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Arias HR, Micheli L, Rudin D, Bento O, Borsdorf S, Ciampi C, Marin P, Ponimaskin E, Manetti D, Romanelli MN, Ghelardini C, Liechti ME, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Non-hallucinogenic compounds derived from iboga alkaloids alleviate neuropathic and visceral pain in mice through a mechanism involving 5-HT 2A receptor activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116867. [PMID: 38889634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the anti-hypersensitivity activity of novel non-hallucinogenic compounds derived from iboga alkaloids (i.e., ibogalogs), including tabernanthalog (TBG), ibogainalog (IBG), and ibogaminalog (DM506), using mouse models of neuropathic (Chronic Constriction Injury; CCI) and visceral pain (dextrane sulfate sodium; DSS). Ibogalogs decreased mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia induced by CCI in a dose- and timeframe-dependent manner, where IBG showed the longest anti-hyperalgesic activity at a comparatively lower dose, whereas DM506 displayed the quickest response. These compounds also decreased hypersensitivity induced by colitis, where DM506 showed the longest activity. To understand the mechanisms involved in these effects, two approaches were utilized: ibogalogs were challenged with the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist ketanserin and the pharmacological activity of these compounds was assessed at the respective 5-HT2A, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes. The behavioral results clearly demonstrated that ketanserin abolishes the pain-relieving activity of ibogalogs without inducing any effect per se, supporting the concept that 5-HT2A receptor activation, but not inhibition, is involved in this process. The functional results showed that ibogalogs potently activate the 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptor subtypes, whereas they behave as inverse agonists (except TBG) at the 5-HT7 receptor. Considering previous studies showing that 5-HT6 receptor inhibition, but not activation, and 5-HT7 receptor activation, but not inhibition, relieved chronic pain, we can discard these two receptor subtypes as participating in the pain-relieving activity of ibogalogs. The potential involvement of 5-HT2B/2 C receptor subtypes was also ruled out. In conclusion, the anti-hypersensitivity activity of ibogalogs in mice is mediated by a mechanism involving 5-HT2A receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tahlequah, OK, USA
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Deborah Rudin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ophelie Bento
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Saskia Borsdorf
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Evgeni Ponimaskin
- Cellular Neurophysiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dina Manetti
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Novella Romanelli
- Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias E Liechti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Shatunova S, Aktar R, Peiris M, Lee JYP, Vetter I, Starobova H. The role of the gut microbiome in neuroinflammation and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176818. [PMID: 39029779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most debilitating adverse effects caused by chemotherapy drugs such as paclitaxel, oxaliplatin and vincristine. It is untreatable and often leads to the discontinuation of cancer therapy and a decrease in the quality of life of cancer patients. It is well-established that neuroinflammation and the activation of immune and glial cells are among the major drivers of CIPN. However, these processes are still poorly understood, and while many chemotherapy drugs alone can drive the activation of these cells and consequent neuroinflammation, it remains elusive to what extent the gut microbiome influences these processes. In this review, we focus on the peripheral mechanisms driving CIPN, and we address the bidirectional pathways by which the gut microbiome communicates with the immune and nervous systems. Additionally, we critically evaluate literature addressing how chemotherapy-induced dysbiosis and the consequent imbalance in bacterial products may contribute to the activation of immune and glial cells, both of which drive neuroinflammation and possibly CIPN development, and how we could use this knowledge for the development of effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Shatunova
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rubina Aktar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jia Yu Peppermint Lee
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Irina Vetter
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woollsiana, QLD, Australia
| | - Hana Starobova
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
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Gałęcka I, Całka J. Oral Exposure to Microplastics Affects the Neurochemical Plasticity of Reactive Neurons in the Porcine Jejunum. Nutrients 2024; 16:2268. [PMID: 39064711 PMCID: PMC11280339 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plastics are present in almost every aspect of our lives. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is commonly used in the food industry. Microparticles can contaminate food and drinks, posing a threat to consumers. The presented study aims to determine the effect of microparticles of PET on the population of neurons positive for selected neurotransmitters in the enteric nervous system of the jejunum and histological structure. An amount of 15 pigs were divided into three groups (control, receiving 0.1 g, and 1 g/day/animal orally). After 28 days, fragments of the jejunum were collected for immunofluorescence and histological examination. The obtained results show that histological changes (injury of the apical parts of the villi, accumulations of cellular debris and mucus, eosinophil infiltration, and hyperaemia) were more pronounced in pigs receiving a higher dose of microparticles. The effect on neuronal nitric oxide synthase-, and substance P-positive neurons, depends on the examined plexus and the dose of microparticles. An increase in the percentage of galanin-positive neurons and a decrease in cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript-, vesicular acetylcholine transporter-, and vasoactive intestinal peptide-positive neurons do not show such relationships. The present study shows that microparticles can potentially have neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects, but there is a need for further research to determine the mechanism of this process and possible further effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismena Gałęcka
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jarosław Całka
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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Sancho-Alonso M, Sarriés-Serrano U, Miquel-Rio L, Yanes Castilla C, Paz V, Meana JJ, Perello M, Bortolozzi A. New insights into the effects of serotonin on Parkinson's disease and depression through its role in the gastrointestinal tract. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND MENTAL HEALTH 2024:S2950-2853(24)00039-5. [PMID: 38992345 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpmh.2024.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are frequently associated with gastrointestinal (GI) co-pathologies. Although the central and enteric nervous systems (CNS and ENS, respectively) have been studied separately, there is increasing interest in factors that may contribute to conditions affecting both systems. There is compelling evidence that serotonin (5-HT) may play an important role in several gut-brain disorders. It is well known that 5-HT is essential for the development and functioning of the CNS. However, most of the body's 5-HT is produced in the GI tract. A deeper understanding of the specific effects of enteric 5-HT on gut-brain disorders may provide the basis for the development of new therapeutic targets. This review summarizes current data focusing on the important role of 5-HT in ENS development and motility, with particular emphasis on novel aspects of 5-HT signaling in conditions where CNS and ENS comorbidities are common, such as Parkinson's disease and depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sancho-Alonso
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Systems Neuropharmacology Research Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Anatomy and Human Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Unai Sarriés-Serrano
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Systems Neuropharmacology Research Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lluis Miquel-Rio
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Systems Neuropharmacology Research Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Yanes Castilla
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verónica Paz
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Systems Neuropharmacology Research Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Meana
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Biobizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Mario Perello
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Analia Bortolozzi
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Systems Neuropharmacology Research Group, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Collier CA, Salikhova A, Sabir S, Foncerrada S, Raghavan SA. Crisis in the gut: navigating gastrointestinal challenges in Gulf War Illness with bioengineering. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:45. [PMID: 38978144 PMCID: PMC11229309 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that manifests largely as gastrointestinal symptoms. Among these gastrointestinal symptoms, motility disorders are highly prevalent, presenting as chronic constipation, stomach pain, indigestion, diarrhea, and other conditions that severely impact the quality of life of GWI veterans. However, despite a high prevalence of gastrointestinal impairments among these veterans, most research attention has focused on neurological disturbances. This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of current in vivo research advancements elucidating the underlying mechanisms contributing to gastrointestinal disorders in GWI. Generally, these in vivo and in vitro models propose that neuroinflammation alters gut motility and drives the gastrointestinal symptoms reported in GWI. Additionally, this perspective highlights the potential and challenges of in vitro bioengineering models, which could be a crucial contributor to understanding and treating the pathology of gastrointestinal related-GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Aelita Salikhova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sufiyan Sabir
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Steven Foncerrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shreya A Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Mandal A, Moneme C, Tewari BP, Goldstein AM, Sontheimer H, Cheng L, Moore SR, Levin D. A novel method for culturing enteric neurons generates neurospheres containing functional myenteric neuronal subtypes. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 407:110144. [PMID: 38670535 PMCID: PMC11144385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system (ENS) is comprised of neurons, glia, and neural progenitor cells that regulate essential gastrointestinal functions. Advances in high-efficiency enteric neuron culture would facilitate discoveries surrounding ENS regulatory processes, pathophysiology, and therapeutics. NEW METHOD Development of a simple, robust, one-step method to culture murine enteric neurospheres in a 3D matrix that supports neural growth and differentiation. RESULTS Myenteric plexus cells isolated from the entire length of adult murine small intestine formed ≥3000 neurospheres within 7 days. Matrigel-embedded neurospheres exhibited abundant neural stem and progenitor cells expressing Sox2, Sox10 and Msi1 by day 4. By day 5, neural progenitor cell marker Nestin appeared in the periphery of neurospheres prior to differentiation. Neurospheres produced extensive neurons and neurites, confirmed by Tubulin beta III, PGP9.5, HuD/C, and NeuN immunofluorescence, including neural subtypes Calretinin, ChAT, and nNOS following 8 days of differentiation. Individual neurons within and external to neurospheres generated depolarization induced action potentials which were inhibited in the presence of sodium channel blocker, Tetrodotoxin. Differentiated neurospheres also contained a limited number of glia and endothelial cells. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This novel one-step neurosphere growth and differentiation culture system, in 3D format (in the presence of GDNF, EGF, and FGF2), allows for ∼2-fold increase in neurosphere count in the derivation of enteric neurons with measurable action potentials. CONCLUSION Our method describes a novel, robust 3D culture of electrophysiologically active enteric neurons from adult myenteric neural stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arabinda Mandal
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Chioma Moneme
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Bhanu P Tewari
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lily Cheng
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sean R Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Daniel Levin
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Abdalla MMI. Enteric neuropathy in diabetes: Implications for gastrointestinal function. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:2852-2865. [PMID: 38947292 PMCID: PMC11212710 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i22.2852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes, commonly known for its metabolic effects, also critically affects the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is essential in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility, secretion, and absorption. The development of diabetes-induced enteric neuropathy can lead to various GI dysfunctions, such as gastroparesis and irregular bowel habits, primarily due to disruptions in the function of neuronal and glial cells within the ENS, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation. This editorial explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of enteric neuropathy in diabetic patients. Additionally, it discusses the latest advances in diagnostic approaches, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention to mitigate GI complications in diabetic individuals. The editorial also reviews current and emerging therapeutic strategies, focusing on pharmacological treatments, dietary management, and potential neuromodulatory interventions. Ultimately, this editorial highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach in managing enteric neuropathy in diabetes, aiming to enhance patient quality of life and address a frequently overlooked complication of this widespread disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla
- Department of Human Biology, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Moreno-Campos R, Singleton EW, Uribe RA. A targeted CRISPR-Cas9 mediated F0 screen identifies genes involved in establishment of the enteric nervous system. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303914. [PMID: 38809858 PMCID: PMC11135701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate enteric nervous system (ENS) is a crucial network of enteric neurons and glia resident within the entire gastrointestinal tract (GI). Overseeing essential GI functions such as gut motility and water balance, the ENS serves as a pivotal bidirectional link in the gut-brain axis. During early development, the ENS is primarily derived from enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs). Disruptions to ENCC development, as seen in conditions like Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), lead to the absence of ENS in the GI, particularly in the colon. In this study, using zebrafish, we devised an in vivo F0 CRISPR-based screen employing a robust, rapid pipeline integrating single-cell RNA sequencing, CRISPR reverse genetics, and high-content imaging. Our findings unveil various genes, including those encoding opioid receptors, as possible regulators of ENS establishment. In addition, we present evidence that suggests opioid receptor involvement in the neurochemical coding of the larval ENS. In summary, our work presents a novel, efficient CRISPR screen targeting ENS development, facilitating the discovery of previously unknown genes, and increasing knowledge of nervous system construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Moreno-Campos
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neural Crest and Enteric Nervous System Development, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eileen W. Singleton
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neural Crest and Enteric Nervous System Development, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosa A. Uribe
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Laboratory of Neural Crest and Enteric Nervous System Development, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Brown JW, Berg OH, Boutko A, Stoerck C, Boersma MA, Frost WN. Division of labor for defensive retaliation and preemption by the peripheral and central nervous systems in the nudibranch Berghia. Curr Biol 2024; 34:2175-2185.e4. [PMID: 38718797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Relatively little is known about how peripheral nervous systems (PNSs) contribute to the patterning of behavior in which their role transcends the simple execution of central motor commands or mediation of reflexes. We sought to draw inferences to this end in the aeolid nudibranch Berghia stephanieae, which generates a rapid, dramatic defense behavior, "bristling." This behavior involves the coordinated movement of cerata, dozens of venomous appendages emerging from the animal's mantle. Our investigations revealed that bristling constitutes a stereotyped but non-reflexive two-stage behavior: an initial adduction of proximate cerata to sting the offending stimulus (stage 1) followed by a coordinated radial extension of remaining cerata to create a pincushion-like defensive screen around the animal (stage 2). In decerebrated specimens, stage 1 bristling was preserved, while stage 2 bristling was replaced by slower, uncoordinated ceratal movements. We conclude from these observations that, first, the animal's PNS and central nervous system (CNS) mediate stages 1 and 2 of bristling, respectively; second, the behavior propagates through the body utilizing both peripheral- and central-origin nerve networks that support different signaling kinetics; and third, the former network inhibits the latter in the body region being stimulated. These findings extend our understanding of the PNS' computational capacity and provide insight into a neuroethological scheme in which the CNS and PNS both independently and interactively pattern different aspects of non-reflexive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Brown
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Ondine H Berg
- Neuroscience Program, Lake Forest College, Lake Forest, IL 60045, USA
| | - Anastasiya Boutko
- The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Cody Stoerck
- Department of Psychology, California State University at Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | | | - William N Frost
- Stanson Toshok Center for Brain Function and Repair, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA; The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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10
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Aljeradat B, Kumar D, Abdulmuizz S, Kundu M, Almealawy YF, Batarseh DR, Atallah O, Ennabe M, Alsarafandi M, Alan A, Weinand M. Neuromodulation and the Gut-Brain Axis: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Implications for Gastrointestinal and Neurological Disorders. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:244-268. [PMID: 38804299 PMCID: PMC11130832 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a complex, bidirectional communication network that intricately connects the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding and intervening in this axis opens a pathway for therapeutic advancements for neurological and gastrointestinal diseases where the GBA has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. In light of this, the current review assesses the effectiveness of neuromodulation techniques in treating neurological and gastrointestinal disorders by modulating the GBA, involving key elements such as gut microbiota, neurotrophic factors, and proinflammatory cytokines. Through a comprehensive literature review encompassing PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, this research highlights the role played by the GBA in neurological and gastrointestinal diseases, in addition to the impact of neuromodulation on the management of these conditions which include both gastrointestinal (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)) and neurological disorders (Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neuropsychiatric disorders). Despite existing challenges, the ability of neuromodulation to adjust disrupted neural pathways, alleviate pain, and mitigate inflammation is significant in improving the quality of life for patients, thereby offering exciting prospects for future advancements in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baha’ Aljeradat
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Danisha Kumar
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Abdulmuizz
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751029, India
| | - Yasser F. Almealawy
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa P.O. Box 21, Iraq
| | - Dima Ratib Batarseh
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Oday Atallah
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michelle Ennabe
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Muath Alsarafandi
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- College of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Rafa Refugee Camp, Rafa P.O. Box 108, Palestine
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine
| | - Albert Alan
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85004, USA
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11
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Ekwudo MN, Gubert C, Hannan AJ. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in Huntington's disease: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38426291 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurogenerative disorder and is typically characterized by progressive movement disorder (including chorea), cognitive deficits (culminating in dementia), psychiatric abnormalities (the most common of which is depression), and peripheral symptoms (including gastrointestinal dysfunction). There are currently no approved disease-modifying therapies available for HD, with death usually occurring approximately 10-25 years after onset, but some therapies hold promising potential. HD subjects are often burdened by chronic diarrhea, constipation, esophageal and gastric inflammation, and a susceptibility to diabetes. Our understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in HD is in its infancy and growing evidence from preclinical and clinical studies suggests a role of gut microbial population imbalance (gut dysbiosis) in HD pathophysiology. The gut and the brain can communicate through the enteric nervous system, immune system, vagus nerve, and microbiota-derived-metabolites including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and branched-chain amino acids. This review summarizes supporting evidence demonstrating the alterations in bacterial and fungal composition that may be associated with HD. We focus on mechanisms through which gut dysbiosis may compromise brain and gut health, thus triggering neuroinflammatory responses, and further highlight outcomes of attempts to modulate the gut microbiota as promising therapeutic strategies for HD. Ultimately, we discuss the dearth of data and the need for more longitudinal and translational studies in this nascent field. We suggest future directions to improve our understanding of the association between gut microbes and the pathogenesis of HD, and other 'brain and body disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent N Ekwudo
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Carolina Gubert
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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12
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Kumar KP, Wilson JL, Nguyen H, McKay LD, Wen SW, Sepehrizadeh T, de Veer M, Rajasekhar P, Carbone SE, Hickey MJ, Poole DP, Wong CHY. Stroke Alters the Function of Enteric Neurons to Impair Smooth Muscle Relaxation and Dysregulates Gut Transit. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033279. [PMID: 38258657 PMCID: PMC11056134 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut dysmotility is common after ischemic stroke, but the mechanism underlying this response is unknown. Under homeostasis, gut motility is regulated by the neurons of the enteric nervous system that control contractile/relaxation activity of muscle cells in the gut wall. More recently, studies of gut inflammation revealed interactions of macrophages with enteric neurons are also involved in modulating gut motility. However, whether poststroke gut dysmotility is mediated by direct signaling to the enteric nervous system or indirectly via inflammatory macrophages is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined these hypotheses by using a clinically relevant permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion experimental model of stroke. At 24 hours after stroke, we performed in vivo and ex vivo gut motility assays, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and transcriptomic analysis. Stroke-induced gut dysmotility was associated with recruitment of muscularis macrophages into the gastrointestinal tract and redistribution of muscularis macrophages away from myenteric ganglia. The permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion model caused changes in gene expression in muscularis macrophages consistent with an altered phenotype. While the size of myenteric ganglia after stroke was not altered, myenteric neurons from post-permanent intraluminal midcerebral artery occlusion mice showed a reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression, and this response was associated with enhanced intestinal smooth muscle contraction ex vivo. Finally, chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine prevented the loss of myenteric neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and stroke-induced slowed gut transit. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that activation of the sympathetic nervous system after stroke is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in myenteric neurons, resulting in impaired smooth muscle relaxation and dysregulation of gut transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Prame Kumar
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jenny L. Wilson
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Huynh Nguyen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Liam D. McKay
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Shu Wen Wen
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Michael de Veer
- Monash Biomedical ImagingMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Pradeep Rajasekhar
- Centre for Dynamic ImagingWalter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical ResearchParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Simona E. Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Michael J. Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Daniel P. Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Connie H. Y. Wong
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash Medical CentreMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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13
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Fila M, Chojnacki C, Chojnacki J, Blasiak J. The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism in abdominal migraine in children - A therapeutic potential? Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2024; 48:1-12. [PMID: 37984006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal migraine (AM) is a clinical diagnosis specified by Rome IV and ICHD III as a functional gastrointestinal disease (FGID) and a migraine associated syndrome, respectively. Abdominal migraine in childhood and adolescence may continue with migraine headaches in adulthood. This disease is undiagnosed and undertreated, and thus far the FDA has not approved any drug for AM treatment. It was shown that changes in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism played an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of FIGDs and associated mood disorders. Changes in the KYN pathway were shown in migraine and therefore it may be involved in AM pathogenesis. FINDINGS Abdominal migraine reflects an impairment in the communication within the gut-brain axis. Treatment approaches in AM are based on the experience of physicians, presenting personal rather than evidence-based practice, including efficacy of some drugs in adult migraine. Non-pharmacological treatment of AM is aimed at preventing or ameliorating AM triggers and is based on the STRESS mnemonic. Metabolic treatments with riboflavin and coenzyme Q10 were effective in several cases of pediatric migraine, but in general, results on metabolic treatment in migraine in children are scarce and nonconclusive. Modulations within the KYN pathway of TRP metabolism induced by changes in TRP content in the diet, may ameliorate FGIDs and support their pharmacological treatment. Pharmacological manipulations of brain KYNs in animals have brought promising results for clinical applications. Obese children show a higher headache prevalence and may be especially predisposed to AM, and KYN metabolites showed an alternated distribution in obese individuals as compared with their normal-weight counterparts. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, controlled placebo-based clinical trials with dietary manipulation to adjust the amount of the product of the KYN pathway of TRP metabolism are justified in children and adolescents with AM, especially those with coexisting obesity. Further preclinical studies are needed to establish details of these trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Fila
- Department of Developmental Neurology and Epileptology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338, Lodz, Poland
| | - Cezary Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647, Poland
| | - Jan Chojnacki
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647, Poland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Mazovian Academy in Plock, 09-420 Plock, Poland.
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14
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Wang X, Ding C, Li HB. The crosstalk between enteric nervous system and immune system in intestinal development, homeostasis and diseases. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:41-50. [PMID: 37672184 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut is the largest digestive and absorptive organ, which is essential for induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of metabolic-immune homeostasis. The intestinal components contain the epithelium, stromal cells, immune cells, and enteric nervous system (ENS), as well as the outers, such as gut microbiota, metabolites, and nutrients. The dyshomeostasis of intestinal microenvironment induces abnormal intestinal development and functions, even colon diseases including dysplasia, inflammation and tumor. Several recent studies have identified that ENS plays a crucial role in maintaining the immune homeostasis of gastrointestinal (GI) microenvironment. The crosstalk between ENS and immune cells, mainly macrophages, T cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), has been found to exert important regulatory roles in intestinal tissue programming, homeostasis, function, and inflammation. In this review, we mainly summarize the critical roles of the interactions between ENS and immune cells in intestinal homeostasis during intestinal development and diseases progression, to provide theoretical bases and ideas for the exploration of immunotherapy for gastrointestinal diseases with the ENS as potential novel targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Chenbo Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hua-Bing Li
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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15
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Bich L. Integrating Multicellular Systems: Physiological Control and Degrees of Biological Individuality. Acta Biotheor 2023; 72:1. [PMID: 38151680 PMCID: PMC10752842 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-023-09476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on physiological integration in multicellular systems, a notion often associated with biological individuality, but which has not received enough attention and needs a thorough theoretical treatment. Broadly speaking, physiological integration consists in how different components come together into a cohesive unit in which they are dependent on one another for their existence and activity. This paper argues that physiological integration can be understood by considering how the components of a biological multicellular system are controlled and coordinated in such a way that their activities can contribute to the maintenance of the system. The main implication of this perspective is that different ways of controlling their parts may give rise to multicellular organizations with different degrees of integration. After defining control, this paper analyses how control is realized in two examples of multicellular systems located at different ends of the spectrum of multicellularity: biofilms and animals. It focuses on differences in control ranges, and it argues that a high degree of integration implies control exerted at both medium and long ranges, and that insofar as biofilms lack long-range control (relative to their size) they can be considered as less integrated than other multicellular systems. It then discusses the implication of this account for the debate on physiological individuality and the idea that degrees of physiological integration imply degrees of individuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Bich
- Department of Philosophy, IAS-Research Centre for Life, Mind and Society, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Avenida de Tolosa 70, Donostia-San Sebastian, 20018, Spain.
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Khasanov R, Svoboda D, Tapia-Laliena MÁ, Kohl M, Maas-Omlor S, Hagl CI, Wessel LM, Schäfer KH. Muscle hypertrophy and neuroplasticity in the small bowel in short bowel syndrome. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:391-405. [PMID: 37395792 PMCID: PMC10624713 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a severe, life-threatening condition and one of the leading causes of intestinal failure in children. Here we were interested in changes in muscle layers and especially in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the small bowel in the context of intestinal adaptation. Twelve rats underwent a massive resection of the small intestine to induce SBS. Sham laparotomy without small bowel transection was performed in 10 rats. Two weeks after surgery, the remaining jejunum and ileum were harvested and studied. Samples of human small bowel were obtained from patients who underwent resection of small bowel segments due to a medical indication. Morphological changes in the muscle layers and the expression of nestin, a marker for neuronal plasticity, were studied. Following SBS, muscle tissue increases significantly in both parts of the small bowel, i.e., jejunum and ileum. The leading pathophysiological mechanism of these changes is hypertrophy. Additionally, we observed an increased nestin expression in the myenteric plexus in the remaining bowel with SBS. Our human data also showed that in patients with SBS, the proportion of stem cells in the myenteric plexus had risen by more than twofold. Our findings suggest that the ENS is tightly connected to changes in intestinal muscle layers and is critically involved in the process of intestinal adaptation to SBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasul Khasanov
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Daniel Svoboda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - María Ángeles Tapia-Laliena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martina Kohl
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Silke Maas-Omlor
- Enteric Nervous System Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Cornelia Irene Hagl
- Carl Remigius Medical School, Charles de Gaulle Str. 2, 81737, Munich, Germany
| | - Lucas M Wessel
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- Enteric Nervous System Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Amerikastrasse 1, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
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17
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Thomasi B, Valdetaro L, Ricciardi MC, Gonçalves de Carvalho M, Fialho Tavares I, Tavares-Gomes AL. Enteric glia as a player of gut-brain interactions during Parkinson's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1281710. [PMID: 38027511 PMCID: PMC10644407 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1281710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The enteric glia has been shown as a potential component of neuroimmune interactions that signal in the gut-brain axis during Parkinson's disease (PD). Enteric glia are a peripheral glial type found in the enteric nervous system (ENS) that, associated with enteric neurons, command various gastrointestinal (GI) functions. They are a unique cell type, with distinct phenotypes and distribution in the gut layers, which establish relevant neuroimmune modulation and regulate neuronal function. Comprehension of enteric glial roles during prodromal and symptomatic phases of PD should be a priority in neurogastroenterology research, as the reactive enteric glial profile, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and colonic inflammation have been verified during the prodromal phase of PD-a moment that may be interesting for interventions. In this review, we explore the mechanisms that should govern enteric glial signaling through the gut-brain axis to understand pathological events and verify the possible windows and pathways for therapeutic intervention. Enteric glia directly modulate several functional aspects of the intestine, such as motility, visceral sensory signaling, and immune polarization, key GI processes found deregulated in patients with PD. The search for glial biomarkers, the investigation of temporal-spatial events involving glial reactivity/signaling, and the proposal of enteric glia-based therapies are clearly demanded for innovative and intestine-related management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Thomasi
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Carolina Ricciardi
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Fialho Tavares
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Tavares-Gomes
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neuroscience Program, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Neuroglial Interaction Lab, Neurobiology Department, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
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Bappi MH, Prottay AAS, Al-Khafaji K, Akbor MS, Hossain MK, Islam MS, Asha AI, Medeiros CR, Tahim CM, Lucetti ECP, Coutinho HDM, Kamli H, Islam MT. Antiemetic effects of sclareol, possibly through 5-HT 3 and D 2 receptor interaction pathways: In-vivo and in-silico studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114068. [PMID: 37863383 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emesis is a complex physiological phenomenon that serves as a defense against numerous toxins, stressful situations, adverse medication responses, chemotherapy, and movement. Nevertheless, preventing emesis during chemotherapy or other situations is a significant issue for researchers. Hence, the majority view contends that successfully combining therapy is the best course of action. In-vivo analysis offers a more comprehensive grasp of how compounds behave within a complex biological environment, whereas in-silico evaluation refers to the use of computational models to forecast biological interactions. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the effects of Sclareol (SCL) on copper sulphate-induced emetic chicks and to investigate the combined effects of these compounds using a conventional co-treatment approach and in-silico study. METHODS SCL (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) administered orally with or without pre-treatment with anti-emetic drugs (Ondansetron (ODN): 24 mg/kg, Domperidone (DOM): 80 mg/kg, Hyoscine butylbromide (HYS): 100 mg/kg, and Promethazine hydrochloride (PRO): 100 mg/kg) to illustrate the effects and the potential involvement with 5HT3, D2, M3/AChM, H1, or NK1 receptors by SCL. Furthermore, an in-silico analysis was conducted to forecast the role of these receptors in the emetic process. RESULTS The results suggest that SCL exerted a dose-dependent anti-emetic effect on the chicks. Pretreatment with SCL-10 significantly minimized the number of retches and lengthened the emesis tendency of the experimental animals. SCL-10 significantly increased the anti-emetic effects of ODN and DOM. However, compared to the ODN-treated group, (SCL-10 + ODN) group considerably (p < 0.0001) extended the latency duration (109.40 ± 1.03 s) and significantly (p < 0.01) decreased the number of retches (20.00 ± 0.70), indicating an anti-emetic effect on the test animals. In in-silico analysis, SCL exhibited promising binding affinities with suggesting receptors. CONCLUSION SCL-10 exerted an inhibitory-like effect on emetic chicks, probably through the interaction of the 5HT3 and D2 receptors. Further studies are highly appreciated to validate this study and determine the precise mechanism(s) behind the anti-emetic effects of SCL. We expect that SCL-10 may be utilized as an antiemetic treatment in a single dosage form or that it may function as a synergist with other traditional medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehedi Hasan Bappi
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Shamsh Prottay
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Khattab Al-Khafaji
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Energy and Environmental Science, Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad, 10081, Iraq
| | - Md Showkoth Akbor
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Kamal Hossain
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, University of Science & Technology Chittagong, Chittagong, 4202, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shahazul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Afia Ibnath Asha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Cassio Rocha Medeiros
- CECAPE College, Av. Padre Cícero, 3917 - São José, Juazeiro Do Norte, CE, 63024-015, Brazil
| | - Catarina Martins Tahim
- CECAPE College, Av. Padre Cícero, 3917 - São José, Juazeiro Do Norte, CE, 63024-015, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, CE, 63105-000, Brazil.
| | - Hossam Kamli
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Torequl Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh.
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Jacobs-Li J, Tang W, Li C, Bronner ME. Single-cell profiling coupled with lineage analysis reveals vagal and sacral neural crest contributions to the developing enteric nervous system. eLife 2023; 12:e79156. [PMID: 37877560 PMCID: PMC10627514 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, much of the enteric nervous system (ENS) arises from the vagal neural crest that emerges from the caudal hindbrain and colonizes the entire gastrointestinal tract. However, a second ENS contribution comes from the sacral neural crest that arises in the caudal neural tube and populates the post-umbilical gut. By coupling single-cell transcriptomics with axial-level-specific lineage tracing in avian embryos, we compared the contributions of embryonic vagal and sacral neural crest cells to the chick ENS and the associated peripheral ganglia (Nerve of Remak and pelvic plexuses). At embryonic day (E) 10, the two neural crest populations form overlapping subsets of neuronal and glia cell types. Surprisingly, the post-umbilical vagal neural crest much more closely resembles the sacral neural crest than the pre-umbilical vagal neural crest. However, some differences in cluster types were noted between vagal and sacral derived cells. Notably, RNA trajectory analysis suggests that the vagal neural crest maintains a neuronal/glial progenitor pool, whereas this cluster is depleted in the E10 sacral neural crest which instead has numerous enteric glia. The present findings reveal sacral neural crest contributions to the hindgut and associated peripheral ganglia and highlight the potential influence of the local environment and/or developmental timing in differentiation of neural crest-derived cells in the developing ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Jacobs-Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Weiyi Tang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Can Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
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20
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Oprisan AL, Popescu BO. Dysautonomia in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14927. [PMID: 37834374 PMCID: PMC10573406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized in its typical presentation by a combination of lower and upper motor neuron symptoms, with a progressive course and fatal outcome. Due to increased recognition of the non-motor symptoms, it is currently considered a multisystem disorder with great heterogeneity, regarding genetical, clinical, and neuropathological features. Often underestimated, autonomic signs and symptoms have been described in patients with ALS, and various method analyses have been used to assess autonomic nervous system involvement. The aim of this paper is to offer a narrative literature review on autonomic disturbances in ALS, based on the scarce data available to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Oprisan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurology, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Neurology, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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21
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Zahid SA, Tated R, Mathew M, Rajkumar D, Karnik SB, Pramod Roy A, Jacob FP, Baskara Salian R, Razzaq W, Shivakumar D, Khawaja UA. Diabetic Gastroparesis and its Emerging Therapeutic Options: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Cureus 2023; 15:e44870. [PMID: 37814758 PMCID: PMC10560130 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic gastroparesis (DG) is one of the many complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Even though this condition surfaces years after uncontrolled disease, it affects the quality of life in several ways and causes significant morbidity. Common symptoms experienced by the patients include postprandial nausea, vomiting, abdominal fullness, and pain. Strict glycemic control is essential to evade the effects of DG. The purpose of this review article is to briefly study the pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnostic modalities, and the effects of DG on different aspects of life. Furthermore, it also focuses on the emerging treatment modalities for DG. Tradipitant and relamorelin are two such treatment options that are gaining noteworthy recognition and are discussed in detail in this review article. As observed through various clinical trials, these drugs help alleviate symptoms like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloating in patients suffering from DG, thereby targeting the most common and bothersome symptoms of the disease. This leads to an improvement in the quality of life, making it a reliable treatment option for this disease. But while pharmacological intervention is vital, psychological support and lifestyle changes are equally important and are the reason why a multidisciplinary approach is required for the treatment of DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza A Zahid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Ritu Tated
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Medical Sciences, Navi Mumbai, IND
| | - Midhun Mathew
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Daniel Rajkumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Alor Gajah, Alor Gajah, MYS
| | - Siddhant B Karnik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lokmanya Tilak Municipal Medical College and General Hospital, Mumbai, IND
| | | | - Fredy P Jacob
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jonelta Foundation School of Medicine, University of Perpetual Help System DALTA, Las Piñas, PHL
| | | | - Waleed Razzaq
- Department of Internal Medicine, Services Hospital Lahore, Lahore, PAK
| | - Divya Shivakumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Hyderabad, IND
| | - Uzzam Ahmed Khawaja
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
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22
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Chaudhry TS, Senapati SG, Gadam S, Mannam HPSS, Voruganti HV, Abbasi Z, Abhinav T, Challa AB, Pallipamu N, Bheemisetty N, Arunachalam SP. The Impact of Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis: Examining the Complex Interplay and Implications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5231. [PMID: 37629273 PMCID: PMC10455396 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The association and interaction between the central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) is well established. Essentially ENS is the second brain, as we call it. We tried to understand the structure and function, to throw light on the functional aspect of neurons, and address various disease manifestations. We summarized how various neurological disorders influence the gut via the enteric nervous system and/or bring anatomical or physiological changes in the enteric nervous system or the gut and vice versa. It is known that stress has an effect on Gastrointestinal (GI) motility and causes mucosal erosions. In our literature review, we found that stress can also affect sensory perception in the central nervous system. Interestingly, we found that mutations in the neurohormone, serotonin (5-HT), would result in dysfunctional organ development and further affect mood and behavior. We focused on the developmental aspects of neurons and cognition and their relation to nutritional absorption via the gastrointestinal tract, the development of neurodegenerative disorders in relation to the alteration in gut microbiota, and contrariwise associations between CNS disorders and ENS. This paper further summarizes the synergetic relation between gastrointestinal and neuropsychological manifestations and emphasizes the need to include behavioral therapies in management plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srikanth Gadam
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Hari Priya Sri Sai Mannam
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Hima Varsha Voruganti
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Zainab Abbasi
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Tushar Abhinav
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | | | - Namratha Pallipamu
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
| | - Niharika Bheemisetty
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Shivaram P. Arunachalam
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (S.G.); (N.P.)
- GIH Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (GAIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (H.P.S.S.M.); (H.V.V.); (Z.A.); (T.A.); (N.B.)
- Microwave Engineering and Imaging Laboratory (MEIL), Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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23
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Elbeltagi R, Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5246-5266. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to occur in the gastrointestinal tract, which can present itself as an initial symptom. The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often reflected in the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms. COVID-19 can damage the nerve supply to the digestive system, leading to gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction. There is still much to learn about how COVID-19 affects the autonomic nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
AIM To thoroughly explore the epidemiology and clinical aspects of COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction, including its manifestations, potential mechanisms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, impact on quality of life, prognosis, and management and prevention strategies.
METHODS We conducted a thorough systematic search across various databases and performed an extensive literature review. Our review encompassed 113 studies published in English from January 2000 to April 18, 2023.
RESULTS According to most of the literature, gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction can seriously affect a patient's quality of life and ultimate prognosis. Numerous factors can influence gastrointestinal autonomic nervous functions. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a well-documented affinity for both neural and gastrointestinal tissues, and the virus can produce various gastrointestinal symptoms by reaching neural tissues through different pathways. These symptoms include anorexia, dysgeusia, heartburn, belching, chest pain, regurgitation, vomiting, epigastric burn, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, irregular bowel movements, and constipation. Diarrhea is the most prevalent symptom, followed by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Although COVID-19 vaccination may rarely induce autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal symptoms, COVID-19-induced autonomic effects significantly impact the patient's condition, general health, prognosis, and quality of life. Early diagnosis and proper recognition are crucial for improving outcomes. It is important to consider the differential diagnosis, as these symptoms may be induced by diseases other than COVID-19-induced autonomic dysfunction. Treating this dysfunction can be a challenging task.
CONCLUSION To ensure the best possible outcomes for COVID-19 patients, it is essential to take a multidisciplinary approach involving providing supportive care, treating the underlying infection, managing dysfunction, monitoring for complications, and offering nutritional support. Close monitoring of the patient's condition is crucial, and prompt intervention should be taken if necessary. Furthermore, conducting thorough research on the gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction caused by COVID-19 is vital to manage it effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busiateen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
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24
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Elbeltagi R, Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5252-5272. [PMID: 37621592 PMCID: PMC10445067 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to occur in the gastrointestinal tract, which can present itself as an initial symptom. The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often reflected in the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms. COVID-19 can damage the nerve supply to the digestive system, leading to gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction. There is still much to learn about how COVID-19 affects the autonomic nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. AIM To thoroughly explore the epidemiology and clinical aspects of COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction, including its manifestations, potential mechanisms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, impact on quality of life, prognosis, and management and prevention strategies. METHODS We conducted a thorough systematic search across various databases and performed an extensive literature review. Our review encompassed 113 studies published in English from January 2000 to April 18, 2023. RESULTS According to most of the literature, gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction can seriously affect a patient's quality of life and ultimate prognosis. Numerous factors can influence gastrointestinal autonomic nervous functions. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a well-documented affinity for both neural and gastrointestinal tissues, and the virus can produce various gastrointestinal symptoms by reaching neural tissues through different pathways. These symptoms include anorexia, dysgeusia, heartburn, belching, chest pain, regurgitation, vomiting, epigastric burn, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, irregular bowel movements, and constipation. Diarrhea is the most prevalent symptom, followed by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Although COVID-19 vaccination may rarely induce autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal symptoms, COVID-19-induced autonomic effects significantly impact the patient's condition, general health, prognosis, and quality of life. Early diagnosis and proper recognition are crucial for improving outcomes. It is important to consider the differential diagnosis, as these symptoms may be induced by diseases other than COVID-19-induced autonomic dysfunction. Treating this dysfunction can be a challenging task. CONCLUSION To ensure the best possible outcomes for COVID-19 patients, it is essential to take a multidisciplinary approach involving providing supportive care, treating the underlying infection, managing dysfunction, monitoring for complications, and offering nutritional support. Close monitoring of the patient's condition is crucial, and prompt intervention should be taken if necessary. Furthermore, conducting thorough research on the gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction caused by COVID-19 is vital to manage it effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busiateen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
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25
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Rusch JA, Layden BT, Dugas LR. Signalling cognition: the gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1130689. [PMID: 37404311 PMCID: PMC10316519 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1130689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive function in humans depends on the complex and interplay between multiple body systems, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The gut microbiota, which vastly outnumbers human cells and has a genetic potential that exceeds that of the human genome, plays a crucial role in this interplay. The microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis is a bidirectional signalling pathway that operates through neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. One of the major neuroendocrine systems responding to stress is the HPA axis which produces glucocorticoids such as cortisol in humans and corticosterone in rodents. Appropriate concentrations of cortisol are essential for normal neurodevelopment and function, as well as cognitive processes such as learning and memory, and studies have shown that microbes modulate the HPA axis throughout life. Stress can significantly impact the MGB axis via the HPA axis and other pathways. Animal research has advanced our understanding of these mechanisms and pathways, leading to a paradigm shift in conceptual thinking about the influence of the microbiota on human health and disease. Preclinical and human trials are currently underway to determine how these animal models translate to humans. In this review article, we summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between the gut microbiota, HPA axis, and cognition, and provide an overview of the main findings and conclusions in this broad field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A. Rusch
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- C17 Chemical Pathology Laboratory, Groote Schuur Hospital, National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lara R. Dugas
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
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26
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Calabrò S, Kankowski S, Cescon M, Gambarotta G, Raimondo S, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. Impact of Gut Microbiota on the Peripheral Nervous System in Physiological, Regenerative and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098061. [PMID: 37175764 PMCID: PMC10179357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely demonstrated that the gut microbiota is responsible for essential functions in human health and that its perturbation is implicated in the development and progression of a growing list of diseases. The number of studies evaluating how the gut microbiota interacts with and influences other organs and systems in the body and vice versa is constantly increasing and several 'gut-organ axes' have already been defined. Recently, the view on the link between the gut microbiota (GM) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has become broader by exceeding the fact that the PNS can serve as a systemic carrier of GM-derived metabolites and products to other organs. The PNS as the communication network between the central nervous system and the periphery of the body and internal organs can rather be affected itself by GM perturbation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the impact of gut microbiota on the PNS, with regard to its somatic and autonomic divisions, in physiological, regenerative and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Calabrò
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Svenja Kankowski
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matilde Cescon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
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27
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Chen M, Mor DE. Gut-to-Brain α-Synuclein Transmission in Parkinson's Disease: Evidence for Prion-like Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087205. [PMID: 37108366 PMCID: PMC10139032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder involving both motor and non-motor symptoms caused by the progressive death of distinct neuronal populations, including dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The deposition of aggregated α-synuclein protein into Lewy body inclusions is a hallmark of the disorder, and α-synuclein pathology has been found in the enteric nervous system (ENS) of PD patients up to two decades prior to diagnosis. In combination with the high occurrence of gastrointestinal dysfunction in early stages of PD, current evidence strongly suggests that some forms of PD may originate in the gut. In this review, we discuss human studies that support ENS Lewy pathology as a characteristic feature of PD, and present evidence from humans and animal model systems that α-synuclein aggregation may follow a prion-like spreading cascade from enteric neurons, through the vagal nerve, and into the brain. Given the accessibility of the human gut to pharmacologic and dietary interventions, therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing pathological α-synuclein in the gastrointestinal tract hold significant promise for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merry Chen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Danielle E Mor
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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28
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Peter I, Strober W. Immunological Features of LRRK2 Function and Its Role in the Gut-Brain Axis Governing Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:279-296. [PMID: 37066923 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates intestinal involvement in the onset and/or progression on the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons characterizing Parkinson's disease (PD). On the one hand, there are studies supporting the Braak hypothesis that holds that pathologic α-synuclein, a hallmark of PD, is secreted by enteric nerves into intestinal tissue and finds its way to the central nervous system (CNS) via retrograde movement in the vagus nerve. On the other hand, there is data showing that cells bearing leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), a signaling molecule with genetic variants associated with both PD and with inflammatory bowel disease, can be activated in intestinal tissue and contribute locally to intestinal inflammation, or peripherally to PD pathogenesis via cell trafficking to the CNS. Importantly, these gut-centered factors affecting PD development are not necessarily independent of one another: they may interact and enhance their respective pathologic functions. In this review, we discuss this possibility by analysis of studies conducted in recent years focusing on the ability of LRRK2 to shape immunologic responses and the role of α-synuclein in influencing this ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Peter
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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29
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Zhang T, Zhang B, Ma X, Zhang J, Wei Y, Wang F, Tang X. Research trends in the field of the gut-brain interaction: Functional dyspepsia in the spotlight – An integrated bibliometric and science mapping approach. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1109510. [PMID: 36968499 PMCID: PMC10035075 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesThis study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of functional dyspepsia (FD), which includes visualizing bibliographic information, in order to identify prevailing study themes, topics of interest, contributing journals, countries, institutions, and authors as well as co-citation patterns.MethodsThe Web of Science™ Core Collection Database was used to retrieve all peer-reviewed scientific publications related to FD research. The validated search terms were entered into the “title” and “author keywords” fields, and the results were sorted by publication year from 2006 to 2022. There were no restrictions on language. On 12 February 2023, a manual export of the complete metadata for each original publication and review article was performed. CiteSpace was used to reveal co-authorship, publication, and co-citation patterns to find prominent authors, organizations, countries, and journals in FD research as well as to identify author keywords with strong citation bursts, which could indicate an emerging research area. VOSviewer was used to build the co-occurrence indicator (co-word) to identify the main author keywords on which previous studies focused and to induce clustered scientific landscape for two consecutive periods to identify intriguing areas for future research.ResultsA search of the database retrieved 2,957 documents. There was a wave-like pattern in the number of publications until 2017, after which there was a spike in publication volume. The USA, China, and Japan provided the majority of contributions. In terms of institution, Mayo Clin, Univ Newcastle, and Katholieke Univ Leuven were found to be the prolific institutions. Additionally, the results indicate that eastern Asian researchers contributed significantly to the global knowledge of literature that led other countries; however, Canada, the USA, Australia, England, and Germany were found to have the highest degree of betweenness centrality. Nicholas J. Talley, Jan Tack, Gerald Holtmann, Michael Camilleri, Ken Haruma, and Paul Moayyedi occupied the top positions based on productivity and centrality indicators. Six thematic clusters emerged (Helicobacter pylori infection; pathophysiological mechanisms of FD; extraintestinal co-morbidities and overlap syndromes associated with FD; herbal medicine in FD; diabetic gastroparesis; and dietary factors in FD). “Acupuncture,” “duodenal eosinophilia,” “gut microbiota,” and others were among the author keywords with rising prevalence.ConclusionIn FD research, eastern Asian countries have established themselves as major contributors with the highest publishing productivity; however, research has primarily been driven by North America, Europe, and Australia, where cooperation is generally more active and highly influential scientific results are produced. Our analysis suggests that increased investments, training of human resources, improved infrastructures, and expanded collaborations are essential to improving the quality of FD research in Asia. The emerging author keyword analysis suggests that eosinophil-mast cell axis, gut microbiota, mental disorders, and acupuncture are the key areas that attract researchers’ attention as future research boulevards. There is a highly skewed distribution of research output across Asia, with most focus on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) coming from Chinese, Japanese, and South Korean centers. However, CAM remains an underexplored area of research in the context of FD, and it deserves greater research efforts in order to obtain quality scientific evidence. Furthermore, we propose that the research framework of CAM should not be limited to dysmotility; rather, it could be interpreted within a more holistic context that includes the brain-gut-microbiota axis, as well as novel concepts such as duodenitis, increased mucosal permeability, and infiltration and activation of eosinophils and mast cells, among others. Overall, we provided bibliometrics-based overviews of relevant literature to researchers from different backgrounds and healthcare professionals to provide an in-depth overview of major trends in FD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beihua Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxue Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Fengyun Wang,
| | - Xudong Tang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xudong Tang,
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Emmi A, Sandre M, Russo FP, Tombesi G, Garrì F, Campagnolo M, Carecchio M, Biundo R, Spolverato G, Macchi V, Savarino E, Farinati F, Parchi P, Porzionato A, Bubacco L, De Caro R, Kovacs GG, Antonini A. Duodenal alpha-Synuclein Pathology and Enteric Gliosis in Advanced Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023. [PMID: 36847308 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of the gut-brain axis has been recently highlighted as a major contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD) physiopathology, with numerous studies investigating bidirectional transmission of pathological protein aggregates, such as α-synuclein (αSyn). However, the extent and the characteristics of pathology in the enteric nervous system have not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE We characterized αSyn alterations and glial responses in duodenum biopsies of patients with PD by employing topography-specific sampling and conformation-specific αSyn antibodies. METHODS We examined 18 patients with advanced PD who underwent Duodopa percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunal tube procedure, 4 untreated patients with early PD (disease duration <5 years), and 18 age- and -sex-matched healthy control subjects undergoing routine diagnostic endoscopy. A mean of four duodenal wall biopsies were sampled from each patient. Immunohistochemistry was performed for anti-aggregated αSyn (5G4) and glial fibrillary acidic protein antibodies. Morphometrical semiquantitative analysis was performed to characterize αSyn-5G4+ and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive density and size. RESULTS Immunoreactivity for aggregated α-Syn was identified in all patients with PD (early and advanced) compared with controls. αSyn-5G4+ colocalized with neuronal marker β-III-tubulin. Evaluation of enteric glial cells demonstrated an increased size and density when compared with controls, suggesting reactive gliosis. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of synuclein pathology and gliosis in the duodenum of patients with PD, including early de novo cases. Future studies are required to evaluate how early in the disease process duodenal pathology occurs and its possible contribution to levodopa effect in chronic patients. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Emmi
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Sandre
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Tombesi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Garrì
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Campagnolo
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Miryam Carecchio
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Biundo
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaya Spolverato
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Padova University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Piero Parchi
- Department of Pathobiology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Caro
- Institute of Human Anatomy, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabor G Kovacs
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program & Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Centre for Rare Neurological Diseases, Padua Neuroscience Center (PNC), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Tiwari P, Dwivedi R, Bansal M, Tripathi M, Dada R. Role of Gut Microbiota in Neurological Disorders and Its Therapeutic Significance. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041650. [PMID: 36836185 PMCID: PMC9965848 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, the gut microbiota (GM) are known to play a significant role in the metabolism of nutrients and drugs, immunomodulation, and pathogen defense by inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The role of the GM in the gut-brain axis (GBA) has been documented for different regulatory mechanisms and associated pathways and it shows different behaviors with individualized bacteria. In addition, the GM are known as susceptibility factor for neurological disorders in the central nervous system (CNS), regulating disease progression and being amenable to intervention. Bidirectional transmission between the brain and the GM occurs in the GBA, implying that it performs a significant role in neurocrine, endocrine, and immune-mediated signaling pathways. The GM regulates multiple neurological disorders by supplementing them with prebiotics, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, fecal transplantations, and/or antibiotics. A well-balanced diet is critically important for establishing healthy GM, which can alter the enteric nervous system (ENS) and regulate multiple neurological disorders. Here, we have discussed the function of the GM in the GBA from the gut to the brain and the brain to the gut, the pathways associated with neurology that interacts with the GM, and the various neurological disorders associated with the GM. Furthermore, we have highlighted the recent advances and future prospects of the GBA, which may require addressing research concerns about GM and associated neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Tiwari
- Molecular Reproduction and Genetics Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Rekha Dwivedi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manisha Bansal
- Molecular Reproduction and Genetics Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Molecular Reproduction and Genetics Facility, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
- Correspondence: (P.T.); (R.D.)
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Makdissi S, Parsons BD, Di Cara F. Towards early detection of neurodegenerative diseases: A gut feeling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1087091. [PMID: 36824371 PMCID: PMC9941184 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1087091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract communicates with the nervous system through a bidirectional network of signaling pathways called the gut-brain axis, which consists of multiple connections, including the enteric nervous system, the vagus nerve, the immune system, endocrine signals, the microbiota, and its metabolites. Alteration of communications in the gut-brain axis is emerging as an overlooked cause of neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a common feature of the pathogenic mechanisms involved in various neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) that are incurable and debilitating conditions resulting in progressive degeneration and death of neurons, such as in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. NDs are a leading cause of global death and disability, and the incidences are expected to increase in the following decades if prevention strategies and successful treatment remain elusive. To date, the etiology of NDs is unclear due to the complexity of the mechanisms of diseases involving genetic and environmental factors, including diet and microbiota. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in diet, alteration of the microbiota, and deregulation of metabolism in the intestinal epithelium influence the inflammatory status of the neurons linked to disease insurgence and progression. This review will describe the leading players of the so-called diet-microbiota-gut-brain (DMGB) axis in the context of NDs. We will report recent findings from studies in model organisms such as rodents and fruit flies that support the role of diets, commensals, and intestinal epithelial functions as an overlooked primary regulator of brain health. We will finish discussing the pivotal role of metabolisms of cellular organelles such as mitochondria and peroxisomes in maintaining the DMGB axis and how alteration of the latter can be used as early disease makers and novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Makdissi
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, Canada
| | - Brendon D. Parsons
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Dalhousie University, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- IWK Health Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Halifax, Canada
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Ma J, Mistareehi A, Madas J, Kwiat AM, Bendowski K, Nguyen D, Chen J, Li DP, Furness JB, Powley TL, Cheng Z(J. Topographical organization and morphology of substance P (SP)-immunoreactive axons in the whole stomach of mice. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:188-216. [PMID: 36385363 PMCID: PMC10499116 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptive afferents innervate the stomach and send signals centrally to the brain and locally to stomach tissues. Nociceptive afferents can be detected with a variety of different markers. In particular, substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide and is one of the most commonly used markers for nociceptive nerves in the somatic and visceral organs. However, the topographical distribution and morphological structure of SP-immunoreactive (SP-IR) axons and terminals in the whole stomach have not yet been fully determined. In this study, we labeled SP-IR axons and terminals in flat mounts of the ventral and dorsal halves of the stomach of mice. Flat-mount stomachs, including the longitudinal and circular muscular layers and the myenteric ganglionic plexus, were processed with SP primary antibody followed by fluorescent secondary antibody and then scanned using confocal microscopy. We found that (1) SP-IR axons and terminals formed an extensive network of fibers in the muscular layers and within the ganglia of the myenteric plexus of the whole stomach. (2) Many axons that ran in parallel with the long axes of the longitudinal and circular muscles were also immunoreactive for the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT). (3) SP-IR axons formed very dense terminal varicosities encircling individual neurons in the myenteric plexus; many of these were VAChT immunoreactive. (4) The regional density of SP-IR axons and terminals in the muscle and myenteric plexus varied in the following order from high to low: antrum-pylorus, corpus, fundus, and cardia. (5) In only the longitudinal and circular muscles, the regional density of SP-IR axon innervation from high to low were: antrum-pylorus, corpus, cardia, and fundus. (6) The innervation patterns of SP-IR axons and terminals in the ventral and dorsal stomach were comparable. Collectively, our data provide for the first time a map of the distribution and morphology of SP-IR axons and terminals in the whole stomach with single-cell/axon/synapse resolution. This work will establish an anatomical foundation for functional mapping of the SP-IR axon innervation of the stomach and its pathological remodeling in gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Ma
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Anas Mistareehi
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Jazune Madas
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Andrew M. Kwiat
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Kohlton Bendowski
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Duyen Nguyen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - Jin Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
| | - De-Pei Li
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terry L Powley
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906
| | - Zixi (Jack) Cheng
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816
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Li Z, Wang W, Li J, Ru S. New insight on the mechanism of eating disorder in females based on metabolic differences of bisphenol S in female and male zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120820. [PMID: 36493936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The different capacity of glucuronic acid metabolism might lead to the difference of bisphenol S (BPS) residual in tissues of male and female zebrafish. This may be the fundamental reason why BPS causes different effects in females and males. Here, adult zebrafish are exposed to 1, 10 and 100 μg/L BPS for 35 days to explore the main effect on females. After exposure, the liver of females showed stronger BPS metabolism ability than males, resulting in the accumulation of BPS in the gut of females. The results of neurotransmitters in gut of females revealed that the content of serotonin was decreased by BPS treatments. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase (Tph1) that regulated serotonin synthesis was reduced in gut of females in all BPS groups, and Tph1 protein has very high affinity with BPS molecule. Adult females treated with BPS exhibited symptoms including overeating, a decrease of serotonin in the gut, hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia, a similar effect of Tph1 protein inhibitor LP533401 on adult females. This hypoglycemia stimulates brain agrp/pomc and orexin neurons to induce overfeeding behavior, causing intestinal homeostasis imbalance and hyperlipidemia. Our data elucidate a potential pathogenesis of eating disorder under pollutant stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jiali Li
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Baker PA, Ibarra-García-Padilla R, Venkatesh A, Singleton EW, Uribe RA. In toto imaging of early enteric nervous system development reveals that gut colonization is tied to proliferation downstream of Ret. Development 2022; 149:278609. [PMID: 36300492 PMCID: PMC9686996 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is a vast intrinsic network of neurons and glia within the gastrointestinal tract and is largely derived from enteric neural crest cells (ENCCs) that emigrate into the gut during vertebrate embryonic development. Study of ENCC migration dynamics and their genetic regulators provides great insights into fundamentals of collective cell migration and nervous system formation, and these are pertinent subjects for study due to their relevance to the human congenital disease Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). For the first time, we performed in toto gut imaging and single-cell generation tracing of ENCC migration in wild type and a novel ret heterozygous background zebrafish (retwmr1/+) to gain insight into ENCC dynamics in vivo. We observed that retwmr1/+ zebrafish produced fewer ENCCs localized along the gut, and these ENCCs failed to reach the hindgut, resulting in HSCR-like phenotypes. Specifically, we observed a proliferation-dependent migration mechanism, where cell divisions were associated with inter-cell distances and migration speed. Lastly, we detected a premature neuronal differentiation gene expression signature in retwmr1/+ ENCCs. These results suggest that Ret signaling may regulate maintenance of a stem state in ENCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A. Baker
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Rodrigo Ibarra-García-Padilla
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | | | | | - Rosa. A. Uribe
- BioSciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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The Enteric Glia and Its Modulation by the Endocannabinoid System, a New Target for Cannabinoid-Based Nutraceuticals? MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196773. [PMID: 36235308 PMCID: PMC9570628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply studied, the enteric glial cells (EGCs) have received less attention. However, these are immune-competent cells that contribute to the maintenance of the GI tract homeostasis through supporting epithelial integrity, providing neuroprotection, and influencing the GI motor function and sensation. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) includes endogenous classical cannabinoids (anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol), cannabinoid-like ligands (oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)), enzymes involved in their metabolism (FAAH, MAGL, COX-2) and classical (CB1 and CB2) and non-classical (TRPV1, GPR55, PPAR) receptors. The ECS participates in many processes crucial for the proper functioning of the GI tract, in which the EGCs are involved. Thus, the modulation of the EGCs through the ECS might be beneficial to treat some dysfunctions of the GI tract. This review explores the role of EGCs and ECS on the GI tract functions and dysfunctions, and the current knowledge about how EGCs may be modulated by the ECS components, as possible new targets for cannabinoids and cannabinoid-like molecules, particularly those with potential nutraceutical use.
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Hari S, Burns GL, Hoedt EC, Keely S, Talley NJ. Eosinophils, Hypoxia-Inducible Factors, and Barrier Dysfunction in Functional Dyspepsia. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2022; 3:851482. [PMID: 35769556 PMCID: PMC9234913 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2022.851482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a highly prevalent disorder of gut-brain interaction (DGBI), previously known as a functional gastrointestinal disorder. Characterized by early satiety, postprandial fullness, and/or epigastric pain or burning, diagnosis depends on positive symptomatology and exclusion of obvious structural diseases. A subtle inflammatory phenotype has been identified in FD patients, involving an increase in duodenal mucosal eosinophils, and imbalances in the duodenal gut microbiota. A dysregulated epithelial barrier has also been well described in FD and is thought to be a contributing factor to the low-grade duodenal inflammation observed, however the mechanisms underpinning this are poorly understood. One possible explanation is that alterations in the microbiota and increased immune cells can result in the activation of cellular stress response pathways to perpetuate epithelial barrier dysregulation. One such cellular response pathway involves the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). HIF, a transcriptional protein involved in the cellular recognition and adaptation to hypoxia, has been identified as a critical component of various pathologies, from cancer to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). While the contribution of HIF to subtle inflammation, such as that seen in FD, is unknown, HIF has been shown to have roles in regulating the inflammatory response, particularly the recruitment of eosinophils, as well as maintaining epithelial barrier structure and function. As such, we aim to review our present understanding of the involvement of eosinophils, barrier dysfunction, and the changes to the gut microbiota including the potential pathways and mechanisms of HIF in FD. A combination of PubMed searches using the Mesh terms functional dyspepsia, functional gastrointestinal disorders, disorders of gut-brain interaction, duodenal eosinophilia, barrier dysfunction, gut microbiota, gut dysbiosis, low-grade duodenal inflammation, hypoxia-inducible factors (or HIF), and/or intestinal inflammation were undertaken in the writing of this narrative review to ensure relevant literature was included. Given the findings from various sources of literature, we propose a novel hypothesis involving a potential role for HIF in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Hari
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Grace L. Burns
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Emily C. Hoedt
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Keely
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Talley
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nicholas J. Talley
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Dietary Alpha-Ketoglutarate Partially Abolishes Adverse Changes in the Small Intestine after Gastric Bypass Surgery in a Rat Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102062. [PMID: 35631203 PMCID: PMC9146360 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is one of the key metabolites that play a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism. Bariatric surgery is a life-saving procedure, but it carries many gastrointestinal side effects. The present study investigated the beneficial effects of dietary AKG on the structure, integrity, and absorption surface of the small intestine after bariatric surgery. Male 7-week-old Sprague Dowley rats underwent gastric bypass surgery, after which they received AKG, 0.2 g/kg body weight/day, administered in drinking water for 6 weeks. Changes in small intestinal morphology, including histomorphometric parameters of enteric plexuses, immunolocalization of claudin 3, MarvelD3, occludin and zonula ocludens 1 in the intestinal mucosa, and selected hormones, were evaluated. Proliferation, mucosal and submucosal thickness, number of intestinal villi and Paneth cells, and depth of crypts were increased; however, crypt activity, the absorption surface, the expression of claudin 3, MarvelD3, occludin and zonula ocludens 1 in the intestinal epithelium were decreased after gastric bypass surgery. Alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation partially improved intestinal structural parameters and epithelial integrity in rats undergoing this surgical procedure. Dietary AKG can abolish adverse functional changes in the intestinal mucosa, enteric nervous system, hormonal response, and maintenance of the intestinal barrier that occurred after gastric bypass surgery.
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DeSesso JM. Comparative anatomy, pre- and postnatal changes during the development and maturation of the small intestine: Life-stage influences on exposure. Birth Defects Res 2022; 114:449-466. [PMID: 35451574 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) system absorbs nutrients and xenobiotics, excretes waste, and performs immunologic and endocrine functions. The subdivisions of the mature gut and the complexity of their corrugated, absorptive luminal surfaces differ greatly among mammals. Regardless, the embryonic gut tube in all mammalian species arises when cephalocaudal folding incorporates the roof of the yolk sac into the embryo. The gut tube quickly lengthens and bulges into the umbilical cord. Upon reentry into the abdominal cavity, the gut tube begins to differentiate-a process that continues until well into the lactation period. Differentiation of the small intestine involves (1) increasing the absorptive surface area of the lumen; (2) establishing mechanisms to control the pH of luminal contents; (3) forming a hierarchical vascular system for distribution of absorbed nutrients; (4) developing a complex enteric nervous system to control motility; (5) providing a system for replenishment of cells; and (6) contributing to the immunity of the organism. Because the length of gestation varies among species typically used in safety tests and is much shorter than human gestation, the state of GI maturation at the time of parturition differs significantly. Differences in GI maturation can contribute to species differences in the rate and extent of absorption; these differences must be considered when designing and interpreting pharmacological/toxicological studies and extrapolating safety test results to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M DeSesso
- Health Sciences Center, Exponent, Inc, Alexandria, Virginia, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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40
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Was H, Borkowska A, Bagues A, Tu L, Liu JYH, Lu Z, Rudd JA, Nurgali K, Abalo R. Mechanisms of Chemotherapy-Induced Neurotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:750507. [PMID: 35418856 PMCID: PMC8996259 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.750507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first clinical trials conducted after World War II, chemotherapeutic drugs have been extensively used in the clinic as the main cancer treatment either alone or as an adjuvant therapy before and after surgery. Although the use of chemotherapeutic drugs improved the survival of cancer patients, these drugs are notorious for causing many severe side effects that significantly reduce the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment and patients’ quality of life. Many widely used chemotherapy drugs including platinum-based agents, taxanes, vinca alkaloids, proteasome inhibitors, and thalidomide analogs may cause direct and indirect neurotoxicity. In this review we discuss the main effects of chemotherapy on the peripheral and central nervous systems, including neuropathic pain, chemobrain, enteric neuropathy, as well as nausea and emesis. Understanding mechanisms involved in chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity is crucial for the development of drugs that can protect the nervous system, reduce symptoms experienced by millions of patients, and improve the outcome of the treatment and patients’ quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Was
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Borkowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ana Bagues
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (PHARMAKOM-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Longlong Tu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zengbing Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.,The Laboratory Animal Services Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine Western Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raquel Abalo
- Área de Farmacología y Nutrición, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada I+D+i del Instituto de Química Médica (IQM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain.,Grupo de Trabajo de Ciencias Básicas en Dolor y Analgesia de la Sociedad Española del Dolor, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Patejdl R, Klawitter F, Walter U, Zanaty K, Schwandner F, Sellmann T, Porath K, Ehler J. A novel ex vivo model for critical illness neuromyopathy using freshly resected human colon smooth muscle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24249. [PMID: 34930954 PMCID: PMC8688412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03711-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients suffering from critical illness are at risk to develop critical illness neuromyopathy (CINM). The underlying pathophysiology is complex and controversial. A central question is whether soluble serum factors are involved in the pathogenesis of CINM. In this study, smooth muscle preparations obtained from the colon of patients undergoing elective surgery were used to investigate the effects of serum from critically ill patients. At the time of blood draw, CINM was assessed by clinical rating and electrophysiology. Muscle strips were incubated with serum of healthy controls or patients in organ baths and isometric force was measured. Fifteen samples from healthy controls and 98 from patients were studied. Ratios of responses to electric field stimulation (EFS) before and after incubation were 118% for serum from controls and 51% and 62% with serum from critically ill patients obtained at day 3 and 10 of critical illness, respectively (p = 0.003, One-Way-ANOVA). Responses to carbachol and high-K+ were equal between these groups. Ratios of post/pre-EFS responses correlated with less severe CINM. These results support the existence of pathogenic, i.e. neurotoxic factors in the serum of critically ill patients. Using human colon smooth muscle as a bioassay may facilitate their future molecular identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Patejdl
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Felix Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Uwe Walter
- Department of Neurology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karim Zanaty
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Schwandner
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tina Sellmann
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar Langendorff Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Ehler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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42
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Tarif AMM, Islam MN, Jahan MR, Yanai A, Nozaki K, Masumoto KH, Shinoda K. Immunohistochemical expression and neurochemical phenotypes of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in the myenteric plexus of mouse gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:533-558. [PMID: 34665322 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) is a neural huntingtin interactor and being considered as a core molecule of stigmoid body (STB). Brain/spinal cord regions with abundant STB/HAP1 expression are usually spared from neurodegeneration in stress/disease conditions, whereas the regions with little STB/HAP1 expression are always neurodegenerative targets. The enteric nervous system (ENS) can act as a potential portal for pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. However, ENS is also a neurodegenerative target in these disorders. To date, the expression of HAP1 and its neurochemical characterization have never been examined there. In the current study, we determined the expression of HAP1 in the ENS of adult mice and characterized the morphological relationships of HAP1-immunoreactive (ir) cells with the markers of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons in the myenteric plexus using Western blotting and light/fluorescence microscopy. HAP1-immunoreaction was present in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses of ENS. Most of the HAP1-ir neurons exhibited STB in their cytoplasm. In myenteric plexus, a large number of calretinin, calbindin, NOS, VIP, ChAT, SP, somatostatin, and TH-ir neurons showed HAP1-immunoreactivity. In contrast, most of the CGRP-ir neurons were devoid of HAP1-immunoreactivity. Our current study is the first to clarify that HAP1 is highly expressed in excitatory motor neurons, inhibitory motor neurons, and interneurons but almost absent in sensory neurons in myenteric plexus. These suggest that STB/HAP1-ir neurons are mostly Dogiel type I neurons. Due to lack of putative STB/HAP1 protectivity, the sensory neurons (Dogiel type II) might be more vulnerable to neurodegeneration than STB/HAP1-expressing motoneurons/interneurons (Dogiel type I) in myenteric plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Md Mamun Tarif
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Md Nabiul Islam
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Mir Rubayet Jahan
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Akie Yanai
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
- Department of Basic Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kanako Nozaki
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh-Hei Masumoto
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koh Shinoda
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Department of Neuroscience, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, 755-8505, Japan.
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The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080732. [PMID: 34440476 PMCID: PMC8400095 DOI: 10.3390/life11080732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. The second part of the study provides evidence on how these very same neurons are altered during Parkinson’s disease. In fact, although being defined as a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease features a number of degenerative alterations, which often anticipate motor symptoms. Among these, the GI tract is often involved, and for this reason, it is important to assess its normal and pathological structure. A deeper knowledge of the ENS is expected to improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson’s disease.
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Peripheral Nervous System Involvement in Non-Primary Pediatric Cancer: From Neurotoxicity to Possible Etiologies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143016. [PMID: 34300182 PMCID: PMC8303855 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy is a well described complication in children with cancer. Oncologists are generally well aware of the toxicity of the main agents, but fear the side effects of new drugs. As chemotherapeutic agents have been correlated with the activation of the immune system such as in Chemotherapy Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN), an abnormal response can lead to Autoimmune Peripheral Neuropathy (APN). Although less frequent but more severe, Radiation Induced Peripheral Neuropathy may be related to irreversible peripheral nervous system (PNS). Pediatric cancer patients also have a higher risk of entering a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit for complications related to therapy and disease. Injury to peripheral nerves is cumulative, and frequently, the additional stress of a malignancy and its therapy can unmask a subclinical neuropathy. Emerging risk factors for CIPN include treatment factors such as dose, duration and concurrent medication along with patient factors, namely age and inherited susceptibilities. The recent identification of individual genetic variations has advanced the understanding of physiopathological mechanisms and may direct future treatment approaches. More research is needed on pharmacological agents for the prevention or treatment of the condition as well as rehabilitation interventions, in order to allow for the simultaneous delivery of optimal cancer therapy and the mitigation of toxicity associated with pain and functional impairment. The aim of this paper is to review literature data regarding PNS complications in non-primary pediatric cancer.
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Sinagra E, Pellegatta G, Maida M, Rossi F, Conoscenti G, Pallio S, Alloro R, Raimondo D, Anderloni A. Could Chronic Idiopatic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction Be Related to Viral Infections? J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020268. [PMID: 33450988 PMCID: PMC7828444 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIIPO) is a disease characterized by symptoms and signs of small bowel obstruction in the absence of displayable mechanical obstruction. Due to the known neuropathic capacity of several viruses, and their localization in the intestine, it has been hypothesized that such viruses could be involved in the pathogenesis of CIIPO. The most frequently involved viruses are John Cunningham virus, Herpesviridae, Flaviviruses, Epstein–Barr virus and Citomegalovirus. Therefore, the present narrative review aims to sum up some new perspectives in the etiology and pathophysiology of CIIPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Sinagra
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele-Giuseppe Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (G.C.); (D.R.)
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-921-920-712
| | - Gaia Pellegatta
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (IRCCS), 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Marcello Maida
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele-Giuseppe Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (G.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Conoscenti
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele-Giuseppe Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (G.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Socrate Pallio
- Endoscopy Unit, University Hospital Policlinic G. Martino, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Rita Alloro
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Dario Raimondo
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto San Raffaele-Giuseppe Giglio, Contrada Pietra Pollastra Pisciotto, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (F.R.); (G.C.); (D.R.)
| | - Andrea Anderloni
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (IRCCS), 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
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