependence on the actin cytoskeleton/nucleoskeleton, microtubules, membrane mechanoreceptors, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and intracellular/extracellular crosstalk. By adopting a multiscale perspective, this paper provides the first mechanistic answer for a three-decade-old question regarding impaired cytokine secretion in microgravity—and strengthens the connection between the recent advances in mechanobiology, microgravity, and the spaceflight immune response. Finally, we hypothesize MRTF involvement and complications in treating spaceflight-induced cardiovascular, skeletal, and immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocky An
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rocky An,
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10
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In Vitro Models of Bone Marrow Remodelling and Immune Dysfunction in Space: Present State and Future Directions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040766. [PMID: 35453515 PMCID: PMC9031916 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight affects the body on every level. Reports on astronaut health identify bone marrow remodelling and dysfunction of the innate immune system as significant health risks of long-term habitation in space. Microgravity-induced alterations of the bone marrow induce physical changes to the bone marrow stem cell niche. Downstream effects on innate immunity are expected due to impaired hematopoiesis and myelopoiesis. To date, few studies have investigated these effects in real microgravity and the sparsely available literature often reports contrasting results. This emphasizes a need for the development of physiologically relevant in vitro models of the bone marrow stem cell niche, capable of delivering appropriate sample sizes for robust statistics. Here, we review recent findings on the impact of spaceflight conditions on innate immunity in in vitro and animal models and discusses the latest in vitro models of the bone marrow stem cell niche and their potential translatability to gravitational biology research.
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11
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Duraisamy K, Singh K, Kumar M, Lefranc B, Bonnafé E, Treilhou M, Leprince J, Chow BKC. P17 induces chemotaxis and differentiation of monocytes via MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell-line activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:275-291. [PMID: 34111449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P17, a peptide isolated from Tetramorium bicarinatum ant venom, is known to induce an alternative phenotype of human monocyte-derived macrophages via activation of an unknown G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the mechanism of action and the immunomodulatory effects of P17 mediated through MRGPRX2 (Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2). METHODS To identify the GPCR for P17, we screened 314 GPCRs. Upon identification of MRGPRX2, a battery of in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays along with the receptor mutation studies were performed. In particular, to investigate the immunomodulatory actions, we used β-hexosaminidase release assay, cytokine releases, quantification of mRNA expression, cell migration and differentiation assays, immunohistochemical labeling, hematoxylin and eosin, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS P17 activated MRGPRX2 in a dose-dependent manner in β-arrestin recruitment assay. In LAD2 cells, P17 induced calcium and β-hexosaminidase release. Quercetin- and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of MRGPRX2 reduced P17-evoked β-hexosaminidase release. In silico and in vitro mutagenesis studies showed that residue Lys8 of P17 formed a cation-π interaction with the Phe172 of MRGPRX2 and [Ala8]P17 lost its activity partially. P17 activated LAD2 cells to recruit THP-1 and human monocytes in Transwell migration assay, whereas MRGPRX2-impaired LAD2 cells cannot. In addition, P17-treated LAD2 cells stimulated differentiation of THP-1 and human monocytes, as indicated by the enhanced expression of macrophage markers cluster of differentiation 11b and TNF-α by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining suggested monocyte recruitment in mice ears injected with P17. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel structural information regarding the interaction of P17 with MRGPRX2 and intracellular pathways for its immunomodulatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Duraisamy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- INSERM U1239, PRIMACEN, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- EA7417 BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA7417 BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, PRIMACEN, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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12
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Dhar S, Kaeley DK, Kanan MJ, Yildirim-Ayan E. Mechano-Immunomodulation in Space: Mechanisms Involving Microgravity-Induced Changes in T Cells. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101043. [PMID: 34685414 PMCID: PMC8537592 DOI: 10.3390/life11101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the most prevalent issues surrounding long-term spaceflight, the sustainability of human life and the maintenance of homeostasis in an extreme environment are of utmost concern. It has been observed that the human immune system is dysregulated in space as a result of gravitational unloading at the cellular level, leading to potential complications in astronaut health. A plethora of studies demonstrate intracellular changes that occur due to microgravity; however, these ultimately fall short of identifying the underlying mechanisms and dysfunctions that cause such changes. This comprehensive review covers the changes in human adaptive immunity due to microgravity. Specifically, there is a focus on uncovering the gravisensitive steps in T cell signaling pathways. Changes in gravitational force may lead to interrupted immune signaling cascades at specific junctions, particularly membrane and surface receptor-proximal molecules. Holistically studying the interplay of signaling with morphological changes in cytoskeleton and other cell components may yield answers to what in the T cell specifically experiences the consequences of microgravity. Fully understanding the nature of this problem is essential in order to develop proper countermeasures before long-term space flight is conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Dhar
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.D.); (D.K.K.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Dilpreet Kaur Kaeley
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.D.); (D.K.K.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Mohamad Jalal Kanan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.D.); (D.K.K.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA; (S.D.); (D.K.K.); (M.J.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-419-530-8257; Fax: +1-419-530-8030
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13
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Gravitational Force-Induced 3D Chromosomal Conformational Changes Are Associated with Rapid Transcriptional Response in Human T Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179426. [PMID: 34502336 PMCID: PMC8430767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying gravity perception in mammalian cells are unknown. We have recently discovered that the transcriptome of cells in the immune system, which is the most affected system during a spaceflight, responds rapidly and broadly to altered gravity. To pinpoint potential underlying mechanisms, we compared gene expression and three-dimensional (3D) chromosomal conformational changes in human Jurkat T cells during the short-term gravitational changes in parabolic flight and suborbital ballistic rocket flight experiments. We found that differential gene expression in gravity-responsive chromosomal regions, but not differentially regulated single genes, are highly conserved between different real altered gravity comparisons. These coupled gene expression effects in chromosomal regions could be explained by underlying chromatin structures. Based on a high-throughput chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) analysis in altered gravity, we found that small chromosomes (chr16–22, with the exception of chr18) showed increased intra- and interchromosomal interactions in altered gravity, whereby large chromosomes showed decreased interactions. Finally, we detected a nonrandom overlap between Hi-C-identified chromosomal interacting regions and gravity-responsive chromosomal regions (GRCRs). We therefore demonstrate the first evidence that gravitational force-induced 3D chromosomal conformational changes are associated with rapid transcriptional response in human T cells. We propose a general model of cellular sensitivity to gravitational forces, where gravitational forces acting on the cellular membrane are rapidly and mechanically transduced through the cytoskeleton into the nucleus, moving chromosome territories to new conformation states and their genes into more expressive or repressive environments, finally resulting in region-specific differential gene expression.
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14
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The CellBox-2 Mission to the International Space Station: Thyroid Cancer Cells in Space. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168777. [PMID: 34445479 PMCID: PMC8395939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A spaceflight to the International Space Station (ISS) is a dream of many researchers. We had the chance to investigate the effect of real microgravity (CellBox-2 Space mission) on the transcriptome and proteome of FTC-133 human follicular thyroid cancer cells (TCC). The cells had been sent to the ISS by a Falcon 9 rocket of SpaceX CRS-13 from Cape Canaveral (United States) and cultured in six automated hardware units on the ISS before they were fixed and returned to Earth. Multicellular spheroids (MCS) were detectable in all spaceflight hardware units. The VCL, PXN, ITGB1, RELA, ERK1 and ERK2 mRNA levels were significantly downregulated after 5 days in space in adherently growing cells (AD) and MCS compared with ground controls (1g), whereas the MIK67 and SRC mRNA levels were both suppressed in MCS. By contrast, the ICAM1, COL1A1 and IL6 mRNA levels were significantly upregulated in AD cells compared with 1g and MCS. The protein secretion measured by multianalyte profiling technology and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (AngiogenesisMAP®, extracellular matrix proteins) was not significantly altered, with the exception of elevated angiopoietin 2. TCC in space formed MCS, and the response to microgravity was mainly anti-proliferative. We identified ERK/RELA as a major microgravity regulatory pathway.
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15
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ElGindi M, Sapudom J, Ibrahim IH, Al-Sayegh M, Chen W, Garcia-Sabaté A, Teo JCM. May the Force Be with You (Or Not): The Immune System under Microgravity. Cells 2021; 10:1941. [PMID: 34440709 PMCID: PMC8391211 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All terrestrial organisms have evolved and adapted to thrive under Earth's gravitational force. Due to the increase of crewed space flights in recent years, it is vital to understand how the lack of gravitational forces affects organisms. It is known that astronauts who have been exposed to microgravity suffer from an array of pathological conditions including an impaired immune system, which is one of the most negatively affected by microgravity. However, at the cellular level a gap in knowledge exists, limiting our ability to understand immune impairment in space. This review highlights the most significant work done over the past 10 years detailing the effects of microgravity on cellular aspects of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei ElGindi
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (M.E.); (J.S.); (I.H.I.)
| | - Jiranuwat Sapudom
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (M.E.); (J.S.); (I.H.I.)
| | - Ibrahim Hamed Ibrahim
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (M.E.); (J.S.); (I.H.I.)
| | - Mohamed Al-Sayegh
- Biology Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Anna Garcia-Sabaté
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (M.E.); (J.S.); (I.H.I.)
| | - Jeremy C. M. Teo
- Laboratory for Immuno Bioengineering Research and Applications, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 129188, United Arab Emirates; (M.E.); (J.S.); (I.H.I.)
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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16
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Sahana J, Corydon TJ, Wehland M, Krüger M, Kopp S, Melnik D, Kahlert S, Relja B, Infanger M, Grimm D. Alterations of Growth and Focal Adhesion Molecules in Human Breast Cancer Cells Exposed to the Random Positioning Machine. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672098. [PMID: 34277614 PMCID: PMC8278480 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated changes in focal adhesions (FAs) in two types of breast cancer cell (BCC) lines (differentiated MCF-7 and the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line) exposed to simulated microgravity (s-μg) created by a random positioning machine (RPM) for 24 h. After exposure, the BCC changed their growth behavior and exhibited two phenotypes in RPM samples: one portion of the cells grew as a normal two-dimensional monolayer [adherent (AD) BCC], while the other portion formed three-dimensional (3D) multicellular spheroids (MCS). After 1 h and 30 min (MDA-MB-231) and 1 h 40 min (MCF-7), the MCS adhered completely to the slide flask bottom. After 2 h, MDA-MB-231 MCS cells started to migrate, and after 6 h, a large number of the cells had left the MCS and continued to grow in a scattered pattern, whereas MCF-7 cells were growing as a confluent monolayer after 6 h and 24 h. We investigated the genes associated with the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix and FAs. ACTB, TUBB, FN1, FAK1, and PXN gene expression patterns were not significantly changed in MDA-MB-231 cells, but we observed a down-regulation of LAMA3, ITGB1 mRNAs in AD cells and of ITGB1, TLN1 and VCL mRNAs in MDA-MB-231 MCS. RPM-exposed MCF-7 cells revealed a down-regulation in the gene expression of FAK1, PXN, TLN1, VCL and CDH1 in AD cells and PXN, TLN and CDH1 in MCS. An interaction analysis of the examined genes involved in 3D growth and adhesion indicated a central role of fibronectin, vinculin, and E-cadherin. Live cell imaging of eGFP-vinculin in MCF-7 cells confirmed these findings. β-catenin-transfected MCF-7 cells revealed a nuclear expression in 1g and RPM-AD cells. The target genes BCL9, MYC and JUN of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were differentially expressed in RPM-exposed MCF-7 cells. These findings suggest that vinculin and β-catenin are key mediators of BCC to form MCS during 24 h of RPM-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kahlert
- Institute of Anatomy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Experimental Radiology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group "Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen" (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Riwaldt S, Corydon TJ, Pantalone D, Sahana J, Wise P, Wehland M, Krüger M, Melnik D, Kopp S, Infanger M, Grimm D. Role of Apoptosis in Wound Healing and Apoptosis Alterations in Microgravity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:679650. [PMID: 34222218 PMCID: PMC8248797 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Functioning as the outermost self-renewing protective layer of the human organism, skin protects against a multitude of harmful biological and physical stimuli. Consisting of ectodermal, mesenchymal, and neural crest-derived cell lineages, tissue homeostasis, and signal transduction are finely tuned through the interplay of various pathways. A health problem of astronauts in space is skin deterioration. Until today, wound healing has not been considered as a severe health concern for crew members. This can change with deep space exploration missions and commercial spaceflights together with space tourism. Albeit the molecular process of wound healing is not fully elucidated yet, there have been established significant conceptual gains and new scientific methods. Apoptosis, e.g., programmed cell death, enables orchestrated development and cell removal in wounded or infected tissue. Experimental designs utilizing microgravity allow new insights into the role of apoptosis in wound healing. Furthermore, impaired wound healing in unloading conditions would depict a significant challenge in human-crewed exploration space missions. In this review, we provide an overview of alterations in the behavior of cutaneous cell lineages under microgravity in regard to the impact of apoptosis in wound healing. We discuss the current knowledge about wound healing in space and simulated microgravity with respect to apoptosis and available therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Riwaldt
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Desiré Pantalone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Petra Wise
- The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, University Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Shi L, Tian H, Wang P, Li L, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhao Y. Spaceflight and simulated microgravity suppresses macrophage development via altered RAS/ERK/NFκB and metabolic pathways. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1489-1502. [PMID: 31900461 PMCID: PMC8167113 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight-associated immune system weakening ultimately limits the ability of humans to expand their presence beyond the earth's orbit. A mechanistic study of microgravity-regulated immune cell function is necessary to overcome this challenge. Here, we demonstrate that both spaceflight (real) and simulated microgravity significantly reduce macrophage differentiation, decrease macrophage quantity and functional polarization, and lead to metabolic reprogramming, as demonstrated by changes in gene expression profiles. Moreover, we identified RAS/ERK/NFκB as a major microgravity-regulated pathway. Exogenous ERK and NFκB activators significantly counteracted the effect of microgravity on macrophage differentiation. In addition, microgravity also affects the p53 pathway, which we verified by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Collectively, our data reveal a new mechanism for the effects of microgravity on macrophage development and provide potential molecular targets for the prevention or treatment of macrophage differentiation deficiency in spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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19
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Ludtka C, Silberman J, Moore E, Allen JB. Macrophages in microgravity: the impact of space on immune cells. NPJ Microgravity 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33790288 PMCID: PMC8012370 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-021-00141-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of a microgravity environment on the myriad types of immune cells present within the human body have been assessed both by bench-scale simulation and suborbital methods, as well as in true spaceflight. Macrophages have garnered increased research interest in this context in recent years. Their functionality in both immune response and tissue remodeling makes them a unique cell to investigate in regards to gravisensitive effects as well as parameters of interest that could impact astronaut health. Here, we review and summarize the literature investigating the effects of microgravity on macrophages and monocytes regarding the microgravity environment simulation/generation methods, cell sources, experiment durations, and parameters of interest utilized within the field. We discuss reported findings on the impacts of microgravity on macrophage/monocyte structure, adhesion and migration, proliferation, genetic expression, cytokine secretion, and reactive oxygen species production, as well as polarization. Based on this body of data, we make recommendations to the field for careful consideration of experimental design to complement existing reports, as the multitude of disparate study methods previously published can make drawing direct comparisons difficult. However, the breadth of different testing methodologies can also lend itself to attempting to identify the most robust and consistent responses to microgravity across various testing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ludtka
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Justin Silberman
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erika Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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20
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Gregg RK. Implications of microgravity-induced cell signaling alterations upon cancer cell growth, invasiveness, metastatic potential, and control by host immunity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 361:107-164. [PMID: 34074492 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The human endeavor to venture beyond the orbit of Earth is challenged by both continuous space radiation and microgravity-induced immune dysfunction. If cancers were to develop in astronauts, it is unclear how these abnormal cells would grow and progress in the microgravity environment. It is unknown if the astronaut's immune response would be able to control or eradicate cancer. A better molecular understanding of how the mechanical force of gravity affects the cell as well as the aggressiveness of cancers and the functionality of host immunity is needed. This review will summarize findings related to microgravity-mediated alterations in the cell cytoskeleton, cell-cell, and cell-extracellular matrix interactions including cadherins, immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion molecules, selectins, and integrins and related cell signaling. The effects of spaceflight and simulated microgravity on cell viability, cancer cell growth, invasiveness, angiogenesis, metastasis as well as immune cell functions and the subsequent signaling pathways involved will be discussed. Microgravity-induced alterations in function and signaling of the major anti-cancer immune populations will be examined including natural killer cells, dendritic cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. Further studies regarding the molecular events impacted by microgravity in both cancer and immune cells will greatly increase the development of therapies to restrict tumor growth and enhance cancer-specific responses for both astronauts and patients on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal K Gregg
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine at Lincoln Memorial University-Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States.
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Sun Y, Kuang Y, Zuo Z. The Emerging Role of Macrophages in Immune System Dysfunction under Real and Simulated Microgravity Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2333. [PMID: 33652750 PMCID: PMC7956436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of exploring space, the astronaut's body undergoes a series of physiological changes. At the level of cellular behavior, microgravity causes significant alterations, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular deconditioning. At the level of gene expression, microgravity changes the expression of cytokines in many physiological processes, such as cell immunity, proliferation, and differentiation. At the level of signaling pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway participates in microgravity-induced immune malfunction. However, the mechanisms of these changes have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that the malfunction of macrophages is an important breakthrough for immune disorders in microgravity. As the first line of immune defense, macrophages play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. They activate specific immune responses and participate in large numbers of physiological activities by presenting antigen and secreting cytokines. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances on the dysfunction of macrophages arisen from microgravity and to discuss the mechanisms of these abnormal responses. Hopefully, our work will contribute not only to the future exploration on the immune system in space, but also to the development of preventive and therapeutic drugs against the physiological consequences of spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Sun
- Key Laboratory for Space Biosciences & Biotechnology, Institute of Special Environmental Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (Y.K.); (Z.Z.)
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22
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Zhong H, Lin H, Pang Q, Zhuang J, Liu X, Li X, Liu J, Tang J. Macrophage ICAM-1 functions as a regulator of phagocytosis in LPS induced endotoxemia. Inflamm Res 2021; 70:193-203. [PMID: 33474594 PMCID: PMC7817350 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-021-01437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a critical role in mediating cell-cell interaction and outside-in cell signaling during the immune response. ICAM-1 is expressed on the cell surface of several cell types including endothelial cells, epithelial cells, leucocytes, fibroblasts, and neutrophils. Despite ICAM-1 has been detected on macrophage, little is known about the function and mechanism of macrophage ICAM-1. METHODS To investigate the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in ICAM-1 regulation, both the protein and cell surface expression of ICAM-1 were measured. The phagocytosis of macrophage was evaluated by flow cytometry and Confocal microscopy. Small interfering RNA and neutralizing antibody of ICAM-1 were used to assess the effect of ICAM-1 on macrophage phagocytosis. TLR4 gene knockout mouse and cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS scavenger were used for the regulation of ICAM-1 expression. ROS was determined using flow cytometry. RESULTS In this study, we reported that macrophage can be stimulated to increase both the protein and cell surface expression of ICAM-1 by LPS. Macrophage ICAM-1 expression was correlated with enhanced macrophage phagocytosis. We found that using ICAM-1 neutralizing antibody or ICAM-1 silencing to attenuate the function or expression of ICAM-1 could decrease LPS-induced macrophage phagocytosis. Furthermore, we found that knocking out of TLR4 led to inhibited cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ROS production, which in turn, attenuated ICAM-1 expression at both the protein and cell surface levels. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the mechanism of ICAM-1-mediated macrophage phagocytosis is depending on TLR4-mediated ROS production and provides significant light on macrophage ICAM-1 in endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhui Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haitao Lin
- Health Management Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongni Pang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, SouthernMedicalUniversity, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinling Zhuang
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, SouthernMedicalUniversity, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Jing Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- The Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China.
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23
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The microgravity enhanced polymer-mediated siRNA gene silence by improving cellular uptake. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s41048-020-00121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Abstract
Microgravity (MG) effect is a weightlessness phenomenon caused by the distance from the ground or low gravity of other planets outside the earth’s atmosphere. The various effects of MG have been corroborated in human and animal studies and modeled in cell-based analogs. However, the impact of MG on siRNA performance remains to be elucidated, which is crucial for aerospace medicine. In this study, we prepared nucleic acid nanomicelles (EAASc/siRNA) by using tri-block copolymer of PEG45-PAMA40-P(C7A36-DBA37) (EAASc) and siRNA and explored its working mechanism under simulated microgravity (SMG) condition generated by a random positioning machine (RPM). The binding ability of EAASc to siRNA and silence activity were firstly confirmed in normal gravity (NG) environment. Evaluation of PLK1 mRNA expression revealed that gene inhibition efficiencies were increased by 28.7% (HepG2) and 28.9% (A549) under SMG condition, compared with those under NG condition. In addition, mechanism exploration indicated that morphology and migration capability of cancer cells were significantly changed, the internalization of EAASc/siRNA by cells was magnified when the cells were incubated with RPM. No significant difference was observed regarding the expression profiles of genes involved in RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, including Ago2, Dicer, TRBP, and so on. Taken together, siRNA activity was elevated under SMG condition owning to increased cellular internalization. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, provides valuable theory for development and application of siRNA therapeutic in space in the future.
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Wang J, Han C, Lu Z, Ge P, Cui Y, Zhao D, Yang X, Wu B, Qiang L, Zhang Y, Chai Q, Lei Z, Li L, Hua Liu C, Zhang L. Simulated microgravity suppresses MAPK pathway-mediated innate immune response to bacterial infection and induces gut microbiota dysbiosis. FASEB J 2020; 34:14631-14644. [PMID: 32918764 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
During spaceflight, astronauts are subjected to various physical stressors including microgravity, which could cause immune dysfunction and thus potentially predispose astronauts to infections and illness. However, the mechanisms by which microgravity affects innate immunity remain largely unclear. In this study, we conducted RNA-sequencing analysis to show that simulated microgravity (SMG) suppresses the production of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as the activation of the innate immune signaling pathways including the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the Erk1/2 MAPK pathways in the Enteropathogenic escherichia coli (EPEC)-infected macrophage cells. We then adopted hindlimb-unloading (HU) mice, a model mimicking the microgravity of a spaceflight environment, to demonstrate that microgravity suppresses proinflammatory cytokine-mediated intestinal immunity to Citrobacter rodentium infection and induces the disturbance of gut microbiota, both of which phenotypes could be largely corrected by the introduction of VSL#3, a high-concentration probiotic preparation of eight live freeze-dried bacterial species. Taken together, our study provides new insights into microgravity-mediated innate immune suppression and intestinal microbiota disturbance, and suggests that probiotic VSL#3 has great potential as a dietary supplement in protecting individuals from spaceflight mission-associated infections and gut microbiota dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Conghui Han
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pupu Ge
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Qiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Lei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
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25
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Lin X, Zhang K, Wei D, Tian Y, Gao Y, Chen Z, Qian A. The Impact of Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity on Cell Adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093031. [PMID: 32344794 PMCID: PMC7246714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity induces a number of significant physiological changes in the cardiovascular, nervous, immune systems, as well as the bone tissue of astronauts. Changes in cell adhesion properties are one aspect affected during long-term spaceflights in mammalian cells. Cellular adhesion behaviors can be divided into cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion. These behaviors trigger cell-cell recognition, conjugation, migration, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and signal transduction. Cellular adhesion molecule (CAM) is a general term for macromolecules that mediate the contact and binding between cells or between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this review, we summarize the four major classes of adhesion molecules that regulate cell adhesion, including integrins, immunoglobulin superfamily (Ig-SF), cadherins, and selectin. Moreover, we discuss the effects of spaceflight and simulated microgravity on the adhesion of endothelial cells, immune cells, tumor cells, stem cells, osteoblasts, muscle cells, and other types of cells. Further studies on the effects of microgravity on cell adhesion and the corresponding physiological behaviors may help increase the safety and improve the health of astronauts in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lin
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; (X.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.C.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Kewen Zhang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; (X.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.C.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Daixu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Ye Tian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; (X.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.C.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yongguang Gao
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; (X.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.C.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhihao Chen
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; (X.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.C.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, China; (X.L.); (K.Z.); (Y.T.); (Y.G.); (Z.C.)
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-7210-8260
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Xu M, Xie F, Tang X, Wang T, Wang S. Insights into the role of circular RNA in macrophage activation and fibrosis disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 156:104777. [PMID: 32244027 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are single-stranded RNAs which form a covalent bond structure without a 5' cap or a 3' polyadenylated tail, which is deleted through back-splicing. The expression of circRNAs in highly divergent eukaryotes is abundant. With the development of high-throughput sequencing, the mysteries of circRNAs have gradually been revealed. Increased attention has been paid to determining their biological functions and whether their changed expression profiles are linked to disease progression. Functionally, circRNAs have been shown to act as miRNA sponges or nuclear transcription factor regulators, and to play a part in RNA splicing. Various types of circRNAs have been discovered to be differentially expressed under steady physiological and pathological conditions. Recently, several studies have focused on the roles of circRNAs in macrophages on inflammatory stimulation. In this study, we review the current advances in the understanding of circRNAs in macrophages under various pathological conditions, in particular during organ fibrosis, and summarize possible directions for future circRNA applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Feiting Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China.
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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27
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Sokolovskaya A, Korneeva E, Zaichenko D, Virus E, Kolesov D, Moskovtsev A, Kubatiev A. Changes in the Surface Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 3, the Induction of Apoptosis, and the Inhibition of Cell-Cycle Progression of Human Multidrug-Resistant Jurkat/A4 Cells Exposed to a Random Positioning Machine. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E855. [PMID: 32013031 PMCID: PMC7037860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments from flight- and ground-based model systems suggest that unexpected alterations of the human lymphoblastoid cell line Jurkat, as well as effects on cell growth, metabolism, and apoptosis, can occur in altered gravity conditions. Using a desktop random positioning machine (RPM), we investigated the effects of simulated microgravity on Jurkat cells and their multidrug-resistant subline, Jurkat/A4 cells. The viability of Jurkat/A4 cells decreased after simulated microgravity in contrast with the Jurkat cells. At the same time, the viability between the experimental Jurkat cells and control Jurkat cells was not significantly different. Of note, Jurkat cells appeared as less susceptible to apoptosis than their multidrug-resistant clone Jurkat/A4 cells, whereas cell-cycle analysis showed that the percentage of Jurkat/A4 cells in the S-phase was increased after 72 and 96 h of RPM-simulated microgravity relative to their static counterparts. The differences in Jurkat cells at all phases between static and simulated microgravity were not significant. The surface expression of the intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3)-also known as cluster of differentiation (CD)50-protein was changed for Jurkat/A4 cells following exposure to the RPM. Changes in cell morphology were observed in the Jurkat/A4 cells after 96 h of RPM-simulated microgravity. Thus, we concluded that Jurkat/A4 cells are more sensitive to RPM-simulated microgravity as compared with the parental Jurkat cell line. We also suggest that intercellular adhesion molecule 3 may be an important adhesion molecule involved in the induction of leukocyte apoptosis. The Jurkat/A4 cells with an acquired multidrug resistance phenotype could be a useful model for studying the effects of simulated microgravity and testing anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Sokolovskaya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Baltiyskaya str. 8, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (E.K.); (D.Z.); (E.V.); (D.K.); (A.M.); (A.K.)
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Nassef MZ, Kopp S, Melnik D, Corydon TJ, Sahana J, Krüger M, Wehland M, Bauer TJ, Liemersdorf C, Hemmersbach R, Infanger M, Grimm D. Short-Term Microgravity Influences Cell Adhesion in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5730. [PMID: 31731625 PMCID: PMC6887954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the commercialization of spaceflight and the exploration of space, it is important to understand the changes occurring in human cells exposed to real microgravity (r-µg) conditions. We examined the influence of r-µg, simulated microgravity (s-µg, incubator random positioning machine (iRPM)), hypergravity (hyper-g), and vibration (VIB) on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells (MDA-MB-231 cell line) with the aim to study early changes in the gene expression of factors associated with cell adhesion, apoptosis, nuclear factor "kappa-light-chain-enhancer" of activated B-cells (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. We had the opportunity to attend a parabolic flight (PF) mission and to study changes in RNA transcription in the MDA-MB cells exposed to PF maneuvers (29th Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR) PF campaign). PF maneuvers induced an early up-regulation of ICAM1, CD44 and ERK1 mRNAs after the first parabola (P1) and a delayed upregulation of NFKB1, NFKBIA, NFKBIB, and FAK1 after the last parabola (P31). ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CD44 protein levels were elevated, whereas the NF-κB subunit p-65 and annexin-A2 protein levels were reduced after the 31st parabola (P31). The PRKCA, RAF1, BAX mRNA were not changed and cleaved caspase-3 was not detectable in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PF maneuvers. Hyper-g-exposure of the cells elevated the expression of CD44 and NFKBIA mRNAs, iRPM-exposure downregulated ANXA2 and BAX, whereas VIB did not affect the TNBC cells. The early changes in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and the rapid decrease in the NF-κB subunit p-65 might be considered as fast-reacting, gravity-regulated and cell-protective mechanisms of TNBC cells exposed to altered gravity conditions. This data suggest a key role for the detected gravity-signaling elements in three-dimensional growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Zakaria Nassef
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Sascha Kopp
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Daniela Melnik
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jayashree Sahana
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Thomas J. Bauer
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Christian Liemersdorf
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany; (C.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Ruth Hemmersbach
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Department of Gravitational Biology, German Aerospace Center, 51147 Cologne, Germany; (C.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.Z.N.); (D.M.); (M.K.); (M.W.); (T.J.B.); (M.I.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (T.J.C.)
- Gravitational Biology and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Expression of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) and Genes of Related Pathways in Altered Gravity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020436. [PMID: 30669540 PMCID: PMC6358763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system deterioration in space represents a major risk, which has to be mitigated for exploration-class missions into the solar system. Altered gravitational forces have been shown to regulate adaptation processes in cells of the immune system, which are important for appropriate risk management, monitoring and development of countermeasures. T lymphocytes and cells of the monocyte-macrophage system are highly migratory cell types that frequently encounter a wide range of oxygen tensions in human tissues and in hypoxic areas, even under homeostatic conditions. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and 2 (HIF's) might have an important role in activation of T cells and cells of the monocyte-macrophages system. Thus, we investigated the regulation of HIF-dependent and, therefore, hypoxia-signaling systems in both cell types in altered gravity and performed transcript and protein analysis from parabolic flight and suborbital ballistic rocket experiments. We found that HIF-1α and HIF-1-dependent transcripts were differently regulated in altered gravity, whereas HIF-1α-dependent gene expression adapted after 5 min microgravity. Inter-platform comparisons identified PDK1 as highly responsive to gravitational changes in human U937 myelomonocytic cells and in Jurkat T cells. We suggest HIF-1 as a potential pharmacological target for counteracting immune system deterioration during space flight.
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Tauber S, Christoffel S, Thiel CS, Ullrich O. Transcriptional Homeostasis of Oxidative Stress-Related Pathways in Altered Gravity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2814. [PMID: 30231541 PMCID: PMC6164947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereby several types of cultured cells are sensitive to gravity, the immune system belongs to the most affected systems during spaceflight. Since reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are serving as signals of cellular homeostasis, particularly in the cells of the immune system, we investigated the immediate effect of altered gravity on the transcription of 86 genes involved in reactive oxygen species metabolism, antioxidative systems, and cellular response to oxidative stress, using parabolic flight and suborbital ballistic rocket experiments and microarray analysis. In human myelomonocytic U937 cells, we detected a rapid response of 19.8% of all of the investigated oxidative stress-related transcripts to 1.8 g of hypergravity and 1.1% to microgravity as early as after 20 s. Nearly all (97.2%) of the initially altered transcripts adapted after 75 s of hypergravity (max. 13.5 g), and 100% adapted after 5 min of microgravity. After the almost complete adaptation of initially altered transcripts, a significant second pool of differentially expressed transcripts appeared. In contrast, we detected nearly no response of oxidative stress-related transcripts in human Jurkat T cells to altered gravity. In conclusion, we assume a very well-regulated homeostasis and transcriptional stability of oxidative stress-related pathways in altered gravity in cells of the human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svantje Tauber
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Space Life Sciences Laboratory (SLSL), Kennedy Space Center, 505 Odyssey Way, Exploration Park, FL 32953, USA.
| | - Swantje Christoffel
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Cora Sandra Thiel
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Space Life Sciences Laboratory (SLSL), Kennedy Space Center, 505 Odyssey Way, Exploration Park, FL 32953, USA.
| | - Oliver Ullrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.
- Space Life Sciences Laboratory (SLSL), Kennedy Space Center, 505 Odyssey Way, Exploration Park, FL 32953, USA.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Thiel CS, Tauber S, Christoffel S, Huge A, Lauber BA, Polzer J, Paulsen K, Lier H, Engelmann F, Schmitz B, Schütte A, Raig C, Layer LE, Ullrich O. Rapid coupling between gravitational forces and the transcriptome in human myelomonocytic U937 cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13267. [PMID: 30185876 PMCID: PMC6125427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31596-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gravitational force has been constant throughout Earth's evolutionary history. Since the cell nucleus is subjected to permanent forces induced by Earth's gravity, we addressed the question, if gene expression homeostasis is constantly shaped by the gravitational force on Earth. We therefore investigated the transcriptome in force-free conditions of microgravity, determined the time frame of initial gravitational force-transduction to the transcriptome and assessed the role of cation channels. We combined a parabolic flight experiment campaign with a suborbital ballistic rocket experiment employing the human myelomonocytic cell line U937 and analyzed the whole gene transcription by microarray, using rigorous controls for exclusion of effects not related to gravitational force and cross-validation through two fully independent research campaigns. Experiments with the wide range ion channel inhibitor SKF-96365 in combination with whole transcriptome analysis were conducted to study the functional role of ion channels in the transduction of gravitational forces at an integrative level. We detected profound alterations in the transcriptome already after 20 s of microgravity or hypergravity. In microgravity, 99.43% of all initially altered transcripts adapted after 5 min. In hypergravity, 98.93% of all initially altered transcripts adapted after 75 s. Only 2.4% of all microgravity-regulated transcripts were sensitive to the cation channel inhibitor SKF-96365. Inter-platform comparison of differentially regulated transcripts revealed 57 annotated gravity-sensitive transcripts. We assume that gravitational forces are rapidly and constantly transduced into the nucleus as omnipresent condition for nuclear and chromatin structure as well as homeostasis of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora S Thiel
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Svantje Tauber
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Swantje Christoffel
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Huge
- Core Facility Genomic, Medical Faculty of Muenster, University of Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D3, Domagstrasse 3, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Beatrice A Lauber
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Polzer
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hartwin Lier
- KEK GmbH, Kemberger Str. 5, 06905, Bad Schmiedeberg, Germany
| | - Frank Engelmann
- KEK GmbH, Kemberger Str. 5, 06905, Bad Schmiedeberg, Germany
- Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Christiane Raig
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liliana E Layer
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Ullrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Gioia M, Michaletti A, Scimeca M, Marini M, Tarantino U, Zolla L, Coletta M. Simulated microgravity induces a cellular regression of the mature phenotype in human primary osteoblasts. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:59. [PMID: 29760957 PMCID: PMC5945613 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased mechanical loading on bones, such as prolonged bed rest and microgravity during space flights, leads to the development of an osteoporotic-like phenotype. Although osteoblast hypo-functionality is reported to be involved in the progression of bone pathological conditions, the cellular mechanisms of this process remain largely unknown. The combined application of mass spectrometry "-omics" and histochemical and ultrastructural approaches have been employed to investigate the effects of the gravitational unloading on human bone-cell biology. Here we show, ex vivo, that simulated microgravity (Sμg) on human primary osteoblasts (hpOB) induces an alteration of pro-osteogenic determinants (i.e., cell morphology and deposit of hydroxyapatite crystals), accompanied by a downregulation of adhesive proteins and bone differentiation markers (e.g., integrin beta-1, protein folding Crystallin Alpha B (CRYα-B), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANK-L)), indicating an impairment of osteogenesis. Further, we observed for the first time that Sμg can trigger a transition toward a mesenchymal-like phenotype, in which a mature osteoblast displays an hampered vitamin A metabolism, loses adhesive molecules, gains mesenchymal components (e.g., pre-osteoblast state marker CD44), morphological protrusions (filopodium-like), enhances GTPase activities, which in turn allows it to acquire migrating properties. Although this phenotypic conversion is not complete and can be reversible, Sμg environment proves a plasticity potential hidden on Earth. Overall, our results suggest that Sμg can be a powerful physical cue for triggering ex vivo a dedifferentiation impulse on hpOBs, opening a new scenario of possible innovative therapeutical biomechanical strategies for the treatment of osteo-degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gioia
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Michaletti
- 2Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- 3Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- 4Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- 2Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Dynamic gene expression response to altered gravity in human T cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5204. [PMID: 28701719 PMCID: PMC5507981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the dynamics of immediate and initial gene expression response to different gravitational environments in human Jurkat T lymphocytic cells and compared expression profiles to identify potential gravity-regulated genes and adaptation processes. We used the Affymetrix GeneChip® Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 containing 44,699 protein coding genes and 22,829 non-protein coding genes and performed the experiments during a parabolic flight and a suborbital ballistic rocket mission to cross-validate gravity-regulated gene expression through independent research platforms and different sets of control experiments to exclude other factors than alteration of gravity. We found that gene expression in human T cells rapidly responded to altered gravity in the time frame of 20 s and 5 min. The initial response to microgravity involved mostly regulatory RNAs. We identified three gravity-regulated genes which could be cross-validated in both completely independent experiment missions: ATP6V1A/D, a vacuolar H + -ATPase (V-ATPase) responsible for acidification during bone resorption, IGHD3-3/IGHD3-10, diversity genes of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus participating in V(D)J recombination, and LINC00837, a long intergenic non-protein coding RNA. Due to the extensive and rapid alteration of gene expression associated with regulatory RNAs, we conclude that human cells are equipped with a robust and efficient adaptation potential when challenged with altered gravitational environments.
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Vuong TT, Rønning SB, Suso HP, Schmidt R, Prydz K, Lundström M, Moen A, Pedersen ME. The extracellular matrix of eggshell displays anti-inflammatory activities through NF-κB in LPS-triggered human immune cells. J Inflamm Res 2017; 10:83-96. [PMID: 28740415 PMCID: PMC5503671 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s130974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian eggshell membrane (ESM) is a natural biomaterial that has been used as an alternative natural bandage on burned and cut skin injuries for >400 years in Asian countries, and is available in large quantities from egg industries. Our aim was to characterize ESM that was separated and processed from egg waste, and to study whether this material possesses anti-inflammatory properties, making it suitable as an ingredient in industrial production of low cost wound healing products. Our results show that the processed ESM particles retain a fibrous structure similar to that observed for the native membrane, and contain collagen, and carbohydrate components such as hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans, as well as N-glycans, mostly with uncharged structures. Furthermore, both processed ESM powder and the ESM-derived carbohydrate fraction had immunomodulation properties in monocytes and macrophage-like cells. Under inflammatory conditions induced by lipopolysaccharide, the ESM powder and the isolated carbohydrate fraction reduced the activity of the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. The expression of the immune regulating receptors toll-like receptor 4 and ICAM-1, as well as the cell surface glycoprotein CD44, all important during inflammation response, were down-regulated by these fractions. Interestingly, our experiments show that the two fractions regulated cytokine secretion differently: ESM depressed inflammation by increased secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 while the carbohydrate fraction reduced secretions of the pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6. Also, the phosphorylation of p65 and p50 subunits of nuclear factor-κB, as well as nuclear localization, differed between processed ESM powder and carbohydrate fraction, suggesting different down-stream regulation during inflammation. In conclusion, processed ESM powder and its soluble carbohydrate components possess anti-inflammatory properties, demonstrating the potential of ESM as a novel biological wound dressing for treatment of chronic inflammatory wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram T Vuong
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Ås
| | - Sissel B Rønning
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Ås
| | | | | | - Kristian Prydz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anders Moen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mona E Pedersen
- Department of Raw Materials and Process Optimisation, Nofima AS, Ås
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Tauber S, Lauber BA, Paulsen K, Layer LE, Lehmann M, Hauschild S, Shepherd NR, Polzer J, Segerer J, Thiel CS, Ullrich O. Cytoskeletal stability and metabolic alterations in primary human macrophages in long-term microgravity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175599. [PMID: 28419128 PMCID: PMC5395169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body during space flight. The cells of the immune system are exceptionally sensitive to microgravity. Thus, serious concerns arise, whether space flight associated weakening of the immune system ultimately precludes the expansion of human presence beyond the Earth's orbit. For human space flight, it is an urgent need to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which altered gravity influences and changes the functions of immune cells. The CELLBOX-PRIME (= CellBox-Primary Human Macrophages in Microgravity Environment) experiment investigated for the first time microgravity-associated long-term alterations in primary human macrophages, one of the most important effector cells of the immune system. The experiment was conducted in the U.S. National Laboratory on board of the International Space Station ISS using the NanoRacks laboratory and Biorack type I standard CELLBOX EUE type IV containers. Upload and download were performed with the SpaceX CRS-3 and the Dragon spaceship on April 18th, 2014 / May 18th, 2014. Surprisingly, primary human macrophages exhibited neither quantitative nor structural changes of the actin and vimentin cytoskeleton after 11 days in microgravity when compared to 1g controls. Neither CD18 or CD14 surface expression were altered in microgravity, however ICAM-1 expression was reduced. The analysis of 74 metabolites in the cell culture supernatant by GC-TOF-MS, revealed eight metabolites with significantly different quantities when compared to 1g controls. In particular, the significant increase of free fucose in the cell culture supernatant was associated with a significant decrease of cell surface-bound fucose. The reduced ICAM-1 expression and the loss of cell surface-bound fucose may contribute to functional impairments, e.g. the activation of T cells, migration and activation of the innate immune response. We assume that the surprisingly small and non-significant cytoskeletal alterations represent a stable "steady state" after adaptive processes are initiated in the new microgravity environment. Due to the utmost importance of the human macrophage system for the elimination of pathogens and the clearance of apoptotic cells, its apparent robustness to a low gravity environment is crucial for human health and performance during long-term space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svantje Tauber
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice A. Lauber
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Paulsen
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liliana E. Layer
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Biozentrum der LMU München, Deptartment of Biology I–Botany, Grosshaderner Strasse 2–4, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Swantje Hauschild
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Naomi R. Shepherd
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Polzer
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Segerer
- Airbus Defense and Space, GmbH, Claude-Dornier-Strasse, Immenstaad, Germany
| | - Cora S. Thiel
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Ullrich
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Machine Design, Engineering Design and Product Development, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, Switzerland
- Space Life Sciences Laboratory (SLSL), Kennedy Space Center, 505 Odyssey Way, Exploration Park, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Evolutionarily, man is a terrestrial mammal, adapted to land. Aviation and now space/microgravity environment, hence, pose new challenges to our physiology. Exposure to these changes affects the human body in acute and chronic settings. Since skin reflects our mental and physical well-being, any change/side effects of this environment shall be detected on the skin. Aerospace industry offers a unique environment with a blend of all possible occupational disorders, encompassing all systems of the body, particularly the skin. Aerospace dermatologists in the near future shall be called upon for their expertise as we continue to push human physiological boundaries with faster and more powerful military aircraft and look to colonize space stations and other planets. Microgravity living shall push dermatology into its next big leap-space, the final frontier. This article discusses the physiological effects of this environment on skin, effect of common dermatoses in aerospace environment, effect of microgravity on skin, and occupational hazards of this industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Arora
- Department of Dermatology, Command Hospital Air Force, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Mao X, Chen Z, Luo Q, Zhang B, Song G. Simulated microgravity inhibits the migration of mesenchymal stem cells by remodeling actin cytoskeleton and increasing cell stiffness. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2235-2243. [PMID: 27744595 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-0007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity during space flight affects almost all human physiological systems. Migration, proliferation, and differentiation of stem cells are crucial for tissues repair and regeneration. However, the effect of microgravity on the migration potentials of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) is unclear, which are important progenitor and supporting cells. Here, we utilized a clinostat to model simulated microgravity (SMG) and found that SMG obviously inhibited migration of rat BMSCs. We detected significant reorganization of F-actin filaments and increased Young's modulus of BMSCs after exposure to SMG. Moreover, Y-27632 (a specific inhibitor of ROCK) abrogated the inhibited migration capacity and polymerized F-actin filament of BMSCs under SMG. Interestingly, we found that transferring BMSCs to normal gravity also attenuated the polymerized F-actin filament and Young's modulus of BMSCs induced by SMG, but could not recover migration capacity of BMSCs inhibited by SMG. Taken together, we propose that SMG inhibits migration of BMSCs through remodeling F-actin and increasing cell stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Bingyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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Rea G, Cristofaro F, Pani G, Pascucci B, Ghuge SA, Corsetto PA, Imbriani M, Visai L, Rizzo AM. Microgravity-driven remodeling of the proteome reveals insights into molecular mechanisms and signal networks involved in response to the space flight environment. J Proteomics 2015; 137:3-18. [PMID: 26571091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Space is a hostile environment characterized by high vacuum, extreme temperatures, meteoroids, space debris, ionospheric plasma, microgravity and space radiation, which all represent risks for human health. A deep understanding of the biological consequences of exposure to the space environment is required to design efficient countermeasures to minimize their negative impact on human health. Recently, proteomic approaches have received a significant amount of attention in the effort to further study microgravity-induced physiological changes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the effects of microgravity on microorganisms (in particular Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34, Bacillus cereus and Rhodospirillum rubrum S1H), plants (whole plants, organs, and cell cultures), mammalian cells (endothelial cells, bone cells, chondrocytes, muscle cells, thyroid cancer cells, immune system cells) and animals (invertebrates, vertebrates and mammals). Herein, we describe their proteome's response to microgravity, focusing on proteomic discoveries and their future potential applications in space research. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Space experiments and operational flight experience have identified detrimental effects on human health and performance because of exposure to weightlessness, even when currently available countermeasures are implemented. Many experimental tools and methods have been developed to study microgravity induced physiological changes. Recently, genomic and proteomic approaches have received a significant amount of attention. This review summarizes the recent research studies of the proteome response to microgravity inmicroorganisms, plants, mammalians cells and animals. Current proteomic tools allow large-scale, high-throughput analyses for the detection, identification, and functional investigation of all proteomes. Understanding gene and/or protein expression is the key to unlocking the mechanisms behind microgravity-induced problems and to finding effective countermeasures to spaceflight-induced alterations but also for the study of diseases on earth. Future perspectives are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rea
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cristofaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pani
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via D. Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Pascucci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandip A Ghuge
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Antonia Corsetto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via D. Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental Medicine and Forensics, University of Pavia, V.le Forlanini 8, Pavia, Italy; Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 3/b, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Environmental Risks, S. Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Via S. Boezio 28, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Angela M Rizzo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via D. Trentacoste 2, 20134 Milan, Italy
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Gao JJ, Hu YW, Wang YC, Sha YH, Ma X, Li SF, Zhao JY, Lu JB, Huang C, Zhao JJ, Zheng L, Wang Q. ApoM Suppresses TNF-α-Induced Expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 Through Inhibiting the Activity of NF-κB. DNA Cell Biol 2015; 34:550-6. [PMID: 26057873 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2015.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the anti-inflammatory effect of apolipoprotein M (apoM) on regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and further investigate the molecular mechanism of apoM in this process. We found that TNF-α could decrease expression of apoM and inhibitor of NF-κB-α (IκBα) in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of apoM caused a significant decrease of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, while it caused a significant increase of IκBα expression in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the treatment with TNF-α could increase ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression, decrease IκBα protein expression, and increase nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity, and these effects were markedly enhanced by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of apoM in HepG2 cells. Our findings demonstrated that apoM suppressed TNF-α-induced expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 through inhibiting the activity of NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Juan Gao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Chao Wang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Ma
- 2 Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Bo Lu
- 3 Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- 1 Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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