ROS and ROS-Mediated Cellular Signaling. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:4350965. [PMID: 26998193 PMCID: PMC4779832 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4350965]

Comparative study on the anti-inflammatory and protective effects of different oxygen therapy regimens on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice

Oxygen therapy after acute lung injury can regulate the inflammatory response and reduce lung tissue injury. However, the optimal exposure pressure, duration, and frequency of oxygen therapy for acute lung injury remain unclear. In the present study, after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide in ICR mice, 1.0 atmosphere absolute (ATA) pure oxygen and 2.0 ATA hyperbaric oxygen treatment for 1 hour decreased the levels of proinflammatory factors (interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6) in peripheral blood and lung tissues. However, only 2.0 ATA hyperbaric oxygen increased the mRNA levels of anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin-10 and arginase-1) in lung tissue; 3.0 ATA hyperbaric oxygen treatment had no significant effect. We also observed that at 2.0 ATA, the anti-inflammatory effect of a single exposure to hyperbaric oxygen for 3 hours was greater than that of a single exposure to hyperbaric oxygen for 1 hour. The protective effect of two exposures for 1.5 hours was similar to that of a single exposure for 3 hours. These results suggest that hyperbaric oxygen alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by regulating the expression of inflammatory factors in an acute lung injury model and that appropriately increasing the duration and frequency of hyperbaric oxygen exposure has a better tissue-protective effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. These results could guide the development of more effective oxygen therapy regimens for acute lung injury patients.

Stranded heavy fuel oil exposure causes deformities, cardiac dysfunction, and oxidative stress in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma using an oiled-gravel-column system

Heavy fuel oil (HFO) stranded on the coastline poses a potential threat to the health of marine fish after an oil spill. In this study, an oiled-gravel-column (OGC) system was established to investigate the toxic effects of stranded HFO on marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. HFO 380# (sulfur content 2.9%) was chosen as one type of high sulfur fuel oil for acute toxicity tests. The marine medaka larvae were exposed to the OGC system effluents with oil loading rates of 0 (control), 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 µg HFO/g gravel for 144 h, respectively. Results showed that a prevalence of blue sac disease signs presented teratogenic effects, including decreased circulation, ventricular stretch, cardiac hemorrhage, and pericardial edema. Moreover, the treatments (800, 1600, and 3200 µg oil/g gravel) induced severe cardiotoxicity, characterized by significant bradycardia and reduced stroke volume with an overt decrease in cardiac output. Additionally, the antioxidant enzyme activities, including catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were significantly upregulated at 800-3200 µg oil/g gravel except for a marked inhibition of CAT activity at 3200 µg oil/g gravel. Furthermore, significantly elevated protein carbonyl (PCO) levels were detected, suggesting that the organisms suffered severe protein oxidative damage subjected to the exposure. Overall, stranded HFO 380# exposure activated the antioxidant defense system (up-regulated POD and GST activities) of marine medaka and disrupted CAT activity, which could result in an oxidative stress state (elevated PCO levels) and might further contribute to cardiac dysfunction, deformities, and mortality.

Tumor Integrin-Targeted Glucose Oxidase Enzyme Promotes ROS-Mediated Cell Death that Combines with Interferon Alpha Therapy for Tumor Control

Although heightened intratumoral levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are typically associated with a suppressive tumor microenvironment, under certain conditions ROS contribute to tumor elimination. Treatment approaches, including some chemotherapy and radiation protocols, increase cancer cell ROS levels that influence their mechanism of cell death and subsequent recognition by the immune system. Furthermore, activated myeloid cells rapidly generate ROS upon encounter with pathogens or infected cells to eliminate disease, and recently, this effector function has been noted in cancer contexts as well. Collectively, ROS-induced cancer cell death may help initiate adaptive antitumor immune responses that could synergize with current approved immunotherapies, for improved control of solid tumors. In this work, we explore the use of glucose oxidase, an enzyme which produces hydrogen peroxide, a type of ROS, to therapeutically mimic the endogenous oxidative burst from myeloid cells to promote antigen generation within the tumor microenvironment. We engineer the enzyme to target pan-tumor-expressed integrins both as a tumor-agnostic therapeutic approach and as a strategy to prolong local enzyme activity following intratumoral administration. We found the targeted enzyme potently induced cancer cell death and enhanced cross-presentation by dendritic cells in vitro and further combined with interferon alpha for long-term tumor control in murine MC38 tumors in vivo. Optimizing the single-dose administration of this enzyme overcomes limitations with immunogenicity noted for other prooxidant enzyme approaches. Overall, our results suggest ROS-induced cell death can be harnessed for tumor control and highlight the potential use of designed enzyme therapies alongside immunotherapy against cancer.

Estimating the structural and spatial variables of allantoinase enzyme critical for protein adsorption

Designing enzyme-based sensors necessitates a comprehensive exploration of macromolecular properties. Integrating enzymes with a suitable transducer involves immobilizing them onto a surface, facilitated through adsorption or entrapment techniques. Allantoin, a stable biomarkers metabolite, holds promise for detecting oxidative stress-related complications through its enzyme. In this study, we examined allantoinase from various taxa, with bacterial origin comprising over 70 % of the dataset. Crucial residues such as Asp, His, and Gly in the active binding site and associated hydrophobic area play a critical role in maintaining binding specificity and sensitivity. In this work, we utilized bioinformatics tools to analyze properties such as pI, solubility index, amino acid hydropathy, stability, disordered regions, solvent-accessible surface area, and hydrodynamic parameters. The stability of allantoinase is assessed through surface Cys residues, hydrophobicity, and thermostability. Furthermore, the compactness and spherical geometry of the enzyme, which are crucial for protein adsorption are evaluated through parameters like spatial conformation, asphericity, and hydrodynamic radius distribution. Among the dataset, bacterial allantoinase demonstrates significant adaptability to environmental changes, as indicated by solvent-accessible surface area and instability index. This study highlights the importance of macromolecular properties underscoring their significance in optimizing, calibrating, and ensuring the stability of enzyme-based sensor design.

Divergent responses of an armored and an unarmored dinoflagellate to ocean acidification

Dinoflagellates, both armored and unarmored, with distinct cell wall difference, are being affected by elevated CO2-induced ocean acidification (OA). However, their specific responses to OA are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the physiological and molecular response of the armored species Prorocentrum obtusidens and the unarmored species Karenia mikimotoi to OA over a 28-day period. The results show that the two species responded differently to OA. Cell growth rate, particulate organic carbon (POC) content, and the activities of C4 pathway enzymes decreased in P. obtusidens under future acidified ocean condition (pH 7.8, 1000 μatm pCO2), but the activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased. Whereas cell growth rate, contents of Chl a and PON, and SOD activity altered insignificantly in K. mikimotoi, but contents of POC and total carbohydrate, and the activity of RubisCO increased while the activities of CA and C4 pathway enzymes decreased. Transcriptomic analysis indicates that genes associated with antioxidative response, heat shock protein, proteasome, signal transduction, ribosome, and pH regulation were up-regulated in P. obtusidens but down-regulated in K. mikimotoi. Notably, the synthesis of soluble organic matter (i.e., spermidine and trehalose) was enhanced in K. mikimotoi, thereby regulating intracellular pH and improving stress resistance. This study highlights the divergent response of the armored and unarmored dinoflagellates to OA, with the unarmored dinoflagellate exhibiting a higher ability to withstand this stressor. Therefore, caution should be exercised when predicting the behavior and the eventual fate of dinoflagellates in the future acidified ocean.

Isolicoflavonol ameliorates acute liver injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through boosting Nrf2 signaling in vitro and in vivo

BACKGROUND

NOD like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in innate immunity, and related to liver injury. However, no inflammasome inhibitors are clinically available until now. Our previous research suggests that isolicoflavonol (ILF), isolated from Macaranga indica, is a potent NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, but its mechanism is unclear.

METHODS

Fluorescent imaging and Western blot assay were used to ascertain the effects of ILF on pyroptosis and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Next, Nrf2 signal pathway, its downstream gene transcription and expression were further investigated. ML385, a Nrf2 inhibitor, was used to verify whether ILF targets Nrf2 signaling. A carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury model was introduced to evaluate the liver protection activity of ILF in mice.

RESULTS

This work revealed that ILF inhibited macrophage LDH release and IL-1β secretion in a dose-dependent manner. ILF had no significant cytotoxic effect on macrophage, it reduced pyroptosis and Gasdermin D N-terminal fragment formation. Moreover, ILF inhibited IL-1β maturation and Caspase-1 cleavage, but did not affect NLRP3, pro-Caspase-1, pro-IL-1β and ASC expression. ILF decreased ASC speck rate and reduced ASC oligomer formation. ILF decreased aggregated JC-1 formation restoring mitochondria membrane potential. In addition, ILF increased Nrf2 expression, extended Nrf2 lifespan and upregulated Nrf2 signaling pathway in macrophages whether the NLRP3 inflammasome was activated or not. Besides, ILF increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation, maintained a high proportion of Nrf2 in the nucleus, and upregulated ARE-related gene transcription and expression. Furthermore, Nrf2 signal inhibition attenuated compound ILF-mediated inhibition of pyroptosis, inflammasome activation and upregulation of Nrf2 signaling. ILF in a liver injury mouse model inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhanced Nrf2 signaling.

CONCLUSION

Our study verified that ILF ameliorates liver injury via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation through boosting Nrf2 signaling, and highlighted that ILF is a potent anti-inflammatory drug for inflammasome-related liver diseases.

Mitochondrial ROS modulate presynaptic plasticity in the drosophila neuromuscular junction

The elevated emission of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from presynaptic mitochondria is well-documented in several inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the potential role of mitochondrial ROS in presynaptic function and plasticity remains largely understudied beyond the context of disease. Here, we investigated this potential ROS role in presynaptic function and short-term plasticity by combining optogenetics, whole cell electrophysiological recordings, and live confocal imaging using a well-established protocol for induction and measurement of synaptic potentiation in Drosophila melanogaster neuromuscular junctions (NMJ). Optogenetic induction of ROS emission from presynaptic motorneuron mitochondria expressing mitokiller red (mK) resulted in synaptic potentiation, evidenced by an increase in the frequency of spontaneous mini excitatory junction potentials. Notably, this effect was not observed in flies co-expressing catalase, a cytosolic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging enzyme. Moreover, the increase in electrical activity did not coincide with synaptic structural changes. The absence of Wnt1/Wg release from synaptic boutons suggested involvement of alternative or non-canonical signaling pathway(s). However, in existing boutons we observed an increase in the active zone (AZ) marker Brp/Erc1, which serves as docking site for the neurotransmitter vesicle release pool. We propose the involvement of putative redox switches in AZ components as the molecular target of mitochondrial H2O2. These findings establish a novel framework for understanding the signaling role of mROS in presynaptic structural and functional plasticity, providing insights into redox-based mechanisms of neuronal communication.

Role of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in periodontitis: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLFs) play a crucial role in the etiology of periodontitis and periodontal tissue regeneration. In healthy periodontal tissues, PDLFs maintain the homeostasis of periodontal soft and hard tissues as well as the local immune microenvironment. PDLFs also have the potential for multidirectional transdifferentiation and are involved in periodontal tissue regeneration. On the other hand, PDLFs can become dysfunctional and acquire an inflammatory phenotype to secret various inflammatory cytokines when affected by pathological factors. These cytokines further trigger immune and inflammatory events, and lead to destruction of periodontal soft and hard tissues as well as damage to the regenerative potential of PDLFs. This review summarizes the physiological functions of PDLFs. Meanwhile, this review also highlights recent insights into the pathological mechanisms driving the development of periodontitis through dysfunctional PDLFs and the negative impact on periodontal tissue regeneration. Additionally, this paper summarizes strategies for targeting PDLFs to treat periodontitis, involving blocking multiple stages of the inflammatory response induced by PDLFs and promoting the multidirectional transdifferentiation of PDLFs. Future research directions are proposed to address important questions that have not yet been answered in this field. This article provides a reference for understanding the important role of PDLFs in the pathological mechanisms of periodontitis and for developing new strategies for targeting PDLFs in periodontitis treatment.

Reactive oxygen species-mediated signal transduction and utilization strategies in microalgae

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are crucial in stress perception, the integration of environmental signals, and the activation of downstream response networks. This review emphasizes ROS-mediated signaling pathways in microalgae and presents an overview of strategies for leveraging ROS. Eight distinct signaling pathways mediated by ROS in microalgae have been summarized, including the calcium signaling pathway, the target of rapamycin signaling pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A signaling pathway, the ubiquitin/protease pathway, the ROS-regulated transcription factors and enzymes, the endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the retrograde ROS signaling. Moreover, this review outlines three strategies for utilizing ROS: two-stage cultivation, combined stress with phytohormones, and strain engineering. The physicochemical properties of various ROS, together with their redox reactions with downstream targets, have been elucidated to reveal the role of ROS in signal transduction processes while delineating the ROS-mediated signal transduction network within microalgae.

JAG1 mediates apoptosis in herpes simplex keratitis by suppressing autophagy via ROS/JAG1/NOTCH1/pULK1 signaling pathway

Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK), an ocular disease resulted from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, leads to the majority of infectious corneal blindness worldwide. The apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells (CECs) resulted from HSV-1 disrupts the epithelial barrier and exacerbates the infection; however, there is no definitive cure for HSK. Jagged1 (JAG1), one of the primary functional ligands for NOTCH receptors, plays a crucial role in regulating apoptosis and autophagy; however, its role in HSK is unclear. Our transcriptome analysis showed JAG1 was significantly upregulated in HSV-1-infected human CECs. We aimed to explore JAG1's role in regulating apoptosis in HSV-1-infected human CECs and in HSK mice. HSV-1 infection induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in CECs. HSV-1 also activated the JAG1/NOTCH1 signaling pathway. The ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine significantly mitigated these effects. Additionally, inhibiting the JAG1/NOTCH1 pathway with short hairpin RNA against JAG1 or a NOTCH1 inhibitor (N-[N-{3,5-difuorophenacetyl}-1-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester [DAPT]) alleviated HSV-1-induced CEC apoptosis. Transmission electron microscopy and western blotting revealed that HSV-1 infection suppressed ULK1-mediated autophagy in CECs, while DAPT treatment enhanced autophagy by suppressing ULK1 phosphorylation. The activation of autophagy by rapamycin treatment markedly reduced ROS levels and apoptosis in HSV-1-infected CECs, revealing a synergistic effect between the suppressed autophagy and increased ROS levels, ultimately leading to apoptosis. Thus, HSV-1 induces CEC apoptosis by suppressing autophagy through ROS/JAG1/NOTCH1/pULK1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo, providing potential therapeutic targets for HSK.

Exploring the interplay between inflammation and male fertility

Male fertility results from a complex interplay of physiological, environmental, and genetic factors. It is conditioned by the properly developed anatomy of the reproductive system, hormonal regulation balance, and the interplay between different cell populations that sustain an appropriate and functional environment in the testes. Unfortunately, the mechanisms sustaining male fertility are not flawless and their perturbation can lead to infertility. Inflammation is one of the factors that contribute to male infertility. In the testes, it can be brought on by varicocele, obesity, gonadal infections, leukocytospermia, physical obstructions or traumas, and consumption of toxic substances. As a result of prolonged or untreated inflammation, the testicular resident cells that sustain spermatogenesis can suffer DNA damage, lipid and protein oxidation, and mitochondrial dysfunction consequently leading to loss of function in affected Sertoli cells (SCs) and Leydig cells (LCs), and the formation of morphologically abnormal dysfunctional sperm cells that lay in the basis of male infertility and subfertility. This is due mainly to the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by local immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes T, mast cells) and tissue-specific cells [SCs, LCs, peritubular myoid cells (PMCs) and germ cells (GCs)]. Depending on the location, duration, and intensity of inflammation, these mediators can exert their toxic effect on different elements of the testes. In this review, we discuss the most prevalent inflammatory factors that negatively affect male fertility and describe the different ways inflammation can impair male reproductive function.

Ultrasmall Antioxidant Copper Nanozyme to Enhance Stem Cell Microenvironment for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing

Purpose

Stem cell therapy is a promising approach for treating chronic diabetic wounds. However, its effectiveness is significantly limited by the high oxidative stress environment and persistent inflammation induced by diabetes. Strategies to overcome these challenges are essential to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy.

Methods

Cu5.4O ultrasmall nanoparticles (Cu5.4O-USNPs), known for their excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties, were utilized to protect adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from oxidative stress injury. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the viability, paracrine activity, and anti-inflammatory capabilities of ADSCs loaded with Cu5.4O-USNPs under oxidative stress conditions. In vivo experiments in diabetic mice were performed to assess the therapeutic effects of Cu5.4O-USNP-loaded ADSCs on wound healing, including their impact on inflammation, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and wound closure.

Results

ADSCs treated with Cu5.4O-USNPs showed significantly enhanced viability, paracrine activity, and anti-inflammatory properties under oxidative stress conditions in vitro. In diabetic mice, Cu5.4O-USNP-loaded ADSCs reduced inflammatory responses in wound tissues, promoted collagen synthesis and angiogenesis, and accelerated diabetic wound healing. These findings suggest that Cu5.4O-USNPs effectively mitigate the adverse effects of oxidative stress and inflammation, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ADSCs.

Conclusion

This study presents a simple and effective approach to improve the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy for diabetic wounds. By incorporating Cu5.4O-USNPs, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities of ADSCs are significantly enhanced, offering a promising strategy for ROS-related tissue repair and chronic wound healing.

Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid and nano titanium dioxide on the immune response and energy allocation in Mytilus coruscus

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) functions as a surfactant, while nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) serves as an antibacterial agent. These substances are extensively utilized in industrial production and, upon release into aquatic environments, pose significant threats to the viability and development of marine organisms. However, research into the effects of PFOA and nano-TiO2 on the immune functions and cellular energy allocation (CEA) of bivalves remains limited. To investigate the impact of PFOA and nano-TiO2 on immunity and cellular energy, we exposed Mytilus coruscus individuals to different concentrations of PFOA (2 and 200 μg/L), either alone or in combination with nano-TiO2 (0.1 mg/L, particle size: 25 nm) for 14 days. We found that the co-exposure to PFOA and nano-TiO2 had significant interactive effects on multiple immune function parameters of mussels. PFOA and nano-TiO2 notably reduced the total hemocyte count (THC), esterase activity (EST), mitochondrial number (MN), lysosomal content (LYSO), and cell viability, while concurrently elevating hemocyte mortality (HM) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Some immune-related genes, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response 88 (MyD88) were downregulated, while others such as Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) were upregulated after 14-day exposure to combined pollutant exposure. Furthermore, negative effects on CEA were observed under both individual and combined pollutant stress. Therefore, PFOA and nano-TiO2 regulate cellular and humoral immunity through the regulation of immune genes as mediators, while simultaneously disrupting cellular energy metabolism. The immunotoxicity of organic and particulate pollutants, and their mixtures, thus poses a significant risk to the immune defense capabilities of mussel populations in polluted coastal environments.

Water-soluble polysaccharides from Torreya grandis nuts: Structural characterization and anti-inflammatory activity

Torreya grandis (T. grandis) nuts are widely consumed as a functional food in China. In this study, we investigated the structural characteristics of T. grandis nuts polysaccharides and evaluated their potential biological functions with anti-inflammatory activities. Polysaccharides (TGP) were extracted from T. grandis nuts using water extraction and alcohol precipitation methods. Through a series of purification steps, three heteropolysaccharides (TGP-0a, TGP-2a, and TGP-3a) with distinct molecular weights, monosaccharide compositions, and surface morphologies were isolated. Their anti-inflammatory activities were screened, and TGP-0a was shown to be the most effective component. By combining NMR and methylation studies, TGP-0a was predominantly composed of linear α-1,4-glucan region and linear β-1,4-(gluco)mannan region. In cellular anti-inflammatory assays, TGP-0a significantly diminished the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, by lowering the levels of iNOS and COX-2, TGP-0a decreased the release of inflammatory mediators (NO and ROS), thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response. In conclusion, T. grandis nut polysaccharides, particularly TGP-0a, show strong potential as natural anti-inflammatory agents for functional foods and pharmaceutical applications.

Knockout of hexokinase 2 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction and activates the NLRP3 signal pathway in the rumen epithelial cells of dairy cows

Hexokinase 2 (HK2) plays a vital role in mitochondrial homeostasis; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its involvement in high-concentrate diet-induced damage in the ruminal epithelium of dairy cows are poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the regulatory role of HK2 in mitochondrial function and responses to inflammation in the rumen of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet. Our results showed that, compared with a low-concentrate (LC) diet, feeding a high-concentrate (HC) diet increased oxidative stress and reduced relative antioxidant gene expression levels and enzyme activities in the ruminal epithelium. Furthermore, the expression of genes related to mitochondrial biosynthesis and structure decreased in the HC group, concomitant with nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathway activation, which compromised normal rumen epithelium function. Meanwhile, transcription results showed the same trend in HK2-knockout bovine rumen epithelial cells (HK2KO BRECs) related to wild-type (WT) BRECs. Notably, the knockout of HK2 aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in the impairment of mitochondrial morphology and quality, a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and decreased expression of antioxidant genes. These changes led to upregulating genes and proteins in the NLRP3 pathway and activating proinflammatory response. In addition, metabolomic results showed that knockout HK2 altered the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. This study provides new strategies for mitigating high-concentrate diet-induced injury in the ruminal epithelium of dairy cows.

Copper-Based Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment Against Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury in Mice Model

Introduction

Lung injury, a common complication of sepsis, arises from elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death driven by inflammation. In this study, a novel class of ultrasmall nanoparticles (Cu4.5O USNPs) was developed to address sepsis-induced lung injury (SILI).

Methods

The synthesized nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized to assess their properties. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the biologically effective concentration and elucidate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. These findings were further supported by in vivo studies, showcasing the material's efficacy in mitigating SILI.

Results

The Cu4.5O USNPs demonstrated remarkable scavenging capabilities for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide anions (O2 -), and hydroxyl radicals (·OH), attributed to their catalase (CAT)- and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activities. Additionally, the nanoparticles exhibited strong anti-inflammatory effects, preserved mitochondrial homeostasis through potent ROS scavenging, and significantly reduced cell death. In vivo studies on mice further validated their protective role against SILI.

The conclusion

This study highlights the therapeutic potential of Cu4.5O USNPs in treating sepsis-induced lung injury by effectively scavenging ROS and reducing cell death. These findings provide compelling evidence for the future use of copper-based nanoparticles as antioxidant therapeutics.

Ecotoxicological risk of co-exposure to fosthiazate and microplastics on earthworms (Eisenia fetida): Integrating biochemical and transcriptomic analyses

Fosthiazate (FOS) is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide effective against soil root-knot nematodes. However, its ecotoxicity to non-target soil organisms, particularly in combination with microplastics (MPs), is unclear. This study explores the toxic-effects and molecular mechanisms of co-exposure to FOS and MPs on earthworms (Eisenia fetida) using multilevel toxicity endpoints and transcriptomics. Results showed that both FOS and MPs elevated the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in earthworms' cells. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities followed a similar trend in all treatments, with changes observed at 14 and 28 days, indicating that co-exposure to FOS and MPs increased DNA oxidative damage. Notably, the co-exposure more significantly inhibited Ca2+-ATPase activity and exacerbated neurotoxicity compared to individual treatments, closely associated with changes in intracellular ROS levels that mediate neuroinhibition and lead to neurotoxicity. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that MPs and FOS disrupted pathways related to metabolism, immunity, and apoptosis, while co-exposure primarily impaired endocrine and receptor pathways, showing higher toxicity. Our study offers novel insights into the ecotoxicological effects and mechanisms of pesticides and microplastics on earthworms, providing valuable data for evaluating the soil environmental health risks associated with compound pollution.

From Bench to Bedside: ROS-Responsive Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in cancer, acting as both signaling molecules that promote tumour growth and as agents that can inhibit tumour progression through cytotoxic effects. In cancer therapy, ROS-responsive drug delivery systems take advantage of the elevated ROS levels found in tumors compared to healthy tissues. These systems are engineered to release drugs precisely in response to increased ROS levels in tumour cells, allowing targeted and controlled treatment, minimizing side effects, and enhancing therapeutic outcomes. ROS generation in cancer cells is linked to metabolic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oncogenic signaling, leading to increased oxidative stress. Tumour cells manage this by upregulating antioxidant defenses to prevent ROS from reaching harmful levels. This balance between ROS production and neutralization is critical for cancer cell survival, making ROS both a challenge and an opportunity for targeted therapies. ROS also connect inflammation and cancer. Chronic inflammation leads to elevated ROS, which can damage DNA and proteins, promoting mutations and cancer development. Additionally, ROS contribute to protein degradation, affecting essential cellular functions. Therapeutic strategies targeting ROS aim to either increase ROS beyond tolerable levels for cancer cells or inhibit their antioxidant defenses. Nanocarriers responsive to ROS show great potential in improving the precision of cancer treatments by releasing drugs specifically in high ROS environments, like tumors. This review discusses the mechanisms of ROS in cancer, its role in inflammation and protein degradation, and the advances in ROS-targeted nanocarrier therapies across different cancer types.

Artemisinin attenuates perinatal inflammation and consequent oxidative stress in oligodendrocyte precursor cells by inhibiting IRAK-4 and IRAK-1

BACKGROUND

The main causes of abnormal white matter development (periventricular leukomalacia) in premature infants are perinatal inflammation and the consequent oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs); however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this work, a rat model of prenatal inflammation was used to examine the mechanism by which artemisinin (ART) protects against white matter dysplasia.

METHODS

We established a primary OPC model and rat model of perinatal inflammation. ART was identified from the FDA-approved medicinal chemical library to be beneficial for treating OPC inflammation in model systems. Based on bioinformatics analysis of protein interactions and molecular docking analysis, we further identified the possible targets of ART and evaluated its specific effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.

RESULTS

Following inflammatory stimulation, ART strongly promoted the maturation of OPCs and the development of white matter in the brain. A Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) demonstrated that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-4 (IRAK-4) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK-1) may be targets of ART, which was consistent with the findings from molecular modelling with Autodock software. Experiments conducted both in vivo and in vitro demonstrated the activation of the IRAK-4/IRAK-1/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway and the production of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in OPCs were greatly suppressed in the group treated with ART compared to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated group. Moreover, ART dramatically decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in OPCs while increasing nuclear factor e2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that ART can significantly reduce OPC perinatal inflammation and consequent oxidative stress. The targeted inhibition of IRAK-4 and IRAK-1 by ART may be a potential therapeutic strategy for alleviating abnormalities in white matter development in premature newborns.

Reactive oxygen species-scavenging biomaterials for neural regenerative medicine

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are natural by-products of oxygen metabolism. As signaling molecules, ROS can regulate various physiological processes in the body. However excessive ROS may be a major cause of inflammatory diseases. In the field of neurological diseases, ROS cause neuronal apoptosis and neurodegeneration, which severely impede neuroregeneration. Currently, ROS-scavenging biomaterials are considered as a promising therapeutic strategy for neurological injuries due to their ability to scavenge excessive ROS at defects and modulate the oxidative stress microenvironment. This review provides an overview of the generation and sources of ROS, briefly describes the dangers of generating excessive ROS in nervous system diseases, and highlights the importance of scavenging excessive ROS for neuroregeneration. We have classified ROS-scavenging biomaterials into three categories based on the different mechanisms of ROS clearance. The applications of ROS-responsive biomaterials for neurological diseases, such as spinal cord injury, brain injury, and peripheral nerve injury, are also discussed. Our review contributes to the development of ROS-scavenging biomaterials in the field of neural regeneration.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus activates lipid synthesis through a ROS-dependent AKT/PCK1/INSIG/SREBPs axis

The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a highly contagious pathogen in pigs. This study aimed to investigate the impact of PRRSV infection on cellular metabolism, particularly focusing on lipid metabolism to understand its role in promoting viral replication. We conducted a metabolic analysis on MARC-145 cells before and after PRRSV infection. Our results demonstrated that the most significant alterations in cellular metabolism, accounting for 40.8 % of total changes, were related to lipid metabolism. These changes were primarily driven by the activation of sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBPs), critical regulators of lipid biosynthesis. To understand the mechanisms behind SREBPs activation by PRRSV, we investigated the involvement of upstream effectors, specifically protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1). Our findings indicated that PRRSV infection triggered AKT activation, leading to the subsequent activation of PCK1. Activated PCK1 then phosphorylated insulin-induced genes (INSIGs), resulting in their degradation. This degradation facilitated the translocation of SREBPs from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus. Additionally, we observed that PRRSV infection stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which played a critical role in activating AKT. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PRRSV enhances lipid synthesis through a ROS-dependent AKT/PCK1/INSIG/SREBPs signaling axis, which provides new insights into the metabolic strategies employed by PRRSV.

Innovative hydrogel-based therapies for ischemia-reperfusion injury： bridging the gap between pathophysiology and treatment

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) commonly occurs in clinical settings, particularly in medical practices such as organ transplantation, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and recovery from acute trauma, posing substantial challenges in clinical therapies. Current systemic therapies for IRI are limited by poor drug targeting, short efficacy, and significant side effects. Owing to their exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, excellent mechanical properties, targeting capabilities, controlled release potential, and properties mimicking the extracellular matrix (ECM), hydrogels not only serve as superior platforms for therapeutic substance delivery and retention, but also facilitate bioenvironment cultivation and cell recruitment, demonstrating significant potential in IRI treatment. This review explores the pathological processes of IRI and discusses the roles and therapeutic outcomes of various hydrogel systems. By categorizing hydrogel systems into depots delivering therapeutic agents, scaffolds encapsulating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and ECM-mimicking hydrogels, this article emphasizes the selection of polymers and therapeutic substances, and details special crosslinking mechanisms and physicochemical properties, as well as summarizes the application of hydrogel systems for IRI treatment. Furthermore, it evaluates the limitations of current hydrogel treatments and suggests directions for future clinical applications.

Antioxidant, Apoptotic, and Wound Healing Effects of Xantolis Cambodiana Extracts in Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts

Xantolis cambodiana has demonstrated significant antioxidant properties; however, the mechanisms underlying its protective effects against oxidative stress in cellular systems remain unexplored. This work investigated the efficacy of methanolic extracts in exhibiting oxidative damage and examined their mechanisms. The methanolic extract had a high phenolic content (116.89±29.01 mg GAE/g FW) and exhibited scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals with an IC50 value of 42.35±9.20 μg/ml. In addition, it had the highest antioxidant activity based on ferric-reducing antioxidant power (467.45±50.74 mg AA/100 g). Normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells were pretreated with the methanolic extract in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2; 500 mM)-induced oxidative stress model, which resulted in a significant decrease in apoptosis and autophagy. Not only did the methanolic extract reduce mitochondrial membrane potential, it also stimulated NHDF cell migration and reduced reactive oxygen species production through mitochondrial dysfunction in the H2O2-induced stress model. These findings suggested that the methanolic extract (25 μg/ml) attenuated H2O2-induced oxidative stress in NHDF cells, significantly reducing apoptosis, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, this extract has the potential to support the wound healing process due to its antioxidant activity.

Sudachitin Alleviates Paraquat Instigated Testicular Toxicity in Albino Rats via Regulating Nrf-2/Keap-1, Inflammatory, Steroidogenic, and Histological Profile

Paraquat (PQ) is a noxious herbicide which adversely affects the vital organs including male reproductive system. Sudachitin (SCN) is a naturally occurring flavonoid that demonstrates a wide range of biological potentials. The current study was designed to investigate the alleviative potential of SCN to avert PQ-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Forty-eight male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were apportioned into four groups including control, PQ (5 mg/kg), PQ + SCN (5 mg/kg + 30 mg/kg), and SCN (30 mg/kg) only treated group. Our findings elucidated that PQ treatment reduced the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and its antioxidant genes as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), while elevating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, PQ intoxication upregulated the expressions of Keap-1 while downregulating the expression of 3-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). Moreover, sperm anomalies were increased following the exposure to PQ. Besides, PQ exposure decreased the levels of plasma testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) while increasing the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Additionally, PQ treatment escalated the expressions of cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteases-3 (Caspase-3) and Bcl-2-associated X-protein (Bax) while downregulating the expressions of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). Furthermore, PQ exposure disrupted the normal architecture of testicular tissues. However, SCN treatment remarkably protected the testicular tissues via regulating the aforementioned disruptions owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and androgenic potential.

Sex-dependent effects of short-term ethanol, energy drinks and acute noise exposure on hippocampal oxidative balance and glutamate transporter EAAT-1 during rat adolescence

It is known that human adolescents often consume ethanol (EtOH) alone or mixed with energy drinks (ED), especially in noisy environments. Although these agents impact the developing brain, their effects after brief exposure or when presented together remain unclear. Given that few animal studies in this subject are available, this research aimed to study the effects of a brief exposure to these stimuli on the oxidative state and EAAT-1 glutamate transporter levels in the developing rat hippocampus (HC). Adolescent Wistar rats were subjected to a two-bottle choice, limited access to drinking in the dark paradigm, for EtOH and EtOH+ED intake, for 4 days, and subsequent acute noise exposure. Next, hippocampal catalase activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1) and glutamate transporter EAAT-1 levels were assessed. Results showed sex-dependent alterations after exposure to these stimuli: Females consuming EtOH had higher hippocampal ROS levels, which decreased when combined with noise; males showed reduced ROS levels only after noise exposure. No significant changes occurred in catalase activity, Grx-1, or EAAT-1 levels with EtOH and noise exposure in neither sex. Additionally, ED raised EtOH consumption in both sexes, normalizing ROS levels only in females when combined with EtOH. Finally, ED consumption altered Grx-1 and EAAT-1 levels in both sexes. In summary, brief exposure to these stimuli induced sex-dependent alterations, suggesting differentiated coping strategies between sexes. Whereas ED consumption may have antioxidant effects in some cases, it could also increase excitotoxicity risk. These novel findings raise questions for future research on the underlying corresponding mechanisms.

Cyclophosphamide-Induced Infertility and the Impact of Antioxidants

An important drawback of anticancer chemotherapy is the harm it causes to healthy cells. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used chemotherapeutic alkylating agent that is regularly used in cancer treatment. However, it can cause severe side effects, including genotoxicity, due to its ability to damage DNA. This toxicity is thought to be associated with oxidative stress induced by an excessive amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, there is a specific focus on the potential effects of anticancer treatments on fertility. Due to the increasing life expectancy of cancer patients, those desiring parenthood may face the negative impacts of therapies. Utilizing substances with antioxidant and cytoprotective characteristics to protect the reproductive system from harmful consequences during chemotherapy would be highly beneficial. This review introduces the physiological and pathological roles of ROS in the reproductive systems of both males and females, then we address the adverse effects of CP administration on infertility and discuss how antioxidants can reverse these effects.

Multifaceted roles of NADPH oxidases in the growth and pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), synthesized by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) complex, are vital molecules in biological cells, influencing various physiological processes such as fungal growth, development, and virulence. Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, is a promising biopesticide for agricultural, forestry, and urban pest control. This study focuses on the characterization of NADPH oxidases (Noxs) in B. bassiana. Gene expression profiles of Noxs in B. bassiana (BbNoxs) were analysed using RT-qPCR. Knockout strains of single BbNoxA, BbNoxB, BbNoxR, and double BbNoxA and BbNoxB were constructed via homologous recombination, and their phenotypic characteristics were examined. Fungal virulence was evaluated using Galleria mellonella larvae, and infection structures formation and penetration ability were assessed on cicada wings. ROS production and actin assembly during fungal growth and infection were detected using staining and marker methods. Expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of BbNoxs during fungal growth and infection. Compared to the wild-type strain, single knockouts (ΔBbNoxA/B/R) and double knockout (ΔBbNoxAB) of BbNoxs exhibited reduced conidial yields, accelerated conidial germination rates. Deletion of BbNoxB or BbNoxR decreased fungal virulence compared to the WT strain in topical inoculation experiments. Additionally, loss of BbNoxB or BbNoxR impaired infection structures formation, penetration ability, ROS production, and actin aggregation during fungal infection. BbNoxs are crucial for fungal growth, development, and virulence in B. bassiana, playing essential roles in infection structures formation, penetration, ROS production, and actin assembly. Understanding their functions provides insights into B. bassiana's pathogenic mechanisms.

Antibacterial activities of Adina rubella extract enhanced by fermentation and its application in packaging films

Food spoilage caused by pathogens pose great threat to food safety and human health. Plastarch-based packaging films with antibacterial activities provide an effective way to control foodborne pathogens. In this study, microbial fermentation dominated by yeast was used for the first time to increase the antibacterial activity of Adina rubella extract (ARE). The best antimicrobial effect of ARE was observed by fermentation for 9 days. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ARE against Listeria monocytogenes was 3.125 mg/mL. ARE destroyed the structure of the cell wall, increased the permeability of the cell membrane, led to the leakage of nucleic acids, and induced the change of ROS level, which caused cell death of Listeria monocytogenes. ARE-based biodegradable films were prepared and their performance in pork packaging application was evaluated. The films showed effective antimicrobial properties and showed great potential for the development of safe and sustainable food packaging films.

Quercetin and its potential therapeutic effects on aluminum phosphide-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Role of NOX4, FOXO1, ERK1/2, and NF-κB

Acute Aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning poses a serious global issue, yet the exact mechanisms behind AlP-induced cardiotoxicity are still not well understood. Moreover, there is no specific antidote available for AlP toxicity. Nevertheless, Quercetin (QE) has emerged as a promising therapeutic candidate in various contexts. Accordingly, our study aimed to evaluate the QE potential therapeutic effects against AlP-induced cardiotoxicity and the mechanisms underlying such effects. Rats were assigned into four groups: Group I (control group), Group II (vehicle (corn oil) group), Group III (AlP group) received a single dose of AlP (10 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in corn oil by oral gavage, and Group IV (AlP + QE group) received a single dose of QE (400 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in saline, one hour after AlP administration. AlP-induced cardiotoxicity was evidenced by the increase in cardiac troponin I (cTnI) as well as the hemodynamic, ECG, and histopathological abnormalities. The AlP group denoted a decrease of the antioxidant enzymes; catalase and SOD and an increase of the lipid peroxidation marker; MDA. This was associated with a notable increase in inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, and IL1β), in addition to a significant upregulation of the expression of NOX4, FOXO1, ERK1/2, and NF-κB. Moreover, Caspase3, and BAX showed strong immunopositive expression, while Bcl-2 showed mild immunoexpression. On the other hand, treatment with QE showed an improvement in the cardiotoxic effects of AlP, as indicated by significant enhancements in biomarkers, functional assessments, and histopathological findings. These results suggest that QE may be a promising candidate for treating AlP-induced cardiotoxicity, attributed to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, particularly emphasizing the roles of NOX4, FOXO1, ERK1/2, and NF-κB.

Ayahuasca Pretreatment Prevents Sepsis-Induced Anxiety-Like Behavior, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress, and Increases Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

The psychoactive decoction Ayahuasca (AYA) used for therapeutic and religious purposes by indigenous groups and peoples from Amazonian regions produces anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Thus, it may be useful to attenuate the neuroinflammation and related anxiety- and depressive-like symptoms elicited by inflammatory insults such as sepsis. Rats were pretreated for 3 days with different doses of AYA. Twenty-four hours after, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed. On days 1-4, post-CLP behavioral tests to assess anxiety-like behavior were performed. After 24-h, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, myeloperoxidase activity, and mitochondrial metabolism were assessed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HP), and cortex. AYA pretreatment increased the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and prevented the sepsis-induced hyper-grooming and -rearing behavior, suggesting an anxiolytic effect. AYA pretreatment increased the levels of the anti-inflammatory interleukin 4, in the PFC and the cortex, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cortex. Moreover, AYA pretreatment increased myeloperoxidase activity in the PFC and the HP and decreased nitrite/nitrate concentration in the PFC, HP, and cortex of septic rats, suggesting enhanced neutrophil activation and decreased nitric oxide signaling. Furthermore, AYA pretreatment prevented lipid peroxidation in the PFC, HP, and cortex of septic rats as measured by decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Levels of protein carbonyls and activity of superoxide dismutase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial respiratory chain were not affected. Together, AYA represents a promising approach to prevent sepsis-induced neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress and associated anxiety-like symptoms.

The impact of atmospheric ultrafine particulate matter on IgE-mediated type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

The effect of atmospheric ultrafine particulate matter (UPM) on respiratory allergic diseases has been investigated for decades; however, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain poorly understood. In this study, we used a simulated UPM (sUPM) generated via the spark discharge method to refine black carbon, a core particle that closely mimics real-world UPM, including the size (i.e., size of agglomerates: 165 nm) and organic carbon/elemental carbon ratio (i.e., 2.62). When 25 μg/mouse of dispersed sUPM was instilled into the lungs of mice, it promoted the infiltration and degranulation response of pulmonary mast cells, and exposure to sUPM in an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated passive anaphylaxis model intensified the degranulation response of peripheral mast cells. These effects of sUPM were demonstrated to amplify the downstream signaling mechanism of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) mediated by IgE when tested using rat basophil leukemia (RBL)-2H3 and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) collected from the bone marrow of BALB/c mice. These results indicate that airborne UPM can exacerbate type 1 hypersensitivity reactions by enhancing the IgE-mediated signaling pathways within mast cells. Furthermore, this study provided mechanistic evidence on exacerbated allergic pulmonary diseases induced by UPM inhalation.

Decoding the anti-hypertensive mechanism of α-mangostin based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental validation

BACKGROUND

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for disability and deaths worldwide. Evidence indicates that alpha-mangostin(α-MG) can reduce blood pressure and improve target organ damage. Nonetheless, its pharmacological targets and potential mechanisms of action remain inadequately elucidated.

METHOD

We used SwissTargetPrediction to identify α-MG's drug targets and DisGeNET, GeneCards, CTD, and GEO databases for hypertension-related targets, and then determined antihypertensive therapeutic targets of α-MG by intersecting these targets. GO functional enrichment analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and disease association analysis were conducted using the DAVID database and R package "clusterprofile", visualized with Cytoscape software. The binding affinity of α-MG to identified targets was confirmed through molecular docking using Autodock Vina v.1.2.2 software. The impact of α-MG on target genes was validated using an Angiotensin II-induced hypertensive mouse model and RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

A total of 51 potential antihypertensive therapeutic targets for α-MG were identified by intersecting 109 drug targets with 821 disease targets. Furthermore, 10 cellular component terms, 10 disease terms, and the top 20 enriched biological processes, molecular functions, and KEGG pathways related to α-MG's antihypertensive effects were documented. Molecular docking studies indicated a strong binding affinity of α-MG with the HSP90AA1 domain. In Ang II-induced hypertensive mice aorta, treatment with α-MG effectively reversed the aberrant mRNA expression of TNF, HSP90AA1, NFKB1, PPARG, SIRT1, PTGS2, and RELA.

CONCLUSION

Our analyses showed that TNF, HSP90AA1, NFKB1, PPARG, SIRT1, PTGS2, and RELA might be α-MG's potential therapeutic targets for hypertension, laying groundwork for further investigation into its pharmacological mechanisms and clinical uses.

Interplay between reactive oxygen species and ERK activation in cervical cancer cells

Introduction

Among the types of cancer affecting women, cervical cancer (CC) is a public health problem with high global incidence and mortality rates. It is currently classified into three main histological types: squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC), and adenosquamous (ASC) carcinoma. All of them lack a targeted therapy. The primary risk factor for CC is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection, which is known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to malignant transformation and tumor progression. At basal levels, ROS can function as second messengers in signaling pathways, and elevated concentrations have been linked to their overactivation. One of these, the ERK pathway, is implicated in both cell proliferation and differentiation and is often dysregulated in cancer, promoting malignant transformation. Several studies have proposed antioxidant supplementation or ERK inhibitors as potential therapies.

Methods

In vitro studies were performed using CC cell lines. ROS levels were evaluated by flow cytometry; cellular proliferation, death and migration were evaluated using real-time microscopy; cell viability was evaluated with crystal violet staining, and phosphorylated ERK levels were evaluated by Western Blot. A bioinformatic analysis was done in a cervical cancer database.

Results

We elucidate part of the complex interplay between ROS and ERK pathway in CC pro-tumorigenic characteristics. Through bioinformatic analysis, we found distinct ROS and ERK activation patterns across CC tumor samples from different histological types. However, in vitro, ROS regulated migration and viability in CC, with no discernible variance based on histological classification. ERK activation, however, differed according to the histological type with SCC displaying increased ERK activation compared to AC and regulating cellular migration in SCC cells.

Discussion

Our study identifies a potential synergistic interaction between ROS and ERK inhibitors, highlighting the therapeutic promise of combinatorial targeting for CC treatment. These findings underscore the importance of personalized approaches aimed at improving the outcomes of CC patients.

Utilizing reactive oxygen species-scavenging nanoparticles for targeting oxidative stress in the treatment of ischemic stroke: A review

Ischemic stroke, which accounts for the majority of stroke cases, triggers a complex series of pathophysiological events, prominently characterized by acute oxidative stress due to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in driving cell death and inflammation in ischemic stroke, making it a significant target for therapeutic intervention. Nanomedicine presents an innovative approach to directly mitigate oxidative damage. This review consolidates existing knowledge on the role of oxidative stress in ischemic stroke and assesses the potential of various ROS-scavenging nanoparticles (NPs) as therapeutic agents. We explore the properties and mechanisms of metal, metal-oxide, and carbon-based NPs, emphasizing their catalytic activity and biocompatibility in scavenging free radicals and facilitating the delivery of therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier. Additionally, we address the challenges such as cytotoxicity, immunogenicity, and biodistribution that need to be overcome to translate these nanotechnologies from bench to bedside. The future of NP-based therapies for ischemic stroke holds promise, with the potential to enhance outcomes through targeted modulation of oxidative stress.

Sea food by-products valorization for biomedical applications: evaluation of their wound regeneration capabilities in an Ex vivo skin model

Introduction

The skin is often exposed to harmful stimuli that might compromise its integrity and functionality. After an injury, the skin has a limited capability to restore its complex structure, and in the case of severe skin damage, surgical operations and rapid application of wound dressings are often required to promote optimal wound healing. Nowadays, collagen-based biomaterials are widely used in combination with bioactive molecules able to prevent excessive inflammation and possible infections. In line with a circular economy and blue biotechnology approach, it was recently demonstrated that both collagen and bioactive molecules (i.e., antioxidant compounds) can be sustainably obtained from sea food by-products and effectively used for biomaterial development. Herein, we describe and compare the application of two marine collagen-based wound dressings (CBWDs), produced with materials obtained from sea urchin food waste, for the treatment of skin lesions in a wound healing organ culture (WHOC) model.

Methods

The ex vivo WHOC model was set up starting from rat skin explants and the induced lesions were assigned into three different groups: control (CTRL) group, not treated, marine collagen wound dressing (MCWD) group, and antioxidants-enriched marine collagen wound dressing (A-MCWD) group. After 5 and 10 days, specimens were examined for organ maintenance and assessed for the healing process.

Results

Immunohistochemical results showed that both CBWDs were similarly successful in prolonging skin repair, preserving the epidermal barrier up to 5 days under static culture conditions. Histological and gene expression analysis highlighted that the A-MCWD might support and accelerate skin wound healing by exerting antioxidant activity and counteracting inflammation.

Discussion

Overall, these findings underline the potential of sea urchin food waste as a novel resource for the development of functional medical devices for the treatment of skin wounds.

Digoxin and its Na+/K+-ATPase-targeted actions on cardiovascular diseases and cancer

Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) is a plasma membrane ion-transporting protein involved in the generation and maintenance of Na+ and K+ gradients across the cell membrane, which can produce a driving force for the secondary transport of metabolic substrates. NKA also regulates intracellular calcium that is responsible for modulating numerous cellular processes, while it interacts with many other proteins and functions as a signal transducer, with several signaling pathways being involved. Thus, NKA has become an important target for the treatment of human diseases. Cardiac glycosides are well-known NKA inhibitors, of which (+)-digoxin or digoxin has been long used for the treatment of congestive heart failure. Also, digoxin has exhibited potential antitumor activity, by targeting directly HIF-1α, NKA, and NF-κB. Thus, the function of NKA in human cardiovascular diseases and cancer and the therapeutic effects of digoxin on these diseases are summarized in the present review, with the correlations among digoxin, NKA, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer being discussed. Presented herein are also the antitumor potential of monosaccharide cardiac glycoside analogues of digoxin, including (-)-cryptanoside A, (-)-oleandrin, (-)-ouabain, and (+)-strebloside. It is hoped that this contribution will provide some helpful information for the design and discovery of new cardiac glycoside-type therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

Post-translational modifications of beta-amyloid modulate its effect on cell mechanical properties and influence cytoskeletal signaling cascades

Post-translational modifications of beta-amyloid (Aβ) play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ modifications such as Ser8 phosphorylation (pS8-Aβ42) and Asp7 isomerization (iso-Aβ42) can significantly alter the properties of Aβ and have been detected in vivo. One of the reasons for the different pathogenicity of Aβ isoforms may be the activation of different signaling cascades leading to changes in the mechanical properties of cells. In this paper, we used correlative scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) and Pt-nanoelectrodes to compare the effects of Aβ isoforms on the Young's modulus of SH-SY5Y cells and the level of ROS. It was found that unmodified Aβ42 resulted in the largest increase in cell Young's modulus of all isoforms after 4 h of incubation, while pS8-Aβ42 induced the greatest increase in stiffness and ROS levels after 24 h of incubation. Analysis of signaling proteins involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton showed that Aβ42, pS8-Aβ42 and iso-Aβ42 have different effects on cofilin, GSK3β, LIMK, ERK and p38. This indicates that post-translational modifications of Aβ modulate its effect on neuronal cells through the activation of various signaling cascades, which affects the mechanical properties of cells.

Association of Stress Defense System With Fine Particulate Matter Exposure: Mechanism Analysis and Application Prospects

The association between the stress defense system and exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a hot topic in the field of environmental health. PM2.5 pollution is an increasingly serious issue, and its impact on health cannot be ignored. The stress defense system is an important biological mechanism for maintaining cell and internal environment homeostasis, playing a crucial role in PM2.5-induced damage and diseases. The association between PM2.5 exposure and activation of the stress defense system has been reported. Moderate PM2.5 exposure rapidly mobilizes the stress defense system, while excessive PM2.5 exposure may exceed its compensatory and coping abilities, resulting in system imbalance and dysfunction that triggers pathological changes in cells and tissues, thereby increasing the risk of chronic diseases, such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This detailed review focuses on the composition, function, and regulatory mechanisms of the antioxidant defense system, autophagy system, ubiquitin-proteasome system, and inflammatory response system, which are all components of the stress defiance system. In particular, the influence of PM2.5 exposure on each of these defense systems and their roles in responding to PM2.5-induced damage was investigated to provide an in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of PM2.5 exposure, accurately assess potential hazards, and formulate prevention and intervention strategies for health damage caused by PM2.5 exposure.

Niosomal gel improves dermal delivery of nimbolide: a promising approach for treatment of psoriasis

Aim: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, forming thickened skin plaques due to immune-mediated cytokine responses. Delivering drugs through this barrier to target inflamed tissues remains challenging. Nimbolide (NIM), known for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, shows promise in managing psoriasis. However, its efficacy is limited by its inability to penetrate the thickened horny layer of the skin. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed Nim-loaded niosomal (Nio) formulations (NIM Nio) aimed at improving dermal delivery and achieving localized sustained release at psoriasis-affected sites.Methods: The formulation characteristics were assessed using Zeta sizer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimized formulation was evaluated for anti-psoriatic potential compared to Nim alone by using molecular techniques such as Confocal Microscopy, Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting.Results: NIM Nio showed effective penetration into psoriatic skin, resulting in reductions in keratinocyte hyperproliferation, oxidative stress, splenomegaly, inflammatory cytokines, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and rete ridges compared to NIM alone.Conclusion: Our findings underscore the significant anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of NIM Nio in psoriasis, demonstrating its potential as a promising therapeutic option for this challenging condition.

Catalytic Biomaterials-Activated In Situ Chemical Reactions: Strategic Modulation and Enhanced Disease Treatment

Chemical reactions underpin biological processes, and imbalances in critical biochemical pathways within organisms can lead to the onset of severe diseases. Within this context, the emerging field of "Nanocatalytic Medicine" leverages nanomaterials as catalysts to modulate fundamental chemical reactions specific to the microenvironments of diseases. This approach is designed to facilitate the targeted synthesis and localized accumulation of therapeutic agents, thus enhancing treatment efficacy and precision while simultaneously reducing systemic side effects. The effectiveness of these nanocatalytic strategies critically hinges on a profound understanding of chemical kinetics and the intricate interplay of reactions within particular pathological microenvironments to ensure targeted and effective catalytic actions. This review methodically explores in situ catalytic reactions and their associated biomaterials, emphasizing regulatory strategies that control therapeutic responses. Furthermore, the discussion encapsulates the crucial elements-reactants, catalysts, and reaction conditions/environments-necessary for optimizing the thermodynamics and kinetics of these reactions, while rigorously addressing both the biochemical and biophysical dimensions of the disease microenvironments to enhance therapeutic outcomes. It seeks to clarify the mechanisms underpinning catalytic biomaterials and evaluate their potential to revolutionize treatment strategies across various pathological conditions.

ROS: A "booster" for chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a group of highly active molecules produced by normal cellular metabolism and play a crucial role in the human body. In recent years, researchers have increasingly discovered that ROS plays a vital role in the progression of chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment established by chronic inflammation can induce ROS production through inflammatory cells. ROS can then directly damage DNA or indirectly activate cellular signaling pathways to promote tumor metastasis and development, including breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer, and so on. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between ROS, chronic inflammation, and tumor metastasis, explaining how chronic inflammation can induce tumor metastasis and how ROS can contribute to the evolution of chronic inflammation toward tumor metastasis. Interestingly, ROS can have a "double-edged sword" effect, promoting tumor metastasis in some cases and inhibiting it in others. This article also highlights the potential applications of ROS in inhibiting tumor metastasis and enhancing the precision of tumor-targeted therapy. Combining ROS with nanomaterials strategies may be a promising approach to enhance the efficacy of tumor treatment.

A novel strategy to enhance inhibition of Hela cervical cancer by combining Lentinus β-glucan and autophagic flux blockage

Lentinus β-D-glucan (LNT), derived from artificially cultured mushrooms of Lentinus edodes, shows an important yet incompletely understood biological functions in cancer. In this work, the chemical structure of the refined LNT comprising a β-D-(1, 6)-branched β-D-(1,3)-glucan was further clarified via 1D- and 2D-NMR with high resolution, and its drug resistance resulted from autophagy in human cervical cancer (CC) Hela cells besides its anti-cancer function were revealed in vitro and in vivo. In detail, LNT destroyed cellular homeostasis by significantly increasing the intracellular Ca2+ levels and promoted autophagic flux in vitro Hela cells, which was found to at least partially depend on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR-mediated pathway by up-regulating LC3-II levels and down-regulating the expression of p62, PI3K, p-Akt, and mTOR in Hela cells-transplanted BALB/c nude mice. In particular, LNT-induced autophagy led to a drug resistance against LNT-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in Hela cells, and the co-treatment of autophagy inhibitors and LNT significantly enhanced the inhibition of Hela cells and tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the combination of LNT and autophagy inhibitors will be a novel therapeutic strategy to reduce the resistance and improve the prognosis of CC patients in the clinical.

Screening the active ingredients of plants via molecular docking technology and evaluating their ability to reduce skin photoaging

The active ingredients of plants were screened by molecular docking technology and the result were verified. According to the verification results of molecular docking, the five active ingredients were combined in equal proportions to form a compound drug. In the HaCaT photoaging model, the effects of the compound drug on antioxidant and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways were studied via SOD and MDA kits, DCFH-DA fluorescent probes and ELISA. In the skin photoaging model, the effects of the compound drug on antioxidants and the SASP factors of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways were studied via SOD, MDA, and CAT kits and ELISA. The results revealed that the compound drug increased SOD activity, decreased the MDA content and intracellular ROS, inhibited IL-6 in the NF-κB pathway, and inhibited MMP-1 and collagen I in the MAPK pathway. The results of HE, Masson and Victoria blue skin staining revealed that the compound drug inhibited abnormal thickening of the epidermis, abnormal breaking and accumulation of collagen fibers and elastic fibers, and maintained their orderly arrangement. Moreover, the results revealed that the compound drug increased SOD, CAT and collagen I, and reduced the MDA content, the SASP factors IL-6 and TNF-α of the NF-κB pathway, and the SASP factors MMP-1 of the MAPK pathway. The above results indicate that the active ingredients of the compound drug screened by molecular docking have the potential to reduce skin photoaging.

The multifaceted effects of mitochondria in kidney diseases

Mitochondria serve as the primary site for aerobic respiration within cells, playing a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. To maintain homeostasis and meet the diverse demands of the cells, mitochondria have evolved intricate systems of quality control, mainly including mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and mitochondrial biogenesis. The kidney, characterized by its high energy requirements, is particularly abundant in mitochondria. Interestingly, the mitochondria display complex behaviors and functions. When the kidney is suffered from obstructive, ischemic, hypoxic, oxidative, or metabolic insults, the dysfunctional mitochondrial derived from the defects in the mitochondrial quality control system contribute to cellular inflammation, cellular senescence, and cell death, posing a threat to the kidney. However, in addition to causing injury to the kidney in several cases, mitochondria also exhibit protective effect on the kidney. In recent years, accumulating evidence indicated that mitochondria play a crucial role in adaptive repair following kidney diseases caused by various etiologies. In this article, we comprehensively reviewed the current understanding about the multifaceted effects of mitochondria on kidney diseases and their therapeutic potential.

Mitochondrial bioenergetics of breast cancer

Breast cancer cells exhibit metabolic heterogeneity based on tumour aggressiveness. Glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration are two major metabolic pathways for ATP production. The oxygen flux, oxygen tension, proton leakage, protonmotive force, inner mitochondrial membrane potential, ECAR and electrochemical proton gradient maintain metabolic homeostasis, ATP production, ROS generation, heat dissipation, and carbon flow and are referred to as "sub-domains" of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Tumour aggressiveness is influenced by these mechanisms, especially when breast cancer cells undergo metastasis. These physiological parameters for healthy mitochondria are as crucial as energy demands for tumour growth and metastasis. The instant energy demands are already elucidated under Warburg effects, while these parameters may have dual functionality to maintain cellular bioenergetics and cellular health. The tumour cell might maintain these mitochondrial parameters for mitochondrial health or avoid apoptosis, while energy production could be a second priority. This review focuses explicitly on the crosstalk between metabolic domains and the utilisation of these parameters by breast cancer cells for their progression. Some major interventions are discussed based on mitochondrial bioenergetics that need further investigation. This review highlights the pathophysiological significance of mitochondrial bioenergetics and the regulation of its sub-domains by breast tumour cells for uncontrolled proliferation.

TMED4 facilitates regulatory T cell suppressive function via ROS homeostasis in tumor and autoimmune mouse models

Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays crucial roles in maintaining Treg stability and function, yet the underlying mechanism remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that (Tmed4ΔTreg) mice with Treg-specific KO of ERS-related protein transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 4 (TMED4) had more Tregs with impaired Foxp3 stability, Treg signatures, and suppressive activity, which led to T cell hyperactivation and an exacerbated inflammatory phenotype and boosted antitumor immunity in mice. Mechanistically, loss of Tmed4 caused defects in ERS and a nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-related (NRF2-related) antioxidant response, which resulted in excessive ROS that reduced the Foxp3 stability and suppressive function of Tregs in an IRE1α/XBP1 axis-dependent manner. The abnormalities could be effectively rescued by the ROS scavenger, NRF2 inducer, or by forcible expression of IRE1α. Moreover, TMED4 suppressed IRE1α proteosome degradation via the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) system including the ER chaperone binding immunoglobulin protein (BIP). Our study reveals that TMED4 maintained the stability of Tregs and their suppressive function through IRE1α-dependent ROS and the NRF2-related antioxidant response.

PKCδ is an activator of neuronal mitochondrial metabolism that mediates the spacing effect on memory consolidation

Relevance-based selectivity and high energy cost are two distinct features of long-term memory (LTM) formation that warrant its default inhibition. Spaced repetition of learning is a highly conserved cognitive mechanism that can lift this inhibition. Here, we questioned how the spacing effect integrates experience selection and energy efficiency at the cellular and molecular levels. We showed in Drosophila that spaced training triggers LTM formation by extending over several hours an increased mitochondrial metabolic activity in neurons of the associative memory center, the mushroom bodies (MBs). We found that this effect is mediated by PKCδ, a member of the so-called 'novel PKC' family of enzymes, which uncovers the critical function of PKCδ in neurons as a regulator of mitochondrial metabolism for LTM. Additionally, PKCδ activation and translocation to mitochondria result from LTM-specific dopamine signaling on MB neurons. By bridging experience-dependent neuronal circuit activity with metabolic modulation of memory-encoding neurons, PKCδ signaling binds the cognitive and metabolic constraints underlying LTM formation into a unified gating mechanism.

From Orchard to Wellness: Unveiling the Health Effects of Sweet Cherry Nutrients

This review paper explores the multifaceted relationship between sweet cherry nutrients and human health, aiming to uncover the comprehensive impact of these bioactive compounds from orchard to wellness. Furthermore, it highlights how advanced crop techniques can be pivotal in optimizing these beneficial compounds. Synthesizing existing literature, the paper examines the diverse bioactive nutrients in sweet cherries, including antioxidants, polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals, and elucidating their mechanisms of action and potential health benefits. From antioxidant properties to anti-inflammatory effects, the paper elucidates how these nutrients may mitigate chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. Additionally, it explores their role in promoting gastrointestinal health, enhancing exercise recovery, and modulating sleep patterns. The review discusses emerging research on the potential anti-cancer properties of sweet cherry compounds, highlighting their promising role in cancer prevention and treatment. Furthermore, it delves into the impact of sweet cherry consumption on metabolic health, weight management, and skin health. By providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of sweet cherry nutrients and their health effects, this paper offers valuable insights for researchers, healthcare professionals, and consumers interested in utilizing nature's bounty for holistic wellness.

Probiotic Characteristics and the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Z22 Isolated from Naturally Fermented Vegetables

Currently, there is increasing interest in the commercial utilization of probiotics isolated from traditional fermented food products. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the probiotic potential of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) Z22 isolated from naturally fermented mustard. The results suggest that L. plantarum Z22 exhibits good adhesion ability, antibacterial activity, safety, and tolerance to acidic conditions and bile salts. We further determined the anti-inflammatory mechanism and properties of L. plantarum Z22 and found that L. plantarum Z22 could significantly reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and the expression of the pro-inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, L. plantarum Z22 also effectively inhibited the signaling pathways of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). This effect can be attributed to a decrease in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Moreover, whole-genome sequencing revealed that L. plantarum Z22 contains gene-encoding proteins with anti-inflammatory functions, such as beta-glucosidase (BGL) and pyruvate kinase (PK), as well as antioxidant functions, including thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), tyrosine-protein phosphatase, and ATP-dependent intracellular proteases ClpP. In summary, these results indicated that L. plantarum Z22 can serve as a potential candidate probiotic for use in fermented foods such as yogurt (starter cultures), providing a promising strategy for the development of functional foods to prevent chronic diseases.

Viral Infections and the Glutathione Peroxidase Family: Mechanisms of Disease Development

Significance: The glutathione peroxidase (GPx) family is recognized for its essential function in maintaining cellular redox balance and countering the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a process intricately linked to the progression of various diseases including those spurred by viral infections. The modulation of GPx activity by viruses presents a critical juncture in disease pathogenesis, influencing cellular responses and the trajectory of infection-induced diseases. Recent Advances: Cutting-edge research has unveiled the GPx family's dynamic role in modulating viral pathogenesis. Notably, GPX4's pivotal function in regulating ferroptosis presents a novel avenue for the antiviral therapy. The discovery that selenium, an essential micronutrient for GPx activity, possesses antiviral properties has propelled us toward rethinking traditional treatment modalities. Critical Issues: Deciphering the intricate relationship between viral infections and GPx family members is paramount. Viral invasion can precipitate significant alterations in GPx function, influencing disease outcomes. The multifaceted nature of GPx activity during viral infections suggests that a deeper understanding of these interactions could yield novel insights into disease mechanisms, diagnostics, prognostics, and even chemotherapeutic resistance. Future Directions: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the impact of viral infections on GPx activity and expression and identify key advances. By elucidating the mechanisms through which GPx family members intersect with viral pathogenesis, we propose to uncover innovative therapeutic strategies that leverage the antioxidant properties of GPx to combat viral infections. The exploration of GPx as a therapeutic target and biomarker holds promise for the development of next-generation antiviral therapies. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.