1
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Fagin JA, Krishnamoorthy GP, Landa I. Pathogenesis of cancers derived from thyroid follicular cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:631-650. [PMID: 37438605 PMCID: PMC10763075 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The genomic simplicity of differentiated cancers derived from thyroid follicular cells offers unique insights into how oncogenic drivers impact tumour phenotype. Essentially, the main oncoproteins in thyroid cancer activate nodes in the receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS-BRAF pathway, which constitutively induces MAPK signalling to varying degrees consistent with their specific biochemical mechanisms of action. The magnitude of the flux through the MAPK signalling pathway determines key elements of thyroid cancer biology, including differentiation state, invasive properties and the cellular composition of the tumour microenvironment. Progression of disease results from genomic lesions that drive immortalization, disrupt chromatin accessibility and cause cell cycle checkpoint dysfunction, in conjunction with a tumour microenvironment characterized by progressive immunosuppression. This Review charts the genomic trajectories of these common endocrine tumours, while connecting them to the biological states that they confer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Gnana P Krishnamoorthy
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iñigo Landa
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Leandro-García LJ, Landa I. Mechanistic Insights of Thyroid Cancer Progression. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad118. [PMID: 37503738 PMCID: PMC10403681 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) are primarily initiated by mutations that activate the MAPK signaling cascade, typically at BRAF or RAS oncoproteins. DTCs can evolve to more aggressive forms, specifically, poorly differentiated (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATC), by acquiring additional genetic alterations which deregulate key pathways. In this review, we focused on bona fide mutations involved in thyroid cancer progression for which consistent mechanistic data exist. Here we summarized the relevant literature, spanning approximately 2 decades, highlighting genetic alterations that are unquestionably enriched in PDTC/ATC. We describe the relevant functional data obtained in multiple in vitro and in vivo thyroid cancer models employed to study genetic alterations in the following genes and functional groups: TP53, effectors of the PI3K/AKT pathway, TERT promoter, members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, NF2, and EIF1AX. In addition, we briefly discuss other genetic alterations that are selected in aggressive thyroid tumors but for which mechanistic data is still either limited or nonexistent. Overall, we argue for the importance conveyed by preclinical studies for the clinical translation of genomic knowledge of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Javier Leandro-García
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Iñigo Landa
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Choi HR, Kim K. Mouse Models to Examine Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Pathogenesis: Recent Updates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11138. [PMID: 37446316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the overall prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), the most common endocrine malignancy, is favorable, a subset of patients exhibits aggressive features. Therefore, preclinical models that can be utilized to investigate DTC pathogenesis and novel treatments are necessary. Various mouse models have been developed based on advances in thyroid cancer genetics. This review focuses on recent progress in mouse models that have been developed to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryeon Choi
- Department of Surgery, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoon Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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4
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Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225646. [PMID: 36428741 PMCID: PMC9688518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
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5
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Wang CL, Gao MZ, Gao XJ, Mu XY, Wang JQ, Gao DM, Qiao MQ. Mechanism Study on Chinese Medicine in Treatment of Nodular Goiter. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 29:566-576. [PMID: 36044118 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nodular goiter has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Clinically, there has been a burgeoning interest in nodular goiter due to the risk of progression to thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Chinese medicine (CM) in nodular goiter. Articles were systematically retrieved from databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. New evidence showed that CM exhibited multi-pathway and multi-target characteristics in the treatment of nodular goiter, involving hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, oxidative stress, blood rheology, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, especially inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of cell apoptosis, involving multiple signal pathways and a variety of cytokines. This review provides a scientific basis for the therapeutic use of CM against nodular goiter. Nonetheless, future studies are warranted to identify more regulatory genes and pathways to provide new approaches for the treatment of nodular goiter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lin Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ming-Zhou Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiang-Ju Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Mu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Wang
- Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Youth Research and Innovation Team of Pharmacology of Liver Viscera in Emotional Disease and Syndromes, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ming-Qi Qiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China. .,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China. .,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China.
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6
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Cho HR, Sugihara J, Shimizu H, Xiang YY, Bai X, Wang Y, Liao XH, Asa SL, Refetoff S, Liu M. Pathogenesis of Multinodular Goiter in Elderly XB130-Deficient Mice: Alteration of Thyroperoxidase Affinity with Iodide and Hydrogen Peroxide. Thyroid 2022; 32:385-396. [PMID: 34915750 PMCID: PMC9048175 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Multinodular goiter (MNG) is the most common disorder of the thyroid gland. Aging and genetic mutations that impair thyroid hormone (TH) production have been implicated in the development of MNG. XB130 is an adaptor/scaffold protein predominantly expressed in the thyroid gland. XB130 deficiency leads to transient postnatal growth retardation in mice due to congenital hypothyroidism. We studied the formation of MNG and possible mechanisms in elderly mice. Methods: Thyroid glands of male and female Xb130-knockout (Xb130-/-), heterozygous (Xb130+/-), and wild-type (Xb130+/+) mice at the ages of 12-20 months were harvested for visual examination, histopathological, and immunohistological analyses. Blood and thyroid samples were collected after feeding elderly mice with a low iodine diet for 125I uptake and perchlorate discharge assay. The activity of thyroperoxidase (Tpo) was examined by spectrophotometric evaluation of iodide oxidation. Results: While moderate MNG was seen in Xb130+/+ and Xb130+/- mice, severe MNG, characterized by multiple nodules intermixed with dilated colloid-rich macrofollicles, was found only in Xb130-/- mice at 18 months. Thyrocyte cytoskeletal structure and cell adhesion molecules were disorganized, and TH production was significantly reduced. Reduced iodide organification was seen in elderly Xb130+/+ mice and further enhanced in Xb130-/- mice. In Xb130+/+ mice, Tpo shows high affinity with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) throughout aging, but reduced affinity with iodide in an age-dependent manner. By contrast, in elderly Xb130-/- mice, the affinity of Tpo for iodide remained high, but the affinity of Tpo for H2O2 was reduced. Conclusions: The pathophysiological features in the thyroid glands of aged Xb130-/- mice closely resemble the features of MNG in humans. Moderate MNG in elderly mice was dramatically aggravated by XB130 deficiency. Reduced affinity of Tpo for H2O2 may contribute to MNG development via oxidative stress. This could be specific to XB130 deficiency but also could be a common mechanism in MNG. Its clinical relevance should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ra Cho
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Junichi Sugihara
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hiroki Shimizu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yun-Yan Xiang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaohui Bai
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sylvia L. Asa
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery and Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Address correspondence to: Mingyao Liu, MD, Department of Surgery, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Research Tower 2-814, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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Schoultz E, Johansson E, Moccia C, Jakubikova I, Ravi N, Liang S, Carlsson T, Montelius M, Patyra K, Kero J, Paulsson K, Fagman H, Bergo MO, Nilsson M. Tissue architecture delineates field cancerization in BRAFV600E-induced tumor development. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm048887. [PMID: 34379110 PMCID: PMC8380047 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells hijack developmental growth mechanisms but whether tissue morphogenesis and architecture modify tumorigenesis is unknown. Here, we characterized a new mouse model of sporadic thyroid carcinogenesis based on inducible expression of BRAF carrying a Val600 Glu (V600E) point mutation (BRAFV600E) from the thyroglobulin promoter (TgCreERT2). Spontaneous activation of this Braf-mutant allele due to leaky activity of the Cre recombinase revealed that intrinsic properties of thyroid follicles determined BRAF-mutant cell fate. Papillary thyroid carcinomas developed multicentrically within a normal microenvironment. Each tumor originated from a single follicle that provided a confined space for growth of a distinct tumor phenotype. Lineage tracing revealed oligoclonal tumor development in infancy and early selection of BRAFV600E kinase inhibitor-resistant clones. Somatic mutations were few, non-recurrent and limited to advanced tumors. Female mice developed larger tumors than males, reproducing the gender difference of human thyroid cancer. These data indicate that BRAFV600E-induced tumorigenesis is spatiotemporally regulated depending on the maturity and heterogeneity of follicles. Moreover, thyroid tissue organization seems to determine whether a BRAF-mutant lineage becomes a cancerized lineage. The TgCreERT2;BrafCA/+ sporadic thyroid cancer mouse model provides a new tool to evaluate drug therapy at different stages of tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Schoultz
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ellen Johansson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Carmen Moccia
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Iva Jakubikova
- Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Naveen Ravi
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund SE-22184, Sweden
| | - Shawn Liang
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Therese Carlsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Montelius
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-41345 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Konrad Patyra
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Turku, Åbo FI-20521, Finland
| | - Jukka Kero
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Turku, Åbo FI-20521, Finland
| | - Kajsa Paulsson
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund SE-22184, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg SE-41345, Sweden
| | - Martin O. Bergo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge SE-14183, Sweden
| | - Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden
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8
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Kushchayeva Y, Kushchayev S, Jensen K, Brown RJ. Impaired Glucose Metabolism, Anti-Diabetes Medications, and Risk of Thyroid Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030555. [PMID: 35158824 PMCID: PMC8833385 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An epidemiologic link exists between obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and some cancers, such as breast cancer and colon cancer. The prevalence of obesity and diabetes is increasing, and additional epidemiologic data suggest that there may be a link between obesity and risk of thyroid abnormalities. Factors that may link obesity and diabetes with thyroid proliferative disorders include elevated circulating levels of insulin, increased body fat, high blood sugars, and exogenous insulin use. However, mechanisms underlying associations of obesity, diabetes, and thyroid proliferative disorders are not yet fully understood. The present manuscript reviews and summarizes current evidence of mechanisms and epidemiologic associations of obesity, insulin resistance, and use of anti-diabetes medications with benign and malignant proliferative disorders of the thyroid. Abstract The prevalence of obesity is progressively increasing along with the potential high risk for insulin resistance and development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is associated with increased risk of many malignancies, and hyperinsulinemia has been proposed to be a link between obesity and cancer development. The incidence of thyroid cancer is also increasing, making this cancer the most common endocrine malignancy. There is some evidence of associations between obesity, insulin resistance and/or diabetes with thyroid proliferative disorders, including thyroid cancer. However, the etiology of such an association has not been fully elucidated. The goal of the present work is to review the current knowledge on crosstalk between thyroid and glucose metabolic pathways and the effects of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and anti-hyperglycemic medications on the risk of thyroid cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Kushchayeva
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sergiy Kushchayev
- Department of Radiology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Kirk Jensen
- F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA;
| | - Rebecca J. Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Sex Bias in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312992. [PMID: 34884794 PMCID: PMC8657786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiated thyroid cancers are more frequent in women than in men. These different frequencies may depend on differences in patient's behavior and in thyroid investigations. However, an impact on sexual hormones is likely, although this has been insufficiently elucidated. Estrogens may increase the production of mutagenic molecules in the thyroid cell and favor the proliferation and invasion of tumoral cells by regulating both the thyrocyte enzymatic machinery and the inflammatory process associated with tumor growth. On the other hand, the worse prognosis of thyroid cancer associated with the male gender is poorly explained.
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10
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Deng YL, Chen S, Wang HT, Wang B, Xiao K. Prescription of Sageretia hamosa Brongn Relieved Goiter through Promoted Apoptosis of Thyroid Cells via miR-511-3p and PTEN/PI3K/Akt Pathway. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:3506559. [PMID: 34630982 PMCID: PMC8494543 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3506559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Goiter is thyroid enlargement, in China, Sageretia hamosa Brongn (SHB) can be used to treat goiter, but it has not been reported. Therefore, data analytics of SHB prescription on thyroid were explored in this study to provide a theoretical support for SHB in the treatment of goiter. In this study, rat in goiter model was constructed by using propylthiouracil (PTU) and treated with SHB prescription. Thyroid function about the triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured by ELISA; thyroid coefficient was calculated after weighed thyroid; and HE staining was applied to assess the morphology of thyroid tissue. miRNA microarrays were employed to detect miRNA expression in thyroid tissue of rats. Expression of miR-511-3p was measured by RT-qPCR; expression of proteins (PTEN and apoptosis-related proteins) was tested by western blotting; relationship between miR-511-3p and PTEN was investigated by dual luciferase reporter gene assay; cell viability rate was determined by CCK-8; and cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that SHB prescription ameliorated goiter and downregulated miR-511-3p. miR-511-3p targeted PTEN in thyroid cells and PTEN negatively regulated the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, the inhibition of apoptosis in thyroid cells caused by the overexpression of miR-511-3p or the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway was reversed by treatment of SHB prescription, inhibition of miR-511-3p, or overexpression of PTEN. In conclusion, SHB prescription promoted apoptosis of thyroid through decreased miR-511-3p and regulated PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway, it might suggest possible medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-lin Deng
- Precision Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Outpatient, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Hong-tu Wang
- Department of Infections Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Kai Xiao
- Precision Medicine Research Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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11
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Pitsava G, Stratakis CA, Faucz FR. PRKAR1A and Thyroid Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153834. [PMID: 34359735 PMCID: PMC8345073 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In 2021 it is estimated that there will be 44,280 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States and the incidence rate is higher in women than in men by almost 3 times. Well-differentiated thyroid cancer is the most common subtype of thyroid cancer and includes follicular (FTC) and papillary (PTC) carcinomas. Over the last decade, researchers have been able to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis, identifying genes including but not limited to RAS, BRAF, PAX8/PPARγ chromosomal rearrangements and others, as well as several tumor genes involved in major signaling pathways regulating cell cycle, differentiation, growth, or proliferation. Patients with Carney complex (CNC) have increased incidence of thyroid tumors, including cancer, yet little is known about this association. CNC is a familial multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome cause by inactivating mutations in the PRKAR1A gene which encodes the regulatory subunit type 1α of protein kinase A. This work summarizes what we know today about PRKAR1A defects in humans and mice and their role in thyroid tumor development, as the first such review on this issue. Abstract Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine malignancy and the incidence is rapidly increasing. Follicular (FTC) and papillary thyroid (PTC) carcinomas comprise the well-differentiated subtype and they are the two most common thyroid carcinomas. Multiple molecular genetic and epigenetic alterations have been identified in various types of thyroid tumors over the years. Point mutations in BRAF, RAS as well as RET/PTC and PAX8/PPARγ chromosomal rearrangements are common. Thyroid cancer, including both FTC and PTC, has been observed in patients with Carney Complex (CNC), a syndrome that is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and predisposes to various tumors. CNC is caused by inactivating mutations in the tumor-suppressor gene encoding the cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) type 1α regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) mapped in chromosome 17 (17q22–24). Growth of the thyroid is driven by the TSH/cAMP/PKA signaling pathway and it has been shown in mouse models that PKA activation through genetic ablation of the regulatory subunit Prkar1a can cause FTC. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular mechanisms contributing to thyroid tumorigenesis associated with inactivation of the RRKAR1A gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-451-7177
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12
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The Genomic Landscape of Thyroid Cancer Tumourigenesis and Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051082. [PMID: 34062862 PMCID: PMC8147376 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy that comprises mostly indolent differentiated cancers (DTCs) and less frequently aggressive poorly differentiated (PDTC) or anaplastic cancers (ATCs) with high mortality. Utilisation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and advanced sequencing data analysis can aid in understanding the multi-step progression model in the development of thyroid cancers and their metastatic potential at a molecular level, promoting a targeted approach to further research and development of targeted treatment options including immunotherapy, especially for the aggressive variants. Tumour initiation and progression in thyroid cancer occurs through constitutional activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway through mutations in BRAF, RAS, mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway and/or receptor tyrosine kinase fusions/translocations, and other genetic aberrations acquired in a stepwise manner. This review provides a summary of the recent genetic aberrations implicated in the development and progression of thyroid cancer and implications for immunotherapy.
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Li YZ, Di Cristofano A, Woo M. Metabolic Role of PTEN in Insulin Signaling and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:a036137. [PMID: 31964643 PMCID: PMC7397839 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is most prominently known for its function in tumorigenesis. However, a metabolic role of PTEN is emerging as a result of its altered expression in type 2 diabetes (T2D), which results in impaired insulin signaling and promotion of insulin resistance during the pathogenesis of T2D. PTEN functions in regulating insulin signaling across different organs have been identified. Through the use of a variety of models, such as tissue-specific knockout (KO) mice and in vitro cell cultures, PTEN's role in regulating insulin action has been elucidated across many cell types. Herein, we will review the recent advancements in the understanding of PTEN's metabolic functions in each of the tissues and cell types that contribute to regulating systemic insulin sensitivity and discuss how PTEN may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment or prevention of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhe Li
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network/Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
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Abstract
Germline pathogenic phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mutations cause PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), characterized by various benign and malignant tumors of the thyroid, breast, endometrium, and other organs. Patients with PHTS may present with other clinical features such as macrocephaly, intestinal polyposis, cognitive changes, and pathognomonic skin changes. Clinically, deregulation of PTEN function is implicated in other human diseases in addition to many types of human cancer. PTEN is an important phosphatase that counteracts one of the most critical cancer pathways: the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathways. Although PTEN can dephosphorylate lipids and proteins, it also has functions independent of phosphatase activity in normal and pathological states. It is positively and negatively regulated at the transcriptional level as well as posttranslationally by phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, oxidation, and acetylation. Although most of its tumor-suppressor activity is likely to be caused by lipid dephosphorylation at the plasma membrane, PTEN also resides in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its subcellular distribution is under strict control. In this review, we highlight our current knowledge of PTEN function and recent discoveries in understanding PTEN function regulation and how this can be exploited therapeutically for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798.,Cancer Genetics Service, Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore 169610.,Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Germline High Risk Cancer Focus Group, CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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15
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Sun Z, Lu J, Wu M, Ouyang C, Xing Y, Hou X, Shi Z, Wu Y. PTEN-knockdown disrupts the morphology, growth pattern and function of Nthy-Ori 3-1 cells by downregulating PAX8 expression. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:6732-6740. [PMID: 31807182 PMCID: PMC6876289 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid disorders, which are common endocrine diseases, has rapidly increased in recent years. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of these disorders remain unclear. Phosphatase and tension homolog (PTEN) is a dual-specific phosphatase that is associated with multiple thyroid disorders; however, the role of PTEN in thyroid disorders remains unknown. In the present study, the human thyroid follicular epithelial cell line Nthy-Ori 3-1 was used to determine the role of PTEN in thyroid disorders. PTEN expression was knocked down using a PTEN-specific short hairpin RNA. Western blotting was subsequently used to determine protein expression, the Matrigel tube formation assay and iodide uptake assay were applied for evaluating the morphology and function of thyroid cells. The results showed that PTEN knockdown decreased the protein expression of paired box 8 (PAX8). The morphology and tubular-like growth pattern of thyroid cells were therefore disrupted, and restoration of PAX8 expression reversed these effects. Furthermore, PTEN-knockdown decreased the expression of specific thyroid proteins (thyroglobulin, TG; thyroid peroxidase, TPO; and sodium/iodide symporter, NIS) and inhibited the iodide uptake ability of thyroid cells by downregulating PAX8, suggesting that PTEN deficiency may impair the function of thyroid cells. In conclusion, the present study reported an important function of PTEN in normal thyroid cells and identified the involvement of PAX8. These results may improve understanding of the role of PTEN in the pathogenesis of thyroid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Sun
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Jinqi Lu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Zhangjiagang First People's Hospital, Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu 215600, P.R. China
| | - Muyu Wu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Changli Ouyang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Yueping Xing
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Xiancun Hou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenduo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Wu
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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16
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Jezek J, Wang K, Yan R, Di Cristofano A, Cooper KF, Strich R. Synergistic repression of thyroid hyperplasia by cyclin C and Pten. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230029. [PMID: 31331961 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The cyclin C-Cdk8 kinase has been identified as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene depending on the cell type. The genomic locus encoding cyclin C (Ccnc) is often deleted in aggressive anaplastic thyroid tumors. To test for a potential tumor suppressor role for cyclin C, Ccnc alone, or Ccnc in combination with a previously described thyroid tumor suppressor Pten, was deleted late in thyroid development. Although mice harboring individual Pten or Ccnc deletions exhibited modest thyroid hyperplasia, the double mutant demonstrated dramatic thyroid expansion resulting in animal death by 22 weeks. Further analysis revealed that Ccncthyr-/- tissues exhibited a reduction in signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) phosphorylation at Ser727. Further analysis uncovered a post-transcriptional requirement of both Pten and cyclin C in maintaining the levels of the p21 and p53 tumor suppressors (also known as CDKN1A and TP53, respectively) in thyroid tissue. In conclusion, these data reveal the first tumor suppressor role for cyclin C in a solid tumor model. In addition, this study uncovers new synergistic activities of Pten and cyclin C to promote quiescence through maintenance of p21 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jezek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Ruilan Yan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
| | - Randy Strich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA
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Li L, Ying Y, Zhang C, Wang W, Li Y, Feng Y, Liang J, Song H, Wang Y. Bisphenol A exposure and risk of thyroid nodules in Chinese women: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:321-328. [PMID: 30825751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid nodules (TNs) are highly prevalent worldwide and have a pattern of female predominance. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor that can lead to adverse effects in human health. However, epidemiologic studies revealing the association between BPA exposure and TNs are limited and the results are inconsistent. We aimed to examine the association between urinary BPA and TNs in women who are more susceptible to TNs. METHODS We conducted a case-control study with 1416 women aged 18 years or older (705 cases, 711 controls). All participants underwent thyroid ultrasonography. Urinary total BPA (free and conjugated) concentration was quantified using the HPLC-MS/MS. We analyzed the association between urinary BPA concentration and the risk of TNs using crude and multivariable logistic regression models. Participants were further stratified into thyroid autoantibody positive group (at least one positive) and thyroid autoantibody negative group (both negative) according to the thyroglobulin antibody (TGAb) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) levels, and restricted cubic spline regression was also applied to determine the possible nonlinear relationship between urinary BPA and TNs. RESULTS Compared with women in the first quartile, the odds of TNs was 72% (adjusted OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.35) higher for those in the second quartile, 54% (adjusted OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.12) higher for those in the third quartile, and 108% (adjusted OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.50 to 2.90) higher for those in the fourth quartile after adjusting for age, BMI, education, HDL-C, LDL-C, triglyceride, total cholesterol, urinary iodine, TGAb and TPOAb. When the study population was stratified into thyroid autoantibody positive group and thyroid autoantibody negative group, we found that only in the positive group, the association was significant in model 1 (crude OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.90 to 4.12), model 2 (adjusted OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 1.91 to 4.22), model 3 (adjusted OR = 4.01; 95% CI = 2.57 to 6.27) and model 4 (adjusted OR = 3.71; 95% CI = 2.36 to 5.83). Multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline analysis demonstrated a similar result that in the thyroid autoantibody positive group, the association between urinary BPA and TNs risk was near linear (P-overall <0.001; P-non-linear = 0.054). CONCLUSION In Chinese women, higher urinary BPA concentration was associated with increased risk of TNs only in those with positive thyroid autoantibodies. Moreover, this association was near linear, indicating that any rise in BPA exposure was associated with elevated TNs risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Li
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yingxia Ying
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Changrun Zhang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Central Hospital of Xuzhou, Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Xuzhou 221009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- The Core Laboratory in Medical Center of Clinical Research, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China; School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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18
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Wei W, Hardin H, Luo QY. Targeting autophagy in thyroid cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R181-R194. [PMID: 30667364 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies. Although the prognosis for the majority of thyroid cancers is relatively good, patients with metastatic, radioiodine-refractory or anaplastic thyroid cancers have an unfavorable outcome. With the gradual understanding of the oncogenic events in thyroid cancers, molecularly targeted therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is greatly changing the therapeutic landscape of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancers (RR-DTCs), but intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, as well as adverse effects, may limit their clinical efficacy and use. In this setting, development of synergistic treatment options is of clinical significance, which may enhance the therapeutic effect of current TKIs and further overcome the resultant drug resistance. Autophagy is a critical cellular process involved not only in protecting cells and organisms from stressors but also in the maintenance and development of various kinds of cancers. Substantial studies have explored the complex role of autophagy in thyroid cancers. Specifically, autophagy plays important roles in mediating the drug resistance of small-molecular therapeutics, in regulating the dedifferentiation process of thyroid cancers and also in affecting the treatment outcome of radioiodine therapy. Exploring how autophagy intertwines in the development and dedifferentiation process of thyroid cancers is essential, which will enable a more profound understanding of the physiopathology of thyroid cancers. More importantly, these advances may fuel future development of autophagy-targeted therapeutic strategies for patients with thyroid cancers. Herein, we summarize the most recent evidence uncovering the role of autophagy in thyroid cancers and highlight future research perspectives in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heather Hardin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
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19
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Valvo V, Nucera C. Coding Molecular Determinants of Thyroid Cancer Development and Progression. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019; 48:37-59. [PMID: 30717910 PMCID: PMC6366338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Its incidence and mortality rates have increased for patients with advanced-stage papillary thyroid cancer. The characterization of the molecular pathways essential in thyroid cancer initiation and progression has made huge progress, underlining the role of intracellular signaling to promote clonal evolution, dedifferentiation, metastasis, and drug resistance. The discovery of genetic alterations that include mutations (BRAF, hTERT), translocations, deletions (eg, 9p), and copy-number gain (eg, 1q) has provided new biological insights with clinical applications. Understanding how molecular pathways interplay is one of the key strategies to develop new therapeutic treatments and improve prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Valvo
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carmelo Nucera
- Laboratory of Human Thyroid Cancers Preclinical and Translational Research, Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute (CRI), Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Center for Vascular Biology Research (CVBR), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 99 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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20
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Gahete MD, Jimenez-Vacas JM, Alors-Perez E, Herrero-Aguayo V, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Pedraza-Arevalo S, Castaño JP, Luque RM. Mouse models in endocrine tumors. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0571.R1. [PMID: 30475226 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors comprise a highly heterogeneous group of neoplasms that can arise from (neuro)endocrine cells, either from endocrine glands or from the widespread diffuse neuroendocrine system, and, consequently, are widely distributed throughout the body. Due to their diversity, heterogeneity and limited incidence, studying in detail the molecular and genetic alterations that underlie their development and progression is still a highly elusive task. This, in turn, hinders the discovery of novel therapeutic options for these tumors. To circumvent these limitations, numerous mouse models of endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors have been developed, characterized and used in pre-clinical, co-clinical (implemented in mouse models and patients simultaneously) and post-clinical studies, for they represent powerful and necessary tools in basic and translational tumor biology research. Indeed, different in vivo mouse models, including cell line-based xenografts (CDXs), patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMs), have been used to delineate the development, progression and behavior of human tumors. Results gained with these in vivo models have facilitated the clinical application in patients of diverse breakthrough discoveries made in this field. Herein, we review the generation, characterization and translatability of the most prominent mouse models of endocrine and neuroendocrine tumors reported to date, as well as the most relevant clinical implications obtained for each endocrine and neuroendocrine tumor type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Gahete
- M Gahete, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, 14011, Spain
| | - Juan M Jimenez-Vacas
- J Jimenez-Vacas, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Emilia Alors-Perez
- E Alors-Perez, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Inmunology, Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC) / University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Vicente Herrero-Aguayo
- V Herrero-Aguayo, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Antonio C Fuentes-Fayos
- A Fuentes-Fayos, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Sergio Pedraza-Arevalo
- S Pedraza-Arevalo, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- J Castaño, Dpt. of Cell Biology-University of Córdoba, IMIBIC-Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba, Cordoba, E-14004, Spain
| | - Raul M Luque
- R Luque, Dept of Cell Biology, Phisiology and Inmunology, Section of Cell Biology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain, Cordoba, 14014, Spain
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Shimamura M, Shibusawa N, Kurashige T, Mussazhanova Z, Matsuzaki H, Nakashima M, Yamada M, Nagayama Y. Mouse models of sporadic thyroid cancer derived from BRAFV600E alone or in combination with PTEN haploinsufficiency under physiologic TSH levels. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201365. [PMID: 30086162 PMCID: PMC6080762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRAFV600E mutation is the most prevalent driver mutation of sporadic papillary thyroid cancers (PTC). It was previously shown that prenatal or postnatal expression of BRAFV600E under elevated TSH levels induced thyroid cancers in several genetically engineered mouse models. In contrast, we found that postnatal expression of BRAFV600E under physiologic TSH levels failed to develop thyroid cancers in conditional transgenic Tg(LNL-BrafV600E) mice injected in the thyroid with adenovirus expressing Cre under control of the thyroglobulin promoter (Ad-TgP-Cre). In this study, we first demonstrated that BrafCA/+ mice carrying a Cre-activated allele of BrafV600E exhibited higher transformation efficiency than Tg(LNL-BrafV600E) mice when crossed with TPO-Cre mice. As a result, most BrafCA/+ mice injected with Ad-TgP-Cre developed thyroid cancers in 1 year. Histologic examination showed follicular or cribriform-like structures with positive TG and PAX staining and no colloid formation. Some tumors also had papillary structure component with lower TG expression. Concomitant PTEN haploinsufficiency in injected BrafCA/+;Ptenf/+ mice induced tumors predominantly exhibiting papillary structures and occasionally undifferentiated solid patterns with normal to low PAX expression and low to absent TG expression. Typical nuclear features of human PTC and extrathyroidal invasion were observed primarily in the latter mice. The percentages of pERK-, Ki67- and TUNEL-positive cells were all higher in the latter. In conclusion, we established novel thyroid cancer mouse models in which postnatal expression of BRAFV600E alone under physiologic TSH levels induces PTC. Simultaneous PTEN haploinsufficiency tends to promote tumor growth and de-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shibusawa
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kurashige
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Zhanna Mussazhanova
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Yu J, Koenig RJ. Thyroid-Specific PPARγ Deletion Is Benign in the Mouse. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1463-1468. [PMID: 29420754 PMCID: PMC5839734 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is widely expressed at low levels and regulates many physiological processes. In mice and humans, there is evidence that PPARγ can function as a tumor suppressor. A PAX8-PPARγ fusion protein (PPFP) is oncogenic in a subset of thyroid cancers, suggesting that inhibition of endogenous PPARγ function by the fusion protein could contribute to thyroid oncogenesis. However, the function of PPARγ within thyrocytes has never been directly tested. Therefore, we have created a thyroid-specific genetic knockout of murine Pparg and have studied thyroid biology in these mice. Thyroid size and histology, the expression of thyroid-specific genes, and serum T4 levels all are unaffected by loss of thyroidal PPARγ expression. PPFP thyroid cancers have increased activation of AKT, and mice with thyroid-specific expression of PPFP combined with thyroid-specific loss of PTEN (a negative regulator of AKT) develop thyroid cancer. Therefore we created mice with combined thyroid-specific deletions of Pparg and Pten to test if there is oncogenic synergy between these deletions. Pten deletion alone results in benign thyroid hyperplasia, and this is unchanged when combined with deletion of Pparg. We conclude that, at least in the contexts studied, thyrocyte PPARγ does not play a significant role in the development or function of the thyroid and does not function as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Yu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Ronald J. Koenig
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Correspondence: Ronald J. Koenig, MD, PhD, 5560 MSRB-2, SPC 5678, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
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MicroRNA-146b promotes PI3K/AKT pathway hyperactivation and thyroid cancer progression by targeting PTEN. Oncogene 2018; 37:3369-3383. [PMID: 29353884 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that miR-146b is the most upregulated microRNA in thyroid cancer and has a central role in cancer progression through mechanisms that remain largely unidentified. As phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase-B (PI3K/AKT) signaling is a fundamental oncogenic driver in many thyroid cancers, we explored a potential role for miR-146b and its target genes in PI3K/AKT activation. Among the predicted target genes of miR-146b, we found the tumor-suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Constitutive overexpression of miR-146b in thyroid epithelial cell lines significantly decreased PTEN mRNA and protein levels by direct binding to its 3'-UTR. This was accompanied by PI3K/AKT hyperactivation, leading to the exclusion of FOXO1 and p27 from the nucleus and a corresponding increase in cellular proliferation. Moreover, miR-146b overexpression led to protection from apoptosis and an increased migration and invasion potential, regulating genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Notably, with the single exception of E-cadherin expression, all of these outcomes could be reversed by PTEN coexpression. Further analysis showed that miR-146b directly inhibits E-cadherin expression through binding to its 3'-UTR. Interestingly, miR-146b inhibition in human thyroid tumor xenografts, using a synthetic and clinically amenable molecule, blocked tumor growth when delivered intratumorally. Importantly, this inhibition increased PTEN protein levels. In conclusion, our data define a novel mechanism of PI3K/AKT hyperactivation and outline a regulatory role for miR-146b in suppressing PTEN expression, a frequent observation in thyroid cancer. Both events are related to a more aggressive tumoral phenotype. Targeting miR-146b therefore represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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Bellelli R, Vitagliano D, Federico G, Marotta P, Tamburrino A, Salerno P, Paciello O, Papparella S, Knauf JA, Fagin JA, Refetoff S, Troncone G, Santoro M. Oncogene-induced senescence and its evasion in a mouse model of thyroid neoplasia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:24-35. [PMID: 28652169 PMCID: PMC5741508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a conditional doxycycline-dependent mouse model of RET/PTC3 (NCOA4-RET) oncogene-induced thyroid tumorigenesis. In these mice, after 10 days of doxycycline (dox) administration, RET/PTC3 expression induced mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) stimulation and a proliferative response which resulted in the formation of hyperplastic thyroid lesions. This was followed, after 2 months, by growth arrest accompanied by typical features of oncogene-induced senescence (OIS), including upregulation of p16INK4A and p21CIP, positivity at the Sudan black B, activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) markers γH2AX and pChk2 T68, and induction of p53 and p19ARF. After 5 months, about half of thyroid lesions escaped OIS and formed tumors that remained dependent on RET/PTC3 expression. This progression was accompanied by activation of AKT-FOXO1/3a pathway and increased serum TSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bellelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Vitagliano
- Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale, Seconda Universita' di Napoli, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Federico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pina Marotta
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy
| | - Anna Tamburrino
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Salerno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Orlando Paciello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Universita' Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Serenella Papparella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Universita' Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Jeffrey A Knauf
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James A Fagin
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Universita' Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Universita' Federico II c/o Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Mishall KM, Beadnell TC, Kuenzi BM, Klimczak DM, Superti-Furga G, Rix U, Schweppe RE. Sustained activation of the AKT/mTOR and MAP kinase pathways mediate resistance to the Src inhibitor, dasatinib, in thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103014-103031. [PMID: 29262541 PMCID: PMC5732707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
New targeted therapies are needed for advanced thyroid cancer. Our lab has shown that Src is a key mediator of tumorigenic processes in thyroid cancer. However, single-agent Src inhibitors have had limited efficacy in solid tumors. In order to more effectively target Src in the clinic, our lab has previously generated four thyroid cancer cell lines that are resistant to dasatinib through gradual dose escalation. We further tested two additional Src inhibitors and shown the dasatinib-resistant (DasRes) cells exhibit cross-resistance to saracatinib, but are sensitive to bosutinib, suggesting that unique off-targets of bosutinib play an important role in mediating sensitivity to bosutinib. To identify the kinases targeted by dasatinib and bosutinib, we utilized an unbiased compound centric chemical proteomics screen. We identified 33 kinases that were enriched in the bosutinib pull down. Using the STRING database to map protein-protein interactions of the unique bosutinib targets, we identified a signaling axis which included mTOR, FAK, and MEK. Inhibition of the mTOR, MEK, and Src/FAK nodes simultaneously was the most effective at reducing cell growth and survival. Overall, these studies have identified key mediators of Src inhibitor resistance, and show that targeting these signaling nodes are necessary for anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie M. Mishall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas C. Beadnell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brent M. Kuenzi
- Department of Drug Discovery, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Dorothy M. Klimczak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Schweppe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Zaballos MA, Santisteban P. Key signaling pathways in thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:R43-R61. [PMID: 28838947 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequencing approaches have provided unprecedented insights into the genetic lesions responsible for the onset, progression and dedifferentiation of various types of thyroid carcinomas. Through these efforts, the MAPK and PI3K signaling cascades have emerged as the main activation pathways implicated in thyroid tumorigenesis. The nature of these essential pathways is highly complex, with hundreds of components, multiple points of crosstalk, different subcellular localizations and with the ability to potentially regulate many cellular processes. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting key kinases of these pathways hold great promise as novel therapeutics and several have reached clinical trials. However, while some remarkable responses have been reported, the development of resistance remains a matter of concern and limits the benefit for patients. In this review, we discuss the latest findings on the major components of the MAPK and PI3K pathways, including their mechanisms of activation in physiological and pathological contexts, their genetic alterations with respect to the different types of thyroid carcinomas and the more relevant drugs designed to block their activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Zaballos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols'Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Santisteban
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols'Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Ashtekar A, Huk D, Magner A, La Perle K, Zhang X, Piruat JI, López-Barneo J, Jhiang SM, Kirschner LS. Sdhd ablation promotes thyroid tumorigenesis by inducing a stem-like phenotype. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:579-591. [PMID: 28928232 PMCID: PMC5650926 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA, also known as the Krebs cycle) have been implicated as causative genetic lesions in a number of human cancers, including renal cell cancers, glioblastomas and pheochromocytomas. In recent studies, missense mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex have also been proposed to cause differentiated thyroid cancer. In order to gain mechanistic insight into this process, we generated mice lacking the SDH subunit D (Sdhd) in the thyroid. We report that these mice develop enlarged thyroid glands with follicle hypercellularity and increased proliferation. In vitro, human thyroid cell lines with knockdown of SDHD exhibit an enhanced migratory capability, despite no change in proliferative capacity. Interestingly, these cells acquire stem-like features which are also observed in the mouse tumors. The stem-like characteristics are reversed by α-ketoglutarate, suggesting that SDH-associated tumorigenesis results from dedifferentiation driven by an imbalance in cellular metabolites of the TCA cycle. The results of this study reveal a metabolic vulnerability for potential future treatment of SDH-associated neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Ashtekar
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Danielle Huk
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexa Magner
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Krista La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Comparative Pathology & Mouse Phenotyping Shared ResourceThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of BiostatisticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - José I Piruat
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío CSIC Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío CSIC Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Sissy M Jhiang
- Department of Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lawrence S Kirschner
- Department of Cancer Biology and GeneticsThe Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Division of EndocrinologyDiabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Orlacchio A, Ranieri M, Brave M, Arciuch VA, Forde T, De Martino D, Anderson KE, Hawkins P, Di Cristofano A. SGK1 Is a Critical Component of an AKT-Independent Pathway Essential for PI3K-Mediated Tumor Development and Maintenance. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6914-6926. [PMID: 29055016 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the PI3K-AKT signaling cascade is a common critical event during malignant transformation. In this study, we used thyroid gland epithelial cells and a series of genetically engineered mouse strains as model systems to demonstrate that, although necessary, AKT activation is not sufficient for PI3K-driven transformation. Instead, transformation requires the activity of the PDK1-regulated AGC family of protein kinases. In particular, SGK1 was found to be essential for proliferation and survival of thyroid cancer cells harboring PI3K-activating mutations. Notably, cotargeting SGK1 and AKT resulted in significantly higher growth suppression than inhibiting either PI3K or AKT alone. Overall, these findings underscore the clinical relevance of AKT-independent pathways in tumors driven by genetic lesions targeting the PI3K cascade. Cancer Res; 77(24); 6914-26. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Martina Brave
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Valeria Antico Arciuch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Toni Forde
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Daniela De Martino
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Karen E Anderson
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip Hawkins
- Inositide Laboratory, Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Maternal High Estradiol Exposure is Associated with Elevated Thyroxine and Pax8 in Mouse Offspring. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36805. [PMID: 27827435 PMCID: PMC5101534 DOI: 10.1038/srep36805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that maternal high estradiol (E2) environment increased the risk of thyroid dysfunction in offspring. However, the mechanism involved remains unexplored. To evaluate the thyroid function of offspring after high E2 exposure and to explore the underlying mechanism, we established a high E2 mouse model of early pregnancy, and detected thyroid hormones of their offspring. In thyroids of offspring, the expressions of Tg, Nis, Tpo, Pax8, and Titf1 and CpG island methylation status of Pax8 and genes involved in methylation were analyzed. We found that thyroxine (T4) and FT4 levels of offspring were obviously increased in the high-E2 group, especially in females. In both 3- and 8-week-old offspring of the high-E2 group, Pax8 was significantly up-regulated in thyroid glands, accompanied by the abnormal CpG island methylation status in the promoter region. Furthermore, Dnmt3a and Mbd1 were obviously down-regulated in thyroids of the high E2 group. Besides, the disturbance of thyroid function in females was more severe than that in males, implying that the effects were related to gender. In summary, our study indicated that maternal high E2 exposure disturbed the thyroid function of offspring through the dysregulation and abnormal DNA methylation of Pax8.
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30
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Nozhat Z, Hedayati M. PI3K/AKT Pathway and Its Mediators in Thyroid Carcinomas. Mol Diagn Ther 2016; 20:13-26. [PMID: 26597586 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-015-0175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid malignancies are the most common endocrine system carcinomas, with four histopathological forms. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B/AKT (PI3K-PKB/AKT) pathway is one of the most critical molecular signaling pathways implicated in key cellular processes. Its continuous activation by several aberrant receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and genetic mutations in its downstream effectors result in high cell proliferation in a broad number of cancers, including thyroid carcinomas. In this review article, the role of different signaling pathways of PI3K/AKT in thyroid cancers, with the emphasis on the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), PI3K/AKT/forkhead box O (FOXO) and PI3K/AKT/phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) pathways, and various therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways have been summarized. In most of the in vitro studies, agents inhibiting mTOR in monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy for thyroid malignancies have been introduced as promising anticancer therapies. FOXOs and PTEN are two outstanding downstream targets of the PI3K/AKT pathway. At the present time, no study has been undertaken to consider thyroid cancer treatment via FOXOs and PTEN targeting. According to the critical role of these proteins in cell cycle arrest, it seems that a treatment strategy based on the combination of FOXOs or PTEN activity induction with PI3K/AKT downstream mediators (e.g., mTOR) inhibition will be beneficial and promising in thyroid cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nozhat
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Department, School of Advanced Technology in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Champa D, Orlacchio A, Patel B, Ranieri M, Shemetov AA, Verkhusha VV, Cuervo AM, Di Cristofano A. Obatoclax kills anaplastic thyroid cancer cells by inducing lysosome neutralization and necrosis. Oncotarget 2016; 7:34453-71. [PMID: 27144341 PMCID: PMC5085168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are very aggressive, almost invariably lethal neoplasms for which no effective treatment exists. These tumors are intrinsically resistant to cell death, even when their driver oncogenic signaling pathways are inhibited.We have undertaken a detailed analysis, in mouse and human thyroid cancer cells, of the mechanism through which Obatoclax, a pan-inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic proteins of the BCL2 family, effectively reduces tumor growth in vitro and in vivo.We demonstrate that Obatoclax does not induce apoptosis, but rather necrosis of thyroid cancer cells, and that non-transformed thyroid cells are significantly less affected by this compound. Surprisingly, we show that Obatoclax rapidly localizes to the lysosomes and induces loss of acidification, block of lysosomal fusion with autophagic vacuoles, and subsequent lysosomal permeabilization. Notably, prior lysosome neutralization using different V-ATPase inhibitors partially protects cancer cells from the toxic effects of Obatoclax. Although inhibition of autophagy does not affect Obatoclax-induced cell death, selective down-regulation of ATG7, but not of ATG5, partially impairs Obatoclax effects, suggesting the existence of autophagy-independent functions for ATG7. Strikingly, Obatoclax killing activity depends only on its accumulation in the lysosomes, and not on its interaction with BCL2 family members.Finally, we show that also other lysosome-targeting compounds, Mefloquine and LLOMe, readily induce necrosis in thyroid cancer cells, and that Mefloquine significantly impairs tumor growth in vivo, highlighting a clear vulnerability of these aggressive, apoptosis-resistant tumors that can be therapeutically exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devora Champa
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bindi Patel
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michela Ranieri
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anton A Shemetov
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Mio C, Lavarone E, Conzatti K, Baldan F, Toffoletto B, Puppin C, Filetti S, Durante C, Russo D, Orlacchio A, Di Cristofano A, Di Loreto C, Damante G. MCM5 as a target of BET inhibitors in thyroid cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:335-47. [PMID: 26911376 PMCID: PMC4891972 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an extremely aggressive thyroid cancer subtype, refractory to the current medical treatment. Among various epigenetic anticancer drugs, bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitors (BETis) are considered to be an appealing novel class of compounds. BETi target the bromodomain and extra-terminal of BET proteins that act as regulators of gene transcription, interacting with histone acetyl groups. The goal of this study is to delineate which pathway underlies the biological effects derived from BET inhibition, in order to find new potential therapeutic targets in ATC. We investigated the effects of BET inhibition on two human anaplastic thyroid cancer-derived cell lines (FRO and SW1736). The treatment with two BETis, JQ1 and I-BET762, decreased cell viability, reduced cell cycle S-phase, and determined cell death. In order to find BETi effectors, FRO and SW1736 were subjected to a global transcriptome analysis after JQ1 treatment. A significant portion of deregulated genes belongs to cell cycle regulators. Among them, MCM5 was decreased at both mRNA and protein levels in both tested cell lines. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments indicate that MCM5 is directly bound by the BET protein BRD4. MCM5 silencing reduced cell proliferation, thus underlining its involvement in the block of proliferation induced by BETis. Furthermore, MCM5 immunohistochemical evaluation in human thyroid tumor tissues demonstrated its overexpression in several papillary thyroid carcinomas and in all ATCs. MCM5 was also overexpressed in a murine model of ATC, and JQ1 treatment reduced Mcm5 mRNA expression in two murine ATC cell lines. Thus, MCM5 could represent a new target in the therapeutic approach against ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Mio
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisa Lavarone
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ketty Conzatti
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Federica Baldan
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Barbara Toffoletto
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Cinzia Puppin
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Filetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Cosimo Durante
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical SpecialtiesUniversity 'Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Russo
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of Catanzaro 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Orlacchio
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular BiologyAlbert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological SciencesUniversity of Udine, Udine, Italy
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33
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Kirschner LS, Qamri Z, Kari S, Ashtekar A. Mouse models of thyroid cancer: A 2015 update. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 421:18-27. [PMID: 26123589 PMCID: PMC4691568 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine neoplasm, and its rate is rising at an alarming pace. Thus, there is a compelling need to develop in vivo models which will not only enable the confirmation of the oncogenic potential of driver genes, but also point the way towards the development of new therapeutics. Over the past 20 years, techniques for the generation of mouse models of human diseases have progressed substantially, accompanied by parallel advances in the genetics and genomics of human tumors. This convergence has enabled the development of mouse lines carrying mutations in the genes that cause thyroid cancers of all subtypes, including differentiated papillary and follicular thyroid cancers, poorly differentiated/anaplastic cancers, and medullary thyroid cancers. In this review, we will discuss the state of the art of mouse modeling of thyroid cancer, with the eventual goal of providing insight into tumor biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence S Kirschner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Zahida Qamri
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Suresh Kari
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Amruta Ashtekar
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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TSH overcomes Braf(V600E)-induced senescence to promote tumor progression via downregulation of p53 expression in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncogene 2015; 35:1909-18. [PMID: 26477313 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The BRAF(V600E) mutation is found in approximately 40% of papillary thyroid cancers (PTC). Mice with thyroid-specific expression of Braf(V600E) (TPO-Braf(V600E)) develop PTC rapidly with high levels of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It is unclear to what extent the elevated TSH contributes to tumor progression. To investigate the progression of Braf(V600E)-induced PTC (BVE-PTC) under normal TSH, we transplanted BVE-PTC tumors subcutaneously into nude and TPO-Braf(WT) mice. Regression of the transplanted tumors was observed in both nude and TPO-Braf(WT) mice. They were surrounded by heavy lymphocyte infiltration and oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) was demonstrated by strong β-gal staining and absence of Ki-67 expression. In contrast, BVE-PTC transplants continued to grow when transplanted into TPO-Braf(V600E) mice. The expression of Trp53 was increased in tumor transplants undergoing OIS. Trp53 inactivation reversed OIS and enabled tumor transplants to grow in nude mice with characteristic cell morphology of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). PTC-to-ATC transformation was also observed in primary BVE-PTC tumors. ATC cells derived from Trp53 knockout tumors had increased PI3K/AKT signaling and became resistant to Braf(V600E) inhibitor PLX4720, which could be overcome by combined treatment of PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and PLX4720. In conclusion, BVE-PTC progression could be contained via p53-dependent OIS and TSH is a major disruptor of this balance. Simultaneous targeting of both MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways offer a better therapeutic outcome against ATC. The current study reinforces the importance of rigorous control of serum TSH in PTC patients.
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Kofuji S, Kimura H, Nakanishi H, Nanjo H, Takasuga S, Liu H, Eguchi S, Nakamura R, Itoh R, Ueno N, Asanuma K, Huang M, Koizumi A, Habuchi T, Yamazaki M, Suzuki A, Sasaki J, Sasaki T. INPP4B Is a PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 Phosphatase That Can Act as a Tumor Suppressor. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:730-9. [PMID: 25883023 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase B (INPP4B) has been identified as a tumor suppressor mutated in human breast, ovary, and prostate cancers. The molecular mechanism underlying INPP4B's tumor-suppressive role is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that INPP4B restrains tumor development by dephosphorylating the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 that accumulates in situations of PTEN deficiency. In vitro, INPP4B directly dephosphorylates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. In vivo, neither inactivation of Inpp4b (Inpp4b(Δ/Δ)) nor heterozygous deletion of Pten (Pten(+/-)) in mice causes thyroid abnormalities, but a combination of these mutations induces malignant thyroid cancers with lung metastases. At the molecular level, simultaneous deletion of Inpp4b and Pten synergistically increases PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 levels and activates AKT downstream signaling proteins in thyroid cells. We propose that the PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 phosphatase activity of INPP4B can function as a "back-up" mechanism when PTEN is deficient, making INPP4B a potential novel therapeutic target for PTEN-deficient or PIK3CA-activated cancers. SIGNIFICANCE Although INPP4B expression is reduced in several types of human cancers, our work on Inpp4B-deficient mice provides the first evidence that INPP4B is a bona fide tumor suppressor whose function is particularly important in situations of PTEN deficiency. Our biochemical data demonstrate that INPP4B directly dephosphorylates PtdIns(3,4,5)P3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kofuji
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan. Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kimura
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan. Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nanjo
- Department of Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takasuga
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Hui Liu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Satoshi Eguchi
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Reietsu Itoh
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Noriko Ueno
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ken Asanuma
- Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mingguo Huang
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan. Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Atsushi Koizumi
- Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Tomonori Habuchi
- Department of Urology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamazaki
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan. Department of Cell Biology and Morphology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Embryonic and Genetic Engineering, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junko Sasaki
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan
| | - Takehiko Sasaki
- Research Center for Biosignal, Akita University, Akita, Japan. Department of Medical Biology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan.
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Robbins HL, Hague A. The PI3K/Akt Pathway in Tumors of Endocrine Tissues. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:188. [PMID: 26793165 PMCID: PMC4707207 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key driver in carcinogenesis. Defects in this pathway in human cancer syndromes such as Cowden's disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia result in tumors of endocrine tissues, highlighting its importance in these cancer types. This review explores the growing evidence from multiple animal and in vitro models and from analysis of human tumors for the involvement of this pathway in the following: thyroid carcinoma subtypes, parathyroid carcinoma, pituitary tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. While data are not always consistent, immunohistochemistry performed on human tumor tissue has been used alongside other techniques to demonstrate Akt overactivation. We review active Akt as a potential prognostic marker and the PI3K pathway as a therapeutic target in endocrine neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Louise Robbins
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK
| | - Angela Hague
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Angela Hague,
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Champa D, Di Cristofano A. Modeling anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in the mouse. Discov Oncol 2014; 6:37-44. [PMID: 25420535 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is the least common form of thyroid cancer; however, it accounts for the majority of deaths associated with this family of malignancies. A number of genetically engineered immunocompetent mouse models recapitulating the genetic and histological features of anaplastic thyroid cancer have been very recently generated and represent an invaluable tool to dissect the mechanisms involved in the progression from indolent, well-differentiated tumors to aggressive, undifferentiated carcinomas and to identify novel therapeutic targets. In this review, we focus on the relevant characteristics associated with these models and on what we have learned in terms of anaplastic thyroid cancer biology, genetics, and response to targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devora Champa
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Room 302, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Malaguarnera R, Chen KY, Kim TY, Dominguez JM, Voza F, Ouyang B, Vundavalli SK, Knauf JA, Fagin JA. Switch in signaling control of mTORC1 activity after oncoprotein expression in thyroid cancer cell lines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1976-87. [PMID: 25029414 PMCID: PMC4184069 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid growth is regulated by TSH and requires mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Thyroid cancers frequently exhibit mutations in MAPK and/or phosphoinositol-3-kinase-related kinase effectors. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to explore the contribution of RET/PTC, RAS, and BRAF to mTOR regulation and response to mTOR inhibitors. METHODS PCCL3 cells conditionally expressing RET/PTC3, HRAS(G12V), or BRAF(V600E) and human thyroid cancer cells harboring mutations of these genes were used to test pathways controlling mTOR and its requirement for growth. RESULTS TSH/cAMP-induced growth of PCCL3 cells requires mTOR, which is stimulated via protein kinase A in a MAPK kinase (MEK)- and AKT-independent manner. Expression of RET/PTC3, HRAS(G12V), or BRAF(V600E) in PCCL3 cells induces mTOR but does not entirely abrogate the cAMP-mediated control of its activity. Acute oncoprotein-induced mTOR activity is regulated by MEK and AKT, albeit to differing degrees. By contrast, mTOR was not activated by TSH/cAMP in human thyroid cancer cells. Tumor genotype did not predict the effects of rapamycin or the mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 on growth, with the exception of a PTEN-null cell line. Selective blockade of MEK did not influence mTOR activity of BRAF or RAS mutant cells. Combined MEK and mTOR kinase inhibition was synergistic on growth of BRAF- and RAS-mutant thyroid cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Thyroid cancer cells lose TSH/cAMP dependency of mTOR signaling and cell growth. mTOR activity is not decreased by the MEK or AKT inhibitors in the RAS or BRAF human thyroid cancer cell lines. This may account for the augmented effects of combining the mTOR inhibitors with selective antagonists of these oncogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Malaguarnera
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program (R.M., K.-Y.C., T.-Y.K., J.M.D., F.V., S.K.V., J.A.K., J.A.F.) and Department of Medicine (J.A.K., J.A.F.), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065; and Division of Endocrinology (B.O.), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
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Protein kinase a-mediated cell proliferation in brown preadipocytes is independent of Erk1/2, PI3K and mTOR. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:143-155. [PMID: 25102377 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The physiological agonist norepinephrine promotes cell proliferation of brown preadipocytes during the process of tissue recruitment. In a primary culture system, cAMP mediates these adrenergic effects. In the present study, we demonstrated that, in contrast to other systems where the mitogenic effect of cAMP requires the synergistic action of (serum) growth factors, especially insulin/IGF, the cAMP effect in brown preadipocytes was independent of serum and insulin. Protein kinase A, rather than Epac, mediated the cAMP mitogenic effect. The Erk 1/2 family of MAPK, the PI3K system and the mTOR complexes were all activated by cAMP, but these activations were not necessary for cAMP-induced cell proliferation; a protein kinase C isoform may be involved in mediating cAMP-activated cell proliferation. We conclude that the generally acknowledged cellular mediators for induction of cell proliferation are not involved in this process in the brown preadipocyte system; this conclusion may be of relevance both for examination of mechanisms for induction of brown adipose tissue recruitment but also for understanding the mechanism behind e.g. certain endocrine neoplasias.
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Pringle DR, Vasko VV, Yu L, Manchanda PK, Lee AA, Zhang X, Kirschner JM, Parlow AF, Saji M, Jarjoura D, Ringel MD, La Perle KMD, Kirschner LS. Follicular thyroid cancers demonstrate dual activation of PKA and mTOR as modeled by thyroid-specific deletion of Prkar1a and Pten in mice. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E804-12. [PMID: 24512487 PMCID: PMC4010710 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is the most common form of endocrine cancer, and it is a disease whose incidence is rapidly rising. Well-differentiated epithelial thyroid cancer can be divided into papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC). Although FTC is less common, patients with this condition have more frequent metastasis and a poorer prognosis than those with PTC. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to characterize the molecular mechanisms contributing to the development and metastasis of FTC. DESIGN We developed and characterized mice carrying thyroid-specific double knockout of the Prkar1a and Pten tumor suppressor genes and compared signaling alterations observed in the mouse FTC to the corresponding human tumors. SETTING The study was conducted at an academic research laboratory. Human samples were obtained from academic hospitals. PATIENTS Deidentified, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples were analyzed from 10 control thyroids, 30 PTC cases, five follicular variant PTC cases, and 10 FTC cases. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mouse and patient samples were analyzed for expression of activated cAMP response element binding protein, AKT, ERK, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Murine FTCs were analyzed for differential gene expression to identify genes associated with metastatic progression. RESULTS Double Prkar1a-Pten thyroid knockout mice develop FTC and recapitulate the histology and metastatic phenotype of the human disease. Analysis of signaling pathways in FTC showed that both human and mouse tumors exhibited strong activation of protein kinase A and mTOR. The development of metastatic disease was associated with the overexpression of genes required for cell movement. CONCLUSIONS These data imply that the protein kinase A and mTOR signaling cascades are important for the development of follicular thyroid carcinogenesis and may suggest new targets for therapeutic intervention. Mouse models paralleling the development of the stages of human FTC should provide important new tools for understanding the mechanisms of FTC development and progression and for evaluating new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Pringle
- Departments of Molecular, Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics (D.R.P., P.K.M., A.A.L., J.M.K., L.S.K.) and Veterinary Biosciences (K.M.D.L.P.), Center for Biostatistics (L.Y., X.Z., D.J.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (M.S., M.D.R., L.S.K.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; Department of Pediatrics (V.V.V.), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814; and National Hormone and Peptide Program (A.F.P.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509
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Wark L, Danescu A, Natarajan S, Zhu X, Cheng SY, Hombach-Klonisch S, Mai S, Klonisch T. Three-dimensional telomere dynamics in follicular thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2014; 24:296-304. [PMID: 23819464 PMCID: PMC3926167 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last decade, annual incidence rates for thyroid cancer have been among the highest of all cancers in the Western world. However, the genomic mechanisms impacting thyroid carcinogenesis remain elusive. METHODS We employed an established mouse model of follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) with a homozygous proline to valine mutation (Thrb(PV/PV)) in the thyroid receptor β1 (TRβ1) and applied quantitative three-dimensional (3D) telomere analysis to determine 3D telomeric profiles in Thrb(PV)(/PV), Thrb(PV/)(+), and Thrb(+/+) mouse thyrocytes before and after histological presentation of FTC. RESULTS Using quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization (Q-FISH) and TeloView™ image analysis, we found altered telomeric signatures specifically in mutant mouse thyrocytes. As early as 1 month of age, Thrb(PV/PV) mouse thyrocytes showed more telomeres than normal and heterozygous age-matched counterparts. Importantly, at the very early age of 1 month, 3D telomeric profiles of Thrb(PV/PV) thyrocyte nuclei reveal genetic heterogeneity with several nuclei populations exhibiting different telomere numbers, suggestive of various degrees of aneuploidy within the same animal. This was detected exclusively in Thrb(PV/PV) mice well before the presentation of histological signs of thyroid carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS We identified quantitative 3D telomere analysis as a novel tool for early detection and monitoring of thyrocyte chromosomal (in)stability. This technique has the potential to identify human patients at risk for developing thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Landon Wark
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Genomic Center for Cancer Research and Diagnosis, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Adrian Danescu
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Suchitra Natarajan
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Xuguang Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sheue-yann Cheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Mai
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Genomic Center for Cancer Research and Diagnosis, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy & Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Shimamura M, Nakahara M, Orim F, Kurashige T, Mitsutake N, Nakashima M, Kondo S, Yamada M, Taguchi R, Kimura S, Nagayama Y. Postnatal expression of BRAFV600E does not induce thyroid cancer in mouse models of thyroid papillary carcinoma. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4423-30. [PMID: 23970782 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mutant BRAF (BRAF(V600E)) is the most common genetic alteration in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). The oncogenicity of this mutation has been shown by some genetically engineered mouse models. However, in these mice, BRAF(V600E) is expressed in all the thyroid cells from the fetal periods, and suppresses thyroid function, thereby leading to TSH elevation, which by itself promotes thyroid tumorigenesis. To overcome these problems, we exploited 2 different approaches, both of which allowed temporally and spatially restricted expression of BRAF(V600E) in the thyroid glands. First, we generated conditional transgenic mice harboring the loxP-neo(R)-loxP-BRAF(V600E)-internal ribosome entry site-green fluorescent protein sequence [Tg(LNL-BRAF(V600E))]. The double transgenic mice (LNL-BRAF(V600E);TPO-Cre) were derived from a high expressor line of Tg(LNL-BRAF(V600E)) mice and TPO-Cre mice; the latter expresses Cre DNA recombinase under the control of thyroid-specific thyroid peroxidase (TPO) promoter and developed PTC-like lesions in early life under normal serum TSH levels due to mosaic recombination. In contrast, injection of adenovirus expressing Cre under the control of another thyroid-specific thyroglobulin (Tg) promoter (Ad-TgP-Cre) into the thyroids of LNL-BRAF(V600E) mice did not induce tumor formation despite detection of BRAF(V600E) and pERK in a small fraction of thyroid cells. Second, postnatal expression of BRAF(V600E) in a small number of thyroid cells was also achieved by injecting the lentivirus expressing loxP-green fluorescent protein-loxP-BRAF(V600E) into the thyroids of TPO-Cre mice; however, no tumor development was again observed. These results suggest that BRAF(V600E) does not appear to induce PTC-like lesions when expressed in a fraction of thyroid cells postnatally under normal TSH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Shimamura
- MD, Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523 Japan.
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Sponziello M, Lavarone E, Pegolo E, Di Loreto C, Puppin C, Russo MA, Bruno R, Filetti S, Durante C, Russo D, Di Cristofano A, Damante G. Molecular differences between human thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma revealed by analysis of a murine model of thyroid cancer. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3043-53. [PMID: 23751876 PMCID: PMC3749486 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models can provide useful information to understand molecular mechanisms of human tumorigenesis. In this study, the conditional thyroid mutagenesis of Pten and Ras genes in the mouse, which induces very aggressive follicular carcinomas (FTCs), has been used to identify genes differentially expressed among human normal thyroid tissue (NT), follicular adenoma (FA), and FTC. Global gene expression of mouse FTC was compared with that of mouse normal thyroids: 911 genes were found deregulated ± 2-fold in FTC samples. Then the expression of 45 deregulated genes in mouse tumors was investigated by quantitative RT-PCR in a first cohort of human NT, FA, and FTC (discovery group). Five genes were found significantly down-regulated in FA and FTC compared with NT. However, 17 genes were found differentially expressed between FA and FTC: 5 and 12 genes were overexpressed and underexpressed in FTC vs FA, respectively. Finally, 7 gene products, selected from results obtained in the discovery group, were investigated in a second cohort of human tumors (validation group) by immunohistochemistry. Four proteins showed significant differences between FA and FTC (peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ, serum deprivation response protein, osteoglycin, and dipeptidase 1). Altogether our data indicate that the establishment of an enriched panel of molecular biomarkers using data coming from mouse thyroid tumors and validated in human specimens may help to set up a more valid platform to further improve diagnosis and prognosis of thyroid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa Sponziello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Università di Roma “Sapienza,” 00161 Roma, Italy
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Ock S, Ahn J, Lee SH, Kang H, Offermanns S, Ahn HY, Jo YS, Shong M, Cho BY, Jo D, Abel ED, Lee TJ, Park WJ, Lee IK, Kim J. IGF-1 receptor deficiency in thyrocytes impairs thyroid hormone secretion and completely inhibits TSH-stimulated goiter. FASEB J 2013; 27:4899-908. [PMID: 23982142 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-231381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is known to be a major regulator of thyroid hormone biosynthesis and thyroid growth, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is required for mediating thyrocyte growth in concert with TSH in vitro. We generated mice with thyrocyte-selective ablation of IGF-1 receptor (TIGF1RKO) to explore the role of IGF-1 receptor signaling on thyroid function and growth. In 5-wk-old TIGF1RKO mice, serum thyroxine (T4) concentrations were decreased by 30% in concert with a 43% down-regulation of the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), which is involved in T4 secretion. Despite a 3.5-fold increase in circulating concentrations of TSH, thyroid architecture and size were normal. Furthermore, thyrocyte area was increased by 40% in WT thyroids after 10 d TSH injection, but this effect was absent in TSH-injected TIGF1RKO mice. WT mice treated with methimazole and sodium perchlorate for 2 or 6 wk exhibited pronounced goiter development (2.0 and 5.4-fold, respectively), but in TIGF1RKO mice, goiter development was completely abrogated. These data reveal an essential role for IGF-1 receptor signaling in the regulation of thyroid function and TSH-stimulated goitrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangmi Ock
- 2Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 224-1 Heuk Seok-dong, Dongjak-ku Seoul 156-755, Korea.
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Neff F, Flores-Dominguez D, Ryan DP, Horsch M, Schröder S, Adler T, Afonso LC, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Becker L, Garrett L, Hans W, Hettich MM, Holtmeier R, Hölter SM, Moreth K, Prehn C, Puk O, Rácz I, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Naton B, Ordemann R, Adamski J, Beckers J, Bekeredjian R, Busch DH, Ehninger G, Graw J, Höfler H, Klingenspor M, Klopstock T, Ollert M, Stypmann J, Wolf E, Wurst W, Zimmer A, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabe de Angelis M, Ehninger D. Rapamycin extends murine lifespan but has limited effects on aging. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3272-91. [PMID: 23863708 DOI: 10.1172/jci67674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor for a large number of disorders and functional impairments. Therapeutic targeting of the aging process may therefore represent an innovative strategy in the quest for novel and broadly effective treatments against age-related diseases. The recent report of lifespan extension in mice treated with the FDA-approved mTOR inhibitor rapamycin represented the first demonstration of pharmacological extension of maximal lifespan in mammals. Longevity effects of rapamycin may, however, be due to rapamycin's effects on specific life-limiting pathologies, such as cancers, and it remains unclear if this compound actually slows the rate of aging in mammals. Here, we present results from a comprehensive, large-scale assessment of a wide range of structural and functional aging phenotypes, which we performed to determine whether rapamycin slows the rate of aging in male C57BL/6J mice. While rapamycin did extend lifespan, it ameliorated few studied aging phenotypes. A subset of aging traits appeared to be rescued by rapamycin. Rapamycin, however, had similar effects on many of these traits in young animals, indicating that these effects were not due to a modulation of aging, but rather related to aging-independent drug effects. Therefore, our data largely dissociate rapamycin's longevity effects from effects on aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Neff
- Institute of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Antico Arciuch VG, Russo MA, Kang KS, Di Cristofano A. Inhibition of AMPK and Krebs cycle gene expression drives metabolic remodeling of Pten-deficient preneoplastic thyroid cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5459-72. [PMID: 23796563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapidly proliferating and neoplastically transformed cells generate the energy required to support rapid cell division by increasing glycolysis and decreasing flux through the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, usually without alterations in mitochondrial function. In contrast, little is known of the metabolic alterations, if any, which occur in cells harboring mutations that prime their neoplastic transformation. To address this question, we used a Pten-deficient mouse model to examine thyroid cells where a mild hyperplasia progresses slowly to follicular thyroid carcinoma. Using this model, we report that constitutive phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation caused by PTEN deficiency in nontransformed thyrocytes results in a global downregulation of Krebs cycle and OXPHOS gene expression, defective mitochondria, reduced respiration, and an enhancement in compensatory glycolysis. We found that this process does not involve any of the pathways classically associated with the Warburg effect. Moreover, this process was independent of proliferation but contributed directly to thyroid hyperplasia. Our findings define a novel metabolic switch to glycolysis driven by PI3K-dependent AMPK inactivation with a consequent repression in the expression of key metabolic transcription regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria G Antico Arciuch
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Price Center for Genetic and Translational Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue,Room 302, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Hendriks WJAJ, Pulido R. Protein tyrosine phosphatase variants in human hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1673-96. [PMID: 23707412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins is a key regulatory mechanism to steer normal development and physiological functioning of multicellular organisms. Phosphotyrosine dephosphorylation is exerted by members of the super-family of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) enzymes and many play such essential roles that a wide variety of hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man are caused by PTP alleles. More than two decades of PTP research has resulted in a collection of PTP genetic variants with corresponding consequences at the molecular, cellular and physiological level. Here we present a comprehensive overview of these PTP gene variants that have been linked to disease states in man. Although the findings have direct bearing for disease diagnostics and for research on disease etiology, more work is necessary to translate this into therapies that alleviate the burden of these hereditary disorders and disease susceptibilities in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Mirantes C, Eritja N, Dosil MA, Santacana M, Pallares J, Gatius S, Bergadà L, Maiques O, Matias-Guiu X, Dolcet X. An inducible knockout mouse to model the cell-autonomous role of PTEN in initiating endometrial, prostate and thyroid neoplasias. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:710-20. [PMID: 23471917 PMCID: PMC3634654 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancers. The role of PTEN in carcinogenesis has been validated by knockout mouse models. PTEN heterozygous mice develop neoplasms in multiple organs. Unfortunately, the embryonic lethality of biallelic excision of PTEN has inhibited the study of complete PTEN deletion in the development and progression of cancer. By crossing PTEN conditional knockout mice with transgenic mice expressing a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-ERT under the control of a chicken actin promoter, we have generated a tamoxifen-inducible mouse model that allows temporal control of PTEN deletion. Interestingly, administration of a single dose of tamoxifen resulted in PTEN deletion mainly in epithelial cells, but not in stromal, mesenchymal or hematopoietic cells. Using the mT/mG double-fluorescent Cre reporter mice, we demonstrate that epithelial-specific PTEN excision was caused by differential Cre activity among tissues and cells types. Tamoxifen-induced deletion of PTEN resulted in extremely rapid and consistent formation of endometrial in situ adenocarcinoma, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and thyroid hyperplasia. We also analyzed the role of PTEN ablation in other epithelial cells, such as the tubular cells of the kidney, hepatocytes, colonic epithelial cells or bronchiolar epithelium, but those tissues did not exhibit neoplastic growth. Finally, to validate this model as a tool to assay the efficacy of anti-tumor drugs in PTEN deficiency, we administered the mTOR inhibitor everolimus to mice with induced PTEN deletion. Everolimus dramatically reduced the progression of endometrial proliferations and significantly reduced thyroid hyperplasia. This model could be a valuable tool to study the cell-autonomous mechanisms involved in PTEN-loss-induced carcinogenesis and provides a good platform to study the effect of anti-neoplastic drugs on PTEN-negative tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mirantes
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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49
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Ngeow J, He X, Mester JL, Lei J, Romigh T, Orloff MS, Milas M, Eng C. Utility of PTEN protein dosage in predicting for underlying germline PTEN mutations among patients presenting with thyroid cancer and Cowden-like phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E2320-7. [PMID: 23066114 PMCID: PMC3513537 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer is a major component of Cowden syndrome (CS). CS patients with an underlying PTEN mutation (PTEN(mut+)) have a 70-fold increased risk of developing epithelial thyroid cancer. In contrast, less than 1% of sporadic epithelial thyroid cancer patients carry a germline PTEN mutation. Cost-efficient markers capable of shortlisting thyroid cancers for CS genetic testing would be clinically useful. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to analyze the utility of patient blood phosphate and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) protein levels in predicting germline PTEN mutations. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS We conducted a 5-yr, multicenter prospective study of 2792 CS and CS-like patients, all of whom had comprehensive PTEN analysis. Analysis of PTEN and downstream proteins by immunoblotting was performed on total protein lysates from patient-derived lymphoblast lines. We compared blood PTEN protein levels between PTEN(mut+) patients and those with variants of unknown significance or wild-type PTEN (PTEN(wt/vus)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We assessed the utility of PTEN protein levels in predicting germline PTEN mutations. RESULTS Of 2792 CS/CS-like patients, 721 patients had thyroid cancer; 582 of them (81%) had blood PTEN protein analyzed. PTEN germline pathogenic mutations were present in 27 of 582 patients (4.6%). Ninety-six percent (26 of 27) of PTEN(mut+) patients had blood PTEN protein levels in the lowest quartile as compared with 25% (139 of 555) of PTEN(wt/vus) patients (P < 0.001). Low blood PTEN levels predicted for PTEN(mut+) cases with a 99.76% negative predictive value (95% confidence interval = 98.67-99.96) and a positive test likelihood ratio of 3.84 (95% confidence interval = 3.27-4.52). CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that low blood PTEN protein expression could serve as a screening molecular correlate to predict for germline PTEN mutation in CS and CS-like presentations of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ngeow
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Thyrocyte-specific inactivation of p53 and Pten results in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas faithfully recapitulating human tumors. Oncotarget 2012; 2:1109-26. [PMID: 22190384 PMCID: PMC3282070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is the most aggressive form of thyroid cancer, and often derives from pre-existing well-differentiated tumors. Despite a relatively low prevalence, it accounts for a disproportionate number of thyroid cancer-related deaths, due to its resistance to any therapeutic approach. Here we describe the first mouse model of ATC, obtained by combining in the mouse thyroid follicular cells two molecular hallmarks of human ATC: activation of PI3K (via Pten deletion) and inactivation of p53. By 9 months of age, over 75% of the compound mutant mice develop aggressive, undifferentiated thyroid tumors that evolve from pre-existing follicular hyperplasia and carcinoma. These tumors display all the features of their human counterpart, including pleomorphism, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, aneuploidy, local invasion, and distant metastases. Expression profiling of the murine ATCs reveals a significant overlap with genes found deregulated in human ATC, including genes involved in mitosis control. Furthermore, similar to the human tumors, [Pten, p53]thyr-/- tumors and cells are highly glycolytic and remarkably sensitive to glycolysis inhibitors, which synergize with standard chemotherapy. Taken together, our results show that combined PI3K activation and p53 loss faithfully reproduce the development of thyroid anaplastic carcinomas, and provide a compelling rationale for targeting glycolysis to increase chemotherapy response in ATC patients.
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