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Alharbi A, Aldosary A, Alsuwailem F, Alhumaidan L, Alharbi N. Determinants and Prevalence of Depression Among Dietary Supplement Users in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e56736. [PMID: 38646381 PMCID: PMC11033092 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements (DSs) are used by a large number of people globally. It is widely believed that DSs can improve health, prevent diseases, and replenish vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies. We aimed to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with DS use among the Saudi population and the association between DS consumption and depressive symptoms. Research methodology: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in 2022. The questionnaire was distributed through an online mode among adult Saudis (18 years or older) living in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The survey included four parts: socio-demographic characteristics, participants' health, lifestyle, and activity, vitamin and mineral supplement use, and a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a valid and reliable diagnostic tool for depression. Result: Of the 1309 respondents, 1173 were enrolled. The mean age of the participants was 26.3 ± 8.8 (range, 18-24) years, and approximately 14.7% exhibited psychological anxiety while 8.4% experienced psychological depression. The prevalence of DS use among Saudis was found to be relatively high (52.2%). The most commonly used DS was vitamin D (43%). DSs improved depressive symptoms in 49.4% of the participants. Conclusion: The prevalence of DS use is high among the Saudi population, and vitamin D is the most common DS. The use of multivitamins and minerals, especially iron, is associated with improved depressive symptoms; however, further studies are needed to understand the relationship between DS use and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeshah Alharbi
- College of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, SAU
| | - Ahmad Aldosary
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Unaizah, SAU
| | - Farah Alsuwailem
- College of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, SAU
| | - Lama Alhumaidan
- College of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, SAU
| | - Norah Alharbi
- College of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Unaizah, SAU
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Djaoudene O, Romano A, Bradai YD, Zebiri F, Ouchene A, Yousfi Y, Amrane-Abider M, Sahraoui-Remini Y, Madani K. A Global Overview of Dietary Supplements: Regulation, Market Trends, Usage during the COVID-19 Pandemic, and Health Effects. Nutrients 2023; 15:3320. [PMID: 37571258 PMCID: PMC10421343 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, the use of dietary supplements (DS) has continued to grow in many countries. Due to the public health crisis brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic and amidst fears regarding COVID-19 vaccines and their low supply in many regions of the world, there has been a marked interest in the use of DS as alternative means of protecting against and treating this emerging disease, as well as boosting the immune system and minimizing the risk of inflammation. Despite a lack of evidence to suggest their efficacy, a surge in the sales of DS has been reported in many parts of the world. Questions have also been raised about the health effects associated with DS due to their increased use during the health crisis. Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated their beneficial properties as well as some adverse and even toxic effects. In addition, given the current global interest in this issue, a review is needed to establish the status of dietary supplements before and during the health crisis. The aim of this review is to summarize the current evidence on the impact of dietary supplements on the incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as their regulation and associated market trends. First, we provide an overview of DS, including a comprehensive review of the legislative and regulatory aspects of DS in the USA, China, the EU, and Algeria. Second, we describe the prevalence of the most commonly consumed DS and their efficacy as a prophylactic modality in the era of COVID-19. Additionally, we examine the structure and size of the DS market in the countries that predominantly produce and import them, its global market trend, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on market growth. Finally, in this review, we also discuss the profile of DS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouarda Djaoudene
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Yasmine Djedjiga Bradai
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Feriel Zebiri
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Amina Ouchene
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Yasmine Yousfi
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Meriem Amrane-Abider
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Yasmine Sahraoui-Remini
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
| | - Khodir Madani
- Centre de Recherche en Technologies Agroalimentaires, Route de Targa Ouzemmour, Campus Universitaire, Bejaia 06000, Algeria; (Y.D.B.); (F.Z.); (A.O.); (Y.Y.); (M.A.-A.); (Y.S.-R.); (K.M.)
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Prevalence, patterns, and attitude regarding dietary supplement use in Saudi Arabia: Data from 2019. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274412. [PMID: 36129901 PMCID: PMC9491604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are products containing dietary elements including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbs, or botanicals. They can aid consumers with low dietary intake and quality, as well as those with high demands, by boosting nutritious value. A cross-sectional study was conducted among adults living in Saudi Arabia aged between 18–60 years old using online self-administered questionnaire. Information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, use and type of dietary supplements, and attitude toward and patterns of dietary supplement use was collected. The chi-square test, Pearson correlations, and the independent t-test were used. In total, 531 participants (115 men and 416 women) were included. Approximately half of the participants (51.8%, n = 275) used dietary supplements. Participants who were using dietary supplements were significantly younger (29.16 ± 9.32 years), more highly educated (85.5%, n = 235), and worked in the health sector (63.7%, n = 100). Herbal supplement use was associated with older age and female sex. Single mineral supplements were used more frequently by married, female, pregnant, or breastfeeding participants and those not working in the health sector. Fatty supplements were used more frequently by participants with a higher level of education. Regarding the attitude toward dietary supplement use, women, single participants, and health care workers showed a significant positive attitude. In-depth investigation into the amount of and reasons for dietary supplement use in the health sector is required. Additionally, educating pregnant and breastfeeding women on the importance of dietary supplements is necessary.
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Almegewly WH, Alenazi RB, Albaqami FM, Alkharashi RA, Alsaedi FA, Almutairi RK, Alkharji AA, Althani GM, Aljuwayd WA. Perceptions and Patterns of Dietary Supplements' Use during COVID-19 among Undergraduate Female Students in Saudi Arabia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183728. [PMID: 36145104 PMCID: PMC9506526 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of Dietary Supplements (DSs) has increased for health promotion purposes. Few data records were found on the safe use of DSs among university students in Saudi Arabia, during COVID-19. This study aimed to assess the perceptions and patterns of DSs during COVID-19 among students at a selected female university. (2) Methods: A descriptive cross-section design was used. A convenient sample of undergraduate students (n = 651) were recruited via email, to fill in an online validated questionnaire: The nutrition and intake of DSs during COVID-19. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. (3) Results: Among the 509 students who did not have chronic diseases, 85% of them had taken DSs. About 35.5% of the students had not changed their dietary habits since the beginning of COVID-19, but 78.6% thought that they needed to improve their immunity by taking DSs. Half of the students 51.2% believed that healthy habits may reduce the chance of being infected with COVID-19. The most used DSs were vitamin C (84.3%), followed by honey (65.3%), and vitamin D (47.7%). At the top of students’ references for DSs was personal judgment or previous knowledge of the benefits (27.3%). (4) Conclusion: The usage and patterns of DSs were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Taking DSs without a doctor’s prescription may lead to several complications. DSs users should be educated effectively about the proper use of DSs as an external supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Hamad Almegewly
- Department of Community Health Nursing, College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Rimah Bader Alenazi
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayhaa Mohammed Albaqami
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fatimah Abdulrhman Alsaedi
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Khalaf Almutairi
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhanouf Abdullah Alkharji
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer Mohammed Althani
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafa Abdullah Aljuwayd
- College of Nursing, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Factors That Influence the Use of Dietary Supplements among the Students of Wroclaw Medical University in Poland during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127485. [PMID: 35742733 PMCID: PMC9224475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and aim: The use of dietary supplements (DS) and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs is increasing every year. The COVID-19 pandemic might additionally influence the use of such preparations. The study aimed to investigate factors influencing the use of dietary supplements (DS), including stress-relieving supplements, by the students. Methods: In the cross-sectional study, 624 students of the Wroclaw Medical University in Poland, from the second to the last year of studies, completed the anonymous questionnaire, consisting of 22 items, about the use of DS/OTC drugs during the academic year 2020/2021. Obtained data were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test, the U-Mann Whitney test, the Kruskal–Wallis test with the post-hoc analysis, and with logistic regression. Results: About 70% of students declared the use of any DS, 33% used DS for stress, anxiety, depression, or sleeping problems, and 59% used other DS. The most important factors influencing the decision to take any kind of DS were Division (p = 0.0001, odds ratio [OR]: 0.35, and confidence interval [CI]: 0.21–0.59), a self-estimated level of stress (p = 0.014, OR: 1.13, CI: 1.03–1.25), and self-estimated level of knowledge about DS (p = 0.0000, OR: 1.31, CI: 1.19–1.36). In the case of students taking DS for stress, anxiety, depression, or sleeping problems, the level of stress and the declared knowledge had the greatest impact on the decision for such a use of DS (p = 0.0001, OD: 1.24, CI: 1.11–1.39 and p = 0.0000, OD: 1.35, CI: 1.22–1.5, respectively). The COVID-19 pandemic did not change the pattern of DS/OTC drug usage in about 33% of students. Those who started taking DS during the pandemic accounted for 19% of all students. Conclusions: The use of DS is common among Wroclaw Medical University students with some differences between subgroups of respondents. Additionally, despite declared good knowledge about DS, most students declare the need to learn more about them.
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Alhakbany MA, Alzamil HA, Alnazzawi E, Alhenaki G, Alzahrani R, Almughaiseeb A, Al-Hazzaa HM. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Use of Protein Supplements among Saudi Adults: Gender Differences. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:394. [PMID: 35207007 PMCID: PMC8872357 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Saudi Arabia has witnessed recent reforms and positive socio-political changes that have led to increased opportunities for women to participate in fitness centers. This study investigated protein supplement consumption among Saudi females compared with that among males and examined the knowledge and attitudes of the participants toward protein supplement use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Riyadh using a previously validated, self-administered online survey. The questionnaire included items related to the prevalence, knowledge, attitudes, and practice of protein supplementation. The participants were 354 adults (58.2% were females). The results showed that over 47% of the participants attended fitness centers with more male (80.3%) than female (41%) attendees. Nearly 50% of the participants consumed protein supplements, with males (68.7%) using significantly (p < 0.001) more protein supplements than females (35.6%). The powdered form was most commonly consumed. The percentage of gym attendees (67.8%) who used protein supplements was higher than that among non-gym attendees (32.2%). Gaining muscles (56.1%) followed by compensating for protein deficiency (28.6%) were the reasons for taking protein supplements, with a significant gender difference (p < 0.001). Coaches provided the most information on protein supplements. The participants appeared to be knowledgeable about protein supplements. Although over 68% of protein supplement users suffered from various symptoms, only 20% of the participants thought that there was no risk in taking protein supplements, with significant gender differences. It was concluded that Saudi male participants are twice more likely to attend the gym and consume protein supplements compared with females. Of both genders, those attending the gym consumed more protein supplements than non-gym attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan A. Alhakbany
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Hana A. Alzamil
- Physiology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (H.A.A.)
| | - Esraa Alnazzawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Ghadah Alhenaki
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Razan Alzahrani
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Aseel Almughaiseeb
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia; (E.A.); (G.A.); (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Hazzaa M. Al-Hazzaa
- Lifestyle and Health Research Center, Health Sciences Research Center, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Alwalan SI, Alrasheed AA, Aldossari KK, Al-Zahrani JM, Alshahrani AM, Batais MA, Almigbal TH. Prevalence and characteristics of multivitamin-multimineral (MVMM) use among Saudi populations in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28638. [PMID: 35089203 PMCID: PMC8797584 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Use of multivitamin multimineral (MVMM) preparations is prevalent and growing worldwide, contributing to major health expenditure. Minimal literature on prevalence and characteristics of MVMM use is available from Saudi Arabia.The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and characteristics of MVMM use among Saudi population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.A cross-sectional study was conducted at 6 shopping malls located in the different regions of Riyadh city for 6 months from February 01, 2019, to July 31, 2019. A well-structured English questionnaire was developed, translated into Arabic language, and validated by the experts. A pertinent inclusion and exclusion criteria were established. After having informed consent to be included in the study, the printed copies of the questionnaire were distributed among the participants using a convenient sampling technique. The data were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Descriptive statistics were presented as numbers, percentages, means, and standard deviations. A P value of ≤.05 and 95% confidence intervals were used to report the statistical significance.Out of 1200 surveys distributed, 1105 were returned by the participants (response rate 92%). Prevalence of MVMM supplements use turned out to be 47%. The study revealed statistically significant association between MVMM use and gender, marital status, education, regular exercise, smoking, following special diet, and eating fruits and vegetables (P ≤ .05). Majority of the participants used MVMM on daily basis (57.9%), and hospital prescriptions (57.9%) were the most common reason of MVMM use. Majority of the participants used MVMM for diet supplements (32.2%), health promotion (29.4%), and treatment of disease (16%).The MVMM use is prevalent in Saudi population, warranting sound regulatory policies for their judicial use and increase awareness about the benefits and side effects of dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh I. Alwalan
- King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Alrasheed
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled K. Aldossari
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamaan M. Al-Zahrani
- Family and Community Medicine Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed A. Batais
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turky H. Almigbal
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Vision College of Medicine, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi
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Lam M, Khoshkhat P, Chamani M, Shahsavari S, Dorkoosh FA, Rajabi A, Maniruzzaman M, Nokhodchi A. In-depth multidisciplinary review of the usage, manufacturing, regulations & market of dietary supplements. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lawand L, Youness R, Sinno L, Lawand N, Al Tabbah S. Assessment of Dietary Supplements Use among American University of Beirut Students: Prevalence, Knowledge, and Reasons for Supplementation. J Diet Suppl 2021; 20:106-117. [PMID: 34605726 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1981512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and type of supplements used among university students, level of knowledge in this respect, reasons to supplement their diet, and the sources for information about dietary supplements. A sample of 100 students at the American University of Beirut were surveyed through a questionnaire composed of 22 questions and divided into four sections: socio-demographic, anthropometric, dietary supplement (DS) knowledge, DS intake and reasons. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine the frequency of respondents for each variable and appropriate statistical tests were used for associations according to variable type and data. A total of 100 participants were included in the study of which 49 (49.0%) were males and 51 (51.0%) were females. Sixty-eight participants were dietary supplement users, of which 27 (39.7%) were males and 41 (60.3%) were females. Supplementation reasons differed: 53 consumed supplements to improve energy and vitality, 22 to enhance cognitive performance, 22 to promote hair, skin and health, and 13 to prevent or treat cold. A significant association was observed between dietary supplements use and female gender (OR = 5.66, 95% CI: 1.60-20.10). No significance was found between consuming dietary supplements and smoking status, BMI, living conditions, medical condition, age, exercise, major, dietary knowledge, and side effects. More than half of the participants are dietary supplements users with females being more likely to use them. The main reason for both genders to resort to dietary supplement use is to improve their energy and vitality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Lawand
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rewa Youness
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Loubna Sinno
- Research Unit, Makassed General Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nabih Lawand
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Samaa Al Tabbah
- School of Pharmacy, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Islam MA, Al-karasneh AF, Rizvi M, Nisa ZU, Albakheet AM, Alshagawi MA, Iqbal MS, Almuzel AI, Al Afif HS, Mahmoud MA, Mohamed Ibrahim AA, Hossain MA, Maqsood MB, Naqvi AA, Haseeb A, Jamshed S. Prevalence, reasons, and determinants of dietary supplements use among undergraduate female students of health and non-health colleges in a Saudi public university. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247295. [PMID: 33657129 PMCID: PMC7928447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to gather data from female students studying in both health and non-health colleges at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University and report the prevalence, reasons, and determinants of dietary supplements use. Methods A month-long cross-sectional study was conducted in health and non-health colleges affiliated to Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Convenient sampling was employed, and the data was gathered through an online survey using the English and Arabic versions of the Dietary Supplement Questionnaire (DSQ). The data was analyzed using SPSS version 23 and Medcalc. The study was approved by an ethics committee. Results Data from 545 participants was collected. The overall prevalence of dietary supplement use was 32.7% (95% CI: 29.06%– 36.51%). The prevalence was 29.77% (95% CI: 25.29%– 34.56%) among students at all health colleges combined and, it was 37.50% (95% CI: 31.36%– 43.96%) among students at all non-health colleges. Most students used a brand product, spent a monthly cost of SAR 286 (USD 76.3) on supplements and agreed that supplements were good for health (N = 392, 71.9%). Students from non-health- colleges agreed that dietary supplements are good for health in greater numbers as compared to non-health college students (p < 0.001). Students aged ≥ 20 years, studying in a non-health college and up to 3rd year of study, were more 2 times more likely to agree that dietary supplements are good for health. Conclusion Supplements were commonly used among female students at this university however, it was quite low as compared to students from other local and regional universities. Prevalence was higher in non-health colleges as compared to health colleges and the most commonly used supplements were brand products and, multivitamins, used for general health and well-being. This highlights the inclination of students towards supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Ashraful Islam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Aseel Fuad Al-karasneh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehwish Rizvi
- Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zeb-Un Nisa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Majed Albakheet
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Abdullah Alshagawi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Isa Almuzel
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Sadiq Al Afif
- College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour Adam Mahmoud
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alnada Abdalla Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Mohammad Akbar Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Bilal Maqsood
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al Ahsa, Saudia Arabia
- Swiss Business School, Kloten, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pharmacy, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, AlAhsa, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin AbdulAziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazia Jamshed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, UniSZA, Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
- Qualitative Research-Methodological Application in Health Sciences Research Group, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
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11
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Brodziak-Dopierała B, Fischer A, Ahnert B. Polish students’ knowledge of dietary supplements. J Public Health (Oxf) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-021-01481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The increasing intake of dietary supplements (DS) can be observed worldwide. These preparations are classified as a special category of foods and are subject to food law, not pharmaceutical regulations. As a result, the requirements for DS are much less restrictive than for medications.
Methodology
This research was conducted in a group of young Polish students of pharmacy at the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice (SUM) and of finance and accounting at the University of Economics in Katowice (UE). The survey contained questions concerning DS, such as difference to drugs, scope of use, and safety.
Results
The respondents answered questions about taking DS and the effects of their use. DS were used either currently or in the past by about 70% of the respondents, while about 30% of the surveyed population declared that they did not use these preparations. Women and UE students predominated among those not taking DS.
Conclusion
Multi-component products taken for a period of less than 3 months to supplement a deficit for a given component were used the most often. One product was taken at a time. The respondents read product information and followed the recommended doses. Over 50% of the studied population was aware of the negative effects of DS. Adverse symptoms of DS use were observed by 5% of the respondents.
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Alqrache A, Mostafa M, Ghabrah O, Ghabrah Z, Kamal N, Ghabrah T, Atta H. Knowledge and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among Students Attending King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2021; 58:469580211020882. [PMID: 34053321 PMCID: PMC8743916 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral dietary supplements (DSs) include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, energy drinks, and herbal products. The use of DSs is increasing and their manufacturers promote their benefits. Studies have validated some of these benefits, but have also indicated that some DSs can have adverse effects, especially if used without the appropriate supervision. Little information on DS use among Saudis is available. This study assessed the use of dietary supplements among male and female university students with the goal of educating the community about DSs and the dangers associated with their misuse. Online and paper validated questionnaires were administered to King Abdulaziz University (KAU) students between September 2019 and January 2020. The responses were collected and analyzed statistically. Of the 954 KAU students who completed the survey, one-third used DSs (42.9% women vs 25.7% men). Of these, 51.7% believed that DSs are essential for health, 41.7% classified them as both food and drugs, 67.2% were aware that DSs could not replace a healthy diet, and 25.8% were aware of their potentially harmful effects. Multivitamins and minerals were the most used DSs. DS awareness among KAU students is limited. Additional health education is necessary to assist students in their selection of the most suitable DSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Mostafa
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nezar Kamal
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hazem Atta
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Tarı Selçuk K, Çevik C. Use of dietary supplements among nursing students in Turkey in the last 12 months and its relation with orthorexia nervosa. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2020; 56:885-893. [PMID: 32249454 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was aimed at investigating the use of dietary supplements among nursing students in Turkey in the last 12 months and its relation with orthorexia nervosa (ON). DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in Balıkesir, a province in northwestern Turkey, between November and December 2019 included 560 nursing students. FINDINGS Almost a fifth of the students had used dietary supplements in the last 12 months and the use of dietary supplements was associated with ON. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Students should be screened for ON symptoms and attempts to reduce ON symptoms in students at risk should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevser Tarı Selçuk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University, Bandırma, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - Celalettin Çevik
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
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14
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Samreen S, Siddiqui NA, Wajid S, Mothana RA, Almarfadi OM. Prevalence and Use of Dietary Supplements Among Pharmacy Students in Saudi Arabia. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2020; 13:1523-1531. [PMID: 32982510 PMCID: PMC7494426 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s256656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dietary supplements (DSs) are popular in many countries, and their use among individuals is increasing worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and use of DSs among pharmacy students in King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design targeting male senior pharmacy students in their fourth and fifth years of Bachelor and Doctor of Pharmacy courses. The data were collected between August and October 2019 using paper-based questionnaires. Results A total of 46.8% of the students used DSs. Of all students surveyed, 19% used branded supplements whereas 9.7% used generic or local supplements and 12.3% used both generic and branded supplements. Furthermore, 8.2% students suffered from side effects, including 5.6% who suffered from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and 2.6% who suffered from headache, confusion, and disorientation. Approximately 24.6% of students used fiber DSs whereas 19% and 16.4% used DSs for protein and glucosamine/omega 3 fatty acids, respectively. Conclusion The study findings indicated that the prevalence of DS use is increasing. However, approximately half of the respondents encourage the use of DSs only with a doctor’s recommendation. Educating about the safe use of DSs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Samreen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Aurobindo College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal, India
| | - Nasir A Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Wajid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzi A Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omer M Almarfadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Alfawaz H, Khan N, Almarshad A, Wani K, Aljumah MA, Khattak MNK, Al-Daghri NM. The Prevalence and Awareness Concerning Dietary Supplement Use among Saudi Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17103515. [PMID: 32443434 PMCID: PMC7277864 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current dietary supplement (DS) use among Saudi school students is not well described. In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence and predictors of DS use among adolescents. This cross-sectional study collected data via self-administered questionnaire from 1221 students (12 to 18 years). The overall prevalence of DS use was 26.2%, significantly higher in females than males (33% vs. 17.9%, p < 0.001). High proportion of female DS users demonstrated normal BMI than males (84% vs. 56.5%, p < 0.001). High percentage of male DS users were engaged in vigorous and/or high physical activity (PA) levels than female DS users (58.2% vs. 43%, p = 0.022; and 57.1% vs. 20.7%, p < 0.001, respectively). The main reasons for DS use among females were vitamin deficiency (63.3%), hair condition (37.6%) and nail health (23.5%) while in males, the main reasons were vitamin deficiency (58.4%) and body building (34.4%). The predictors of DS use in Saudi adolescents included being female, having high family income and being physically active. In conclusion, the overall prevalence and preference of DS use, though low among Saudi adolescents, was driven mostly by gender, physical activity levels and socioeconomic factors like family income. DS use guidelines and counselling among Saudi adolescents are warranted to improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Alfawaz
- College of Food Science & Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-8055890
| | - Nasiruddin Khan
- College of Applied and Health Sciences, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, A’ Sharqiyah University, Ibra 400, Oman;
| | - Alwateen Almarshad
- College of Food Science & Agriculture, Department of Food Science & Nutrition, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Kaiser Wani
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
| | - Muneerah A. Aljumah
- College of Medicine Medical Student, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Malak Nawaz Khan Khattak
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (K.W.); (M.N.K.K.); (N.M.A.-D.)
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Figueiredo A, Costa IM, Fernandes TA, Gonçalves LL, Brito J. Food Supplements for Weight Loss: Risk Assessment of Selected Impurities. Nutrients 2020; 12:E954. [PMID: 32235503 PMCID: PMC7230509 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, food supplements are widely consumed, often without any medical supervision. In this study, 25 food supplements for weight loss, randomly purchased from five different suppliers in the European Union, were analysed by Wavelength Dispersive X ray Fluorescence spectrometry (WDXRF). The aim of this study was the risk assessment of trace elements and the mixture of elements present in food supplements for weight loss. The obtained Hazard Index (0.11) showed no potential risk of non-carcinogenic effects to human health. However, since humans are frequently exposed by different routes and/or sources to toxic metals, the additional consumption of these products may cause potential toxicological risks that cannot be ignored. In one analysed food supplement (FS), the simultaneous presence of Pb and Mn in high concentrations was detected. In two, FS chromium concentrations were above the reference daily dose. Unconformities were detected between the labelled and the detected values, which emphasises the misinformation of labels. This highlights the need for a deeper surveillance of food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Figueiredo
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (T.A.F.); (L.L.G.); (J.B.)
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Isabel Margarida Costa
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (T.A.F.); (L.L.G.); (J.B.)
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Tânia Alexandra Fernandes
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (T.A.F.); (L.L.G.); (J.B.)
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Lima Gonçalves
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (T.A.F.); (L.L.G.); (J.B.)
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Brito
- Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz (IUEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal; (I.M.C.); (T.A.F.); (L.L.G.); (J.B.)
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Campus Universitário—Quinta da Granja, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
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Algaeed HA, AlJaber MI, Alwehaibi AI, AlJaber LI, Arafah AM, Aloyayri MA, Binsebayel OA, Alotaiq SA, Alfozan MA, Ahmed IB. General public knowledge and use of dietary supplements in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:3147-3154. [PMID: 31742134 PMCID: PMC6857379 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_511_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Dietary supplements is a growing industry, pharmaceuticals are having several types of similar supplements and multivitamins as over-the-counter products, a complete diet is necessary for a healthy body which leads to the usage of supplements or multivitamins complementing diets as needed, therefore leading to its encouraged usage among the population worldwide. Aims: The study was aimed to determine the public's knowledge and their use of dietary supplements. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the general public of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods and Materials: The sample consisted of 679 participants including 41% males and 59% females. The ethnicity of the participants is 100% Arabs. Statistical Analysis Used: SPSS. Results: The sociodemographic data showed there were more female participants than males (59.1% vs. 40.9%), most of our participants had at least bachelor degree (64.4%), most of our participants had normal BMI (62.3%). 88.5% had knowledge on supplements and only 11.5% stated they were not aware at all. Conclusions: Dietary supplements and multivitamins consumption is prevalent among Saudi Arabian population. Our study suggests the majority of consumers understand the supportive role of dietary supplements and are aware of risks and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad A Algaeed
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed I AlJaber
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah I Alwehaibi
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lubna I AlJaber
- Clinical Dietitian/Home Health Care Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman M Arafah
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Aloyayri
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Binsebayel
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan A Alotaiq
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaab A Alfozan
- College of Medicine, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Bin Ahmed
- College of Medicine, Family Medicine Department, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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