1
|
Patibandla C, van Aalten L, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Honda T, Cuadrado A, Fernández-Ginés R, McNeilly AD, Hayes JD, Cantley J, Sutherland C. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3 enhances NRF2 protein stability, nuclear localisation and target gene transcription in pancreatic beta cells. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103117. [PMID: 38479223 PMCID: PMC10950707 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (i.e., oxidative stress) is a leading cause of beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis in diabetes. NRF2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor-2) regulates the adaptation to oxidative stress, and its activity is negatively regulated by the redox-sensitive CUL3 (cullin-3) ubiquitin ligase substrate adaptor KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1). Additionally, NRF2 is repressed by the insulin-regulated Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3). We have demonstrated that phosphorylation of NRF2 by GSK3 enhances β-TrCP (beta-transducin repeat-containing protein) binding and ubiquitylation by CUL1 (cullin-1), resulting in increased proteasomal degradation of NRF2. Thus, we hypothesise that inhibition of GSK3 activity or β-TrCP binding upregulates NRF2 and so protects beta cells against oxidative stress. We have found that treating the pancreatic beta cell line INS-1 832/13 with the KEAP1 inhibitor TBE31 significantly enhanced NRF2 protein levels. The presence of the GSK3 inhibitor CT99021 or the β-TrCP-NRF2 protein-protein interaction inhibitor PHAR, along with TBE31, resulted in prolonged NRF2 stability and enhanced nuclear localisation (P < 0.05). TBE31-mediated induction of NRF2-target genes encoding NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (Nqo1), glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier (Gclm) subunit and heme oxygenase (Hmox1) was significantly enhanced by the presence of CT99021 or PHAR (P < 0.05) in both INS-1 832/13 and in isolated mouse islets. Identical results were obtained using structurally distinct GSK3 inhibitors and inhibition of KEAP1 with sulforaphane. In summary, we demonstrate that GSK3 and β-TrCP/CUL1 regulate the proteasomal degradation of NRF2, enhancing the impact of KEAP1 regulation, and so contributes to the redox status of pancreatic beta cells. Inhibition of GSK3, or β-TrCP/CUL1 binding to NRF2 may represent a strategy to protect beta cells from oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinmai Patibandla
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Lidy van Aalten
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tadashi Honda
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Fernández-Ginés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols-Morreale UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz) and Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John D Hayes
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James Cantley
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Calum Sutherland
- Division of Cellular & Systems Medicine, James Arnott Drive, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang Y, Yang C, Hou Y, Wang J, Zhang K, Wang L, Sun D, Li X, Wei R, Nian H. Dimethyl itaconate inhibits antigen-specific Th17 cell responses and autoimmune inflammation via modulating NRF2/STAT3 signaling. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23607. [PMID: 38581245 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302293rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic Th17 cells play a crucial role in autoimmune diseases like uveitis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). Dimethyl itaconate (DMI) possesses potent anti-inflammatory effects. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about the role of DMI in regulating pathogenic Th17 cells and EAU. Here, we reported that intraperitoneal administration of DMI significantly inhibited the severity of EAU via selectively suppressing Th17 cell responses. In vitro antigen stimulation studies revealed that DMI dramatically decreased the frequencies and function of antigen-specific Th17, but not Th1, cells. Moreover, DMI hampered the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells toward pathogenic Th17 cells. DMI-treated DCs produced less IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-23, and displayed an impaired ability to stimulate antigen-specific Th17 activation. Mechanistically, DMI activated the NRF2/HO-1 pathway and suppressed STAT3 signaling, which subsequently restrains p-STAT3 nuclear translocation, leading to decreased pathogenic Th17 cell responses. Thus, we have identified an important role for DMI in regulating pathogenic Th17 cells, supporting DMI as a promising therapy in Th17 cell-driven autoimmune diseases including uveitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubiao Hou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kailang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Kidney Diseases and Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Deming Sun
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruihua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prabha B, Lekshmy Krishnan S, Abraham B, Jayamurthy P, Radhakrishnan KV. An insight into the mechanistic role of (-)-Ampelopsin F from Vatica chinensis L. in inducing insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 103:117695. [PMID: 38522346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Resveratrol oligomers, ranging from dimers to octamers, are formed through regioselective synthesis involving the phenoxy radical coupling of resveratrol building blocks, exhibiting remarkable therapeutic potential, including antidiabetic properties. In this study, we elucidate the mechanistic insights into the insulin secretion potential of a resveratrol dimer, (-)-Ampelopsin F (AmF), isolated from the acetone extract of Vatica chinensis L. stem bark in Pancreatic Beta-TC-6 cell lines. The AmF (50 µM) treated cells exhibited a 3.5-fold increase in insulin secretion potential as compared to unstimulated cells, which was achieved through the enhancement of mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, and upregulation of GLUT2 and glucokinase expression in pancreatic Beta-TC-6 cell lines. Furthermore, AmF effectively inhibited the activity of DPP4, showcasing a 2.5-fold decrease compared to the control and a significant 6.5-fold reduction compared to the positive control. These findings emphasize AmF as a potential lead for the management of diabetes mellitus and point to its possible application in the next therapeutic initiatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Prabha
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - S Lekshmy Krishnan
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India
| | - Billu Abraham
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - P Jayamurthy
- Agroprocessing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| | - K V Radhakrishnan
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baumel-Alterzon S, Katz LS, Lambertini L, Tse I, Heidery F, Garcia-Ocaña A, Scott DK. NRF2 is required for neonatal mouse beta cell growth by maintaining redox balance and promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Diabetologia 2024; 67:547-560. [PMID: 38206362 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS All forms of diabetes result from insufficient functional beta cell mass. Due to the relatively limited expression of several antioxidant enzymes, beta cells are highly vulnerable to pathological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to the reduction of functional beta cell mass. During early postnatal ages, both human and rodent beta cells go through a burst of proliferation that quickly declines with age. The exact mechanisms that account for neonatal beta cell proliferation are understudied but mitochondrial release of moderated ROS levels has been suggested as one of the main drivers. We previously showed that, apart from its conventional role in protecting beta cells from oxidative stress, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is also essential for beta cell proliferation. We therefore hypothesised that NRF2, which is activated by ROS, plays an essential role in beta cell proliferation at early postnatal ages. METHODS Beta cell NRF2 levels and beta cell proliferation were measured in pancreatic sections from non-diabetic human cadaveric donors at different postnatal ages, childhood and adulthood. Pancreatic sections from 1-, 7-, 14- and 28-day-old beta cell-specific Nrf2 (also known as Nfe2l2)-knockout mice (βNrf2KO) or control (Nrf2lox/lox) mice were assessed for beta cell NRF2 levels, beta cell proliferation, beta cell oxidative stress, beta cell death, nuclear beta cell pancreatic duodenal homeobox protein 1 (PDX1) levels and beta cell mass. Seven-day-old βNrf2KO and Nrf2lox/lox mice were injected daily with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) or saline (154 mmol/l NaCl) to explore the potential contribution of oxidative stress to the phenotypes seen in βNrf2KO mice at early postnatal ages. RNA-seq was performed on 7-day-old βNrf2KO and Nrf2lox/lox mice to investigate the mechanisms by which NRF2 stimulates beta cell proliferation at early postnatal ages. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function were determined using dispersed islets from 7-day-old βNrf2KO and Nrf2lox/lox mice by measuring MitoTracker intensity, mtDNA/gDNA ratio and ATP/ADP ratio. To study the effect of neonatal beta cell-specific Nrf2 deletion on glucose homeostasis in adulthood, blood glucose, plasma insulin and insulin secretion were determined and a GTT was performed on 3-month-old βNrf2KO and Nrf2lox/lox mice fed on regular diet (RD) or high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS The expression of the master antioxidant regulator NRF2 was increased at early postnatal ages in both human (1 day to 19 months old, 31%) and mouse (7 days old, 57%) beta cells, and gradually declined with age (8% in adult humans, 3.77% in adult mice). A significant correlation (R2=0.568; p=0.001) was found between beta cell proliferation and NRF2 levels in human beta cells. Seven-day-old βNrf2KO mice showed reduced beta cell proliferation (by 65%), beta cell nuclear PDX1 levels (by 23%) and beta cell mass (by 67%), and increased beta cell oxidative stress (threefold) and beta cell death compared with Nrf2lox/lox control mice. NAC injections increased beta cell proliferation in 7-day-old βNrf2KO mice (3.4-fold) compared with saline-injected βNrf2KO mice. Interestingly, RNA-seq of islets isolated from 7-day-old βNrf2KO mice revealed reduced expression of mitochondrial RNA genes and genes involved in the electron transport chain. Islets isolated from 7-day old βNrf2KO mice presented reduced MitoTracker intensity (by 47%), mtDNA/gDNA ratio (by 75%) and ATP/ADP ratio (by 68%) compared with islets from Nrf2lox/lox littermates. Lastly, HFD-fed 3-month-old βNrf2KO male mice displayed a significant reduction in beta cell mass (by 35%), a mild increase in non-fasting blood glucose (1.2-fold), decreased plasma insulin (by 14%), and reduced glucose tolerance (1.3-fold) compared with HFD-fed Nrf2lox/lox mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study highlights NRF2 as an essential transcription factor for maintaining neonatal redox balance, mitochondrial biogenesis and function and beta cell growth, and for preserving functional beta cell mass in adulthood under metabolic stress. DATA AVAILABILITY Sequencing data are available in the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus, accession number GSE242718 ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE242718 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabelle Tse
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatema Heidery
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mukhuty A, Mandal S, Fouzder C, Das S, Chattopadhyay D, Majumdar T, Kundu R. Nrf2 inhibition regulates intracellular lipid accumulation in mouse insulinoma cells and improves insulin secretory function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 581:112112. [PMID: 38000461 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
High amount of fat in the pancreas is linked to poor functioning of β-cells and raises the risk of type 2 diabetes. Here we report the putative role of a circulatory glycoprotein Fetuin-A, a known obesity marker, in promoting lipid accumulation in β-cells and its association with Fatty acid translocase/CD36 for lipid storage culminate in β-cell dysfunction. Additionally, this work reveals regulation of CD36 via Nrf2, a key regulator of oxidative stress, and reduction of lipid accumulation by suppression of Nrf2 that restores β-cell function. Palmitate (0.50 mM) and Fetuin-A (100 μg/mL) exposure showed high levels of intracellular lipid in MIN6 (mouse insulinoma cells) with a concomitant decrease in insulin secretion. This also increased the expression of important lipogenic factors, like CD36, PGC1α, PPARγ, and SREBP1. Flow cytometry analysis of CD36 membrane localization has been corroborated with an increased accumulation of lipids as indicated by Oil-Red-O staining. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence of Nrf2 indicated its high expression in palmitate-fetuin-A incubation and translocation in the nucleus. Suppression of Nrf2 by siRNA showed a reduced expression of lipogenic genes, ablation of lipid droplets, decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, and restoration of insulin secretion with a corresponding increase of Pdx1, BETA2, and Ins1 gene expression. Our study thus suggested an important aspect of lipid accumulation in the pancreatic β-cells contributing to β-cell dysfunction and demonstrated the role of Fetuin-A in CD36 expression, with a possible way of restoring β-cell function by targeting Nrf2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Mukhuty
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731 235, India
| | - Samanwita Mandal
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731 235, India
| | - Chandrani Fouzder
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731 235, India
| | - Snehasis Das
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731 235, India
| | - Dipanjan Chattopadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731 235, India
| | - Tanmay Majumdar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rakesh Kundu
- Cell Signaling Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, 731 235, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu P, Cao B, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Wang C. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate oxidative stress-induced islet impairment via the Nrf2/HO-1 axis. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad035. [PMID: 37245063 PMCID: PMC10681279 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress may disrupt insulin secretion and β-cell survival in diabetes mellitus by overproducing reactive oxygen species. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) exhibit antioxidant properties. However, the mechanisms by which hUC-MSCs protect β-cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress remain underexplored. In this study, we showed that intravenously injected hUC-MSCs engrafted into the injured pancreas and promoted pancreatic β-cell function in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The in vitro study revealed that hUC-MSCs attenuated high glucose-induced oxidative stress and prevented β-cell impairment via the Nrf2/HO-1 signalling pathway. Nrf2 knockdown partially blocked the anti-oxidative effect of hUC-MSCs, resulting in β-cell decompensation in a high-glucose environment. Overall, these findings provide novel insights into how hUC-MSCs protect β-cells from high glucose-induced oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Liu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Baige Cao
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huina Zhang
- Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Congrong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wei B, Zhang X, Qian J, Tang Z, Zhang B. Nrf2: Therapeutic target of islet function protection in diabetes and islet transplantation. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115463. [PMID: 37703659 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has been reported as a major intracellular regulator of antioxidant stress, notably in islet β cells with low antioxidant enzyme content. Nrf2 is capable of regulating antioxidant function, while it can also regulate insulin secretion, proliferation, and differentiation of β cells, ER stress, as well as mitochondrial function. Thus, Nrf2 pharmacological activators have been employed in the laboratory for the treatment of diabetic mice. Islet cells are exposed to oxidative environment when islet is being transplanted. Accordingly, less than 50% of islet cells are well transplanted, and their normal function is maintained. The pharmacological activation of Nrf2 has been confirmed to protect islet cells at different stages of transplantation stages during experiments for islet transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Butian Wei
- Department of general Surgery, The Fourth affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang university School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of general Surgery, The Fourth affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang university School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Jiwei Qian
- Department of general Surgery, The Fourth affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang university School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of general Surgery, The Fourth affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang university School of Medicine, Yiwu 322000, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of general Surgery, The Second affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang university School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lang AL, Nissanka N, Louzada RA, Tamayo A, Pereira E, Moraes CT, Caicedo A. A Defect in Mitochondrial Complex III but Not in Complexes I or IV Causes Early β-Cell Dysfunction and Hyperglycemia in Mice. Diabetes 2023; 72:1262-1276. [PMID: 37343239 PMCID: PMC10451017 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism and oxidative respiration are crucial for pancreatic β-cell function and stimulus secretion coupling. Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) produces ATP and other metabolites that potentiate insulin secretion. However, the contribution of individual OxPhos complexes to β-cell function is unknown. We generated β-cell-specific, inducible OxPhos complex knock-out (KO) mouse models to investigate the effects of disrupting complex I, complex III, or complex IV on β-cell function. Although all KO models had similar mitochondrial respiratory defects, complex III caused early hyperglycemia, glucose intolerance, and loss of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo. However, ex vivo insulin secretion did not change. Complex I and IV KO models showed diabetic phenotypes much later. Mitochondrial Ca2+ responses to glucose stimulation 3 weeks after gene deletion ranged from not affected to severely disrupted, depending on the complex targeted, supporting the unique roles of each complex in β-cell signaling. Mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme immunostaining increased in islets from complex III KO, but not from complex I or IV KO mice, indicating that severe diabetic phenotype in the complex III-deficient mice is causing alterations in cellular redox status. The present study highlights that defects in individual OxPhos complexes lead to different pathogenic outcomes. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Mitochondrial metabolism is critical for β-cell insulin secretion, and mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. We determined whether individual oxidative phosphorylation complexes contribute uniquely to β-cell function. Compared with loss of complex I and IV, loss of complex III resulted in severe in vivo hyperglycemia and altered β-cell redox status. Loss of complex III altered cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and increased expression of glycolytic enzymes. Individual complexes contribute differently to β-cell function. This underscores the role of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complex defects in diabetes pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Lang
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Nadee Nissanka
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ruy A. Louzada
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alejandro Tamayo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Elizabeth Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alejandro Caicedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Markelic M, Stancic A, Saksida T, Grigorov I, Micanovic D, Velickovic K, Martinovic V, Savic N, Gudelj A, Otasevic V. Defining the ferroptotic phenotype of beta cells in type 1 diabetes and its inhibition as a potential antidiabetic strategy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1227498. [PMID: 37600723 PMCID: PMC10437050 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1227498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recently, the involvement of ferroptotic cell death in the reduction of β-cell mass in diabetes has been demonstrated. To elucidate the mechanisms of β-cell ferroptosis and potential antidiabetic effects of the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) in vivo, a mouse model of type 1 diabetes (T1D) was used. Methods Animals were divided into three groups: control (vehicle-treated), diabetic (streptozotocin-treated, 40 mg/kg, from days 1-5), and diabetic treated with Fer-1 (1 mg/kg, from days 1-21). On day 22, glycemia and insulinemia were measured and pancreases were isolated for microscopic analyses. Results Diabetes disturbed general parameters of β-cell mass (islet size, β-cell abundance and distribution) and health (insulin and PDX-1 expression), increased lipid peroxidation in islet cells, and phagocytic removal of iron-containing material. It also downregulated the main players of the antiferroptotic pathway - Nrf2, GPX4, and xCT. In contrast, Fer-1 ameliorated the signs of deterioration of β-cell/islets, decreased lipid peroxidation, and reduced phagocytic activity, while upregulated expression of Nrf2 (and its nuclear translocation), GPX4, and xCT in β-cell/islets. Discussion Overall, our study confirms ferroptosis as an important mode of β-cell death in T1D and suggests antiferroptotic agents as a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milica Markelic
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stancic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Saksida
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ilijana Grigorov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragica Micanovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ksenija Velickovic
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Martinovic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Savic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andjelija Gudelj
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Otasevic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Burzyński J, Fichna J, Tarasiuk A. Putative molecular targets for vitamin A in neutralizing oxidative stress in acute and chronic pancreatitis - a systematic review. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s00210-023-02442-4. [PMID: 36843131 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) are debilitating diseases of gastrointestinal tract and constitute great threat for human health in high-income countries. Recent studies emphasize the impact of oxidative stress on development of these pathologies, and numerous authors evaluate the effect of the antioxidant therapy on the course of AP and CP. Though several antioxidative agents were discovered in the past decades, vitamins remain canonical antioxidants. Despite the fact that vitamin A is known for its antioxidative effect, there is little data about the impact of vitamin A on oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AP and CP. The scope of the review is to evaluate molecular targets for vitamin A, which may be involved in oxidative stress occurring in the course of AP and CP. Our research of available literature revealed that several mechanisms are responsible for attenuation of oxidative stress in AP and CP, including Nrf2, MAPK, AMPK, TLR3, and TLR4. Furthermore, these factors are at least partially expressed in vitamin A-dependent manner, though further investigations are required for elucidating in detail the role of vitamin A in defense against reactive oxygen species. Our review revealed that vitamin A might influence the expression of several molecular pathways involved in antioxidative defense and cytoprotection; thus, its administration during AP and CP may change the course of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Burzyński
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tarasiuk
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grune T, Schnell V, Jung T. High glucose leads to redistribution of the proteasomal system. Biofactors 2023. [PMID: 36757058 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The impact of high glucose on the cellular redox state, causing both induction of antioxidative systems and also enhanced protein oxidation is discussed for a long time. It is established that elevated glucose levels are disrupting the cellular proteostasis and influencing the proteasomal system. However, it is still unresolved whether this is due to a reaction of the cellular proteasomal system towards the high glucose or whether this is a secondary reaction to inflammatory stimuli. Therefore, we used a dermal fibroblast cell line exposed to high glucose in order to reveal whether a response of the proteasomal system takes place. We investigated the α4 and the inducible iβ5 subunits of the 20S proteasome, as well as the Rpn1-subunit of the 19S proteasomal regulator complex, measured activity of the 20S, 20S1, and 26S proteasome and detected as well changes in expression as a redistribution into the nucleus. Interestingly, while the activity of the proteasomal forms rather decreased under high glucose treatment; higher expression levels of components of the proteasomal system and higher concentrations of protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine and Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) were detected. However, no change in the cytosol-nucleus distribution could be detected for most of the quantified parameters. We concluded that high glucose alone, without additional inflammatory stimuli, provokes a regulatory response on the ubiquitin-proteasomal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa Schnell
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tobias Jung
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
FGF-23 protects cell function and viability in murine pancreatic islets challenged by glucolipotoxicity. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:309-322. [PMID: 36437429 PMCID: PMC9908675 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02772-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor FGF-23 is a member of the FGF-15/19 subfamily with hormonal functions. Besides its well-known role for bone mineralization, FGF-23 is discussed as a marker for cardiovascular disease. We investigated whether FGF-23 has any effects on the endocrine pancreas of mice by determining insulin secretion, electrical activity, intracellular Ca2+, and apoptosis. Acute application of FGF-23 (10 to 500 ng/ml, i.e., 0.4 to 20 nM) does not affect insulin release of murine islets, while prolonged exposure leads to a 21% decrease in glucose-stimulated secretion. The present study shows for the first time that FGF-23 (100 or 500 ng/ml) partially protects against impairment of insulin secretion and apoptotic cell death induced by glucolipotoxicity. The reduction of apoptosis by FGF-23 is approximately twofold higher compared to FGF-21 or FGF-15/19. In contrast to FGF-23 and FGF-21, FGF-15/19 is clearly pro-apoptotic under control conditions. The beneficial effect of FGF-23 against glucolipotoxicity involves interactions with the stimulus-secretion cascade of beta-cells. Electrical activity and the rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration of islets in response to acute glucose stimulation increase after glucolipotoxic culture (48 h). Co-culture with FGF-23 further elevates the glucose-mediated effects on both parameters. Protection against apoptosis and glucolipotoxic impairment of insulin release by FGF-23 is prevented, when calcineurin is inhibited by tacrolimus or when c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is blocked by SP600125. In conclusion, our data suggest that FGF-23 can activate compensatory mechanisms to maintain beta-cell function and integrity of islets of Langerhans during excessive glucose and lipid supply.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mukai E, Fujimoto S, Inagaki N. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Glucose Metabolism Disorder in Diabetic Pancreatic β-Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091228. [PMID: 36139067 PMCID: PMC9496160 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells plays a central role in the onset and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin secretory defects in β-cells are characterized by a selective impairment of glucose stimulation, and a reduction in glucose-induced ATP production, which is essential for insulin secretion. High glucose metabolism for insulin secretion generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria. In addition, the expression of antioxidant enzymes is very low in β-cells. Therefore, β-cells are easily exposed to oxidative stress. In islet studies using a nonobese T2DM animal model that exhibits selective impairment of glucose-induced insulin secretion (GSIS), quenching ROS generated by glucose stimulation and accumulated under glucose toxicity can improve impaired GSIS. Acute ROS generation and toxicity cause glucose metabolism disorders through different molecular mechanisms. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, is a master regulator of antioxidant defense and a potential therapeutic target in oxidative stress-related diseases, suggesting the possible involvement of Nrf2 in β-cell dysfunction caused by ROS. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of insulin secretory defects induced by oxidative stress in diabetic β-cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eri Mukai
- Medical Physiology and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 5258577, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Shimpei Fujimoto
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nephrology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 7838505, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6068507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shi FL, Ni ST, Luo SQ, Hu B, Xu R, Liu SY, Huang XD, Zeng B, Liang QQ, Chen SY, Qiu JH, He XH, Zha QB, Ouyang DY. Dimethyl fumarate ameliorates autoimmune hepatitis in mice by blocking NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Stratmann B, Eggers B, Mattern Y, Silva de Carvalho T, Marcus K, Tschoepe D. Chronic Hyperglycaemia Inhibits Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Rat Cardiomyoblasts Overexpressing Glucose Transporter Type 4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137255. [PMID: 35806260 PMCID: PMC9266806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An oversupply of nutrients with a loss of metabolic flexibility and subsequent cardiac dysfunction are hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Even if excess substrate is offered, the heart suffers energy depletion as metabolic fluxes are diminished. To study the effects of a high glucose supply, a stably glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4)-overexpressing cell line presenting an onset of diabetic cardiomyopathy-like phenotype was established. Long-term hyperglycaemia effects were analysed. Rat cardiomyoblasts overexpressing GLUT4 (H9C2KE2) were cultured under normo- and hyperglycaemic conditions for long-term. Expression profiles of several proteins were compared to non-transfected H9C2 cells (H9C2) using RT-qPCR, proteomics-based analysis, or Western blotting. GLUT4 surface analysis, glucose uptake, and cell morphology changes as well as apoptosis/necrosis measurements were performed using flow cytometry. Additionally, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, glucose consumption, and lactate production were quantified. Long-term hyperglycaemia in H9C2KE2 cells induced increased GLUT4 presence on the cell surface and was associated with exaggerated glucose influx and lactate production. On the metabolic level, hyperglycaemia affected the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with accumulation of fumarate. This was associated with increased BNP-levels, oxidative stress, and lower antioxidant response, resulting in pronounced apoptosis and necrosis. Chronic glucose overload in cardiomyoblasts induced by GLUT4 overexpression and hyperglycaemia resulted in metabolically stimulated proteome profile changes and metabolic alterations on the TCA level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Stratmann
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-5731/973768
| | - Britta Eggers
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Centre for Translational and Behavioural Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (B.E.); (K.M.)
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Centre for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvonne Mattern
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Tayana Silva de Carvalho
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Centre for Translational and Behavioural Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (B.E.); (K.M.)
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Centre for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Diethelm Tschoepe
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
- Stiftung DHD (Der herzkranke Diabetiker) Stiftung in der Deutschen Diabetes-Stiftung, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferroptosis as a Novel Determinant of β-Cell Death in Diabetic Conditions. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3873420. [PMID: 35320979 PMCID: PMC8938062 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3873420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The main pathological hallmark of diabetes is the loss of functional β-cells. Among several types of β-cell death in diabetes, the involvement of ferroptosis remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the potential of diabetes-mimicking factors: high glucose (HG), proinflammatory cytokines, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or diabetogenic agent streptozotocin (STZ) to induce ferroptosis of β-cells in vitro. Furthermore, we tested the contribution of ferroptosis to injury of pancreatic islets in an STZ-induced in vivo diabetic model. All in vitro treatments increased loss of Rin-5F cells along with the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxides and iron, inactivation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and decrease in glutathione peroxidase 4 expression and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Ferrostatin 1 (Fer-1), ferroptosis inhibitor, diminished the above-stated effects and rescued cells from death in case of HG, STZ, and H2O2 treatments, while failed to increase MMP and to attenuate cell death after the cytokines' treatment. Moreover, Fer-1 protected pancreatic islets from STZ-induced injury in diabetic in vivo model, since it decreased infiltration of macrophages and accumulation of lipid peroxides and increased the population of insulin-positive cells. Such results revealed differences between diabetogenic stimuli in determining the destiny of β-cells, emerging HG, H2O2, and STZ, but not cytokines, as contributing factors to ferroptosis and shed new light on an antidiabetic strategy based on Nrf2 activation. Thus, targeting ferroptosis in diabetes might be a promising new approach for preservation of the β-cell population. Our results obtained from in vivo study strongly justify this approach.
Collapse
|
17
|
Eguchi N, Toribio AJ, Alexander M, Xu I, Whaley DL, Hernandez LF, Dafoe D, Ichii H. Dysregulation of β-Cell Proliferation in Diabetes: Possibilities of Combination Therapy in the Development of a Comprehensive Treatment. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020472. [PMID: 35203680 PMCID: PMC8962301 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia as a result of insufficient insulin levels and/or impaired function as a result of autoimmune destruction or insulin resistance. While Type 1 DM (T1DM) and Type 2 DM (T2DM) occur through different pathological processes, both result in β-cell destruction and/or dysfunction, which ultimately lead to insufficient β-cell mass to maintain normoglycemia. Therefore, therapeutic agents capable of inducing β-cell proliferation is crucial in treating and reversing diabetes; unfortunately, adult human β-cell proliferation has been shown to be very limited (~0.2% of β-cells/24 h) and poorly responsive to many mitogens. Furthermore, diabetogenic insults result in damage to β cells, making it ever more difficult to induce proliferation. In this review, we discuss β-cell mass/proliferation pathways dysregulated in diabetes and current therapeutic agents studied to induce β-cell proliferation. Furthermore, we discuss possible combination therapies of proliferation agents with immunosuppressants and antioxidative therapy to improve overall long-term outcomes of diabetes.
Collapse
|
18
|
Maltol Promotes Mitophagy and Inhibits Oxidative Stress via the Nrf2/PINK1/Parkin Pathway after Spinal Cord Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1337630. [PMID: 35154562 PMCID: PMC8826207 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1337630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a fatal disease in the central nervous system, is characteristic of weak neuronal regeneration ability and complex pathological progress. Activation of oxidative stress (OS) and apoptosis-mediated cell death significantly contributes to the progression of SCI. Current evidence suggests that maltol exerts natural antioxidative properties via obstructing OS and apoptosis. However, the significant effect of maltol on SCI treatment has never been evaluated yet. In our current study, we explored maltol administration that could trigger the expression of Nrf2 and promote the retranslocation of Nrf2 from the cytosol to the nucleus, which can subsequently obstruct OS signal and apoptosis-mediated neuronal cell death after SCI. Furthermore, we found that maltol treatment enhances PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in PC12 cells, facilitating the recovery of mitochondrial functions. Our findings propose that maltol could be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment and management of SCI.
Collapse
|
19
|
Pánico P, Velasco M, Salazar AM, Picones A, Ortiz-Huidobro RI, Guerrero-Palomo G, Salgado-Bernabé ME, Ostrosky-Wegman P, Hiriart M. Is Arsenic Exposure a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome? A Review of the Potential Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:878280. [PMID: 35651975 PMCID: PMC9150370 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.878280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to arsenic in drinking water is a worldwide health problem. This pollutant is associated with increased risk of developing chronic diseases, including metabolic diseases. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex pathology that results from the interaction between environmental and genetic factors. This condition increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. The MS includes at least three of the following signs, central obesity, impaired fasting glucose, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Here, we summarize the existing evidence of the multiple mechanisms triggered by arsenic to developing the cardinal signs of MS, showing that this pollutant could contribute to the multifactorial origin of this pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Pánico
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myrian Velasco
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana María Salazar
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Arturo Picones
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosa Isela Ortiz-Huidobro
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Guerrero-Palomo
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Manuel Eduardo Salgado-Bernabé
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman
- Department of Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcia Hiriart
- Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Marcia Hiriart,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gresch A, Noguera Hurtado H, Wörmeyer L, De Luca V, Wiggers R, Seebohm G, Wünsch B, Düfer M. Selective Inhibition of NMDA receptors with GluN2B subunit protects beta cells against stress-induced apoptotic cell death. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:235-244. [PMID: 34593560 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs) in the failure of pancreatic beta cells during development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is discussed. Our study investigates whether beta cell mass and function can be preserved by selectively addressing the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR. NMDAR activation by NMDA and its co-agonist glycine moderately influenced electrical activity and Ca2+ handling in islet cells at a threshold glucose concentration (4-5 mM) without affecting glucose-mediated insulin secretion. Exposure of islet cells to NMDA/glycine or a glucolipotoxic milieu increased apoptosis by 5 and 8 %, respectively. The GluN2B-specific NMDAR antagonist WMS-1410 (0.1 and 1 µM) partly protected against this. In addition, WMS-1410 completely prevented the decrease in insulin secretion of about 32 % provoked by a 24-h-treatment with NMDA/glycine. WMS-1410 eliminated NMDA-induced changes in the oxidation status of the islet cells and elevated the sensitivity of intracellular calcium to 15 mM glucose. By contrast, WMS-1410 did not prevent the decline in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion occurring after glucolipotoxic culture. This lack of effect was due to a decrease in insulin content to 18 % that obviously could not be compensated by the preservation of cell mass or the higher percentage of insulin release in relation to insulin content. In conclusion, the negative effects of permanent NMDAR activation were effectively counteracted by WMS-1410 as well as the apoptotic cell death induced by high glucose and lipid concentrations. Modulation of NMDARs containing the GluN2B subunit is suggested to preserve beta cell mass during development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Significance Statement Addressing NMDA receptors containing the GluN2B subunit in pancreatic islet cells has the potential to protect the beta cell mass that progressively declines during the development of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, this study shows that harmful effects of permanent NMDAR activation can be effectively counteracted by the compound WMS-1410, a selective modulator for NMDARs containing the GluN2B subunit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gresch
- Pharmacology, Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, Germany
| | | | - Laura Wörmeyer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Vivien De Luca
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Rebekka Wiggers
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Guiscard Seebohm
- Institute for Genetics of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Fachbereich Chemie und Pharmazie, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Germany
| | - Martina Düfer
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao M, Wang S, Zuo A, Zhang J, Wen W, Jiang W, Chen H, Liang D, Sun J, Wang M. HIF-1α/JMJD1A signaling regulates inflammation and oxidative stress following hyperglycemia and hypoxia-induced vascular cell injury. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:40. [PMID: 34479471 PMCID: PMC8414688 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00283-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cell (EC) injury accelerates the progression of diabetic macrovascular complications. Hypoxia is an important cause of EC injury. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) is an important hypoxia regulatory protein. Our previous studies showed that high-glucose and hypoxic conditions could upregulate HIF-1α expression and enhance EC inflammatory injury, independently of the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway. However, it is not clear whether HIF-1α plays a role in vascular disease through epigenetic-related mechanisms. Methods We conducted gene expression analysis and molecular mechanistic studies in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by hyperglycemia and hypoxia using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and small interfering HIF-1α (si-HIF-1α). We determined HIF-1α and Jumonji domain-containing protein 1 A (JMJD1A) expression by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, analyzed inflammatory protein secretion in the cell supernatant by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and assessed protein interaction between HIF-1α and JMJD1A by chromatin immunoprecipitation (Ch-IP). We used the Cell Counting Kit8 (CCK-8) assay to analyze cell viability, and assessed oxidative stress indicators by using a detection kit and flow cytometry. Results High glucose and hypoxia up-regulated HIF-1α expression, and down-regulated HIF-1α decreased the level of inflammation and oxidative stress in HUVECs. To determine the downstream pathways, we observed histone demethylases genes and related pathway by RNA-sEq. Among these, JMJD1A was the most upregulated gene in histone demethylases. Moreover, we observed that HIF-1α bound to the promoter of JMJD1A, and the ameliorative effects of si-HIF-1α on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in high-glucose and hypoxia-induced HUVECs were reversed by JMJD1A overexpression. Furthermore, knockdown of JMJD1A decreased inflammatory and oxidative stress injury. To determine the JMJD1A-related factors, we conducted gene expression analysis on JMJD1A-knockdown HUVECs. We observed that downregulation of inflammation and the oxidative stress pathway were enriched and FOS and FOSB might be important protective transcription factors. Conclusions These findings provide novel evidence that the HIF-1α/JMJD1A signaling pathway is involved in inflammation and oxidative stress in HUVECs induced by high glucose and hypoxia. Also, this pathway might act as a novel regulator of oxidative stress and inflammatory-related events in response to diabetic vascular injury and thus contribute to the pathological progression of diabetes and vascular disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s11658-021-00283-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhao
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaoting Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Anna Zuo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiheng Wen
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiqiang Jiang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Donghui Liang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China. .,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhen X, Jindong L, Yang Z, Yashi R, Wei G, Wei J, Wei Z, Sudong L. Activation of Nrf2 Pathway by Dimethyl Fumarate Attenuates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:2133-2139. [PMID: 34426023 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a novel antioxidant that selectively reduces hydroxyl radicals. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of DMF in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and the mechanisms involved. METHODS C57BL/6 wild-type mice were treated with DMF or a vehicle. Subsequently, renal IRI was induced in mice by a model of right kidney nephrectomy and left renal ischemia for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 24 hours. Sham operation and phosphate-buffered saline were used as controls. Serum and renal tissues were collected at 24 hours after IRI to evaluate the influence of DMF on the recovery of renal function after IRI. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were measured. Kidney cell apoptosis was evaluated using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive staining. Interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α cytokines in the kidney tissues were measured. Indicators of oxidative stress in the kidneys were detected. Finally, Nrf2-deficient mice were used to determine the protective role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) signaling pathways induced by DMF using western blot assay. RESULTS DMF significantly attenuated renal dysfunction in mice and showed reductions in the severity of renal tubular injury, cell necrosis, and apoptosis. Moreover, DMF significantly reduced the amount of key inflammatory mediators. Additionally, DMF attenuated the malondialdehyde levels 24 hours after IRI but upregulated the superoxide dismutase activities. Western blot assay showed that DMF significantly increased the protein levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO-1. Importantly, these DMF-mediated beneficial effects were not observed in Nrf2-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS DMF attenuates renal IRI by reducing inflammation and upregulating the antioxidant capacity, which may be through Nrf2/HO-1and NQO1 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhen
- Department of Urology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Li Jindong
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Ruan Yashi
- Department of Urology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Guo Wei
- Department of Urology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Jiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhang Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Sudong
- Department of Urology, Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lupin γ-conglutin protects against cell death induced by oxidative stress and lipotoxicity, but transiently inhibits in vitro insulin secretion by increasing K ATP channel currents. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 187:76-90. [PMID: 34280449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lupin γ-conglutin beneficially modulates glycemia, but whether it protects against oxidative and lipotoxic damage remains unknown. Here, we studied the effects of γ-conglutin on cell death provoked by hydrogen peroxide and palmitate in HepG2 hepatocytes and insulin-producing MIN6 cells, and if a modulation of mitochondrial potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels was involved. We also investigated how γ-conglutin influences insulin secretion and electrical activity of β-cells. The increased apoptosis of HepG2 cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide was prevented by γ-conglutin, and the viability and ROS content in γ-conglutin-treated cells was similar to that of non-exposed cells. Additionally, γ-conglutin partially protected MIN6 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced death. This was associated with a marked reduction in ROS. No significant changes were found in the mitochondrial potential of γ-conglutin-treated cells. Besides, we observed a partial protection against lipotoxicity only in hepatocytes. Unexpectedly, we found a transient inhibition of insulin secretion, plasma membrane hyperpolarization, and higher KATP channel currents in β-cells treated with γ-conglutin. Our data show that γ-conglutin protects against cell death induced by oxidative stress or lipotoxicity by decreasing ROS and might also indicate that γ-conglutin promotes a β-cell rest, which could be useful for preventing β-cell exhaustion in chronic hyperglycemia.
Collapse
|
24
|
Ran D, Hong W, Yan W, Mengdie W. Properties and molecular mechanisms underlying geniposide-mediated therapeutic effects in chronic inflammatory diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 273:113958. [PMID: 33639206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geniposide (GE) is ubiquitous in nearly 40 species of plants, among which Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis has the highest content, and has been used ethnopharmacologically to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. As a traditional Chinese medicine, Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis has a long history of usage in detumescence and sedation, liver protection and cholestasis, hypotension and hemostasis. It is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension, jaundice hepatitis, sprain and contusion. As a type of iridoid glycosides extracted from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, GE has many pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesic, anti-oxidative, etc. AIM OF THE REVIEW: In this article, we reviewed the sources, traditional usage, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and therapeutic effect of GE on chronic inflammatory diseases, and discussed its potential regulatory mechanisms and clinical application. RESULTS GE is a common iridoid glycoside in medicinal plants, which has strong activity in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. A large number of in vivo and in vitro experiments confirmed that GE has certain therapeutic value for a variety of chronic inflammation disease. Its mechanism of function is mainly based on its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, neuroprotective properties, as well as regulation of apoptotsis. GE plays a role in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, realizing the dynamic balance of pro/anti-inflammatory factors, improving the state of oxidative stress, and restoring abnormally expressed inflammation-related pathways. CONCLUSION According to its extensive pharmacological effects, GE is a promising drug for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deng Ran
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wu Hong
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China.
| | - Wang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| | - Wang Mengdie
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Qian Jiang Road 1, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei, 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kolb H, Martin S, Kempf K. Coffee and Lower Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Arguments for a Causal Relationship. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041144. [PMID: 33807132 PMCID: PMC8066601 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies concur in an association between habitual coffee consumption and a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Several aspects of these studies support a cause–effect relationship. There is a dependency on daily coffee dose. Study outcomes are similar in different regions of the world, show no differences between sexes, between obese versus lean, young versus old, smokers versus nonsmokers, regardless of the number of confounders adjusted for. Randomized controlled intervention trials did not find a consistent impact of drinking coffee on acute metabolic control, except for effects of caffeine. Therefore, lowering of diabetes risk by coffee consumption does not involve an acute effect on the post-meal course of blood glucose, insulin or insulin resistance. Several studies in animals and humans find that the ingestion of coffee phytochemicals induces an adaptive cellular response characterized by upregulation and de novo synthesis of enzymes involved in cell defense and repair. A key regulator is the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in association with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AMP-activated kinase and sirtuins. One major site of coffee actions appears to be the liver, causing improved fat oxidation and lower risk of steatosis. Another major effect of coffee intake is preservation of functional beta cell mass via enhanced mitochondrial function, lower endoplasmic reticulum stress and prevention or clearance of aggregates of misfolded proinsulin or amylin. Long-term preservation of proper liver and beta cell function may account for the association of habitual coffee drinking with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, rather than acute improvement of metabolic control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (H.K.); (S.M.)
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (H.K.); (S.M.)
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kempf
- West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-566036016
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Benáková Š, Holendová B, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Redox Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells: From Development to Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040526. [PMID: 33801681 PMCID: PMC8065646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox status is a key determinant in the fate of β-cell. These cells are not primarily detoxifying and thus do not possess extensive antioxidant defense machinery. However, they show a wide range of redox regulating proteins, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins or thioredoxin reductases, etc., being functionally compartmentalized within the cells. They keep fragile redox homeostasis and serve as messengers and amplifiers of redox signaling. β-cells require proper redox signaling already in cell ontogenesis during the development of mature β-cells from their progenitors. We bring details about redox-regulated signaling pathways and transcription factors being essential for proper differentiation and maturation of functional β-cells and their proliferation and insulin expression/maturation. We briefly highlight the targets of redox signaling in the insulin secretory pathway and focus more on possible targets of extracellular redox signaling through secreted thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin reductase1. Tuned redox homeostasis can switch upon chronic pathological insults towards the dysfunction of β-cells and to glucose intolerance. These are characteristics of type 2 diabetes, which is often linked to chronic nutritional overload being nowadays a pandemic feature of lifestyle. Overcharged β-cell metabolism causes pressure on proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, mainly due to increased demand on insulin synthesis, which establishes unfolded protein response and insulin misfolding along with excessive hydrogen peroxide production. This together with redox dysbalance in cytoplasm and mitochondria due to enhanced nutritional pressure impact β-cell redox homeostasis and establish prooxidative metabolism. This can further affect β-cell communication in pancreatic islets through gap junctions. In parallel, peripheral tissues losing insulin sensitivity and overall impairment of glucose tolerance and gut microbiota establish local proinflammatory signaling and later systemic metainflammation, i.e., low chronic inflammation prooxidative properties, which target β-cells leading to their dedifferentiation, dysfunction and eventually cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Štěpánka Benáková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296-442-285
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Current Pharmacological Intervention and Medical Management for Diabetic Kidney Transplant Recipients. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030413. [PMID: 33808901 PMCID: PMC8003701 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia after kidney transplantation is common in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Both pretransplant and post-transplant diabetes mellitus are associated with increased kidney allograft failure and mortality. Glucose management may be challenging for kidney transplant recipients. The pathophysiology and pattern of hyperglycemia in patients following kidney transplantation is different from those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In patients with pre-existing and post-transplant diabetes mellitus, there is limited data on the management of hyperglycemia after kidney transplantation. The following article discusses the nomenclature and diagnosis of pre- and post-transplant diabetes mellitus, the impact of transplant-related hyperglycemia on patient and kidney allograft outcomes, risk factors and potential pathogenic mechanisms of hyperglycemia after kidney transplantation, glucose management before and after transplantation, and modalities for prevention of post-transplant diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
28
|
Eguchi N, Vaziri ND, Dafoe DC, Ichii H. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Pancreatic β Cell Dysfunction in Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041509. [PMID: 33546200 PMCID: PMC7913369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriately elevated glucose levels as a result of impaired pancreatic β cell function and insulin resistance. Extensive studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism involved in the development of β cell failure and death under diabetic conditions such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation. Of the plethora of proposed mechanisms, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress have been shown to play a central role in promoting β cell dysfunction. It has become more evident in recent years that these 3 factors are closely interrelated and importantly aggravate each other. Oxidative stress in particular is of great interest to β cell health and survival as it has been shown that β cells exhibit lower antioxidative capacity. Therefore, this review will focus on discussing factors that contribute to the development of oxidative stress in pancreatic β cells and explore the downstream effects of oxidative stress on β cell function and health. Furthermore, antioxidative capacity of β cells to counteract these effects will be discussed along with new approaches focused on preserving β cells under oxidative conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.E.); (D.C.D.)
| | | | - Donald C. Dafoe
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.E.); (D.C.D.)
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (N.E.); (D.C.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-714-456-8590
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Li S, Vaziri ND, Swentek L, Takasu C, Vo K, Stamos MJ, Ricordi C, Ichii H. Prevention of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice by Dimethyl Fumarate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020193. [PMID: 33572792 PMCID: PMC7912218 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study tested the hypothesis that by protecting β-cells against oxidative stress and inflammation, an Nrf2 activator, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), may prevent or delay the onset of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Firstly, islet isolation was conducted to confirm the antioxidative effects of DMF oral administration on islet cells. Secondly, in a spontaneous diabetes model, DMF (25 mg/kg) was fed to mice once daily starting at the age of 8 weeks up to the age of 22 weeks. In a cyclophosphamide-induced accelerated diabetes model, DMF (25 mg/kg) was fed to mice twice daily for 2 weeks. In the islet isolation study, DMF administration improved the isolation yield, attenuated oxidative stress and enhanced GCLC and NQO1 expression in the islets. In the spontaneous model, DMF significantly reduced the onset of diabetes compared to the control group (25% vs. 54.2%). In the accelerated model, DMF reduced the onset of diabetes from 58.3% to 16.7%. The insulitis score in the islets of the DMF treatment group (1.6 ± 0.32) was significantly lower than in the control group (3.47 ± 0.21). The serum IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-12p70, IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1 and CXCL16 levels in the DMF-treated group were lower than in the control group. In conclusion, DMF may protect islet cells and reduce the incidence of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by attenuating insulitis and proinflammatory cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Li
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.I.); Tel.: +1-714-456-5160 (S.L.); +1-714-456-8698 (H.I.)
| | | | - Lourdes Swentek
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Kelly Vo
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Michael J. Stamos
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA;
| | - Hirohito Ichii
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, CA 92868, USA; (L.S.); (C.T.); (K.V.); (M.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (H.I.); Tel.: +1-714-456-5160 (S.L.); +1-714-456-8698 (H.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Baumel-Alterzon S, Katz LS, Brill G, Garcia-Ocaña A, Scott DK. Nrf2: The Master and Captain of Beta Cell Fate. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:7-19. [PMID: 33243626 PMCID: PMC7746592 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged hyperglycemia is toxic to pancreatic β cells, generating excessive reactive oxygen species, defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, decreased insulin production, and eventually β cell death and diabetes. Nrf2 is a master regulator of cellular responses to counteract dangerous levels of oxidative stress. Maintenance of β cell mass depends on Nrf2 to promote the survival, function, and proliferation of β cells. Indeed, Nrf2 activation decreases inflammation, increases insulin sensitivity, reduces body weight, and preserves β cell mass. Therefore, numerous pharmacological activators of Nrf2 are being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of diabetes and diabetic complications. Modulating Nrf2 activity in β cells is a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Baumel-Alterzon
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liora S Katz
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriel Brill
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donald K Scott
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Beta Cell Physiological Dynamics and Dysfunctional Transitions in Response to Islet Inflammation in Obesity and Diabetes. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110452. [PMID: 33182622 PMCID: PMC7697558 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta cells adapt their function to respond to fluctuating glucose concentrations and variable insulin demand. The highly specialized beta cells have well-established endoplasmic reticulum to handle their high metabolic load for insulin biosynthesis and secretion. Beta cell endoplasmic reticulum therefore recognize and remove misfolded proteins thereby limiting their accumulation. Beta cells function optimally when they sense glucose and, in response, biosynthesize and secrete sufficient insulin. Overnutrition drives the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes, with adverse effects on beta cells. The interleukin signaling system maintains beta cell physiology and plays a role in beta cell inflammation. In pre-diabetes and compromised metabolic states such as obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance, beta cells biosynthesize and secrete more insulin, i.e., hyperfunction. Obesity is entwined with inflammation, characterized by compensatory hyperinsulinemia, for a defined period, to normalize glycemia. However, with chronic hyperglycemia and diabetes, there is a perpetual high demand for insulin, and beta cells become exhausted resulting in insufficient insulin biosynthesis and secretion, i.e., they hypofunction in response to elevated glycemia. Therefore, beta cell hyperfunction progresses to hypofunction, and may progressively worsen towards failure. Preserving beta cell physiology, through healthy nutrition and lifestyles, and therapies that are aligned with beta cell functional transitions, is key for diabetes prevention and management.
Collapse
|
32
|
Sakano D, Uefune F, Tokuma H, Sonoda Y, Matsuura K, Takeda N, Nakagata N, Kume K, Shiraki N, Kume S. VMAT2 Safeguards β-Cells Against Dopamine Cytotoxicity Under High-Fat Diet-Induced Stress. Diabetes 2020; 69:2377-2391. [PMID: 32826296 PMCID: PMC7576560 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) uptakes cytoplasmic monoamines into vesicles for storage. VMAT2 plays a role in modulating insulin release by regulating dopamine levels in the pancreas, although the exact mechanism remains elusive. We found that VMAT2 expression in β-cells specifically increases under high blood glucose conditions. The islets isolated from β-cell-specific Vmat2 knockout (βVmat2KO) mice show elevated insulin secretion levels in response to glucose stimulation. Under prolonged high-fat diet feedings, the βVmat2KO mice exhibit impaired glucose and insulin tolerance and progressive β-cell dysfunction. Here we demonstrate VMAT2 uptake of dopamine to protect dopamine from degradation by monoamine oxidase, thereby safeguarding β-cells from excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure. In the context of high demand for insulin secretion, the absence of VMAT2 leads to elevated ROS in β-cells, which accelerates β-cell dedifferentiation and β-cell loss. Therefore, VMAT2 controls the amount of dopamine in β-cells, thereby protecting pancreatic β-cells from excessive oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sakano
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Fumiya Uefune
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiraku Tokuma
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Sonoda
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kumi Matsuura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Division of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Division of Reproductive Engineering, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kume
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shiraki
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shoen Kume
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Potential Benefits of Nrf2/Keap1 Targeting in Pancreatic Islet Cell Transplantation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040321. [PMID: 32316115 PMCID: PMC7222398 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Permanent pancreatic islet cell destruction occurs in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytokines. Loss of β-cell integrity secondary to oxidation leads to an inability to appropriately synthesize and secrete insulin. Allogenic islet cell transplantation (ICT) has risen as a therapeutic option to mitigate problematic hypoglycemia. Nevertheless, during the process of transplantation, islet cells are exposed to oxidatively caustic conditions that severely decrease the islet cell yield. Islet cells are at a baseline disadvantage to sustain themselves during times of metabolic stress as they lack a robust anti-oxidant defense system, glycogen stores, and vascularity. The Nrf2/Keap1 system is a master regulator of antioxidant genes that has garnered attention as pharmacologic activators have shown a protective response and a low side effect profile. Herein, we present the most recently studied Nrf2/Keap1 activators in pancreas for application in ICT: Dh404, dimethyl fumarate (DMF), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Furthermore, we discuss that Nrf2/Keap1 is a potential target to ameliorate oxidative stress at every step of the Edmonton Protocol.
Collapse
|