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Etiévant L, Gail MH, Albanes D. Disentangling discordant vitamin D associations with prostate cancer incidence and fatality in a large, nested case-control study. Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyae110. [PMID: 39180769 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published analyses of prostate cancer nested case-control and survival data in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study cohort suggested that men with higher baseline vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations have both (i) increased prostate cancer risk and (ii) decreased prostate cancer-specific fatality. METHODS To investigate possible factors responsible for a spurious association with prostate cancer fatality, we reanalysed baseline serum vitamin D associations with prostate cancer risk and prostate cancer-specific fatality in case-control data nested within the ATBC Study (1000 controls and 1000 incident prostate cancer cases). Conditional logistic regression and Cox proportion hazard models were used, respectively, to estimate odds ratios for risk and hazard ratios for prostate cancer-specific fatality, overall and by disease aggressiveness. We replicated these case-control analyses using baseline serum measurements of alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), beta-carotene and retinol (vitamin A), and used the entire ATBC Study cohort (n = 29 085) to estimate marginal associations between these baseline vitamins and prostate cancer incidence and fatality following blood collection. RESULTS Vitamin D analyses agreed closely with those originally published, with opposite risk and fatality associations. By contrast, the analyses of alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol yielded concordant associations for prostate cancer incidence and prostate cancer-specific fatality. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of neither artefacts in the nested prostate cancer case-control data set nor detection or collider biases in the fatality analyses. The present findings therefore support a valid inverse (i.e. beneficial) association between vitamin D and prostate cancer-specific survival that warrants further evaluation, including possibly in controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Etiévant
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Mitchell H Gail
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
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2
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Traber MG, Vrolijk M, Bercovici CM, de Sesmaisons Lecarré A, Fabiani L, Karavasiloglou N, Mendes V, Valtueña Martínez S, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin E. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8953. [PMID: 39099617 PMCID: PMC11294871 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for vitamin E. As α-tocopherol is recognised as the only essential form of vitamin E, the Panel restricted its evaluation to α-tocopherol. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted to assess evidence on priority adverse health effects of excess intake of vitamin E, namely risk of impaired coagulation and bleeding, cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer. The effect on blood clotting and associated increased risk of bleeding is considered as the critical effect to establish an UL for vitamin E. No new evidence has been published that could improve the characterisation of a dose-response. The ULs for vitamin E from all dietary sources, which were previously established by the Scientific Committee on Food, are retained for all population groups, i.e. 300 mg/day for adults, including pregnant and lactating women, 100 mg/day for children aged 1-3 years, 120 mg/day for 4-6 years, 160 mg/day for 7-10 years, 220 mg/day for 11-14 years and 260 mg/day for 15-17 years. A UL of 50 mg/day is established for infants aged 4-6 months and a UL of 60 mg/day for infants aged 7-11 months. ULs apply to all stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol. ULs do not apply to individuals receiving anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications (e.g. aspirin), to patients on secondary prevention for CVD or to patients with vitamin K malabsorption syndromes. It is unlikely that the ULs for vitamin E are exceeded in European populations, except for regular users of food supplements containing high doses of vitamin E.
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3
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Mohamadi M, Dousdampanis P, Ahmadi Z, Pourmasumi S, Naderi M, Zainodini N, Nazari A. Nut consumption and urogenital and genital, gastrointestinal and women-related cancers: Assessment and review. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2023; 9:277-287. [PMID: 37915385 PMCID: PMC10617366 DOI: 10.1002/cdt3.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of cancer, especially in industrial countries, is a major problem for health and treatment systems. Cancer can affect the quality of life of all family members and has many negative effects on the community. Despite many advances in cancer treatment, this disease is still a major worldwide problem. There is strong evidence that dietary habits are effective in protecting against cancer and even helping in the disease treatment progress. Nuts with various biologically-active compounds, such as vitamins, phytosterols, isoflavones, flavonoids, and polyphenols have been reported to possess anticarcinogenic properties. Accordingly, this review provides an insight into the association between nut consumption and the prevention of some cancers. We considered the cancers related to the urogenital and genital tract, gastrointestinal tract, as well as women-related cancers. Both cell culture examinations and experimental animal studies alongside observational epidemiological studies demonstrated that regular consumption of a nut-enriched diet is able to reduce the risk of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohamadi
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Center, NICICOWorld safety organization and Rafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | | | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Pistachio Safety Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Soheila Pourmasumi
- Social Determinants of Health Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ali‐Ibn Abi‐Talib HospitalRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Monavare Naderi
- Vice Chancellor for Research and TechnologyRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Nahid Zainodini
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical SciencesRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Alireza Nazari
- Department of Surgery, School of MedicineRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
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4
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Loh WQ, Yin X, Kishida R, Chia SE, Ong CN, Seow WJ. Association between Vitamin A and E Forms and Prostate Cancer Risk in the Singapore Prostate Cancer Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2677. [PMID: 37375581 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess associations between forms of vitamin A and E (both individually and collectively) and the risk of prostate cancer, as well as identify potential effect modifiers. METHODS Utilizing data from the Singapore Prostate Cancer Study, a hospital-based case-control study, we measured the serum concentrations of 15 different forms of vitamins A and E in 156 prostate cancer patients and 118 control subjects, using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. These forms included retinol, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, ubiquinone, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, δ-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol, and α-tocotrienol. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for associations between vitamin A and E and prostate cancer risk were estimated using logistic regression models after adjustment for potential confounders. The analyses were further stratified by smoking and alcohol consumption status. The mixture effect of micronutrient groups was evaluated using weighted quantile sum regression. RESULTS Higher concentrations of retinol, lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, ubiquinone, α-tocopherol, δ-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol, and α-tocotrienol were significantly and positively associated with overall prostate cancer risk. Among ever-smokers, associations were stronger for lutein, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene compared with never-smokers. Among regular alcohol drinkers, associations were stronger for lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, ubiquinone, γ-tocotrienol and α-tocotrienol compared with non-regular alcohol drinkers. Retinol and α-tocotrienol contributed most to the group indices 'vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids' and 'vitamin E', respectively. CONCLUSIONS Several serum vitamin A and E forms were associated with prostate cancer risk, with significant effect modification by smoking and alcohol consumption status. Our findings shed light on prostate cancer etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi Loh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Xin Yin
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Rie Kishida
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Sin Eng Chia
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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5
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Loh WQ, Youn J, Seow WJ. Vitamin E Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010014. [PMID: 36615673 PMCID: PMC9824720 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a group of antioxidative tocopherols and tocotrienols that play a potential role in chemoprevention. Studies investigating the association between vitamin E and prostate cancer risk have been conflicting. We identified observational and interventional studies examining the association between vitamin E intake and prostate cancer risk from PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. A random-effects model was used to perform a meta-analysis and estimate relative risks (RRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of prostate cancer risk according to vitamin E intake. Subgroup analyses were conducted by study design, sample size, study population characteristics, geographical region, and dose of vitamin E intake. The association between dietary (RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.92-1.02) and supplemental (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.94-1.04) vitamin E intake on prostate cancer risk was non-significant. In subgroup analyses, supplemental vitamin E was significantly associated with reduced prostate cancer risk in studies in Europe (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69-0.97). Overall, this meta-analysis demonstrates little evidence for a beneficial effect of vitamin E intake on prostate cancer risk but suggests that there may be some conditions in which supplements could confer a protective effect on prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qi Loh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Jiyoung Youn
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Jie Seow
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-6601-1243
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6
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Effect of Overexpression of γ-Tocopherol Methyltransferase on α-Tocopherol and Fatty Acid Accumulation and Tolerance to Salt Stress during Seed Germination in Brassica napus L. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415933. [PMID: 36555573 PMCID: PMC9784450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop and a major source of tocopherols, also known as vitamin E, in human nutrition. Enhancing the quality and composition of fatty acids (FAs) and tocopherols in seeds has long been a target for rapeseed breeding. The gene γ-Tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT) encodes an enzyme catalysing the conversion of γ-tocopherol to α-tocopherol, which has the highest biological activity. However, the genetic basis of γ-TMT in B. napus seeds remains unclear. In the present study, BnaC02.TMT.a, one paralogue of Brassica napus γ-TMT, was isolated from the B. napus cultivar "Zhongshuang11" by nested PCR, and two homozygous transgenic overexpression lines were further characterised. Our results demonstrated that the overexpression of BnaC02.TMT.a mediated an increase in the α- and total tocopherol content in transgenic B. napus seeds. Interestingly, the FA composition was also altered in the transgenic plants; a reduction in the levels of oleic acid and an increase in the levels of linoleic acid and linolenic acid were observed. Consistently, BnaC02.TMT.a promoted the expression of BnFAD2 and BnFAD3, which are involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids during seed development. In addition, BnaC02.TMT.a enhanced the tolerance to salt stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) during seed germination in B. napus. Our results suggest that BnaC02.TMT.a could affect the tocopherol content and FA composition and play a positive role in regulating the rapeseed response to salt stress by modulating the ROS scavenging system. This study broadens our understanding of the function of the Bnγ-TMT gene and provides a novel strategy for genetic engineering in rapeseed breeding.
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7
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Lawrence WR, Lim JE, Huang J, Weinstein SJ, Mӓnnistӧ S, Albanes D. A 28-year prospective analysis of serum vitamin E, vitamin E-related genetic variation and risk of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2022; 25:553-560. [PMID: 35197557 PMCID: PMC9391251 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-022-00511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Investigate the relationship between serum α-tocopherol concentration and long-term risk of prostate cancer, and evaluate the interaction with vitamin E–related genetic variants and their polygenic risk score (PRS). Methods: We conducted a biochemical analysis of 29 102 male Finnish smokers in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Serum α-tocopherol was measured at baseline using high-performance liquid chromatography, and 2 724 prostate cancer cases were identified during 28 years of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models examined whether serum α-tocopherol concentrations were associated with prostate cancer risk. Among 8 383 participants, three SNPs related to vitamin E status (rs964184, rs2108622, and rs11057830) were examined to determine whether they modified the relationship between serum α-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk, both individually and as a PRS using logistic regression models. Results: No association was observed between serum α-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk (fifth quintile (Q5) versus Q1 hazard ratio (HR)=0.87, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.75, 1.02; p-trend=0.57). Though no interactions were seen by population characteristics, high α-tocopherol concentration was associated with reduced prostate cancer risk among the trial α-tocopherol supplementation group (Q5 quintile versus Q1 HR=0.79, 95% CI 0.64, 0.99). Finally, no associated interaction between the three SNPs or their PRS and prostate cancer risk was observed. Conclusion: Although there was a weak inverse association between α-tocopherol concentration and prostate cancer risk over nearly three decades, our findings suggest that men receiving the trial α-tocopherol supplementation who had higher baseline serum α-tocopherol concentration experienced reduced prostate cancer risk. Vitamin E–related genotypes did not modify the serum α-tocopherol-prostate cancer risk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne R Lawrence
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jung-Eun Lim
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Satu Mӓnnistӧ
- Department of Public Health Solutions, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Metabolic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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He T, Wang Z, Wu Y, Zhang X, Li X, Li J, Du L, Chen J, Lv Q. Lipid changes during the perioperative period in patients with early breast cancer: a real-world retrospective analysis. BMC Surg 2021; 21:396. [PMID: 34772381 PMCID: PMC8588613 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-021-01396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surgery remains the major treatment for early breast cancer (BC), but surgery itself is also a trauma which might induce alterations in lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in lipid profiles and to explore factors associated with lipid changes pre- and postoperation. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the pre- and postoperative serum lipid profiles of 1934 BC patients. Results The levels of triglycerides (TG) (p < 0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) (p < 0.001) were significantly elevated after surgery, while the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) (p < 0.001) were significantly decreased. After surgery, 27.76% of patients with preoperative ortholiposis developed dyslipidemia. Postmenopausal BC patients had a higher incidence of dyslipidemia (32.31%) after surgery than premenopausal BC patients (26.07%; p = 0.041). Additionally, patients with BMI > 24 (34.92%) had a higher incidence of dyslipidemia than patients with BMI ≤ 24 (24.84%; p = 0.001). Moreover, the magnitudes of the TG increase (p < 0.001), cholesterol (TC) increase (p = 0.013) and LDL increase (p = 0.015) in the premenopausal group were all greater than those in the postmenopausal group. After adjusting for multiple baseline covariates, preoperative hyperlipidemia and progesterone receptor (PR)-positive status were significantly associated with elevated TG, TC and LDL levels after surgery. Conclusions Serum lipid profiles of BC patients may increase after surgery, especially premenopausal patients. Additionally, postmenopausal and overweight patients may have a higher risk of being diagnosed with dyslipidemia after surgery. Therefore, lipid monitoring, dyslipidemia prevention and corresponding interventions should be taken into consideration during the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunhao Wu
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Li
- Center of Biostatistics, Design, Measurement and Evaluation (CBDME), Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Du
- Chinese Evidence-Based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Breast Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
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9
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Oczkowski M, Dziendzikowska K, Pasternak-Winiarska A, Włodarek D, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Dietary Factors and Prostate Cancer Development, Progression, and Reduction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020496. [PMID: 33546190 PMCID: PMC7913227 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the constantly increasing number of cases, prostate cancer has become one of the most important health problems of modern societies. This review presents the current knowledge regarding the role of nutrients and foodstuff consumption in the etiology and development of prostate malignancies, including the potential mechanisms of action. The results of several in vivo and in vitro laboratory experiments as well as those reported by the clinical and epidemiological research studies carried out around the world were analyzed. The outcomes of these studies clearly show the influence of both nutrients and food products on the etiology and prevention of prostate cancer. Consumption of certain nutrients (saturated and trans fatty acids) and food products (e.g., processed meat products) leads to the disruption of prostate hormonal regulation, induction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and alteration of growth factor signaling and lipid metabolism, which all contribute to prostate carcinogenesis. On the other hand, a high consumption of vegetables, fruits, fish, and whole grain products exerts protective and/or therapeutic effects. Special bioactive functions are assigned to compounds such as flavonoids, stilbenes, and lycopene. Since the influence of nutrients and dietary pattern is a modifiable risk factor in the development and prevention of prostate cancer, awareness of the beneficial and harmful effects of individual food ingredients is of great importance in the global strategy against prostate cancer.
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10
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Poaty H, Kinsangou FAM, Liboko AFB, Malanda JN, Geffard M. Immunoscreening of Alpha-Tocopherol in Breast, Prostate Cancers and in Gestational Choriocarcinoma Tissues. Cell 2021. [DOI: 10.4236/cellbio.2021.102002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Goodin S, Kim I, Lee MJ, Shih WJ, Orlick M, Zheng X, Yang CS. Plasma, Prostate and Urine Levels of Tocopherols and Metabolites in Men after Supplementation with a γ-Tocopherol-Rich Vitamin E Mixture. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:2740-2750. [PMID: 33319628 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1857412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin E forms γ- and δ-tocopherols (T) inhibit carcinogenesis in animal models; nevertheless, their cancer preventive activities in humans are uncertain. As an initial step to address this issue, we conducted a pilot phase 0 trial to determine the levels of tocopherols and their metabolites in prostate cancer patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. The patients were randomized to no supplementation or two capsules of a γ-T-rich vitamin E mixture daily for 7 or 14 day prior to prostatectomy. Blood and urine samples were collected before supplementation and on the day of surgery, along with prostate tissue, for analysis of tocopherols and their metabolites. Estimated blood loss during surgery was not significantly different across treatment arms and there were no reported adverse events. Prostate tissue levels of γ-T and δ-T were increased after 14 day of supplementation. Their side-chain degradation metabolites (CEHCs and CMBHCs) were significantly elevated in plasma, prostate and urine samples after supplementation for 7 or 14 day. In conclusion, supplementation with γ-T-rich vitamin E increased the prostate levels of γ-T and δ-T. The use of pure γ-T, δ-T or tocopherol mixtures with higher ratio of γ-T or δ-T to α-T is recommended for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Goodin
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Medical Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Isaac Kim
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Division of Urologic Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mao-Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Weichung J Shih
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA Piscataway
| | - Michelle Orlick
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Xi Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Chung S Yang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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12
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Yang CS, Luo P, Zeng Z, Wang H, Malafa M, Suh N. Vitamin E and cancer prevention: Studies with different forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:365-389. [PMID: 32017273 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Tocopherol (α-T) is the major form of vitamin E (VE) in animals and has the highest activity in carrying out the essential antioxidant functions of VE. Because of the involvement of oxidative stress in carcinogenesis, the cancer prevention activity of α-T has been studied extensively. Lower VE intake or nutritional status has been shown to be associated with increased cancer risk, and supplementation of α-T to populations with VE insufficiency has shown beneficial effects in lowering the cancer risk in some intervention studies. However, several large intervention studies with α-T conducted in North America have not demonstrated a cancer prevention effect. More recent studies have centered on the γ- and δ-forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols (T3). In comparison with α-T, these forms have much lower systemic bioavailability but have shown stronger cancer-preventive activities in many studies in animal models and cell lines. γ-T3 and δ-T3 generally have even higher activities than γ-T and δ-T. In this article, we review recent results from human and laboratory studies on the cancer-preventive activities of different forms of tocopherols and tocotrienols, at nutritional and pharmacological levels. We aim to elucidate the possible mechanisms of the preventive actions and discuss the possible application of the available information for human cancer prevention by different VE forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Philip Luo
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Zishuo Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Mokenge Malafa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
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López-Guarnido O, Urquiza-Salvat N, Saiz M, Lozano-Paniagua D, Rodrigo L, Pascual-Geler M, Lorente JA, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Rivas A. Bioactive compounds of the Mediterranean diet and prostate cancer. Aging Male 2018; 21:251-260. [PMID: 29375002 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1430129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence on the effects of bioactive constituents of the Mediterranean diet (MeDi) on prostate cancer (PCa) risk. METHODS The search for articles came from extensive research in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. We used the search terms "Mediterranean diet," "lycopene," "vitamin E," "vitamin C," "Selenium," "resveratrol," "prostate cancer," and combinations, such as "lycopene and prostate cancer" or "resveratrol and prostate cancer." RESULTS Numerous studies investigating the effect of various dietary nutrients on PCa have suggested that selenium is probably the most promising. Several studies reported reduced PCa risk associated with vitamin C and E intake, while other studies reported no association. Lycopene inhibits cell proliferation and inducts apoptosis, thus protecting against cancer. Also, it has been found in various in vivo and in vitro studies that resveratrol, inhibits PCa development. CONCLUSIONS The high content of bioactive phytochemicals in the MeDi is of particular interest in the prevention of PCa. Further large-scale studies are required to clarify the effect of MeDi bioactive compounds on prostate health, in order to establish the role of this diet in the prevention of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga López-Guarnido
- a Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Noelia Urquiza-Salvat
- a Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Maria Saiz
- a Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - David Lozano-Paniagua
- a Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Lourdes Rodrigo
- a Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | | | - Jose Antonio Lorente
- a Legal Medicine and Toxicology Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Alvarez-Cubero
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada , Granada , Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- d Nutrition and Food Science Department , University of Granada , Granada , Spain
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14
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Fritsche S, Wang X, Jung C. Recent Advances in our Understanding of Tocopherol Biosynthesis in Plants: An Overview of Key Genes, Functions, and Breeding of Vitamin E Improved Crops. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:E99. [PMID: 29194404 PMCID: PMC5745509 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tocopherols, together with tocotrienols and plastochromanols belong to a group of lipophilic compounds also called tocochromanols or vitamin E. Considered to be one of the most powerful antioxidants, tocochromanols are solely synthesized by photosynthetic organisms including plants, algae, and cyanobacteria and, therefore, are an essential component in the human diet. Tocochromanols potent antioxidative properties are due to their ability to interact with polyunsaturated acyl groups and scavenge lipid peroxyl radicals and quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus protecting fatty acids from lipid peroxidation. In the plant model species Arabidopsis thaliana, the required genes for tocopherol biosynthesis and functional roles of tocopherols were elucidated in mutant and transgenic plants. Recent research efforts have led to new outcomes for the vitamin E biosynthetic and related pathways, and new possible alternatives for the biofortification of important crops have been suggested. Here, we review 30 years of research on tocopherols in model and crop species, with emphasis on the improvement of vitamin E content using transgenic approaches and classical breeding. We will discuss future prospects to further improve the nutritional value of our food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Fritsche
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Xingxing Wang
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China.
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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15
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Banikazemi Z, Haji HA, Mohammadi M, Taheripak G, Iranifar E, Poursadeghiyan M, Moridikia A, Rashidi B, Taghizadeh M, Mirzaei H. Diet and cancer prevention: Dietary compounds, dietary MicroRNAs, and dietary exosomes. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:185-196. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zarrin Banikazemi
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, School of MedicineMashhad University of Medical ScienceMashhadIran
| | | | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Faculty of PharmacyRazi Herbal Medicines Research Center and Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Gholamreza Taheripak
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of BiochemistryIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Elmira Iranifar
- Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical SciencesTorbat HeydariyehIran
| | - Mohsen Poursadeghiyan
- Research Center in Emergency and Disaster HealthUniversity of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation SciencesTehranIran
| | - Abdullah Moridikia
- Chemical Injuries Research CenterBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular BiologySchool of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic DiseasesKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanI.R. Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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16
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Effect of vitamin E supplementation on uterine cervical neoplasm: A meta-analysis of case-control studies. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183395. [PMID: 28829815 PMCID: PMC5567498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological studies have suggested that vitamin E could reduce the risk of uterine cervical neoplasm. However, controversial data were presented by different reports. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the relationship between vitamin E and the risk of cervical neoplasia. We performed a comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases through December 31, 2016. Based on a fixed-effects or random-effects model, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the combined risk. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were done to assess the source of heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses were performed according to survey ways, types of cervical neoplasia, study populations. A protocol was registered with PROSPERO (No. CRD42016036672). In total, 15 case-control studies were included, involving 3741 cases and 6328 controls. Our study suggested that higher category of vitamin E could reduce the cervical neoplasia risk (OR = 0.58, 95% CIs = 0.47–0.72, I2 = 83%). In subgroup-analysis, both vitamin E intake and blood levels of vitamin E had a significant inverse association with the risk of cervical neoplasm. Additionally, we found the same relationship between vitamin E and cervical neoplasia among different populations and types of cervical neoplasia. Meta-regression showed that none of the including covariates were significantly related to the outcomes. No evidence of publication bias was observed. In conclusion, vitamin E intake and blood vitamin E levels were inversely associated with the risk of cervical neoplasia.
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17
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Kanchi MM, Shanmugam MK, Rane G, Sethi G, Kumar AP. Tocotrienols: the unsaturated sidekick shifting new paradigms in vitamin E therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1765-1781. [PMID: 28789906 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E family members: tocotrienols and tocopherols are widely known for their health benefits. Decades of research on tocotrienols have shown they have diverse biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective and skin protection benefits, as well as improved cognition, bone health, longevity and reduction of cholesterol levels in plasma. Tocotrienols also modulate several intracellular molecular targets and, most importantly, have been shown to improve lipid profiles, reduce total cholesterol and reduce the volume of white matter lesions in human clinical trials. This review provides a comprehensive update on the little-known therapeutic potentials of tocotrienols, which tocopherols lack in a variety of inflammation-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu M Kanchi
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Grishma Rane
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 119074, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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18
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Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Albanes D. Vitamins, metabolomics, and prostate cancer. World J Urol 2017; 35:883-893. [PMID: 27339624 PMCID: PMC5182198 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-016-1878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE How micronutrients might influence risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been the focus of a large body of research (especially regarding vitamins E, A, and D). Metabolomic profiling has the potential to discover molecular species relevant to prostate cancer etiology, early detection, and prevention, and may help elucidate the biologic mechanisms through which vitamins influence prostate cancer risk. METHODS Prostate cancer risk data related to vitamins E, A, and D and metabolomic profiling from clinical, cohort, and nested case-control studies, along with randomized controlled trials, are examined and summarized, along with recent metabolomic data of the vitamin phenotypes. RESULTS Higher vitamin E serologic status is associated with lower prostate cancer risk, and vitamin E genetic variant data support this. By contrast, controlled vitamin E supplementation trials have had mixed results based on differing designs and dosages. Beta-carotene supplementation (in smokers) and higher circulating retinol and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D concentrations appear related to elevated prostate cancer risk. Our prospective metabolomic profiling of fasting serum collected 1-20 years prior to clinical diagnoses found reduced lipid and energy/TCA cycle metabolites, including inositol-1-phosphate, lysolipids, alpha-ketoglutarate, and citrate, significantly associated with lower risk of aggressive disease. CONCLUSIONS Several active leads exist regarding the role of micronutrients and metabolites in prostate cancer carcinogenesis and risk. How vitamins D and A may adversely impact risk, and whether low-dose vitamin E supplementation remains a viable preventive approach, require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Mondul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive 6e342, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive 6e342, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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19
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Robb KA, Gatting L, Wardle J. What impact do questionnaire length and monetary incentives have on mailed health psychology survey response? Br J Health Psychol 2017; 22:671-685. [PMID: 28422369 PMCID: PMC5655741 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Response rates to health‐related surveys are declining. This study tested two strategies to improve the response rate to a health psychology survey mailed through English general practices: (1) sending a shortened questionnaire and (2) offering a monetary incentive to return a completed questionnaire. Design Randomized controlled trial. Methods Adults (n = 4,241) aged 45–59 years, from four General Practices in South‐East England, were mailed a survey on attitudes towards bowel cancer screening. Using a 2 × 4 factorial design, participants were randomized to receive a ‘short’ (four A4 pages) or a ‘long’ (seven A4 pages) questionnaire, and one of four monetary incentives to return a completed questionnaire – (1) no monetary incentive, (2) £2.50 shop voucher, (3) £5.00 shop voucher, and (4) inclusion in a £250 shop voucher prize draw. Age, gender, and area‐level deprivation were obtained from the General Practices. Results The overall response rate was 41% (n = 1,589). Response to the ‘short’ questionnaire (42%) was not significantly different from the ‘long’ questionnaire (40%). The £2.50 incentive (43%) significantly improved response rates in univariate analyses, and remained significant after controlling for age, gender, area‐level deprivation, and questionnaire length. The £5.00 (42%) and £250 prize draw (41%) incentives had no significant impact on response rates compared to no incentive (38%). Conclusions A small monetary incentive (£2.50) may slightly increase response to a mailed health psychology survey. The length of the questionnaire (four pages vs. seven pages) did not influence response. Although frequently used, entry into a prize draw did not increase response. Achieving representative samples remains a challenge for health psychology. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject Response rates to mailed questionnaires continue to decline, threatening the representativeness of data. Prize draw incentives are frequently used but there is little evidence to support their efficacy. Research on interactions between incentives, questionnaire length, and demographics is lacking.
What does this study add Contrary to previous findings, questionnaire length did not influence response rate. A £2.50 incentive increased response, while incentives of £5.00 and a £250 prize draw did not. Achieving representative samples to questionnaires remains a challenge for health psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Robb
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, UK.,Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Lauren Gatting
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, General Practice and Primary Care, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jane Wardle
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL, London, UK
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Abstract
There are several extrinsic and intrinsic factors involving reactive oxygen species that play critical roles in tumor development and progression by inducing DNA mutations, genomic instability, and aberrant pro-tumorigenic signaling. There are various essential micronutrients including minerals and vitamins in the diet, which play pivotal roles in maintaining and reinforcing antioxidant performance, affecting the complex network of genes (nutrigenomic approach) and encoding proteins for carcinogenesis. A lot of these antioxidant agents are available as dietary supplements and are predominant worldwide. However, the best antioxidant micronutrient (or a combination of micronutrients) for reducing cancer risks is unknown. The purpose of this review is to survey the literature on modern biological theories of cancer and the roles of dietary antioxidants in cancer. The roles and functions of antioxidant micronutrients, such as vitamin C (ascorbate), vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), selenium, and vitamin A, provided through diet for the prevention of cancer are discussed in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Wu
- a School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Jiaoni Cheng
- b Yunnan Key Laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases, Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University , Kunming , China
| | - Xu Wang
- a School of Life Sciences, The Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Biomass Energy, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Normal University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
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21
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Sarre S, Määttänen L, Tammela TLJ, Auvinen A, Murtola TJ. Postscreening follow-up of the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial on putative prostate cancer risk factors: vitamin and mineral use, male pattern baldness, pubertal development and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Scand J Urol 2016; 50:267-73. [DOI: 10.3109/21681805.2016.1145734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Sarre
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Teuvo L. J. Tammela
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anssi Auvinen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Teemu J. Murtola
- School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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22
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Das Gupta S, Suh N. Tocopherols in cancer: An update. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1354-63. [PMID: 26751721 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols exist in four forms designated as α, β, δ, and γ. Due to their strong antioxidant properties, tocopherols have been suggested to reduce the risk of cancer. Cancer prevention studies with tocopherols have mostly utilized α-tocopherol. Large-scale clinical trials with α-tocopherol provided inconsistent results regarding the cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols. This review summarizes our current understanding of the anticancer activities of different forms of tocopherols based on follow-up of the clinical trials, recent epidemiological evidences, and experimental studies using in vitro and in vivo models. The experimental data provide strong evidence in support of the anticancer activities of δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and the natural tocopherol mixture rich in γ-tocopherol, γ-TmT, over α-tocopherol. Such outcomes emphasize the need for detailed investigation into the cancer-preventive activities of different forms of tocopherols to provide a strong rationale for intervention studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumyasri Das Gupta
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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23
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Ramamoorthy V, Rubens M, Saxena A, Shehadeh N. Selenium and vitamin E for prostate cancer--justifications for the SELECT study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 16:2619-27. [PMID: 25854337 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several studies that relate oxidative damage as possible mechanism for many cancers. Many studies have also shown that anti-oxidants like selenium and vitamin E decrease the risk for prostate cancer. The main objective of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) study was to look for the benefits of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on prostate cancer. The study had a large sample size, stringent experimental conditions, very long duration, standardized laboratories for biochemical analyses and other factors that contribute to high external validity. The SELECT study failed to show any significant risk reduction for prostate cancers ascribable to selenium and vitamin E supplementations. Because of these conflicting results, many researchers argue about the methods used, supplementations administered (selenium and vitamin E) and indicators used for assessing levels of supplementations. We reviewed many epidemiological studies, clinical trials, and pre-clinical studies. With corroborative evidences we justify that SELECT study has a sound methodology and rationale. In lieu of the contrary results of the select study, researchers should focus on the probable mechanisms for these contrary findings and continue their search for newer and effective agents for prevention of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, USA E-mail :
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Key TJ, Appleby PN, Travis RC, Albanes D, Alberg AJ, Barricarte A, Black A, Boeing H, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Chan JM, Chen C, Cook MB, Donovan JL, Galan P, Gilbert R, Giles GG, Giovannucci E, Goodman GE, Goodman PJ, Gunter MJ, Hamdy FC, Heliövaara M, Helzlsouer KJ, Henderson BE, Hercberg S, Hoffman-Bolton J, Hoover RN, Johansson M, Khaw KT, King IB, Knekt P, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Männistö S, Martin RM, Meyer HE, Mondul AM, Moy KA, Neal DE, Neuhouser ML, Palli D, Platz EA, Pouchieu C, Rissanen H, Schenk JM, Severi G, Stampfer MJ, Tjønneland A, Touvier M, Trichopoulou A, Weinstein SJ, Ziegler RG, Zhou CK, Allen NE. Carotenoids, retinol, tocopherols, and prostate cancer risk: pooled analysis of 15 studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1142-57. [PMID: 26447150 PMCID: PMC4625592 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual studies have suggested that circulating carotenoids, retinol, or tocopherols may be associated with prostate cancer risk, but the studies have not been large enough to provide precise estimates of associations, particularly by stage and grade of disease. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a pooled analysis of the associations of the concentrations of 7 carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol with risk of prostate cancer and to describe whether any associations differ by stage or grade of the disease or other factors. DESIGN Principal investigators of prospective studies provided individual participant data for prostate cancer cases and controls. Risk by study-specific fifths of each biomarker was estimated by using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression in matched case-control sets. RESULTS Data were available for up to 11,239 cases (including 1654 advanced stage and 1741 aggressive) and 18,541 controls from 15 studies. Lycopene was not associated with overall risk of prostate cancer, but there was statistically significant heterogeneity by stage of disease, and the OR for aggressive disease for the highest compared with the lowest fifth of lycopene was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.46, 0.91; P-trend = 0.032). No other carotenoid was significantly associated with overall risk of prostate cancer or with risk of advanced-stage or aggressive disease. For retinol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.22; P-trend = 0.015). For α-tocopherol, the OR for the highest compared with the lowest fifth was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.94; P-trend < 0.001), with significant heterogeneity by stage of disease; the OR for aggressive prostate cancer was 0.74 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P-trend = 0.001). γ-Tocopherol was not associated with risk. CONCLUSIONS Overall prostate cancer risk was positively associated with retinol and inversely associated with α-tocopherol, and risk of aggressive prostate cancer was inversely associated with lycopene and α-tocopherol. Whether these associations reflect causal relations is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health,
| | - Paul N Appleby
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Anthony J Alberg
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain, and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública), Spain
| | - Amanda Black
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - H Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, Netherlands; School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - June M Chan
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Chu Chen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Program in Epidemiology
| | - Michael B Cook
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jenny L Donovan
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pilar Galan
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France
| | - Rebecca Gilbert
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Gary E Goodman
- Departments of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Marc J Gunter
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Brian E Henderson
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France
| | - Judy Hoffman-Bolton
- George W Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention, Hagerstown, MD
| | - Robert N Hoover
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mattias Johansson
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France; Department for Biobank Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care and
| | - Irena B King
- Public Health Sciences Core Laboratories, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Paul Knekt
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Satu Männistö
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Medical Research Council/University of Bristol Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Bristol Biomedical Research Unit in Nutrition, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Haakon E Meyer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo and Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kristin A Moy
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - David E Neal
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute-ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Camille Pouchieu
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harri Rissanen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeannette M Schenk
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Departments of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Center, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team), Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, University Paris 13, University Paris 5, University Paris 7, Bobigny, France
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation and Bureau of Epidemiologic Research, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece and
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Regina G Ziegler
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cindy Ke Zhou
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Naomi E Allen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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McBurney MI, Yu EA, Ciappio ED, Bird JK, Eggersdorfer M, Mehta S. Suboptimal Serum α-Tocopherol Concentrations Observed among Younger Adults and Those Depending Exclusively upon Food Sources, NHANES 2003-20061-3. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135510. [PMID: 26287975 PMCID: PMC4546010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is an essential nutrient for human health, with an established function as a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes from free radical damage. Low vitamin E status has been linked to multiple health outcomes, including total mortality. With vitamin E being identified as a ‘shortfall nutrient’ because >90% of American adults are not consuming recommended amounts of vitamin E, we aimed to determine the prevalence of both clinical vitamin E deficiency (serum α-tocopherol concentration < 12 μmol/L) and failure to meet a criterion of vitamin E adequacy, serum α-tocopherol concentration of 30 μmol/L, based on the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and lowest mortality rate in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) study. The most recent nationally-representative cross-sectional data (2003–2006) among non-institutionalized US citizens with available serum concentrations of α-tocopherol from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed. Serum α-tocopherol distributions were compared between those reporting consumption of food without supplement use (FOOD) and food and supplement use (FOOD+DS) by sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Only 1% of the US population is clinically deficient. FOOD consumers have lower average α-tocopherol levels (24.9± 0.2 μmol/L) than FOOD+DS users (33.7 ± 0.3 μmol/L), even when adjusted for total cholesterol. Using a criterion of adequacy of 30 μmol/L, 87% of persons 20-30y and 43% of those 51+y had inadequate vitamin E status (p<0.01). A significant greater prevalence of FOOD compared to FOOD+DS users did not meet the criterion of adequacy which was based on the EAR and low ATBC mortality rate consistently across age, sex, and race/ethnic groups. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin E levels is significantly higher among non-users of dietary supplements. With declining usage of vitamin E supplements, the population should be monitored for changes in vitamin E status and related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. McBurney
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elaine A. Yu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric D. Ciappio
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, New Jersey, United States of America
| | | | | | - Saurabh Mehta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Prasad KN. Simultaneous Activation of Nrf2 and Elevation of Dietary and Endogenous Antioxidant Chemicals for Cancer Prevention in Humans. J Am Coll Nutr 2015; 35:175-84. [PMID: 26151600 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2014.1003419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive studies in cancer prevention, the incidence of cancer is increasing. We review studies that have identified several biochemical and genetic defects as well as potential carcinogens in the diet, environmental factors, and lifestyle-related habits. Two of the biochemical abnormalities increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and chronic exposure to carcinogens and mutagens play a significant role in the initiation of multistage carcinogenesis. Therefore, attenuation of these biochemical defects may be useful in reducing the incidence of cancer. Activation of the transcriptional factor called nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2), which enhances the levels of antioxidant enzymes and phase-2-detoxifying enzymes by complex mechanisms, may be one of the ways to reduce oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. Antioxidant enzymes destroy free radicals by catalysis, whereas phase-2-detoxifying enzymes remove potential carcinogens by converting them to harmless compounds for elimination from the body. However, increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes by activating Nrf2 may not be sufficient to decrease oxidative stress and chronic inflammation optimally, because antioxidant chemicals, which are decreased in a high oxidative environment, must also be elevated. This review discusses the regulation of activation of Nrf2 and proposes a hypothesis that an elevation of the levels of antioxidant enzymes and dietary and endogenous antioxidant chemicals simultaneously may reduce the incidence of cancer by decreasing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. The levels of antioxidant chemicals can be increased by supplementation, but increasing the levels of antioxidant enzymes requires activation of Nrf2 by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent and-independent mechanisms. Several phytochemicals and antioxidant chemicals that activate Nrf2 have been identified. This review also describes clinical studies on antioxidants in cancer prevention that have produced inconsistent results. It discusses the possible reasons for the inconsistent results and proposes criteria that should be included in the experimental designs of future clinical studies to obtain consistent results. KEY TEACHING POINTS: • Reducing oxidative stress and chronic inflammation optimally requires an elevation of the levels of antioxidant enzymes and phase-2-detoxifying enzymes as well as dietary and endogenous antioxidant chemicals. • How the levels of antioxidant enzymes and phase-2-detoxifying enzymes are regulated by a nuclear transcriptional factor Nrf2. • How the activation and transcription of Nrf2 is regulated. • Identification of antioxidants that activate Nrf2 by ROS-dependent and-independent mechanisms, those that destroy free radicals by scavenging, and those that exhibit both functions. • Possible reasons for the inconsistent results produced by the previous clinical studies on antioxidants in cancer prevention. • The criteria that should be included in the experimental designs of future clinical studies on antioxidants in cancer prevention in high-risk populations to obtain consistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedar N Prasad
- a Antioxidant Research Institute, Premier Micronutrient Corporation , Novato , California
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Ochi H, Takeda S. The Two Sides of Vitamin E Supplementation. Gerontology 2014; 61:319-26. [PMID: 25428288 DOI: 10.1159/000366419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin E is a lipid-soluble antioxidant that inhibits lipid peroxidation by scavenging reactive oxygen species, and it is thought to protect against the aging process. Indeed, it is one of the most popular supplements in the US. However, recent studies have revealed that vitamin E has dual effects on the aging process. We discovered that α-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the body, stimulates osteoclast fusion and bone resorption as well as induces an osteoporosis-like phenotype in rodents. Clinical intervention trials have also demonstrated that supplementation with vitamin E is neutral or even harmful for preventing age-related diseases in humans. Therefore, the role of vitamin E as an 'anti-ager' has been called into question. This review outlines the present understanding of the role of vitamin E in age-related disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ochi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. Although some nutrients have been linked to the development of total prostate cancer, it remains unclear whether these nutrients modulate the risk of its clinically significant form - advanced tumor. Therefore, this study sought to perform a systematic review of the literature on this topic. The papers reviewed were identified from PubMed using keywords diet and advanced, metastatic, or lethal prostate cancer. A total of 46 papers published until September 2012 met our eligibility criteria and thus were evaluated in this review. Epidemiologic studies have shown that, overall, the habitual consumption of a diet high in saturated fat, well-done meats, and calcium is associated with an increased risk for advanced prostate cancer. An inconsistent association was observed for intake of total meat, fruits, and vegetables. Although most case-control studies suggest that intake of these nutrients or foods significantly alters advanced prostate cancer risk, cohort studies yielded mixed results. No apparent effect of fish and zinc intake on advanced prostate cancer was found in most epidemiologic studies. Epidemiologic studies conducted to date have revealed that some dietary factors modulate the risk for advanced prostate cancer. If these findings are confirmed by more adequately powered epidemiologic studies, especially prospective cohort studies that measure the nutrients and their biochemical indicators, the risk of advanced prostate cancer, which is fatal and thus clinically significant, may be reduced by dietary modification or chemoprevention.
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Virtamo J, Taylor PR, Kontto J, Männistö S, Utriainen M, Weinstein SJ, Huttunen J, Albanes D. Effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer incidence and mortality: 18-year postintervention follow-up of the Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:178-85. [PMID: 24338499 PMCID: PMC3991754 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study among 29,133 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years, daily α-tocopherol (50 mg) for a median of 6.1 years decreased the risk of prostate cancer, whereas β-carotene (20 mg) increased risk of lung cancer and overall mortality. To determine the postintervention effects of α-tocopherol and β-carotene, 25,563 men were followed 18 years for cancer incidence and all causes of mortality through national registers. Neither supplement had significant effects on post-trial cancer incidence. Relative risk (RR) for lung cancer (n = 2,881) was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.11) among β-carotene recipients compared with nonrecipients. For prostate cancer (n = 2,321), RR was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.89-1.05) among α-tocopherol recipients compared with nonrecipients with the preventive effect of α-tocopherol continuing ∼8 years postintervention. Body mass index significantly modified the effect of α-tocopherol on prostate cancer (p for interaction = 0.01) RR 1.00 (95% CI, 0.88-1.14) in normal-weight men, 0.87 (95% CI, 0.77-0.98) in overweight men, and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.01-1.55) in obese men. The post-trial relative mortality (based on 16,686 deaths) was 1.02 (95% CI, 0.98-1.05) for α-tocopherol recipients compared with nonrecipients and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.99-1.05) for β-carotene recipients compared with nonrecipients. α-Tocopherol decreased post-trial prostate cancer mortality (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.70-0.99), whereas β-carotene increased it (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01-1.42). In conclusion, supplementation with α-tocopherol and β-carotene appeared to have no late effects on cancer incidence. The preventive effect of moderate-dose α-tocopherol on prostate cancer continued several years post-trial and resulted in lower prostate cancer mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarmo Virtamo
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Phil R. Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jukka Kontto
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Meri Utriainen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephanie J. Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jussi Huttunen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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Albanes D, Till C, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, Mondul AM, Weinstein SJ, Taylor PR, Parnes HL, Gaziano JM, Song X, Fleshner NE, Brown PH, Meyskens FL, Thompson IM. Plasma tocopherols and risk of prostate cancer in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:886-95. [PMID: 24961880 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) showed higher prostate cancer incidence in men supplemented with high-dose α-tocopherol. We, therefore, examined whether presupplementation plasma α-tocopherol or γ-tocopherol was associated with overall or high-grade prostate cancer. A stratified case-cohort sample that included 1,746 incident prostate cancer cases diagnosed through June 2009 and a subcohort of 3,211 men was derived from the SELECT trial of 35,533 men. Plasma was collected at entry from 2001 to 2004, and median follow-up was 5.5 years (range, 0-7.9 years). Incidence of prostate cancer as a function of plasma α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and supplementation with α-tocopherol or selenomethionine was estimated by the hazard ratio (HR). Plasma γ-tocopherol was not associated with prostate cancer. Men with higher α-tocopherol concentrations seemed to have risk similar to that of men with lower concentrations [overall HR for fifth (Q5) vs. first quintile (Q1), 1.21; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 0.88-1.66; P-trend = 0.24; in the trial placebo arm, Q5 HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.44-1.62; P-trend = 0.66]. We found a strong positive plasma α-tocopherol association among men receiving the trial selenomethionine supplement [Q5 HR, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.29-3.22; P-trend = 0.005]. A positive plasma α-tocopherol-prostate cancer association also seemed limited to high-grade disease (Gleason grade, 7-10; overall Q5 HR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.13-2.24; P-trend = 0.001; among men receiving selenomethionine, Q5 HR, 2.12; 95% CI, 1.32-3.40; P-trend = 0.0002). Our findings indicate that higher plasma α-tocopherol concentrations may interact with selenomethionine supplements to increase high-grade prostate cancer risk, suggesting a biologic interaction between α-tocopherol and selenium itself or selenomethionine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Cathee Till
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eric A Klein
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Phyllis J Goodman
- SWOG Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephanie J Weinstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Howard L Parnes
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veteran's Epidemiology, Research and Information Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Biomarker Laboratory, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Powel H Brown
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- University of California at Irvine, Department of Medicine, Orange, California
| | - Ian M Thompson
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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Myles IA. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr J 2014; 13:61. [PMID: 24939238 PMCID: PMC4074336 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While numerous changes in human lifestyle constitute modern life, our diet has been gaining attention as a potential contributor to the increase in immune-mediated diseases. The Western diet is characterized by an over consumption and reduced variety of refined sugars, salt, and saturated fat. Herein our objective is to detail the mechanisms for the Western diet's impact on immune function. The manuscript reviews the impacts and mechanisms of harm for our over-indulgence in sugar, salt, and fat, as well as the data outlining the impacts of artificial sweeteners, gluten, and genetically modified foods; attention is given to revealing where the literature on the immune impacts of macronutrients is limited to either animal or in vitro models versus where human trials exist. Detailed attention is given to the dietary impact on the gut microbiome and the mechanisms by which our poor dietary choices are encoded into our gut, our genes, and are passed to our offspring. While today's modern diet may provide beneficial protection from micro- and macronutrient deficiencies, our over abundance of calories and the macronutrients that compose our diet may all lead to increased inflammation, reduced control of infection, increased rates of cancer, and increased risk for allergic and auto-inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike Building 33, Room 2W10A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, Maryland.
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Rajendran P, Nandakumar N, Rengarajan T, Palaniswami R, Gnanadhas EN, Lakshminarasaiah U, Gopas J, Nishigaki I. Antioxidants and human diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:332-47. [PMID: 24933428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that includes hydrogen peroxide, hyphochlorus acid, superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxides, hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical are involved in growth, differentiation, progression and death of the cell. They can react with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and other small molecules. Low concentrations of ROS has an indispensable role in intracellular signalling and defence against pathogens, while, higher amounts of ROS play a role in number of human diseases, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia, failures in immunity and endocrine functions. Antioxidants presumably act as safeguard against the accumulation of ROS and their elimination from the system. The aim of this review is to highlight advances in understanding of the ROS and also to summarize the detailed impact and involvement of antioxidants in selected human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
| | - Natarajan Nandakumar
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | | | - Rajendran Palaniswami
- Department of Applied Zoology and Biotechnology, Vivekananda College (A Gurukula Institute of Life Training), Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Thiruvedakam West, Madurai 625234, India
| | - Edwinoliver Nesamony Gnanadhas
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Uppalapati Lakshminarasaiah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Oncology Department Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ikuo Nishigaki
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan.
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Van Blarigan EL, Ma J, Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Sesso HD, Giovannucci EL, Witte JS, Erdman JW, Chan JM, Penney KL. Plasma antioxidants, genetic variation in SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GPX4, and prostate cancer survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23:1037-46. [PMID: 24711484 PMCID: PMC4047147 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants may reduce risk of aggressive prostate cancer, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in antioxidant genes may modify this association. METHODS We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine circulating prediagnostic α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, and lycopene; SNPs in SOD2 (n = 5), CAT (n = 6), GPX1 (n = 2), GPX4, (n = 3); and their interactions and risk of lethal prostate cancer among 2,439 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study and Physicians' Health Study. RESULTS We observed 223 events over a median follow-up of 10 years. Higher α-tocopherol levels were associated with lower risk of lethal prostate cancer [HR 3rd versus 1st quartile (Q): 0.51; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.30-0.89; HR 4th versus 1st Q: 0.68; 95% CI, 0.41-1.13; P trend: 0.02]. Men homozygous for the less common allele (G) at rs3746165 in GPX4 had a 35% lower risk of lethal prostate cancer compared with men homozygous for the more common allele (A; HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43-0.99). Among men homozygous for the less common allele in rs3746165, high γ-tocopherol levels were associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of lethal prostate cancer (95% CI, 1.27-9.72; P value, 0.02; interaction P value, 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer, higher circulating prediagnostic α-tocopherol may be associated with lower risk of developing lethal disease. Variants in GPX4 may be associated with risk of lethal prostate cancer, and may modify the relation between γ-tocopherol and prostate cancer survival. IMPACT Circulating tocopherol levels and variants in GPX4 may affect prostate cancer progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(6); 1037-46. ©2014 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Van Blarigan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jing Ma
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Stacey A Kenfield
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - John S Witte
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - John W Erdman
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - June M Chan
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Kathryn L Penney
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisAuthors' Affiliations: Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Departments of Epidemiology, and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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Vance TM, Su J, Fontham ETH, Koo SI, Chun OK. Dietary antioxidants and prostate cancer: a review. Nutr Cancer 2014; 65:793-801. [PMID: 23909722 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2013.806672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer in men in the United States. Several studies have examined the relationship between prostate cancer and antioxidants; however, the results of these studies are inconsistent. This article provides a systematic review of studies on prostate cancer and antioxidant intake from diet and supplements. Tea and coffee appear to offer protection against advanced prostate cancer. Different forms of vitamin E appear to exert different effects on prostate cancer, with alpha-tocopherol potentially increasing and gamma-tocopherol potentially decreasing risk of the disease. There is no strong evidence for a beneficial effect of selenium, vitamin C, or beta-carotene, whereas lycopene appears to be negatively associated with risk of the disease. The effect of dietary antioxidants on prostate cancer remains undefined and inconclusive, with different antioxidants affecting prostate cancer risk differentially. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between antioxidants and prostate cancer risk and to delineate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence M Vance
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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Zou Y, Wang DH, Sakano N, Sato Y, Iwanaga S, Taketa K, Kubo M, Takemoto K, Masatomi C, Inoue K, Ogino K. Associations of serum retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol with biomarkers among healthy Japanese men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:1647-60. [PMID: 24487454 PMCID: PMC3945559 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110201647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinol, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol are fat-soluble vitamins acting as antioxidants via the prevention of lipid oxidation. Little is known about circulatory levels in healthy individuals. The present cross-sectional study aimed at elucidating the relationship between these antioxidants and clinical biomarkers in 206 male (median age 41 years, range 23-67) employees from companies located in the Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Subjects younger than 40 years (n = 94) showed a positive association of the frequency of alcohol consumption with the circulating retinol (β = 0.344, p = 0.001) and γ-tocopherol levels (β = 0.219, p = 0.041), and an inverse association of fast insulin with serum retinol (β = -0.301, p = 0.009). In participants older than 40 years (n = 112) we found that an inverse association of HOMA-R with serum retinol (β = -0.262, p = 0.021), α-tocopherol (β = -0.236, p = 0.035), and γ-tocopherol levels (β = -0.224, p = 0.052); and cigarette smoking was inversely associated with the levels of serum α-tocopherol (β = -0.286, p = 0.008) and γ-tocopherol (β = -0.229, p = 0.040). We further found negative relationships between serum ferritin and the retinol (β = -0.211, p = 0.032) and α-tocopherol levels (β = -0.223, p = 0.022) in men over 40 years of age. The present study suggests that the circulatory levels of antioxidant vitamins may modulate the action of insulin and that higher levels of iron might decrease the levels of antioxidant vitamins in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zou
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Da-Hong Wang
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Noriko Sakano
- Department of Gerontology Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yoshie Sato
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Suketaka Iwanaga
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoye-cho Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhisa Taketa
- Geriatric Health Service Facility, Niwanosato Home, Mihara, Hiroshima 729-1321, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Kubo
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kei Takemoto
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Chie Masatomi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Kiyomi Inoue
- Public Health Care Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kobe Tokiwa University, 2-6-2 Otani-cho, Kobe 653-0838, Japan.
| | - Keiki Ogino
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Cheung E, Wadhera P, Dorff T, Pinski J. Diet and prostate cancer risk reduction. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 8:43-50. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a condition in which oxidant metabolites exert their toxic effect because of an increased production or an altered cellular mechanism of protection; oxidative stress is rapidly gaining recognition as a key phenomenon in chronic diseases. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. Endogenous defence mechanisms are inadequate for the complete prevention of oxidative damage, and different sources of dietary antioxidants may be especially important. This article calls attention to the dietary antioxidants, such as vitamins A, C, and E and polyphenols. Compelling evidence has led to the conclusion that diet is a key environmental factor and a potential tool for the control of chronic diseases. More specifically, fruits and vegetables have been shown to exert a protective effect. The high content of minerals and natural antioxidant as vitamins A, C, and E and polyphenols in fruits and vegetables may be a main factor responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Landete
- Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos-IATA, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC, Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna-Valencia, España.
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Fujii T, Takatsuka N, Nagata C, Matsumoto K, Oki A, Furuta R, Maeda H, Yasugi T, Kawana K, Mitsuhashi A, Hirai Y, Iwasaka T, Yaegashi N, Watanabe Y, Nagai Y, Kitagawa T, Yoshikawa H. Association between carotenoids and outcome of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study. Int J Clin Oncol 2012; 18:1091-101. [PMID: 23095878 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-012-0486-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that micronutrients such as alpha-tocopherol, retinol, lutein, cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and alpha- and beta-carotene may help in the prevention of cervical cancer. Our aim was to investigate whether serum concentrations and/or dietary intake of micronutrients influence the regression or progression of low-grade cervical abnormalities. METHODS In a prospective cohort study of 391 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1-2 lesions, we measured serum micronutrient concentrations in addition to a self-administered questionnaire about dietary intake. We evaluated the hazard ratio (HR) adjusted for CIN grade, human papillomavirus genotype, total energy intake and smoking status. RESULTS In non-smoking regression subjects, regression was significantly associated with serum levels of zeaxanthin/lutein (HR 1.25, 0.78-2.01, p = 0.024). This benefit was abolished in current smokers. Regression was inhibited by high serum levels of alpha-tocopherol in smokers (p = 0.042). In progression subjects, a significant protective effect against progression to CIN3 was observed in individuals with a medium level of serum beta-carotene [HR 0.28, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.71, p = 0.007), although any protective effect from a higher level of serum beta-carotene was weaker or abolished (HR 0.52, 95 % CI 0.24-1.13, p = 0.098). Increasing beta-carotene intake did not show a protective effect (HR 2.30, 95 % CI 0.97-5.42, p = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS Measurements of serum levels of carotenoids suggest that regression is modulated by smoking status. Maintaining a medium serum level of beta-carotene has a protective effect for progression; however, carotene intake is not correlated with serum levels of carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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Paulis G, Brancato T, D'Ascenzo R, De Giorgio G, Nupieri P, Orsolini G, Alvaro R. Efficacy of vitamin E in the conservative treatment of Peyronie's disease: legend or reality? A controlled study of 70 cases. Andrology 2012; 1:120-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Paulis
- Andrology Service; Regina Apostolorum Hospital; Albano Laziale; Rome; Italy
| | - T. Brancato
- Complex Operative Unit of Urology; Regina Apostolorum Hospital; Albano Laziale; Rome; Italy
| | - R. D'Ascenzo
- Complex Operative Unit of Urology; Regina Apostolorum Hospital; Albano Laziale; Rome; Italy
| | | | - P. Nupieri
- Complex Operative Unit of Urology; Regina Apostolorum Hospital; Albano Laziale; Rome; Italy
| | - G. Orsolini
- Complex Operative Unit of Urology; Regina Apostolorum Hospital; Albano Laziale; Rome; Italy
| | - R. Alvaro
- Department of Public Health and Cellular Biology; University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’; Rome; Italy
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Gilbert R, Metcalfe C, Fraser WD, Donovan J, Hamdy F, Neal DE, Lane JA, Martin RM. Associations of circulating retinol, vitamin E, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D with prostate cancer diagnosis, stage, and grade. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1865-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Weinstein SJ, Peters U, Ahn J, Friesen MD, Riboli E, Hayes RB, Albanes D. Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol concentrations and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Screening Trial: a nested case-control study. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40204. [PMID: 22792240 PMCID: PMC3390343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E compounds exhibit prostate cancer preventive properties experimentally, but serologic investigations of tocopherols, and randomized controlled trials of supplementation in particular, have been inconsistent. Many studies suggest protective effects among smokers and for aggressive prostate cancer, however. METHODS We conducted a nested case-control study of serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol and prostate cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial, with 680 prostate cancer cases and 824 frequency-matched controls. Multivariate-adjusted, conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for tocopherol quintiles. RESULTS Serum α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol were inversely correlated (r = -0.24, p<0.0001). Higher serum α-tocopherol was associated with significantly lower prostate cancer risk (OR for the highest vs. lowest quintile = 0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.92, p-trend 0.05). By contrast, risk was non-significantly elevated among men with higher γ-tocopherol concentrations (OR for the highest vs. lowest quintile = 1.35, 95% CI 0.92-1.97, p-trend 0.41). The inverse association between prostate cancer and α-tocopherol was restricted to current and recently former smokers, but was only slightly stronger for aggressive disease. By contrast, the increased risk for higher γ-tocopherol was more pronounced for less aggressive cancers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate higher α-tocopherol status is associated with decreased risk of developing prostate cancer, particularly among smokers. Although two recent controlled trials did not substantiate an earlier finding of lower prostate cancer incidence and mortality in response to supplementation with a relatively low dose of α-tocopherol, higher α-tocopherol status may be beneficial with respect to prostate cancer risk among smokers. Determining what stage of prostate cancer development is impacted by vitamin E, the underlying mechanisms, and how smoking modifies the association, is needed for a more complete understanding of the vitamin E-prostate cancer relation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Weinstein
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Servies, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jiyoung Ahn
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marlin D. Friesen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B. Hayes
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Servies, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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42
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Abstract
The cancer preventive activity of vitamin E has been suggested by many epidemiologic studies. However, several recent large-scale human trials with α-tocopherol, the most commonly recognized and used form of vitamin E, failed to show a cancer preventive effect. The recently finished follow-up of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) even showed higher prostate cancer incidence in subjects who took α-tocopherol supplementation. The scientific community and the general public are faced with a question: "Does vitamin E prevent or promote cancer?" Our recent results in animal models have shown the cancer preventive activity of γ- and δ-tocopherols as well as a naturally occurring mixture of tocopherols, and the lack of cancer preventive activity by α-tocopherol. On the basis of these results as well as information from the literature, we suggest that vitamin E, as ingested in the diet or in supplements that are rich in γ- and δ-tocopherols, is cancer preventive; whereas supplementation with high doses of α-tocopherol is not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, 08854, USA.
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Villanueva C, Kross RD. Antioxidant-induced stress. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2091-2109. [PMID: 22408440 PMCID: PMC3292009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidants are among the most popular health-protecting products, sold worldwide without prescription. Indeed, there are many reports showing the benefits of antioxidants but only a few questioning the possible harmful effects of these "drugs". The normal balance between antioxidants and free radicals in the body is offset when either of these forces prevails. The available evidence on the harmful effects of antioxidants is analyzed in this review. In summary, a hypothesis is presented that "antioxidant-induced stress" results when antioxidants overwhelm the body's free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleva Villanueva
- Escuela Superior de Medicina del IPN, Posgrado e Investigacion, Plan de San Luis y Salvador Diaz Miron S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, Mexico, DF. 11340, Mexico
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Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have suggested that a low vitamin E nutritional status is associated with increased cancer risk. However, several recent large-scale human trials with high doses of α-tocopherol (α-T) have produced disappointing results. This points out the need for a better understanding of the biological activities of the different forms of tocopherols. Using a naturally occurring tocopherol mixture (γ-TmT) that is rich in γ-T, we demonstrated the inhibition of chemically induced lung, colon, and mammary cancer formation as well as the growth of xenograft tumors derived from human lung and prostate cancer cells. This broad anticancer activity of γ-TmT has been attributed mainly to the trapping of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and the inhibition of estrogen signaling have also been observed in the inhibition of mammary cancer development. δ-T has been shown to be more active than γ-T in inhibiting the growth of human lung cancer cells in a xenograft tumor model and the development of aberrant crypt foci in azoxymethane-treated rats, whereas α-T is not effective in these models. The higher inhibitory activities of δ-T and γ-T (than α-T) are proposed to be due to their trapping of reactive nitrogen species and their capacity to generate side-chain degradation products, which retain the intact chromanol ring structure and could have cancer preventive activities.
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Mondul AM, Rohrmann S, Menke A, Feinleib M, Nelson WG, Platz EA, Albanes D. Association of serum α-tocopherol with sex steroid hormones and interactions with smoking: implications for prostate cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 22:827-36. [PMID: 21424597 PMCID: PMC3499970 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-011-9753-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin E may protect against prostate cancer, possibly only in smokers and, we hypothesize, through altered sex steroid hormones. A controlled trial in smokers showed that sex hormone levels were inversely associated with baseline serum α-tocopherol and decreased in response to vitamin E supplementation. The vitamin E-hormone relation is understudied in non-smokers. METHODS Serum sex steroid hormones and α-tocopherol were measured for 1,457 men in NHANES III. Multivariable-adjusted geometric mean hormone concentrations by α-tocopherol quintile were estimated. RESULTS We observed lower mean testosterone, estradiol, and SHBG concentrations with increasing serum α-tocopherol (Q1 = 5.5 and Q5 = 4.6 ng/ml, p-trend = 0.0007; Q1 = 37.8 and Q5 = 33.1 pg/ml, p-trend = 0.02; Q1 = 38.8 and Q5 = 30.6 pg/ml, p-trend = 0.05, respectively). Interactions between serum α-tocopherol and exposure to cigarette smoke for total testosterone, total estradiol, and SHBG were found with the inverse relation observed only among smokers. CONCLUSIONS Results from this nationally representative, cross-sectional study indicate an inverse association between serum α-tocopherol and circulating testosterone, estradiol, and SHBG, but only in men who smoked. Our findings support vitamin E selectively influencing sex hormones in smokers and afford possible mechanisms through which vitamin E may impact prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Mondul
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ledesma MC, Jung-Hynes B, Schmit TL, Kumar R, Mukhtar H, Ahmad N. Selenium and vitamin E for prostate cancer: post-SELECT (Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial) status. Mol Med 2010; 17:134-43. [PMID: 20882260 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various formulations of selenium and vitamin E, both essential human dietary components, have been shown to possess a therapeutic and preventive effect against prostate cancer. Fortuitous results of clinical trials also implied a risk-reduction effect of selenium and vitamin E supplements. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT), using oral selenium and vitamin E supplementation in disease-free volunteers, was designed to test a prostate cancer chemoprevention hypothesis. SELECT was terminated early because of both safety concerns and negative data for the formulations and doses given. Here, we review and discuss the studies done before and since the inception of SELECT, as well as the parameters of the trial itself. We believe that there is a lack of appropriate in vivo preclinical studies on selenium and vitamin E despite many promising in vitro studies on these agents. It seems that the most effective doses and formulations of these agents for prostate cancer chemoprevention have yet to be tested. Also, improved understanding of selenium and vitamin E biology may facilitate the discovery of these doses and formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Ledesma
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Prasad S, Kannappan R. Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1613-31. [PMID: 20696139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Initially discovered in 1938 as a "fertility factor," vitamin E now refers to eight different isoforms that belong to two categories, four saturated analogues (α, β, γ, and δ) called tocopherols and four unsaturated analogues referred to as tocotrienols. While the tocopherols have been investigated extensively, little is known about the tocotrienols. Very limited studies suggest that both the molecular and therapeutic targets of the tocotrienols are distinct from those of the tocopherols. For instance, suppression of inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB, which is closely linked to tumorigenesis and inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, mammalian DNA polymerases and certain protein tyrosine kinases, is unique to the tocotrienols. This review examines in detail the molecular targets of the tocotrienols and their roles in cancer, bone resorption, diabetes, and cardiovascular and neurological diseases at both preclinical and clinical levels. As disappointment with the therapeutic value of the tocopherols grows, the potential of these novel vitamin E analogues awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat B Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Box 143, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Weber BA, Derrico DJ, Yoon SL, Sherwill-Navarro P. Educating patients to evaluate web-based health care information: theGATORapproach to healthy surfing. J Clin Nurs 2010; 19:1371-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ju J, Picinich SC, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Suh N, Kong AN, Yang CS. Cancer-preventive activities of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:533-42. [PMID: 19748925 PMCID: PMC2860705 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer-preventive activity of vitamin E has been studied. Whereas some epidemiological studies have suggested a protective effect of vitamin E against cancer formation, many large-scale intervention studies with alpha-tocopherol (usually large doses) have not demonstrated a cancer-preventive effect. Studies on alpha-tocopherol in animal models also have not demonstrated robust cancer prevention effects. One possible explanation for the lack of demonstrable cancer-preventive effects is that high doses of alpha-tocopherol decrease the blood and tissue levels of delta-tocopherols. It has been suggested that gamma-tocopherol, due to its strong anti-inflammatory and other activities, may be the more effective form of vitamin E in cancer prevention. Our recent results have demonstrated that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols inhibits colon, prostate, mammary and lung tumorigenesis in animal models, suggesting that this mixture may have a high potential for applications in the prevention of human cancer. In this review, we discuss biochemical properties of tocopherols, results of possible cancer-preventive effects in humans and animal models and possible mechanisms involved in the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Based on this information, we propose that a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture of tocopherols is a very promising cancer-preventive agent and warrants extensive future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeung Ju
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Present address: Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Chungbuk National University, 410 Sungbong-Ro, Heungduk-Gu, Cheongju 361-763, Korea
| | - Sonia C. Picinich
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chung S. Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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