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Wang C, Huang Y, Jia B, Huang Y, Chen J. Heparanase promotes malignant phenotypes of human oral squamous carcinoma cells by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related molecules and infiltrated levels of natural killer cells. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 154:105775. [PMID: 37481997 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to explore the functional role of heparanase (HPSE) and investigate the effect of HPSE on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and Tumor-infiltrating activated natural killer cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-25) cells were transfected with HPSE-specific small interfering RNA. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to examine cell proliferation, while flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle. Scratch assay was conducted to analyze cell migration, followed by Transwell assay to determine cell invasion. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western-blot assays were performed to measure epithelial-mesenchymal transition protein expression. RNA Sequencing analysis and tumor-infiltrating immune cells estimation were performed to elucidate the effect of HPSE on OSCC. RESULTS Knockdown of HPSE expression decreased the proliferation rate of SCC-25 cells resulting in a significant elevation in cell percentage at the Gap phase 0/Gap phase 1 phase by suppressed cell migration and invasion. The E-cadherin messenger RNA and protein expression increased while Snail and Vimentin expression decreased. RNA Sequencing analysis performed between small interfering RNA and negative control groups identified 42 differentially expressed genes, such as syndecan binding protein, RAB11A, member RAS oncogene family, and DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 15. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that knockdown of HPSE suppressed SCC-25 cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, possibly via syndecan binding protein and RAB11A, member RAS oncogene family. Moreover, HPSE regulates the infiltrated levels of natural killer cells activated, possibly via DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital,The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University, Yancheng 224001 China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Bo Jia
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280 China
| | - Yuhua Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Guangdong Province Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280 China.
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McDonald B, Barth K, Schmidt MHH. The origin of brain malignancies at the blood-brain barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:282. [PMID: 37688612 PMCID: PMC10492883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in extracranial therapy, survival rate for patients suffering from brain metastases remains very poor. This is coupled with the incidence of brain metastases continuing to rise. In this review, we focus on core contributions of the blood-brain barrier to the origin of brain metastases. We first provide an overview of the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier under physiological conditions. Next, we discuss the emerging idea of a pre-metastatic niche, namely that secreted factors and extracellular vesicles from a primary tumor site are able to travel through the circulation and prime the neurovasculature for metastatic invasion. We then consider the neurotropic mechanisms that circulating tumor cells possess or develop that facilitate disruption of the blood-brain barrier and survival in the brain's parenchyma. Finally, we compare and contrast brain metastases at the blood-brain barrier to the primary brain tumor, glioma, examining the process of vessel co-option that favors the survival and outgrowth of brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan McDonald
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Barth
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Dresden, Germany
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Vlodavsky I, Kayal Y, Hilwi M, Soboh S, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase-A single protein with multiple enzymatic and nonenzymatic functions. PROTEOGLYCAN RESEARCH 2023; 1:e6. [PMID: 37547889 PMCID: PMC10398610 DOI: 10.1002/pgr2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (Hpa1) is expressed by tumor cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment and functions extracellularly to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulate the bioavailability of ECM-bound factors, augmenting, among other effects, gene transcription, autophagy, exosome formation, and heparan sulfate (HS) turnover. Much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance. The enzyme appears to fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, autophagy, HS turnover, and gene transcription. It activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and nonenzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive tumor growth, dissemination, and drug resistance as well as inflammatory responses. The emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, and other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a key regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a valid target for therapy. So far, however, antiheparanase-based therapy has not been implemented in the clinic. Unlike heparanase, heparanase-2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase (Hpa1), does not undergo proteolytic processing and hence lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity, the hallmark of heparanase. Hpa2 retains the capacity to bind heparin/HS and exhibits an even higher affinity towards HS than heparanase, thus competing for HS binding and inhibiting heparanase enzymatic activity. It appears that Hpa2 functions as a natural inhibitor of Hpa1 regulates the expression of selected genes that maintain tissue hemostasis and normal function, and plays a protective role against cancer and inflammation, together emphasizing the significance of maintaining a proper balance between Hpa1 and Hpa2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Yasmin Kayal
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Maram Hilwi
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Soaad Soboh
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, TechnionRappaport Faculty of MedicineHaifaIsrael
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Yang Y, Yuan F, Zhou H, Quan J, Liu C, Wang Y, Xiao F, Liu Q, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yu X. Potential roles of heparanase in cancer therapy: Current trends and future direction. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:896-917. [PMID: 36924082 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE; heparanase-1) is an endo-β-glucuronidase capable of degrading the carbohydrate moiety of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, thus modulating and facilitating the remodeling of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. HPSE activity is strongly associated with major human pathological complications, including but not limited to tumor progress and angiogenesis. Several lines of literature have shown that overexpression of HPSE leads to enhanced tumor growth and metastatic transmission, as well as poor prognosis. Gene silencing of HPSE or treatment of tumor with compounds that block HPSE activity are shown to remarkably attenuate tumor progression. Therefore, targeting HPSE is considered as a potential therapeutical strategy for the treatment of cancer. Intriguingly, recent findings disclose that heparanase-2 (HPSE-2), a close homolog of HPSE but lacking enzymatic activity, can also regulate antitumor mechanisms. Given the pleiotropic roles of HPSE, further investigation is in demand to determine the precise mechanism of regulating action of HPSE in different cancer settings. In this review, we first summarize the current understanding of HPSE, such as its structure, subcellular localization, and tissue distribution. Furthermore, we systematically review the pro- and antitumorigenic roles and mechanisms of HPSE in cancer progress. In addition, we delineate HPSE inhibitors that have entered clinical trials and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fengyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Huiqin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Quan
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Model Animals and Stem Cell Biology of Hunan Province, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Heparanase Increases Podocyte Survival and Autophagic Flux after Adriamycin-Induced Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012691. [PMID: 36293542 PMCID: PMC9604275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) is enriched with heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans, which contribute to its permselectivity. The endoglycosidase heparanase cleaves HS and hence appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of kidney injury and glomerulonephritis. We have recently reported, nonetheless, that heparanase overexpression preserved glomerular structure and kidney function in an experimental model of Adriamycin-induced nephropathy. To elucidate mechanisms underlying heparanase function in podocytes-key GFB cells, we utilized a human podocyte cell line and transgenic mice overexpressing heparanase. Notably, podocytes overexpressing heparanase (H) demonstrated significantly higher survival rates and viability after exposure to Adriamycin or hydrogen peroxide, compared with mock-infected (V) podocytes. Immunofluorescence staining of kidney cryo-sections and cultured H and V podocytes as well as immunoblotting of proteins extracted from cultured cells, revealed that exposure to toxic injury resulted in a significant increase in autophagic flux in H podocytes, which was reversed by the heparanase inhibitor, Roneparstat (SST0001). Heparanase overexpression was also associated with substantial transcriptional upregulation of autophagy genes BCN1, ATG5, and ATG12, following Adriamycin treatment. Moreover, cleaved caspase-3 was attenuated in H podocytes exposed to Adriamycin, indicating lower apoptotic cell death in H vs. V podocytes. Collectively, these findings suggest that in podocytes, elevated levels of heparanase promote cytoprotection.
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A Macrophage Differentiation-Mediated Gene: DDX20 as a Molecular Biomarker Encompassing the Tumor Microenvironment, Disease Staging, and Prognoses in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9971776. [PMID: 36246406 PMCID: PMC9556188 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9971776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background DDX20 involves the mechanism of cell proliferate, mitogenic Ets transcriptional suppressor (METS), which can arrest the cell cycle of macrophages. However, little is known about DDX20 expression, clinical values, and the relationship with tumor microenvironment in HCC. Methods We mined the transcriptional, protein expression and survival data of DDX20 in HCC from online databases. The immunological effects of DDX20 were estimated by bioinformatic algorithms. The RNAi and CRISPR screening were used to assess the gene effect of DDX20 for the EGFR gene in liver tumor cell. Results We found that the DDX20 was highly expressed in HCC. The qRT-PCR result shows a significantly upregulated DDX20 expression in HCC samples from the West China Hospital. The high mRNA expression of DDX20 is associated with a poor survival. DDX20 expression is positively correlated with MDSCs in HCC tissues. Moreover, DDX20 has a high predicted ability for the response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, hsa-mir-324-5p could regulate the macrophage differentiation by interacting with DDX20. Meanwhile, the EGFR gene gets a high dependency score for DDX20. Conclusion In sum, DDX20 may serve as a prognostic marker for worse clinical outcomes with HCC and potentially enable more precise and personalized immunotherapeutic strategies in the future.
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Yang M, Tang B, Wang S, Tang L, Wen D, Vlodavsky I, Yang SM. Non-enzymatic heparanase enhances gastric tumor proliferation via TFEB-dependent autophagy. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:49. [PMID: 35970822 PMCID: PMC9378687 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPA) is the predominant enzyme that cleaves heparan sulfate and plays a critical role in a variety of pathophysiological processes. HPA activity has been traditionally correlated with tumor metastasis due to participation in the cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Apart from its well-characterized catalytic properties, HPA was noticed to exert biological functions not rely on its enzymatic activity. This feature is supported by studies showing induction of signaling events, such as Src and AKT, by nonenzymatic HPA mutant. We provide evidence here that active HPA and inactive HPA mutant proteins enhance gastric cancer cell growth, possibly attributed to TFEB-mediated autophagy. Similarly, HPA gene silencing resulted in decreased gastric cancer cell proliferation and autophagy. Besides, TFEB inhibition reduced cell growth and autophagy induced by nonenzymatic HPA. Notably, HPA and TFEB were significantly elevated in gastric carcinomas compared with the adjacent gastric tissue. Moreover, the elevation of HPA gene expression and upregulation of TFEB levels have been associated with advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis of gastric cancer, providing strong clinical support for a connection between TFEB and HPA. Thus, neutralizing the nonenzymatic function of HPA and the related TFEB-driven autophagy may profoundly impact gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Sumin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China
| | - Dalin Wen
- Wound Trauma Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, 31096, Israel.
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, 400037, Chongqing, China.
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Rodrigues AAN, Lopes-Santos L, Lacerda PA, Juste MF, Mariz BA, Cajazeiro DC, Giacobbe V, Borges R, Casarim A, Callegari GDS, Claret Arcadipane FAM, Aprahamian I, Salo TA, De Oliveira CE, Coletta RD, Augusto TM, Cervigne NK. Heparanase 1 Upregulation Promotes Tumor Progression and Is a Predictor of Low Survival for Oral Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:742213. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.742213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral cavity cancer is still an important public health problem throughout the world. Oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) can be quite aggressive and metastatic, with a low survival rate and poor prognosis. However, this is usually related to the clinical stage and histological grade, and molecular prognostic markers for clinical practice are yet to be defined. Heparanase (HPSE1) is an endoglycosidase associated with extracellular matrix remodeling, and although involved in several malignancies, the clinical implications of HPSE1 expression in OSCCs are still unknown.Methods: We sought to investigate HPSE1 expression in a series of primary OSCCs and further explore whether its overexpression plays a relevant role in OSCC tumorigenesis. mRNA and protein expression analyses were performed in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines. A loss-of-function strategy using shRNA and a gain-of-function strategy using an ORF vector targeting HPSE1 were employed to investigate the endogenous modulation of HPSE1 and its effects on proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), angiogenesis, migration, and invasion of oral cancer in vitro.Results: We demonstrated that HPSE1 is frequently upregulated in OSCC samples and cell lines and is an unfavorable prognostic indicator of disease-specific survival when combined with advanced pT stages. Moreover, abrogation of HPSE1 in OSCC cells significantly promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by significantly decreasing the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin. Furthermore, a conditioned medium of HPSE1-downregulated cells resulted in reduced vascular endothelial growth.Conclusion: Our results confirm the overexpression of HPSE1 in OSCCs, suggest that HPSE1 expression correlates with disease progression as it is associated with several important biological processes for oral tumorigenesis, and can be managed as a prognostic marker for patients with OSCC.
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Mayfosh AJ, Nguyen TK, Hulett MD. The Heparanase Regulatory Network in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11096. [PMID: 34681753 PMCID: PMC8541136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a structural framework that has many important physiological functions which include maintaining tissue structure and integrity, serving as a barrier to invading pathogens, and acting as a reservoir for bioactive molecules. This cellular scaffold is made up of various types of macromolecules including heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). HSPGs comprise a protein core linked to the complex glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS), the remodeling of which is important for many physiological processes such as wound healing as well as pathological processes including cancer metastasis. Turnover of HS is tightly regulated by a single enzyme capable of cleaving HS side chains: heparanase. Heparanase upregulation has been identified in many inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, fibrosis, and cancer, where it has been shown to play multiple roles in processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and cancer metastasis. Heparanase expression and activity are tightly regulated. Understanding the regulation of heparanase and its downstream targets is attractive for the development of treatments for these diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the regulators of heparanase as well as the enzyme's downstream gene and protein targets, and implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyce J. Mayfosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Tien K. Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
| | - Mark D. Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3083, Australia; (A.J.M.); (T.K.N.)
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Gross-Cohen M, Yanku Y, Kessler O, Barash U, Boyango I, Cid-Arregui A, Neufeld G, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 (Hpa2) attenuates tumor growth by inducing Sox2 expression. Matrix Biol 2021; 99:58-71. [PMID: 34004353 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pro-tumorigenic properties of heparanase are well documented, and heparanase inhibitors are being evaluated clinically as anti-cancer therapeutics. In contrast, the role of heparanase 2 (Hpa2), a close homolog of heparanase, in cancer is largely unknown. Previously, we have reported that in head and neck cancer, high levels of Hpa2 are associated with prolonged patient survival and decreased tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes, suggesting that Hpa2 functions to restrain tumorigenesis. Also, patients with high levels of Hpa2 were diagnosed as low grade and exhibited increased expression of cytokeratins, an indication that Hpa2 promotes or maintains epithelial cell differentiation and identity. To reveal the molecular mechanism underlying the tumor suppressor properties of Hpa2, and its ability to induce the expression of cytokeratin, we employed overexpression as well as gene editing (Crispr) approaches, combined with gene array and RNAseq methodologies. At the top of the list of many genes found to be affected by Hpa2 was Sox2. Here we provide evidence that silencing of Sox2 resulted in bigger tumors endowed with reduced cytokeratin levels, whereas smaller tumors were developed by cells overexpressing Sox2, suggesting that in head and neck carcinoma, Sox2 functions to inhibit tumor growth. Notably, Hpa2-null cells engineered by Crispr/Cas 9, produced bigger tumors vs control cells, and rescue of Hpa2 attenuated tumor growth. These results strongly imply that Hpa2 functions as a tumor suppressor in head and neck cancer, involving Sox2 upregulation mediated, in part, by the high-affinity interaction of Hpa2 with heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yifat Yanku
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofra Kessler
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Gera Neufeld
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Kaur R, Deb PK, Diwan V, Saini B. Heparanase Inhibitors in Cancer Progression: Recent Advances. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:43-68. [PMID: 33185156 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201113105250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An endo-β-glucuronidase enzyme, Heparanase (HPSE), degrades the side chains of polymeric heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan formed by alternate repetitive units of D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid/L-iduronic acid. HS is a major component of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes and has been implicated in processes of the tissue's integrity and functional state. The degradation of HS by HPSE enzyme leads to conditions like inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. An elevated HPSE expression with a poor prognosis and its multiple roles in tumor growth and metastasis has attracted significant interest for its inhibition as a potential anti-neoplastic target. METHODS We reviewed the literature from journal publication websites and electronic databases such as Bentham, Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, USFDA, etc., about HPSE, its structure, functions, and role in cancer. RESULTS The present review is focused on Heparanase inhibitors (HPIns) that have been isolated from natural resources or chemically synthesized as new therapeutics for metastatic tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases in recent years. The recent developments made in the HPSE structure and function are also discussed, which can lead to the future design of HPIns with more potency and specificity for the target. CONCLUSION HPIns can be a better target to be explored against various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Philadelphia, Jordan
| | - Vishal Diwan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Balraj Saini
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Habli Z, Deen NNA, Malaeb W, Mahfouz N, Mermerian A, Talhouk R, Mhanna R. Biomimetic sulfated glycosaminoglycans maintain differentiation markers of breast epithelial cells and preferentially inhibit proliferation of cancer cells. Acta Biomater 2021; 122:186-198. [PMID: 33444795 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are key elements involved in various physiological and pathological processes including cancer. Several GAG-based drugs have been developed showing significant results and potential use as cancer therapeutics. We previously reported that alginate sulfate (AlgSulf), a GAG-mimetic, reduces the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells. In this study, we evaluated the preferential effect of AlgSulf on tumorigenic and nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells in 2D, 3D, and coculture conditions. AlgSulf were synthesized with different degrees of sulfation (DSs) varying from 0 to 2.7 and used at 100 µg/mL on HMT-3522 S1 (S1) nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cells and their tumorigenic counterparts HMT-3522 T4-2 (T4-2) cells. The anti-tumor properties of AlgSulf were assessed using trypan blue and bromodeoxyuridine proliferation (BrdU) assays, immunofluorescence staining and transwell invasion assay. Binding of insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) to sulfated substrates was measured using QCM-D and ELISA. In 2D, the cell growth rate of cells treated with AlgSulf was consistently lower compared to untreated controls (p<0.001) and surpassed the effect of the native GAG heparin (positive control). In 3D, AlgSulf preferentially hindered the growth rate and the invasion potential of tumorigenic T4-2 nodules while maintaining the formation of differentiated polarized nontumorigenic S1 acini. The preferential growth inhibition of tumorigenic cells by AlgSulf was confirmed in a coculture system (p<0.001). In the ELISA assay, a trend of EGF binding was detected for sulfated polysaccharides while QCM-D analysis showed negligible binding of insulin and EGF to sulfated substrates. The preferential effect mediated by the mimetic sulfated GAGs on cancer cells may in part be growth factor dependent. Our findings suggest a potential anticancer therapeutic role of AlgSulf for the development of anticancer drugs.
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Koganti R, Suryawanshi R, Shukla D. Heparanase, cell signaling, and viral infections. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5059-5077. [PMID: 32462405 PMCID: PMC7252873 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is a multifunctional protein endowed with many non-enzymatic functions and a unique enzymatic activity as an endo-β-D-glucuronidase. The latter allows it to serve as a key modulator of extracellular matrix (ECM) via a well-regulated cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans at cell surfaces. The cleavage and associated changes at the ECM cause release of multiple signaling molecules with important cellular and pathological functions. New and emerging data suggest that both enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic functions of HPSE are important for health and illnesses including viral infections and virally induced cancers. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of HPSE in activation, inhibition, or bioavailability of key signaling molecules such as AKT, VEGF, MAPK-ERK, and EGFR, which are known regulators of common viral infections in immune and non-immune cell types. Altogether, our review provides a unique overview of HPSE in cell-survival signaling pathways and how they relate to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855 W. Taylor St, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Heparanase is the only mammalian enzyme that cleaves heparan sulphate, an important component of the extracellular matrix. This leads to the remodelling of the extracellular matrix, whilst liberating growth factors and cytokines bound to heparan sulphate. This in turn promotes both physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, immune cell migration, inflammation, wound healing and metastasis. Furthermore, heparanase exhibits non-enzymatic actions in cell signalling and in regulating gene expression. Cancer is underpinned by key characteristic features that promote malignant growth and disease progression, collectively termed the 'hallmarks of cancer'. Essentially, all cancers examined to date have been reported to overexpress heparanase, leading to enhanced tumour growth and metastasis with concomitant poor patient survival. With its multiple roles within the tumour microenvironment, heparanase has been demonstrated to regulate each of these hallmark features, in turn highlighting the need for heparanase-targeted therapies. However, recent discoveries which demonstrated that heparanase can also regulate vital anti-tumour mechanisms have cast doubt on this approach. This review will explore the myriad ways by which heparanase functions as a key regulator of the hallmarks of cancer and will highlight its role as a major component within the tumour microenvironment. The dual role of heparanase within the tumour microenvironment, however, emphasises the need for further investigation into defining its precise mechanism of action in different cancer settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnath M Jayatilleke
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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Teixeira FCOB, Götte M. Involvement of Syndecan-1 and Heparanase in Cancer and Inflammation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:97-135. [PMID: 32274708 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1 acts as an important co-receptor for receptor tyrosine kinases and chemokine receptors, and as an adhesion receptor for structural glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix. It serves as a substrate for heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase that degrades specific domains of heparan sulfate carbohydrate chains and thereby alters the functional status of the proteoglycan and of Syndecan-1-bound ligands. Syndecan-1 and heparanase show multiple levels of functional interactions, resulting in mutual regulation of their expression, processing, and activity. These interactions are of particular relevance in the context of inflammation and malignant disease. Studies in animal models have revealed a mechanistic role of Syndecan-1 and heparanase in the regulation of contact allergies, kidney inflammation, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. Moreover, functional interactions between Syndecan-1 and heparanase modulate virtually all steps of tumor progression as defined in the Hallmarks of Cancer. Due to their prognostic value in cancer, and their mechanistic involvement in tumor progression, Syndecan-1 and heparanase have emerged as important drug targets. Data in preclinical models and preclinical phase I/II studies have already yielded promising results that provide a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C O B Teixeira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.
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Heparanase-The Message Comes in Different Flavors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:253-283. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Cohen-Kaplan V, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase Loosens E-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Contact via Activation of Src. Front Oncol 2020; 10:2. [PMID: 32038981 PMCID: PMC6990126 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Activity of heparanase, responsible for cleavage of heparan sulfate (HS), is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis. This is due primarily to remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that becomes more prone to invasion by metastatic tumor cells. In addition, heparanase promotes the development of blood and lymph vessels that mobilize disseminated cells to distant organs. Here, we provide evidence for an additional mechanism by which heparanase affects cell motility, namely the destruction of E-cadherin based adherent junctions (AJ). We found that overexpression of heparanase or its exogenous addition results in reduced E-cadherin levels in the cell membrane. This was associated with a substantial increase in the phosphorylation levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, and p120-catenin, the latter recognized as a substrate of Src. Indeed, we found that Src phosphorylation is increased in heparanase overexpressing cells, associating with a marked decrease in the interaction of E-cadherin with β-catenin, which is instrumental for AJ integrity and cell-cell adhesion. Notably, the association of E-cadherin with β-catenin in heparanase overexpressing cells was restored by Src inhibitor, along with reduced cell migration. These results imply that heparanase promotes tumor metastasis by virtue of its enzymatic activity responsible for remodeling of the ECM, and by signaling aspects that result in Src-mediated phosphorylation of E-cadherin/catenins and loosening of cell-cell contacts that are required for maintaining the integrity of epithelial sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Cohen-Kaplan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Technion, Haifa, Israel
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Opposing Effects of Heparanase and Heparanase-2 in Head & Neck Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:847-856. [PMID: 32274741 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) is the most common cancer in the head and neck and is the sixth most common neoplasm worldwide. SCCHN has a high propensity to lymph node metastases, especially cancer of the pharynx. Prognosis of patients with SCCHN is severely influenced by the status of metastatic cervical lymph nodes and survival rates drop down to half when patients are presented with a metastatic node. The clinical relevance of heparanase as a prognostic marker in SCCHN was reported in several publications. Low levels of heparanase in SCCHN tumor cells was correlated with prolonged disease-free and overall survival. Furthermore, nuclear localization of heparanase predicts a favorable outcome compared to cytoplasmic localization. Heparanase staining was positively correlated with lymphatic vessel density and lymph node metastasis associated with the elevation of vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). Heparanase ability to enhance phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) were postulated to serve as critical molecular mechanisms by which heparanase facilitates tumor growth.Heparanase-2 (HPA2) is a close homolog of heparanase that lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity but retains the capacity to bind HS with high affinity. HPA2 expression was markedly elevated in SCCHN patients, correlating with prolonged follow-up time to recurrence and inversely correlating with patients' N-stage. HPA2 appears to inhibit tumor dissemination, suggesting that HPA2 functions as a tumor suppressor. Thus, Heparanase and Heparanase-2 seem to exert opposing effects on SCCHN.
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Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Forty Years of Basic and Translational Heparanase Research. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1221:3-59. [PMID: 32274705 PMCID: PMC7142273 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34521-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes key developments in the heparanase field obtained 20 years prior to cloning of the HPSE gene and nearly 20 years after its cloning. Of the numerous publications and review articles focusing on heparanase, we have selected those that best reflect the progression in the field as well as those we regard important accomplishments with preference to studies performed by scientists and groups that contributed to this book. Apart from a general 'introduction' and 'concluding remarks', the abstracts of these studies are presented essentially as published along the years. We apologize for not being objective and not being able to include some of the most relevant abstracts and references, due to space limitation. Heparanase research can be divided into two eras. The first, initiated around 1975, dealt with identifying the enzyme, establishing the relevant assay systems and investigating its biological activities and significance in cancer and other pathologies. Studies performed during the first area are briefly introduced in a layman style followed by the relevant abstracts presented chronologically, essentially as appears in PubMed. The second era started in 1999 when the heparanase gene was independently cloned by 4 research groups [1-4]. As expected, cloning of the heparanase gene boosted heparanase research by virtue of the readily available recombinant enzyme, molecular probes, and anti-heparanase antibodies. Studies performed during the second area are briefly introduced followed by selected abstracts of key findings, arranged according to specific topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
| | - Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC) Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Haifa Israel
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Barash U, Spyrou A, Liu P, Vlodavsky E, Zhu C, Luo J, Su D, Ilan N, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Vlodavsky I, Yang X. Heparanase promotes glioma progression via enhancing CD24 expression. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1596-1608. [PMID: 31032901 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-d-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Compelling evidence tie heparanase levels with all steps of tumor formation including tumor initiation, growth, metastasis and chemo-resistance, likely involving augmentation of signaling pathways and gene transcription. In order to reveal the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the protumorigenic properties of heparanase, we established an inducible (Tet-on) system in U87 human glioma cells and applied gene array methodology in order to identify genes associated with heparanase induction. We found that CD24, a mucin-like cell adhesion protein, is consistently upregulated by heparanase and by heparanase splice variant devoid of enzymatic activity, whereas heparanase gene silencing was associated with decreased CD24 expression. This finding was further substantiated by a similar pattern of heparanase and CD24 immunostaining in glioma patients (Pearson's correlation; R = 0.66, p = 0.00001). Noteworthy, overexpression of CD24 stimulated glioma cell migration, invasion, colony formation in soft agar and tumor growth in mice suggesting that CD24 functions promote tumor growth. Likewise, anti-CD24 neutralizing monoclonal antibody attenuated glioma tumor growth, and a similar inhibition was observed in mice treated with a neutralizing mAb directed against L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM), a ligand for CD24. Importantly, significant shorter patient survival was found in heparanase-high/CD24-high tumors vs. heparanase-high/CD24-low tumors for both high-grade and low-grade glioma (p = 0.02). Our results thus uncover a novel heparanase-CD24-L1CAM axis that plays a significant role in glioma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Barash
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Argyris Spyrou
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pei Liu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - Chenchen Zhu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Juanjuan Luo
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Dongsheng Su
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Neta Ilan
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center (TICC), Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Masola V, Zaza G, Gambaro G, Franchi M, Onisto M. Role of heparanase in tumor progression: Molecular aspects and therapeutic options. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 62:86-98. [PMID: 31348993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase that catalyses the cutting of the side chains of heparan-sulphate proteoglycans (HS), thus determining the remodelling of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes, as well as promoting the release of different HS-related molecules as growth factors, cytokines and enzymes. Ever since the HPSE was identified in the late 1980s, several experimental studies have shown that its overexpression was instrumental in increasing tumor growth, metastatic dissemination, angiogenesis and inflammation. More recently, HPSE involvment has also been demonstrated in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, in inducing gene transcription, in the activation of signaling pathways and in the formation of exosomes and in autophagy. All of these activities (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) together make heparanase a multifunctional molecule that increases the aggressiveness and chemo-resistance of tumor cells. Conversely, heparanase gene-silencing or tumor treatment with compounds that inhibit heparanase activity have been shown to significantly attenuate tumor progression in different animal models of tumorigenesis, further emphasizing the therapeutic potential of anti-heparanase therapy for several types of neoplasms. This review focuses on present knowledge and recent development in the study of heparanase in cancer progression as well as on novel mechanisms by which heparanase regulates tumor metastasis and chemo-resistance. Moreover, recent advances in strategies for its inhibition as a potential therapeutic option will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Masola
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy; Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Dept. of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Franchi
- Dept. of Life Quality Sciences, University of Bologna, Corso D'Augusto 237, 47921, Rimini, Italy
| | - Maurizio Onisto
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121, Padova, Italy.
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22
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Song T, Spillmann D. Transcriptomic analysis reveals cell apoptotic signature modified by heparanase in melanoma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4559-4568. [PMID: 31044520 PMCID: PMC6584584 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase has been implicated in many pathological conditions, especially inflammation and cancer, attributed to its degradation of heparan sulfate, a crucial component maintaining the integrity of the extracellular matrix. By silencing the heparanase gene (HPSE) in MDA-MB-435s melanoma cells, we investigated the impact of this protein on gene transcription. Transcriptome sequencing yielded a list of 279 differentially expressed genes, of which 140 were up-regulated and 239 down-regulated. The 140 up-regulated genes were classified into a substantial set of gene ontology defined functions, for example, positive regulation of cell death, apoptotic process, response to cytokine, while 239 down-regulated genes classify only into the two categories: nucleosome and nucleosome assembly. Our focus was drawn to an array of 28 pro-apoptotic genes regulated by heparanase: real-time PCR experiments further validated up-regulation of EGR1, TXNIP, AXL, CYR61, LIMS2 and TNFRSF12A by at least 1.5-fold, among which EGR1, CYR61, and TNFRSF12A were confirmed on protein level. We demonstrated significantly increased apoptotic cells by TUNEL staining upon HPSE silencing, mediated by activation of caspase 3/PARP1 pathway. The pro-apoptotic gene expression and observation of apoptosis were extended to another melanoma cell line, MV3 cells, thus consolidating the anti-apoptosis effect of heparanase in melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Song
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorothe Spillmann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Xie M, Li JP. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan - A common receptor for diverse cytokines. Cell Signal 2018; 54:115-121. [PMID: 30500378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) are macromolecular glyco-conjugates expressed ubiquitously on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix where they interact with a wide range of ligands to regulate many aspects of cellular function. The capacity of the side glycosaminoglycan chain heparan sulfate (HS) being able to interact with diverse protein ligands relies on its complex structure that is generated by a controlled biosynthesis process, involving the actions of glycosyl-transferases, sulfotransferases and the glucuronyl C5-epimerase. It is believed that activities of the modification enzymes control the HS structures that are designed to serve the biological functions in a given cell or biological status. In this review, we briefly discuss recent understandings on the roles of HSPG in cytokine stimulated cellular signaling, focusing on FGF, TGF-β, Wnt, Hh, HGF and VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xie
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, SciLifeLab Uppsala, The Biomedical Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
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24
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Lanzi C, Cassinelli G. Heparan Sulfate Mimetics in Cancer Therapy: The Challenge to Define Structural Determinants and the Relevance of Targets for Optimal Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:E2915. [PMID: 30413079 PMCID: PMC6278363 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Beyond anticoagulation, the therapeutic potential of heparin derivatives and heparan sulfate (HS) mimetics (functionally defined HS mimetics) in oncology is related to their ability to bind and modulate the function of a vast array of HS-binding proteins with pivotal roles in cancer growth and progression. The definition of structural/functional determinants and the introduction of chemical modifications enabled heparin derivatives to be identified with greatly reduced or absent anticoagulant activity, but conserved/enhanced anticancer activity. These studies paved the way for the disclosure of structural requirements for the inhibitory effects of HS mimetics on heparanase, selectins, and growth factor receptor signaling, as well as for the limitation of side effects. Actually, HS mimetics affect the tumor biological behavior via a multi-target mechanism of action based on their effects on tumor cells and various components of the tumor microenvironment. Emerging evidence indicates that immunomodulation can participate in the antitumor activity of these agents. Significant ability to enhance the antitumor effects of combination treatments with standard therapies was shown in several tumor models. While the first HS mimetics are undergoing early clinical evaluation, an improved understanding of the molecular contexts favoring the antitumor action in certain malignancies or subgroups is needed to fully exploit their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lanzi
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cassinelli
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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26
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Boyango I, Barash U, Fux L, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Targeting heparanase to the mammary epithelium enhances mammary gland development and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Matrix Biol 2017; 65:91-103. [PMID: 28916201 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endoglucuronidase that uniquely cleaves the heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans. This activity ultimately alters the structural integrity of the ECM and basement membrane that becomes more prone to cellular invasion by metastatic cancer cells and cells of the immune system. In addition, enzymatically inactive heparanase was found to facilitate the proliferation and survival of cancer cells by activation of signaling molecules such as Akt, Src, signal transducer and activation of transcription (Stat), and epidermal growth factor receptor. This function is thought to be executed by the C-terminal domain of heparanase (8c), because over expression of this domain in cancer cells accelerated signaling cascades and tumor growth. We have used the regulatory elements of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) to direct the expression heparanase and the C-domain (8c) to the mammary gland epithelium of transgenic mice. Here, we report that mammary gland branching morphogenesis is increased in MMTV-heparanase and MMTV-8c mice, associating with increased Akt, Stat5 and Src phosphorylation. Furthermore, we found that the growth of tumors generated by mouse breast cancer cells and the resulting lung metastases are enhanced in MMTV-heparanase mice, thus supporting the notion that heparanase contributed by the tumor microenvironment (i.e., normal mammary epithelium) plays a decisive role in tumorigenesis. Remarkably, MMTV-8c mice develop spontaneous tumors in their mammary and salivary glands. Although this occurs at low rates and requires long latency, it demonstrates decisively the pro-tumorigenic capacity of heparanase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Liat Fux
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Ramabm Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
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Batool T, Fang J, Barash U, Moustakas A, Vlodavsky I, Li JP. Overexpression of heparanase attenuated TGF-β-stimulated signaling in tumor cells. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:405-413. [PMID: 28286736 PMCID: PMC5337900 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) mediates the activity of various growth factors including TGF-β. Heparanase is an endo-glucuronidase that specifically cleaves and modifies HS structure. In this study, we examined the effect of heparanase expression on TGF-β1-dependent signaling activities. We found that overexpression of heparanase in human tumor cells (i.e., Fadu pharyngeal carcinoma, MCF7 breast carcinoma) attenuated TGF-β1-stimulated Smad phosphorylation and led to a slower cell proliferation. TGF-β1-stimulated Akt and Erk phosphorylation was also affected in the heparanase overexpression cells. This effect involved the enzymatic activity of heparanase, as overexpression of mutant inactive heparanase did not affect TGF-β1 signaling activity. Analysis of HS isolated from Fadu cells revealed an increase in sulfation of the HS that had a rapid turnover in cells overexpressing heparanase. It appears that the structural alterations of HS affect the ability of TGF-β1 to signal via its receptors and elicit a growth response. Given that heparanase expression promotes tumor growth in most cancers, this finding highlights a crosstalk between heparanase, HS, and TGF-β1 function in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Batool
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and SciLifeLab University of Uppsala Sweden
| | - Jianping Fang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and SciLifeLabUniversity of UppsalaSweden; Present address: GlycoNovo Technologies Co., Ltd.ShanghaiChina
| | - Uri Barash
- Faculty of Medicine Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport Technion Haifa Israel
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and SciLifeLab University of Uppsala Sweden
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Faculty of Medicine Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center Rappaport Technion Haifa Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology and SciLifeLab University of Uppsala Sweden
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28
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Singh P, Blatt A, Feld S, Zohar Y, Saadi E, Barki-Harrington L, Hammond E, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Chowers Y, Half E. The Heparanase Inhibitor PG545 Attenuates Colon Cancer Initiation and Growth, Associating with Increased p21 Expression. Neoplasia 2017; 19:175-184. [PMID: 28147305 PMCID: PMC5279702 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase activity is highly implicated in cellular invasion and tumor metastasis, a consequence of cleavage of heparan sulfate and remodeling of the extracellular matrix underlying epithelial and endothelial cells. Heparanase expression is rare in normal epithelia, but is often induced in tumors, associated with increased tumor metastasis and poor prognosis. In addition, heparanase induction promotes tumor growth, but the molecular mechanism that underlines tumor expansion by heparanase is still incompletely understood. Here, we provide evidence that heparanase down regulates the expression of p21 (WAF1/CIP1), a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that attenuates the cell cycle. Notably, a reciprocal effect was noted for PG545, a potent heparanase inhibitor. This compound efficiently reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and tumor xenograft growth, associating with a marked increase in p21 expression. Utilizing the APC Min+/− mouse model, we show that heparanase expression and activity are increased in small bowel polyps, whereas polyp initiation and growth were significantly inhibited by PG545, again accompanied by a prominent induction of p21 levels. Down-regulation of p21 expression adds a novel feature for the emerging pro-tumorigenic properties of heparanase, while the potent p21 induction and anti-tumor effect of PG545 lends optimism that it would prove an efficacious therapeutic in colon carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Alexandra Blatt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Esraa Saadi
- Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa 31905, Israel
| | | | | | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yehuda Chowers
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
| | - Elizabeth Half
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus and Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3109601, Israel.
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix. This activity is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. We have earlier demonstrated that apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We showed that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator-tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity, which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. In patients with cancer, increased heparanase procoagulant activity appeared to be a potential predictor of survival. We have also shown that JAK-2 is involved in heparanase up-regulation via the erythropoietin receptor, a finding that may point to a new mechanism of thrombosis in JAK-2 positive patents with essential thrombocytosis. Recently, we found that the solvent accessible surface of TFPI-2 first Kunitz domain had a role in TF/heparanase complex inhibition. Peptides derived from TFPI-2 inhibitory site were shown to reduce coagulation activation induced by heparanase and to attenuate sepsis severity and tumor growth in a mouse model, without predisposing to significant bleeding tendency. These data imply that inhibition of heparanase procoagulant domain is potentially a good target for sepsis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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30
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Sanderson RD, Elkin M, Rapraeger AC, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase regulation of cancer, autophagy and inflammation: new mechanisms and targets for therapy. FEBS J 2017; 284:42-55. [PMID: 27758044 PMCID: PMC5226874 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of its impact on multiple biological pathways, heparanase has emerged as a major regulator of cancer, inflammation and other disease processes. Heparanase accomplishes this by degrading heparan sulfate which regulates the abundance and location of heparin-binding growth factors thereby influencing multiple signaling pathways that control gene expression, syndecan shedding and cell behavior. In addition, heparanase can act via nonenzymatic mechanisms that directly activate signaling at the cell surface. Clinical trials testing heparanase inhibitors as anticancer therapeutics are showing early signs of efficacy in patients further emphasizing the biological importance of this enzyme. This review focuses on recent developments in the field of heparanase regulation of cancer and inflammation, including the impact of heparanase on exosomes and autophagy, and novel mechanisms whereby heparanase regulates tumor metastasis, angiogenesis and chemoresistance. In addition, the ongoing development of heparanase inhibitors and their potential for treating cancer and inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph D. Sanderson
- Department of Pathology; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alan C. Rapraeger
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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31
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Vlodavsky I, Singh P, Boyango I, Gutter-Kapon L, Elkin M, Sanderson RD, Ilan N. Heparanase: From basic research to therapeutic applications in cancer and inflammation. Drug Resist Updat 2016; 29:54-75. [PMID: 27912844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase, the sole heparan sulfate degrading endoglycosidase, regulates multiple biological activities that enhance tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Heparanase expression is enhanced in almost all cancers examined including various carcinomas, sarcomas and hematological malignancies. Numerous clinical association studies have consistently demonstrated that upregulation of heparanase expression correlates with increased tumor size, tumor angiogenesis, enhanced metastasis and poor prognosis. In contrast, knockdown of heparanase or treatments of tumor-bearing mice with heparanase-inhibiting compounds, markedly attenuate tumor progression further underscoring the potential of anti-heparanase therapy for multiple types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block myeloma and lymphoma tumor growth and dissemination; this is attributable to a combined effect on the tumor cells and/or cells of the tumor microenvironment. In fact, much of the impact of heparanase on tumor progression is related to its function in mediating tumor-host crosstalk, priming the tumor microenvironment to better support tumor growth, metastasis and chemoresistance. The repertoire of the physio-pathological activities of heparanase is expanding. Specifically, heparanase regulates gene expression, activates cells of the innate immune system, promotes the formation of exosomes and autophagosomes, and stimulates signal transduction pathways via enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. These effects dynamically impact multiple regulatory pathways that together drive inflammatory responses, tumor survival, growth, dissemination and drug resistance; but in the same time, may fulfill some normal functions associated, for example, with vesicular traffic, lysosomal-based secretion, stress response, and heparan sulfate turnover. Heparanase is upregulated in response to chemotherapy in cancer patients and the surviving cells acquire chemoresistance, attributed, at least in part, to autophagy. Consequently, heparanase inhibitors used in tandem with chemotherapeutic drugs overcome initial chemoresistance, providing a strong rationale for applying anti-heparanase therapy in combination with conventional anti-cancer drugs. Heparin-like compounds that inhibit heparanase activity are being evaluated in clinical trials for various types of cancer. Heparanase neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are being evaluated in pre-clinical studies, and heparanase-inhibiting small molecules are being developed based on the recently resolved crystal structure of the heparanase protein. Collectively, the emerging premise is that heparanase expressed by tumor cells, innate immune cells, activated endothelial cells as well as other cells of the tumor microenvironment is a master regulator of the aggressive phenotype of cancer, an important contributor to the poor outcome of cancer patients and a prime target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Preeti Singh
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Lilach Gutter-Kapon
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Oncology Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Heyman B, Yang Y. Mechanisms of heparanase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:1002-1012. [PMID: 27576132 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains contributing to breakdown of the extracellular matrix. Increased expression of heparanase has been observed in numerous malignancies and is associated with a poor prognosis. It has generated significant interest as a potential antineoplastic target because of the multiple roles it plays in tumor growth and metastasis. The protumorigenic effects of heparanase are enhanced by the release of heparan sulfate side chains, with subsequent increase in bioactive fragments and cytokine levels that promote tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Preclinical experiments have found heparanase inhibitors to substantially reduce tumor growth and metastasis, leading to clinical trials with heparan sulfate mimetics. In this review, we examine the role of heparanase in tumor biology and its interaction with heparan surface proteoglycans, specifically syndecan-1, as well as the mechanism of action for heparanase inhibitors developed as antineoplastic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heyman
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yiping Yang
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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33
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Heparanase: a rainbow pharmacological target associated to multiple pathologies including rare diseases. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:647-80. [PMID: 27057774 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, heparanase has attracted considerable attention as a promising target for innovative pharmacological applications. Heparanase is a multifaceted protein endowed with enzymatic activity, as an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, and nonenzymatic functions. It is responsible for the cleavage of heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans, resulting in structural alterations of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase appears to be involved in major human diseases, from the most studied tumors to chronic inflammation, diabetic nephropathy, bone osteolysis, thrombosis and atherosclerosis, in addition to more recent investigation in various rare diseases. The present review provides an overview on heparanase, its biological role, inhibitors and possible clinical applications, covering the latest findings in these areas.
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34
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Gross-Cohen M, Feld S, Doweck I, Neufeld G, Hasson P, Arvatz G, Barash U, Naroditsky I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase 2 Attenuates Head and Neck Tumor Vascularity and Growth. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2791-801. [PMID: 27013193 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoglycosidase heparanase specifically cleaves the heparan sulfate (HS) side chains on proteoglycans, an activity that has been implicated strongly in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Heparanase-2 (Hpa2) is a close homolog of heparanase that lacks intrinsic HS-degrading activity but retains the capacity to bind HS with high affinity. In head and neck cancer patients, Hpa2 expression was markedly elevated, correlating with prolonged time to disease recurrence and inversely correlating with tumor cell dissemination to regional lymph nodes, suggesting that Hpa2 functions as a tumor suppressor. The molecular mechanism associated with favorable prognosis following Hpa2 induction is unclear. Here we provide evidence that Hpa2 overexpression in head and neck cancer cells markedly reduces tumor growth. Restrained tumor growth was associated with a prominent decrease in tumor vascularity (blood and lymph vessels), likely due to reduced Id1 expression, a transcription factor highly implicated in VEGF-A and VEGF-C gene regulation. We also noted that tumors produced by Hpa2-overexpressing cells are abundantly decorated with stromal cells and collagen deposition, correlating with a marked increase in lysyl oxidase expression. Notably, heparanase enzymatic activity was unimpaired in cells overexpressing Hpa2, suggesting that reduced tumor growth is not caused by heparanase regulation. Moreover, growth of tumor xenografts by Hpa2-overexpressing cells was unaffected by administration of a mAb that targets the heparin-binding domain of Hpa2, implying that Hpa2 function does not rely on heparanase or heparan sulfate. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2791-801. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Gross-Cohen
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sari Feld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilana Doweck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gera Neufeld
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Peleg Hasson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Arvatz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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35
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Senadi GC, Liao CM, Kuo KK, Lin JC, Chang LS, Wang JJ, Hu WP. Design, synthesis and antimetastatic evaluation of 1-benzothiazolylphenylbenzotriazoles for photodynamic therapy in oral cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a new series of 1-benzothiazolylphenylbenzotriazoles 9a–p and studied their antimetastatic mechanism involved in photosensitive effects induced by UVA in oral cancer cell Ca9-22.
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36
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Shteingauz A, Boyango I, Naroditsky I, Hammond E, Gruber M, Doweck I, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase Enhances Tumor Growth and Chemoresistance by Promoting Autophagy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3946-57. [PMID: 26249176 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Heparanase is the only enzyme in mammals capable of cleaving heparan sulfate, an activity implicated in tumor inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Heparanase is secreted as a latent enzyme that is internalized and subjected to proteolytic processing and activation in lysosomes. Its role under normal conditions has yet to be understood. Here, we provide evidence that heparanase resides within autophagosomes, where studies in heparanase-deficient or transgenic mice established its contributions to autophagy. The protumorigenic properties of heparanase were found to be mediated, in part, by its proautophagic function, as demonstrated in tumor xenograft models of human cancer and through use of inhibitors of the lysosome (chloroquine) and heparanase (PG545), both alone and in combination. Notably, heparanase-overexpressing cells were more resistant to stress and chemotherapy in a manner associated with increased autophagy, effects that were reversed by chloroquine treatment. Collectively, our results establish a role for heparanase in modulating autophagy in normal and malignant cells, thereby conferring growth advantages under stress as well as resistance to chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 75(18); 3946-57. ©2015 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteingauz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Maayan Gruber
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ilana Doweck
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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37
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Łagiedo M, Sikora J, Kaczmarek M. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in the Course of Lung Cancer - A Review. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:95-101. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Łagiedo
- Department of Immunology; Chair of Clinical Immunology; University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - J. Sikora
- Department of Immunology; Chair of Clinical Immunology; University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - M. Kaczmarek
- Department of Immunology; Chair of Clinical Immunology; University of Medical Sciences; Poznań Poland
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38
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Abstract
Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that is capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans on cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix, activity that is strongly implicated in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Apart of its well characterized enzymatic activity, heparanase was noted to exert also enzymatic-independent functions. Among these are the up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, VEGF-C and activation of intra-cellular signaling involved in cell survival and proliferation. We had earlier demonstrated that heparanase may also affect the hemostatic system in a non-enzymatic manner. We had shown that heparanase up-regulated the expression of the blood coagulation initiator- tissue factor (TF) and interacted with the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) on the cell surface membrane of endothelial and tumor cells, leading to dissociation of TFPI and resulting in increased cell surface coagulation activity. Moreover, we have demonstrated that heparanase directly enhanced TF activity which led to increased factor Xa production and subsequent activation of the coagulation system. Taking into account the prometastatic, pro-angiogenic and pro-coagulant functions of heparanase, over-expression in human malignancies and abundance in platelets, implies that heparanase is potentially a good target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Nadir
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Brenner
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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39
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Zhang L, Ngo JA, Wetzel MD, Marchetti D. Heparanase mediates a novel mechanism in lapatinib-resistant brain metastatic breast cancer. Neoplasia 2015; 17:101-13. [PMID: 25622903 PMCID: PMC4309682 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is the dominant mammalian endoglycosidase and important tumorigenic, angiogenic, and pro-metastatic molecule. Highest levels of HPSE activity have been consistently detected in cells possessing highest propensities to colonize the brain, emphasizing the therapeutic potential for targeting HPSE in brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC). Lapatinib (Tykerb) is a small-molecule and dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor1 and 2 (EGFR and HER2, respectively) which are both high-risk predictors of BMBC. It was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic breast cancer. However, its role is limited in BMBC whose response rates to lapatinib are significantly lower than those for extracranial metastasis. Because HPSE can affect EGFR phosphorylation, we examined Roneparstat, a non-anticoagulant heparin with potent anti-HPSE activity, to inhibit EGFR signaling pathways and BMBC onset using lapatinib-resistant clones generated from HER2-transfected, EGFR-expressing MDA-MB-231BR cells. Cell growth, EGFR pathways, and HPSE targets were assessed among selected clones in the absence or presence of Roneparstat and/or lapatinib. Roneparstat overcame lapatinib resistance by inhibiting pathways associated with EGFR tyrosine residues that are not targeted by lapatinib. Roneparstat inhibited the growth and BMBC abilities of lapatinib-resistant clones. A molecular mechanism was identified by which HPSE mediates an alternative survival pathway in lapatinib-resistant clones and is modulated by Roneparstat. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of HPSE-mediated signaling plays important roles in lapatinib resistance, and provide mechanistic insights to validate the use of Roneparstat for novel BMBC therapeutic strategies.
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Key Words
- anova, analysis of variance
- br, her2-transfected mda-mb-231br
- bmbc, brain metastatic breast cancer
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- dme/f-12, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s/f-12 medium
- erk, extracellular signal-regulated kinase
- egfr, human epidermal growth factor receptor1
- facs, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- fak, focal adhesion kinase
- fbs, fetal bovine serum
- her2, human epidermal growth factor receptor2
- hpse, heparanase
- hs, heparan sulfate
- ls/lr br clones, lapatinib-sensitive/lapatinib-resistant br clones
- mapk, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- mmp-9, matrix metalloprotease-9
- pbs, phosphate-buffered saline
- pi3k, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- str, short tandem repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jason A Ngo
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael D Wetzel
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Dario Marchetti
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030; Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030.
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40
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Barash U, Zohar Y, Wildbaum G, Beider K, Nagler A, Karin N, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase enhances myeloma progression via CXCL10 downregulation. Leukemia 2014; 28:2178-87. [PMID: 24699306 PMCID: PMC4185261 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the mechanism(s) underlying the pro-tumorigenic capacity of heparanase, we established an inducible Tet-on system. Heparanase expression was markedly increased following addition of doxycycline (Dox) to the culture medium of CAG human myeloma cells infected with the inducible heparanase gene construct, resulting in increased colony number and size in soft agar. Moreover, tumor xenografts produced by CAG-heparanase cells were markedly increased in mice supplemented with Dox in their drinking water compared with control mice maintained without Dox. Consistently, we found that heparanase induction is associated with decreased levels of CXCL10, suggesting that this chemokine exerts tumor-suppressor properties in myeloma. Indeed, recombinant CXCL10 attenuated the proliferation of CAG, U266 and RPMI-8266 myeloma cells. Similarly, CXCL10 attenuated the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, implying that CXCL10 exhibits anti-angiogenic capacity. Strikingly, development of tumor xenografts produced by CAG-heparanase cells overexpressing CXCL10 was markedly reduced compared with control cells. Moreover, tumor growth was significantly attenuated in mice inoculated with human or mouse myeloma cells and treated with CXCL10-Ig fusion protein, indicating that CXCL10 functions as a potent anti-myeloma cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Yaniv Zohar
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Gizi Wildbaum
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Katia Beider
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Division of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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41
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Shteingauz A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Processing of heparanase is mediated by syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain and involves syntenin and α-actinin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4457-70. [PMID: 24788042 PMCID: PMC4209210 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase activity plays a decisive role in cell dissemination associated with cancer metastasis. Cellular uptake of heparanase is considered a pre-requisite for the delivery of latent 65-kDa heparanase to lysosomes and its subsequent proteolytic processing and activation into 8- and 50-kDa protein subunits by cathepsin L. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, and particularly syndecan, are instrumental for heparanase uptake and activation, through a process that has been shown to occur independent of rafts. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanism underlying syndecan-mediated internalization outside of rafts is unclear. Here, we examined the role of syndecan-1 cytoplasmic domain in heparanase processing, utilizing deletion constructs lacking the entire cytoplasmic domain (Delta), the conserved (C1 or C2), or variable (V) regions. Heparanase processing was markedly increased following syndecan-1 over-expression; in contrast, heparanase was retained at the cell membrane and its processing was impaired in cells over-expressing syndecan-1 deleted for the entire cytoplasmic tail. We have next revealed that conserved domain 2 (C2) and variable (V) regions of syndecan-1 cytoplasmic tail mediate heparanase processing. Furthermore, we found that syntenin, known to interact with syndecan C2 domain, and α actinin are essential for heparanase processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shteingauz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Boyango I, Barash U, Naroditsky I, Li JP, Hammond E, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase cooperates with Ras to drive breast and skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4504-14. [PMID: 24970482 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase has been implicated in cancer but its contribution to the early stages of cancer development is uncertain. In this study, we utilized nontransformed human MCF10A mammary epithelial cells and two genetic mouse models [Hpa-transgenic (Hpa-Tg) and knockout mice] to explore heparanase function at early stages of tumor development. Heparanase overexpression resulted in significantly enlarged asymmetrical acinar structures, indicating increased cell proliferation and decreased organization. This phenotype was enhanced by coexpression of heparanase variants with a mutant H-Ras gene, which was sufficient to enable growth of invasive carcinoma in vivo. These observations were extended in vivo by comparing the response of Hpa-Tg mice to a classical two-stage 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) protocol for skin carcinogenesis. Hpa-Tg mice overexpressing heparanase were far more sensitive than control mice to DMBA/TPA treatment, exhibiting a 10-fold increase in the number and size of tumor lesions. Conversely, DMBA/TPA-induced tumor formation was greatly attenuated in Hpa-KO mice lacking heparanase, pointing to a critical role of heparanase in skin tumorigenesis. In support of these observations, the heparanase inhibitor PG545 potently suppressed tumor progression in this model system. Taken together, our findings establish that heparanase exerts protumorigenic properties at early stages of tumor initiation, cooperating with Ras to dramatically promote malignant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilanit Boyango
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Barash
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Inna Naroditsky
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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43
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Kazarin O, Ilan N, Naroditzky I, Ben-Itzhak O, Vlodavsky I, Bar-Sela G. Expression of heparanase in soft tissue sarcomas of adults. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:39. [PMID: 24887057 PMCID: PMC4026817 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background Heparanase is an endo-β-D-glucuronidase that cleaves heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans, resulting in the disassembly of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase has a central role in the development of various tumors, and its expression has been associated with increased tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, but there is insufficient information about the function of heparanase in sarcomas. Study aims 1) To evaluate heparanase levels in adult soft tissue sarcomas (STS); 2) To examine the correlation between heparanase levels and pathological and clinical parameters and treatment outcome. Methods Pathological specimens of primary or metastatic STS were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis applying an anti-heparanase antibody. The clinical and the pathological data, together with the data of heparanase levels, were evaluated in a logistic regression model for tumor recurrence and survival. Results One hundred and one samples were examined, 55 from primary tumors and 46 from metastatic sites. A high expression of heparanase was observed in 29 (52.7%) and 22 specimens (47.8%), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between heparanase expressions in the primary vs. metastatic sites of tumors. Moreover, no correlation was observed between heparanase staining and tumor aggressiveness, tumor recurrence or patient survival in various groups of patients. Conclusion Expression of heparanase was observed in 50% of the STS, in various histological subtypes. A larger study with homogenous groups of specific sub-types of STS or stages of disease is required to validate over-expression of heparanase as a marker of disease aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, 8 Ha'Aliyah Street, Haifa 35254, Israel.
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Novick D, Barak S, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. Heparanase interacts with resistin and augments its activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85944. [PMID: 24465803 PMCID: PMC3897609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In an attempt to isolate a heparanase receptor, postulated to mediate non-enzymatic functions of the heparanase protein, we utilized human urine collected from healthy volunteers. Affinity chromatography of this rich protein source on immobilized heparanase revealed resistin as a heparanase binding protein. Co-immunoprecipitation and ELISA further confirmed the interaction between heparanase and resistin. Importantly, we found that heparanase potentiates the bioactivity of resistin in its standard bioassay in which monocytic human leukemia cell line, THP1, differentiates into adherent macrophage-like foam cells. It is thus conceivable that this newly identified complex of heparanase and resistin exerts a stimulatory effect also in various inflammatory conditions known to be affected by the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Novick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail: (DN); (IV)
| | - Sara Barak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail: (DN); (IV)
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Zhang L, Ridgway LD, Wetzel MD, Ngo J, Yin W, Kumar D, Goodman JC, Groves MD, Marchetti D. The identification and characterization of breast cancer CTCs competent for brain metastasis. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:180ra48. [PMID: 23576814 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC) is uniformly fatal and increasing in frequency. Despite its devastating outcome, mechanisms causing BMBC remain largely unknown. The mechanisms that implicate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic disease, notably in BMBC, remain elusive. We characterize CTCs isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with breast cancer and also develop CTC lines from three of these patients. In epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)-negative CTCs, we identified a potential signature of brain metastasis comprising "brain metastasis selected markers (BMSMs)" HER2+ / EGFR+ / HPSE+ / Notch1+. These CTCs, which are not captured by the CellSearch platform because of their EpCAM negativity, were analyzed for cell invasiveness and metastatic competency in vivo. CTC lines expressing the BMSM signature were highly invasive and capable of generating brain and lung metastases when xenografted in nude mice. Notably, increased brain metastatic capabilities, frequency, and quantitation were detected in EpCAM- CTCs overexpressing the BMSM signature. The presence of proteins of the BMSM CTC signature was also detected in the metastatic lesions of animals. Collectively, we provide evidence of isolation, characterization, and long-term culture of human breast cancer CTCs, leading to the description of a BMSM protein signature that is suggestive of CTC metastatic competency to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Meirovitz A, Goldberg R, Binder A, Rubinstein AM, Hermano E, Elkin M. Heparanase in inflammation and inflammation-associated cancer. FEBS J 2013; 280:2307-19. [PMID: 23398975 PMCID: PMC3651782 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a growing body of evidence that enzymatic remodeling of heparan sulfate proteoglycans profoundly affects a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including inflammation, neovascularization, and tumor development. Heparanase is the sole mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate. Extensively studied in cancer progression and aggressiveness, heparanase was recently implicated in several inflammatory disorders as well. Although the precise mode of heparanase action in inflammatory reactions is still not completely understood, the fact that heparanase activity is mechanistically important both in malignancy and in inflammation argues that this enzyme is a candidate molecule linking inflammation and tumorigenesis in inflammation-associated cancers. Elucidation of the specific effects of heparanase in cancer development, particularly when inflammation is a causal factor, will accelerate the development of novel therapeutic/chemopreventive interventions and help to better define target patient populations in which heparanase-targeting therapies could be particularly beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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47
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Riaz A, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I, Li JP, Johansson S. Characterization of heparanase-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT activation and its integrin dependence. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12366-75. [PMID: 23504323 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparanase functions as a heparan sulfate-degrading enzyme and as a ligand for an unidentified signaling receptor(s). Here, several reactions involved in the activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway by latent heparanase were characterized. Protein suppression using specific siRNAs revealed that heparanase-induced phosphorylation of AKT at Ser-473 was RICTOR-mTOR-dependent, whereas ILK and PAK1/2 were dispensable. p110α was the PI3K catalytic isoform preferred by heparanase for AKT activation and cell proliferation because the p110α inhibitor YM024 blocked these processes. Heparanase-induced AKT phosphorylation was low in mouse embryonic fibroblast cells expressing a RAS interaction-defective p110α compared with wild type cells, indicating that RAS has an important role in the PI3K-AKT activation. The response to heparanase was also inefficient in suspension cultures of several cell lines, suggesting a requirement of integrins in this pathway. Adhesion via either αVβ3 or α5β1 promoted heparanase-induced AKT phosphorylation, and a stronger effect was seen when both integrins were engaged. Simultaneous inhibition of FAK and PYK2 using a chemical inhibitor, or suppression of their expression, inhibited heparanase-induced AKT activation and cell proliferation. Stimulation of cells with heparanase enhanced their resistance against oxidative stress- or growth factor starvation-induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that there is an intimate cross-talk between the heparanase receptor(s) and integrins during induction of the prosurvival PI3K-AKT pathway by heparanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Riaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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48
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Goldberg R, Meirovitz A, Hirshoren N, Bulvik R, Binder A, Rubinstein AM, Elkin M. Versatile role of heparanase in inflammation. Matrix Biol 2013; 32:234-240. [PMID: 23499528 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heparanase is the only known mammalian endoglycosidase capable of degrading heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan, both in extracellular space and within the cells. It is tightly implicated in cancer progression and over the past few decades significant progress has been made in elucidating the multiple functions of heparanase in malignant tumor development, neovascularization and aggressive behavior. Notably, current data show that in addition to its well characterized role in cancer, heparanase activity may represent an important determinant in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic colitis. Nevertheless, the precise mode of heparanase action in inflammatory reactions remains largely unclear and recent observations suggest that heparanase can either facilitate or limit inflammatory responses, when tissue/cell-specific contextual cues may dictate an outcome of heparanase action in inflammation. In this review the involvement of heparanase in modulation of inflammatory reactions is discussed through a few illustrative examples, including neuroinflammation, sepsis-associated lung injury and inflammatory bowel disease. We also discuss possible action of the enzyme in coupling inflammation and tumorigenesis in the setting of inflammation-triggered cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Goldberg
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Amichay Meirovitz
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Nir Hirshoren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Raanan Bulvik
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Adi Binder
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Ariel M Rubinstein
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Michael Elkin
- Sharett Institute of Oncology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Tang D, Zhang Q, Zhao S, Wang J, Lu K, Song Y, Zhao L, Kang X, Wang J, Xu S, Tian L. The expression and clinical significance of microRNA-1258 and heparanase in human breast cancer. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:926-32. [PMID: 23415719 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the expression profile of miR-1258 and heparanase (HPSE) in breast cancer and to assess their clinicopathological significance. DESIGN AND METHODS The expression levels of miR-1258 and HPSE were analyzed in normal, benign and malignant breast tissues. Their serum levels were evaluated in healthy women and in patients with benign and malignant breast disease. We studied the correlation between the expression of miR-1258 and HPSE and the clinical features presented by the patients. RESULTS MiR-1258 was down-regulated and HPSE was up-regulated in breast cancer, with a significant inverse correlation. A reduced miR-1258 expression and an elevated HPSE expression were associated with the lymph node status, late clinical stages, a short overall survival and a short relapse-free survival. In frozen fresh tissue samples, the miR-1258 levels in breast cancer with lymph node metastasis were significantly lower than that of breast cancer without lymph node metastasis and benign disease (BD). In contrast, the HPSE levels in breast cancer with lymph node metastasis were the highest. In serum samples, the miR-1258 levels in metastatic breast cancer (M1) were lower than that of primary breast cancer (M0) and BD. However, serum HPSE levels of M1 patients were significantly higher than that of M0 patients and BD patients. CONCLUSIONS MiR-1258 may play an important role in breast cancer development and progression by regulating the expression of HPSE, and they might be potential prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabei Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150040, China.
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50
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Blich M, Golan A, Arvatz G, Sebbag A, Shafat I, Sabo E, Cohen-Kaplan V, Petcherski S, Avniel-Polak S, Eitan A, Hammerman H, Aronson D, Axelman E, Ilan N, Nussbaum G, Vlodavsky I. Macrophage activation by heparanase is mediated by TLR-2 and TLR-4 and associates with plaque progression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:e56-65. [PMID: 23162016 PMCID: PMC3548034 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.254961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factors and mechanisms that activate macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques are incompletely understood. We examined the capacity of heparanase to activate macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Highly purified heparanase was added to mouse peritoneal macrophages and macrophage-like J774 cells, and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interlukin-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were evaluated by ELISA. Gene expression was determined by RT-PCR. Cells collected from Toll-like receptor-2 and Toll-like receptor-4 knockout mice were evaluated similarly. Heparanase levels in the plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction, stable angina, and healthy subjects were determined by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry was applied to detect the expression of heparanase in control specimens and specimens of patients with stable angina or acute myocardial infarction. Addition or overexpression of heparanase variants resulted in marked increase in tumor necrosis factor-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, interlukin-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 levels. Mouse peritoneal macrophages harvested from Toll-like receptor-2 or Toll-like receptor-4 knockout mice were not activated by heparanase. Plasma heparanase level was higher in patients with acute myocardial infarction, compared with patients with stable angina and healthy subjects. Pathologic coronary specimens obtained from vulnerable plaques showed increased heparanase staining compared with specimens of stable plaque and controls. CONCLUSIONS Heparanase activates macrophages, resulting in marked induction of cytokine expression associated with plaque progression toward vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miry Blich
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amnon Golan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Arvatz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Sebbag
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Itay Shafat
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edmond Sabo
- Department of Pathology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Victoria Cohen-Kaplan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Shani Avniel-Polak
- Institute of Dental Science, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amnon Eitan
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Haim Hammerman
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Doron Aronson
- Department of Cardiology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elena Axelman
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Neta Ilan
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Gabriel Nussbaum
- Institute of Dental Science, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Vlodavsky
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
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