Association of MicroRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinomas with hepatitis infection, cirrhosis, and patient survival

Loss of miR-634 contributes to the formation FOXA1-positive triple negative breast cancer subtype

BACKGROUND

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer, lacks targeted therapies, posing a substantial challenge for treatment. Therefore, investigating its pathogenesis is a crucial research focus. FOXA1 and miR-634 are involved in tumorigenesis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant upregulation of FOXA1 expression in TNBC remain unclear. Therefore, we explore the role of miR-634 in the FOXA1-positive TNBC subtype.

METHODS

Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect miR-634 expression in breast cancer tissues and cell lines. Aberrantly activated signaling pathways and related genes in TNBC were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas. The potential target of miR-634 was predicted by TargetScan, the TNBC cell proliferation rate was detected using an MTT assay, the in vitro metastatic capacity was determined by transwell assay and the cell cycle distribution was tested using flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of proteins involved in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway.

RESULTS

The expression of miR-634 was significantly down-regulated in both TNBC tissues and cells, compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues and MCF10A, respectively. Ectopic expression of miR-634 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation and in vitro metastasis. The TCGA-based expression profile analysis of TNBC revealed that aberrantly activated PI3K/AKT signaling may contribute to its malignant phenotype. FOXA1, the top hit of aberrantly upregulated genes in TNBC, was a direct target of miR-643. Moreover, forced expression of miR-643 drastically suppressed FOXA1 expression by the inactivation PI3K/AKT signaling.

CONCLUSION

MiR-634 suppresses FOXA1 to inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of TNBC cells by inactivating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

MicroRNAs and human viral diseases: A focus on the role of microRNA-29

The viral replication can impress through cellular miRNAs. Indeed, either the antiviral responses or the viral infection changes through cellular miRNAs resulting in affecting many regulatory signaling pathways. One of the microRNA families that is effective in human cancers, diseases, and viral infections is the miR-29 family. Members of miR-29 family are effective in different viral infections as their roles have appeared in regulation of immunity pathways either in innate immunity including interferon and inflammatory pathways or in adaptive immunity including activation of T-cells and antibodies production. Although miR-29a affects viral replication by suppressing antiviral responses, it can inhibit the expression of viral mRNAs via binding to their 3'UTR. In the present work, we discuss the evidence related to miR-29a and viral infection through host immunity regulation. We also review roles of other miR-29 family members by focusing on their role as biomarkers for diagnosing and targets for viral diseases management.

Genetic Alchemy unveiled: MicroRNA-mediated gene therapy as the Artisan craft in the battlefront against hepatocellular carcinoma-a comprehensive chronicle of strategies and innovations

Investigating therapeutic miRNAs is a rewarding endeavour for pharmaceutical companies. Since its discovery in 1993, our understanding of miRNA biology has advanced significantly. Numerous studies have emphasised the disruption of miRNA expression in various diseases, making them appealing candidates for innovative therapeutic approaches. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant malignancy that poses a severe threat to human health, accounting for approximately 70%-85% of all malignant tumours. Currently, the efficacy of several HCC therapies is limited. Alterations in various biomacromolecules during HCC progression and their underlying mechanisms provide a basis for the investigation of novel and effective therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs, also known as miRNAs, have been identified in the last 20 years and significantly impact gene expression and protein translation. This atypical expression pattern is strongly associated with the onset and progression of various malignancies. Gene therapy, a novel form of biological therapy, is a prominent research area. Therefore, miRNAs have been used in the investigation of tumour gene therapy. This review examines the mechanisms of action of miRNAs, explores the correlation between miRNAs and HCC, and investigates the use of miRNAs in HCC gene therapy.

Targeting non-coding RNAs and N6-methyladenosine modification in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common form of primary liver cancers, accounts for a significant portion of cancer-related death globally. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the onset and progression of HCC are still not fully understood. Emerging evidence has indicated that non-protein-coding regions of genomes could give rise to transcripts, termed non-coding RNA (ncRNA), forming novel functional driving force for aberrant cellular activity. Over the past decades, overwhelming evidence has denoted involvement of a complex array of molecular function of ncRNAs at different stages of HCC tumorigenesis and progression. In this context, several pre-clinical studies have highlighted the potentials of ncRNAs as novel therapeutic modalities in the management of human HCC. Moreover, N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, the most prevalent form of internal mRNA modifications in mammalian cells, is essential for the governance of biological processes within cells. Dysregulation of m6A in ncRNAs has been implicated in human carcinogenesis, including HCC. In this review, we will discuss dysregulation of several hallmark ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs) in HCC and address the latest advances for their involvement in the onset and progression of HCC. We also focus on dysregulation of m6A modification and various m6A regulators in the etiology of HCC. In the end, we discussed the contemporary preclinical and clinical application of ncRNA-based and m6A-targeted therapies in HCC.

MicroRNA biosensors for the detection of liver cancer

Liver cancer is one of the deadliest types worldwide and early diagnosis is highly important for successful treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop rapid, sensitive, simple, and inexpensive analytical tools for its detection. MicroRNAs (miRNA) represent unique biomarkers whose expression in biofluids is strongly associated with cancer in general and miR-21, -31, -122, -145, -146a, -200c, -221, -222, and -223 in liver cancer, specifically. Various biosensors for miRNA detection have been developed. These include electrochemical biosensors based on amperometric, potentiometric, conductometric and impedimetric technology. Furthermore, the use of advanced nanomaterials with enhanced chemical stability, conductivity and electrocatalytic activity have greatly increased the sensitivity and specificity of these devices. The present review focuses on recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for miRNA detection in liver cancer.

Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Induces Expression Changes of miR-21, miR-22, miR-122, miR-132, and miR-222 in Huh-7 Cell Line

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) plays a key role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBx may alter the expression of multiple microRNAs (miRs), which are important in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the importance of HBx protein in the expression of miR-21, miR-22, miR-122, miR-132, and miR-222. A recombinant vector expressing HBx was developed. The Huh-7 cell line was transfected with the HBx-pcDNA3.1+ recombinant plasmid. A Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to evaluate the expression of miR-21, miR-22, miR-122, miR-132, and miR-222 in the cell line. It was found that the expression of miR-21 and miR-222 was upregulated at all points of time after HBx transfection. The expression of miR-21 was 4.24-fold 72 h after transfection. The miR-22 had a 7.69-fold downregulation after 24 h, and the miR-122 had a significant downregulation after 48 h (10-fold). The miR-132 expression reached its lowest rate 12 h after HBx transfection (8.33-fold), and the miR-222 expression was upregulated in transfected cells but was not significantly different (1.18- to 2.45-fold). The significant downregulation of miR-22, miR-122, and miR-132 implicates their inhibitory roles in the progression of HBV-associated HCC. The expression of these microRNAs could be used as a prognostic marker for the progression of HBV-associated liver disease.

Serum microRNA Profiles and Pathways in Hepatitis B-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A South African Study

The incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase sharply by 2040 against a backdrop of limited diagnostic and therapeutic options. Two large South African-based case control studies have developed a serum-based miRNome for Hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC), as well as identifying their gene targets and pathways. Using a combination of RNA sequencing, differential analysis and filters including a unique molecular index count (UMI) ≥ 10 and log fold change (LFC) range > 2: <-0.5 (p < 0.05), 91 dysregulated miRNAs were characterized including 30 that were upregulated and 61 were downregulated. KEGG analysis, a literature review and other bioinformatic tools identified the targeted genes and HBV-HCC pathways of the top 10 most dysregulated miRNAs. The results, which are based on differentiating miRNA expression of cases versus controls, also develop a serum-based miRNA diagnostic panel that indicates 95.9% sensitivity, 91.0% specificity and a Youden Index of 0.869. In conclusion, the results develop a comprehensive African HBV-HCC miRNome that potentially can contribute to RNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic options.

Non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in solid tumors: current status and future directions

This review article presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on receptor tyrosine kinase regulatory non-coding RNAs (RTK-RNAs) in solid tumors. RTK-RNAs belong to a class of non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) responsible for regulating the expression and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play a critical role in cancer development and progression. The article explores the molecular mechanisms through which RTK-RNAs modulate RTK signaling pathways and highlights recent advancements in the field. This include the identification of potential new RTK-RNAs and development of therapeutic strategies targeting RTK-RNAs. While the review discusses promising results from a variety of studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with targeting RTK-RNAs for therapeutic applications. Further studies involving various cancer cell lines, animal models, and ultimately, patients are necessary to validate the efficacy of targeting RTK-RNAs. The specificity of ncRNAs in targeting cellular pathways grants them tremendous potential, but careful consideration is required to minimize off-target effects, the article additionally discusses the potential clinical applications of RTK-RNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In essence, by providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of RTK-RNAs in solid tumors, this review emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets for cancer while acknowledging the associated challenges and limitations.

Study of some potential biomarkers in Egyptian hepatitis C virus patients in relation to liver disease progression and HCC

BACKGROUND

Egypt has the greatest prevalence of hepatitis C worldwide according to the WHO reports, accounting for 13% of the global HCV infections. HCV is a substantial precursor for fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aimed to investigate the potential relevance of some cytokines, miR-122 and miR-221 for the diagnosis of liver disease progression associated to HCV infection.

METHODS

One hundred and twenty blood samples were collected from patients with chronic liver disease, HCC, and healthy individuals. Total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, platelet count, albumin, and creatinine were measured. Serum level of selected cytokines was conducted by ELISA. Serum miRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR.

RESULTS

IL-2R was higher among HCC patients and the mean concentration of both TNF-αRII and IL-6R was higher among cirrhotic patients. The expression of miRNA-122 showed a little fold decrease in all studied groups; the highest level was observed in HCC patients. The expression of miRNA-221 showed a significant fold increase in HCC and cirrhotic groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that there is no difference in liver disease progression in patients regarding sex and age. Routine liver function tests performed poorly in terms of early diagnosis of liver disease progression; however, serum total bilirubin gave somewhat useful guide for discrimination between fibrotic, cirrhotic and HCC cases. IL-2R showed a significant consistent increase in its level with disease progression. The miR-221 serum level showed significant fold increase with liver disease progression. Therefore, making miR-221 a potential non-invasive biomarker for liver disease progression in the diagnostic setting is recommended.

Sulforaphane suppresses skin squamous cell carcinoma cells proliferation through miR-199a-5p/Sirt1/CD44ICD signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to explore the impact of sulforaphane on the growth of sSCC cells, and the activation of miR-199a-5p/Sirt1 and CD44ICD signaling pathways.

METHODS

Cell viability, count, apoptosis, and invasion assays were performed in the sSCC cell line (SCC-13) in which miR-199a-5p was over-expressed or under-expressed. The expression levels of miR-199a-5p, Sirt1 and CD44ICD mRNA were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

RESULTS

Sulforaphane significantly inhibited the cell growth and invasion of SCC-13 cells, and dramatically induced cell apoptosis. Additionally, sulforaphane also greatly increased miR-199a-5p expression and suppressed Sirt1 and CD44ICD mRNA levels. Moreover, miR-199a-5p overexpression considerably down-regulated the expressions of Sirt1 and CD44ICD mRNA, and promoted the ability of sulforaphane to represses cell growth and invasion, and to induce cell apoptosis. However, miR-199a-5p underexpression has the opposite effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Sulforaphane appears to inhibit sCC progression by impacting its growth and invasion ability, and regulates miR-199a-5p/Sirt1 and CD44ICD signaling pathways, and may be utilized to develop a curative approach for sSCC.

MiR-199a-3p Induces Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition of Keratinocytes by Targeting RAP2B

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is an epidermal skin cancer that evolves from normal epidermis along several pre-malignant stages. Previously we found specific miRNAs alterations in each step along these stages. miR-199a-3p expression decreases at the transition to later stages. A crucial step for epithelial carcinoma cells to acquire invasive capacity is the disruption of cell-cell contacts and the gain of mesenchymal motile phenotype, a process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This study aims to study the role of decreased expression of miR-199a-3p in keratinocytes' EMT towards carcinogenesis. First, we measured miR-199a-3p in different stages of epidermal carcinogenesis. Then, we applied Photoactivatable Ribonucleoside-Enhanced Crosslinking and Immunoprecipitation (PAR-CLIP) assay to search for possible biochemical targets of miR-199a-3p and verified that Ras-associated protein B2 (RAP2B) is a bona-fide target of miR-199a-3p. Next, we analyzed RAP2B expression, in CSCC biopsies. Last, we evaluated possible mechanisms leading to decreased miR-199a-3p expression. miR-199a-3p induces a mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in CSSC cells. Many of the under-expressed genes in CSCC overexpressing miR-199a-3p, are possible targets of miR-199a-3p and play roles in EMT. RAP2B is a biochemical target of miR-199a-3p. Overexpression of miR-199a-3p in CSCC results in decreased phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). In addition, inhibiting FAK phosphorylation inhibits EMT marker genes' expression. In addition, we proved that DNA methylation is part of the mechanism by which miR-199a-3p expression is inhibited. However, it is not by the methylation of miR-199a putative promoter. These findings suggest that miR-199a-3p inhibits the EMT process by targeting RAP2B. Inhibitors of RAP2B or FAK may be effective therapeutic agents for CSCC.

Circulating miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p are promising diagnostic biomarkers of colorectal neoplasia

BACKGROUND

Early detection of colorectal neoplasms, including colorectal cancers (CRCs) and advanced colorectal adenomas (AAs), is crucial to improve patient survival. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) in peripheral blood are emerging as noninvasive diagnostic markers for multiple cancers, but their potential for screening colorectal neoplasms remains ambiguous.

AIM

To identify candidate circulating cell-free miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with colorectal neoplasms.

METHODS

The study was divided into three phases: (1) Candidate miRNAs were selected from three public miRNA datasets using differential gene expression analysis methods; (2) an independent set of serum samples from 60 CRC patients, 60 AA patients and 30 healthy controls (HCs) was included and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for miRNAs, and their diagnostic power was detected by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis; and (3) the origin and function of miRNAs in cancer patients were investigated in cancer cell lines and tumor tissues.

RESULTS

Based on bioinformatics analysis, miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p were differentially expressed in both the serum and tissues of patients with colorectal neoplasms and HCs and were selected for further study. Further validation in an independent cohort revealed that both circulating miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p were sequentially increased from HCs and AAs to CRCs. The diagnostic power of miR-672-5p yielded an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.90, and miR-199a-5p had an AUC of 0.83 in discriminating colorectal neoplasms from HCs. A logistic integrated model combining miR-199a-5p and miR-627-5p exhibited a higher diagnostic performance than either miRNA. Additionally, the levels of serum miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p in CRC patients were significantly lower after surgery than before surgery and the expression of both miRNAs was increased with culture time in the culture media of several CRC cell lines, suggesting that the upregulated serum expression of both miRNAs in CRC might be tumor derived. Furthermore, in vitro experiments revealed that miR-627-5p and miR-199a-5p acted as tumor suppressors in CRC cells.

CONCLUSION

Serum levels of miR-199a-5p and miR-627-5p were markedly increased in patients with colorectal neoplasms and showed strong potential as minimally invasive biomarkers for the early screening of colorectal neoplasms.

miR-579-3p Controls Hepatocellular Carcinoma Formation by Regulating the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Protein Kinase B Pathway in Chronically Inflamed Liver

Chronic liver inflammation causes continuous liver damage with progressive liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, which may eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Whereas the 10-year incidence for HCC in patients with cirrhosis is approximately 20%, many of these patients remain tumor free for their entire lives. Clarifying the mechanisms that define the various outcomes of chronic liver inflammation is a key aspect in HCC research. In addition to a wide variety of contributing factors, microRNAs (miRNAs) have also been shown to be engaged in promoting liver cancer. Therefore, we wanted to characterize miRNAs that are involved in the development of HCC, and we designed a longitudinal study with formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded liver biopsy samples from several pathology institutes from Switzerland. We examined the miRNA expression by nCounterNanostring technology in matched nontumoral liver tissue from patients developing HCC (n = 23) before and after HCC formation in the same patient. Patients with cirrhosis (n = 26) remaining tumor free within a similar time frame served as a control cohort. Comparison of the two cohorts revealed that liver tissue from patients developing HCC displayed a down-regulation of miR-579-3p as an early step in HCC development, which was further confirmed in a validation cohort. Correlation with messenger RNA expression profiles further revealed that miR-579-3p directly attenuated phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) expression and consequently protein kinase B (AKT) and phosphorylated AKT. In vitro experiments and the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology confirmed that miR-579-3p controlled cell proliferation and cell migration of liver cancer cell lines. Conclusion: Liver tissues from patients developing HCC revealed changes in miRNA expression. miR-579-3p was identified as a novel tumor suppressor regulating phosphoinositide 3-kinase-AKT signaling at the early stages of HCC development.

Emerging Role of miR-345 and Its Effective Delivery as a Potential Therapeutic Candidate in Pancreatic Cancer and Other Cancers

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality, poor prognosis, and palliative treatments, due to the rapid upregulation of alternative compensatory pathways and desmoplastic reaction. miRNAs, small non-coding RNAs, have been recently identified as key players regulating cancer pathogenesis. Dysregulated miRNAs are associated with molecular pathways involved in tumor development, metastasis, and chemoresistance in PDAC, as well as other cancers. Targeted treatment strategies that alter miRNA levels in cancers have promising potential as therapeutic interventions. miRNA-345 (miR-345) plays a critical role in tumor suppression and is differentially expressed in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer (PC). The underlying mechanism(s) and delivery strategies of miR-345 have been investigated by us previously. Here, we summarize the potential therapeutic roles of miR-345 in different cancers, with emphasis on PDAC, for miRNA drug discovery, development, status, and implications. Further, we focus on miRNA nanodelivery system(s), based on different materials and nanoformulations, specifically for the delivery of miR-345.

Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma: prognostic importance and clinical applications

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a lethal human malignancy with a very low overall and long-term survival rate. Poor prognostic outcomes are predominantly associated with HCC due to a huge landscape of heterogeneity found in the deadliest disease. However, molecular subtyping of HCC has significantly improved the knowledge of the underlying mechanisms that contribute towards the heterogeneity and progression of the disease. In this review, we have extensively summarized the current information available about molecular classification of HCC. This review can be of great significance for providing the insight information needed for development of novel, efficient and personalized therapeutic options for the treatment of HCC patients globally.

SALL4 and microRNA: The Role of Let-7

SALL4 is a zinc finger transcription factor that belongs to the spalt-like (SALL) gene family. It plays important roles in the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells, and its expression is repressed in most adult organs. SALL4 re-expression has been observed in different types of human cancers, and dysregulation of SALL4 contributes to the pathogenesis, metastasis, and even drug resistance of multiple cancer types. Surprisingly, little is known regarding how SALL4 expression is controlled, but recently microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators of SALL4. Due to the ability of regulating targets differentially in specific tissues, and recent advances in systemic and organ specific miRNA delivery mechanisms, miRNAs have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the interaction between SALL4 and miRNAs in mammalian development and cancer, paying particular attention to the emerging roles of the Let-7/Lin28 axis. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic prospects of targeting SALL4 using miRNA-based strategies, with a focus on the Let-7/LIN28 axis.

Long non-coding RNA HCP5 functions as a sponge of miR-29b-3p and promotes cell growth and metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma through upregulating DNMT3A

Multiple studies have revealed that long non-coding RNA (lncRNAs) served as regulatory factors in modulating tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we demonstrated that lncRNA HCP5 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and cell lines, and these findings were obvious even in metastatic and recurrent cases. Knockdown of HCP5 significantly alleviated cell growth, metastasis, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo through promoting apoptosis and by inactivating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress. Moreover, miR-29b-3p has been identified as a negatively regulatory target gene of HCP5, and served as a tumor suppressor of HCC to prevent cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Subsequently, DNMT3A was identified as a downstream regulatory factor of miR-29b-3p, and acted as a participated element of HCC progression by activating AKT phosphorylation. Taken together, our study elucidated for the first time that HCP5 plays a crucial role in HCC via the HCP5/miR-29b-3p/DNMT3A/AKT axis and our findings demonstrated a novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategy with potentiality to treat HCC.

Ultrasensitive and Simultaneous SERS Detection of Multiplex MicroRNA Using Fractal Gold Nanotags for Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Sensitive and simultaneous detection of multiple cancer-related biomarkers in serum is essential for diagnosis, therapy, prognosis, and staging of cancer. Herein, we proposed a magnetically assisted sandwich-type surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensor for ultrasensitive and multiplex detection of three hepatocellular carcinoma-related microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers. The biosensor consists of an SERS tag (probe DNA-conjugated DNA-engineered fractal gold nanoparticles, F-AuNPs) and a magnetic capture substrate (capture DNA-conjugated Ag-coated magnetic nanoparticles, AgMNPs). The proposed strategy achieved simultaneous and sensitive detection of three miRNAs (miRNA-122, miRNA-223, and miRNA-21), and the limits of detection of the three miRNAs in human serum are 349 aM for miRNA-122, 374 aM for miRNA-223, and 311 aM for miRNA-21. High selectivity and accuracy of the SERS biosensor were proved by practical analysis in human serum. Moreover, the biosensor exhibited good practicability in multiplex detection of three miRNAs in 92 clinical sera from AFP-negative patients, patients before and after hepatectomy, recurred and relapse-free patients after hepatectomy, and hepatocellular carcinoma patients at distinct Barcelona clinic liver cancer stages. The experiment results demonstrate that our SERS-based assay is a promising candidate in clinical application and exhibited potential for the prediction, diagnosis, monitoring, and staging of cancers.

Omics-Based Identification of Shared and Gender Disparity Routes in Hras12V-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis: An Important Role for Dlk1-Dio3 Genomic Imprinting Region

The phenomenon of gender disparity is very profound in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although previous research has revealed important roles of microRNA (miRNA) in HCC, there are no studies investigating the role of miRNAs in gender disparity observed hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the global miRNAomics changes related to Ras-induced male-prevalent hepatocarcinogenesis in a Hras12V-transgenic mouse model (Ras-Tg) by next-generation sequencing (NGS). We identified shared by also unique changes in miRNA expression profiles in gender-dependent hepatocarcinogenesis. Two hundred sixty-four differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMIRs) with q value ≤0.05 and fold change ≥2 were identified. A vertical comparison revealed that the lower numbers of DEMIRs in the hepatic tumor (T) compared with the peri-tumor precancerous tissue (P) of Ras-Tg and normal liver tissue of wild-type C57BL/6J mice (W) in males indicated that males are more susceptible to develop HCC. The expression pattern analysis revealed 43 common HCC-related miRNAs and 4 Ras-positive-related miRNAs between males and females. By integrating the mRNA transcriptomic data and using 3-node FFL analysis, a group of significant components commonly contributing to HCC between sexes were filtered out. A horizontal comparison showed that the majority of DEMIRs are located in the Dlk1-Dio3 genomic imprinting region (GIR) and that they are closely related to not only hepatic tumorigenesis but also to gender disparity in hepatocarcinogenesis. This is achieved by regulating multiple metabolic pathways, including retinol, bile acid, and steroid hormones. In conclusion, the identification of shared and gender-dependent DEMIRs in hepatocarcinogenesis provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that contribute to male-biased Ras-induced hepatic carcinogenesis.

MicroRNA Therapeutics in Cancer: Current Advances and Challenges

Simple Summary

Cancer is a complex disease associated with deregulation of numerous genes. In addition, redundant cellular pathways limit efficiency of monotarget drugs in cancer therapy. MicroRNAs are a class of gene expression regulators, which often function by targeting multiple genes. This feature makes them a double-edged sword (a) as attractive targets for anti-tumor therapy and concomitantly (b) as risky targets due to their potential side effects on healthy tissues. As for conventional antitumor drugs, nanocarriers have been developed to circumvent the problems associated with miRNA delivery to tumors. In this review, we highlight studies that have established the pre-clinical proof-of concept of miRNAs as relevant therapeutic targets in oncology. Particular attention was brought to new strategies based on nanovectorization of miRNAs as well as to the perspectives for their applications.

Abstract

The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 1993 has challenged the dogma of gene expression regulation. MiRNAs affect most of cellular processes from metabolism, through cell proliferation and differentiation, to cell death. In cancer, deregulated miRNA expression leads to tumor development and progression by promoting acquisition of cancer hallmark traits. The multi-target action of miRNAs, which enable regulation of entire signaling networks, makes them attractive tools for the development of anti-cancer therapies. Hence, supplementing downregulated miRNA by synthetic oligonucleotides or silencing overexpressed miRNAs through artificial antagonists became a common strategy in cancer research. However, the ultimate success of miRNA therapeutics will depend on solving pharmacokinetic and targeted delivery issues. The development of a number of nanocarrier-based platforms holds significant promises to enhance the cell specific controlled delivery and safety profile of miRNA-based therapies. In this review, we provide among the most comprehensive assessments to date of promising nanomedicine platforms that have been tested preclinically, pertaining to the treatment of selected solid tumors including lung, liver, breast, and glioblastoma tumors as well as endocrine malignancies. The future challenges and potential applications in clinical oncology are discussed.

hsa-miR-199a-3p Inhibits Motility, Invasiveness, and Contractility of Ovarian Endometriotic Stromal Cells

It is suggested that aberrantly expressed microRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Our previous study demonstrated that expression of the microRNA hsa-miR-199a-3p is attenuated in human endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs). The current study aimed to define the roles of hsa-miR-199a-3p in the development of endometriosis. ECSCs and normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs) were isolated from ovarian endometrioma and normal endometrial tissues, respectively. We evaluated the effect of transfected hsa-miR-199a-3p on the migration, invasion, and contractility of ECSCs using Transwell migration assays, in vitro wound healing assays, Transwell invasion assays, and collagen gel contraction assays. We also examined the downstream target of hsa-miR-199a-3p with an online public database search and luciferase reporter assay. Expression of hsa-miR-199a-3p in ECSCs was significantly lower than that in NESCs, whereas the expression of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) mRNA was significantly higher. Transfection of hsa-miR-199a-3p inhibited the migration, invasion, and contractility of ECSCs via inhibition of PAK4 mRNA expression. PAK4 was confirmed to be the direct target of hsa-miR-199a-3p. Transfection of PAK4 small interfering RNA and the PAK4 inhibitor PF-3758309 also inhibited ECSC migration, invasion, and contractility. These findings suggest that hsa-miR-199a-3p may act as a tumor suppressor in endometriosis development. Attenuation of hsa-miR-199a-3p expression was favorable for ECSCs to acquire the highly invasive, motile, and contractile characteristics of endometriotic cells and is involved in the development of endometriosis. Accordingly, PAK4 inhibitors may be promising for the treatment of endometriosis.

The Epigenetic Modulation of Cancer and Immune Pathways in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Influence of HBx and miRNA Dysregulation

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) pathogenesis is fueled by persistent HBV infection that stealthily maintains a delicate balance between viral replication and evasion of the host immune system. HBV is remarkably adept at using a combination of both its own, as well as host machinery to ensure its own replication and survival. A key tool in its arsenal, is the HBx protein which can manipulate the epigenetic landscape to decrease its own viral load and enhance persistence, as well as manage host genome epigenetic responses to the presence of viral infection. The HBx protein can initiate epigenetic modifications to dysregulate miRNA expression which, in turn, can regulate downstream epigenetic changes in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. We attempt to link the HBx and miRNA induced epigenetic modulations that influence both the HBV and host genome expression in HBV-HCC pathogenesis. In particular, the review investigates the interplay between CHB infection, the silencing role of miRNA, epigenetic change, immune system expression and HBV-HCC pathogenesis. The review demonstrates exactly how HBx-dysregulated miRNA in HBV-HCC pathogenesis influence and are influenced by epigenetic changes to modulate both viral and host genome expression. In particular, the review identifies a specific subset of HBx induced epigenetic miRNA pathways in HBV-HCC pathogenesis demonstrating the complex interplay between HBV infection, epigenetic change, disease and immune response. The wide-ranging influence of epigenetic change and miRNA modulation offers considerable potential as a therapeutic option in HBV-HCC.

Involvement of microRNA in Solid Cancer: Role and Regulatory Mechanisms

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function as the post-transcriptional factor that finetunes the gene expression by targeting to the specific candidate. Mis-regulated expression of miRNAs consequently disturbs gene expression profile, which serves as the pivotal mechanism involved in initiation or progression of human malignancy. Cancer-relevant miRNA is potentially considered the therapeutic target or biomarker toward the precise treatment of cancer. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanism underlying the altered expression of miRNA in cancer is largely uncovered. Detailed knowledge regarding the influence of miRNAs on solid cancer is critical for exploring its potential of clinical application. Herein, we elucidate the regulatory mechanism regarding how miRNA expression is manipulated and its impact on the pathogenesis of distinct solid cancer.

MicroRNA signature in liver cancer

Liver cancer is the 7^th utmost frequent neoplasm and the 4^th principal source of cancer deaths. This malignancy is linked with several environmental and lifestyle-related factors emphasizing the role of epigenetics in its pathogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been regarded as potent epigenetic mechanisms partaking in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. Dysregulation of miRNAs has been related with poor outcome of patients with liver cancer. In the current manuscript, we provide a concise review of the results of recent studies about the role of miRNAs in the progression of liver cancer and their diagnostic and prognostic utility.

MicroRNAs in the Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review

Simple Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequently occurring cancers, and the prognosis for late-stage HCC remains poor. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of HCC is expected to improve outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs that regulate the expression of various target genes, including those in cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites in various human cancers. We summarize the central roles of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC and discuss their potential utility as valuable biomarkers and new therapeutic agents for HCC.

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the seventh most frequent cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite substantial advances in therapeutic strategies, the prognosis of late-stage HCC remains dismal because of the high recurrence rate. A better understanding of the etiology of HCC is therefore necessary to improve outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous, noncoding, single-stranded RNAs that modulate the expression of their target genes at the posttranscriptional and translational levels. Aberrant expression of miRNAs has frequently been detected in cancer-associated genomic regions or fragile sites in various human cancers and has been observed in both HCC cells and tissues. The precise patterns of aberrant miRNA expression differ depending on disease etiology, including various causes of hepatocarcinogenesis, such as viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and the association of miRNAs with the pathogenesis of HCC of various etiologies. In the present review, we summarize the key mechanisms of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC and emphasize their potential utility as valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as innovative therapeutic targets, in HCC diagnosis and treatment.

MicroRNA‑301a/ZNRF3/wnt/β‑catenin signal regulatory crosstalk mediates glioma progression

MicroRNA (miR)‑mediated mRNA and multiple signaling pathway dysregulations have been extensively implicated in several cancer types, including gliomas. Although previous studies have reported that miR‑301a acts as an oncogene, the underlying mechanisms of miR‑301a in the initiation and progression of glioma remain unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of miR‑301a‑mediated signaling pathway dysregulation in glioma. The results identified that miR‑301a was significantly upregulated in gliomas and was associated with a poor prognosis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas databases. Moreover, zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) exerted a critical role in the miR‑301a‑mediated effects on the malignant phenotype, such as by affecting proliferation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, the TOP/FOP luciferase assay, western blotting and immunofluorescence results demonstrated that miR‑301a knockdown inhibited the wnt/β‑catenin signaling pathway, at least partially via ZNRF3, while ZNRF3 was a direct functional target of miR‑301a, as indicated by luciferase reporter assay and western blot analysis. Furthermore, ZNRF3 could in turn repress miR‑301a expression, which was dependent on the wnt pathway. Collectively, the present study identified a novel miR‑301a/ZNRF3/wnt/β‑catenin signaling feedback loop that serves critical roles in glioma tumorigenesis, and that may represent a potential therapeutic target.

Exosomal miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers to Monitor Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Induced Anti-Fibrotic Effects on CCl4 Treated Rats

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA species that are important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Here, we investigated the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor induced effects on hepatic and plasma exosomal miRNA expression in CCl₄-treated rats. In the present study, hepatic miRNA profiling was conducted using the Nanostring nCounter technology and mRNA profiling using RNA sequencing from PDE5 treated rats in the model of CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis. To evaluate if the PDE5 inhibitor affected differentially expressed miRNAs in the liver can be detected in plasma exosomes, qRT-PCR specific assays were used. In livers from CCl₄-treated rats, the expression of 22 miRNAs was significantly increased (>1.5-fold, adj. p < 0.05), whereas the expression of 16 miRNAs was significantly decreased (>1.5-fold, adj. p < 0.05). The majority of the deregulated miRNA species are implicated in fibrotic and inflammatory processes. The PDE5 inhibitor suppressed the induction of pro-fibrotic miRNAs, such as miR-99b miR-100 and miR-199a-5p, and restored levels of anti-fibrotic miR-122 and miR-192 in the liver. In plasma exosomes, we observed elevated levels of miR-99b, miR-100 and miR-142-3p after treatment with the PDE5-inhibitor compared to CCl₄/Vehicle-treated. Our study demonstrated for the first time that during the development of hepatic fibrosis in the preclinical model of CCl₄-induced liver fibrosis, defined aspects of miRNA regulated liver pathogenesis are influenced by PDE5 treatment. In conclusion, miRNA profiling of plasma exosomes might be used as a biomarker for NASH progression and monitoring of treatment effects.

Hepatitis B virus core-related antigen is useful for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in a patient with occult hepatitis B virus infection: Case report

Serum HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg) is useful for detecting HCC in patients with occult HBV infection. Surveillance for HCC is needed in patients who are positive for HBcrAg, even if they are negative for HBsAg and HBV DNA.

Role of microRNA and Long Non-Coding RNA in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for about 80-90% of all liver cancers and is found to be the third most common cause of cancer mortality in the Asia-Pacific region. Risk factors include hepatitis B and C virus, cirrhosis, aflatoxin-contaminated food, alcohol, and diabetes. Surgically removing the tumor tissue seems effective but a high chance of recurrence has led to an urgent need to develop novel molecules for the treatment of HCC. Clinical management with sorafenib is found to be effective but it is only able to prolong survival for a few months. Various side effects like gastrointestinal and abdominal pain, hypertension, and hemorrhage are also associated with sorafenib, which calls for the unmet need of effective therapies against HCC. Similarly, the genetic mechanisms behind the occurrence of HCC are still unknown and need to be expounded further for developing newer candidates. Since unearthing the concept of these variants, transcriptomics has revealed the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in many cellular, physiological and pathobiological processes. They are also found to be widely associated and abundantly expressed in a variety of cancer. Aberrant expression and mutations are closely related to tumorigenesis and metastasis and hence are classified as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer, including HCC. Herein, this review summarises the relationship between ncRNAs and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Evaluation of microRNA Gene Polymorphisms in Liver Transplant Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Genetic polymorphism in the miRNA sequence might alter miRNA expression and/or maturation, which is associated with the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in liver transplant patients. Objectives: Therefore, the prevalence of miRNA-146a G > C (rs2910164), miRNA-499A > G (rs3746444), miRNA-149C > T (rs2292832), and miRNA-196a-2 C > T (rs11614913) gene polymorphisms was evaluated in liver recipients with HCC with or without experiencing graft rejection. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, tissue samples were collected from 60 HCC patients who underwent liver transplant surgery at Namazi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran, in 2013 - 2015. A control group consisting of 120 individuals was randomly selected, as well. The genomic DNA was extracted from collected tissues and blood samples. The miRNA-146a (rs2910164), miRNA-499 (rs3746444), miRNA-149 (rs2292832), and miRNA-196a-2 (rs11614913) gene polymorphisms were evaluated in patients with HCC using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results: The CC genotype and C allele of the miRNA-146a (rs2910164) polymorphism were significantly associated with the increased risk of transplant rejection in patients with HCC (P = 0.05 and P = 0.05, respectively). The CC genotype and C allele of the miRNA-146a (rs2910164) were also significantly more frequent in male liver transplant patients who experienced acute rejection than in non-rejected ones (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). However, no significant association was found between the genotypes and alleles of miRNA-499 (rs3746444), miRNA-149 (rs2292832), and miRNA-196a-2 (rs11614913) polymorphisms and HCC outcomes in liver transplant recipients. Conclusions: The importance of the CC genotype and C allele of the miRNA-146a (rs2910164) polymorphism in increasing the risk of transplant rejection was confirmed, but it needs further studies in larger populations.

The Evolution of Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Metabolic Liver Diseases

Monogenic metabolic disorders of hepatic origin number in the hundreds, and for many, liver transplantation remains the only cure. Liver-targeted gene therapy is an attractive treatment modality for many of these conditions, and there have been significant advances at both the preclinical and clinical stages. Viral vectors, including retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenovirus-based vectors, adeno-associated viruses and simian virus 40, have differing safety, efficacy and immunogenic profiles, and several of these have been used in clinical trials with variable success. In this review, we profile viral vectors and non-viral vectors, together with various payloads, including emerging therapies based on RNA, that are entering clinical trials. Genome editing technologies are explored, from earlier to more recent novel approaches that are more efficient, specific and safe in reaching their target sites. The various curative approaches for the multitude of monogenic hepatic metabolic disorders currently at the clinical development stage portend a favorable outlook for this class of genetic disorders.

Multipotent miRNA Sponge-Loaded Magnetic Nanodroplets with Ultrasound/Magnet-Assisted Delivery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy

Gene therapy is likely to be the most promising way to tackle cancer, while defects in molecular strategies and delivery systems have led to an impasse in clinical application. Here, it is found that onco-miRNAs of the miR-515 and -449 families were upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the sponge targeting miR-515 family had a significant probability to suppress cancer cell proliferation. Then, we constructed non-toxic sponge-loaded magnetic nanodroplets containing 20% C6F14 (SLMNDs-20%) that are incorporated with fluorinated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles enhancing external magnetism-assisted targeting and enabling a direct visualization of SLMNDs-20% distribution in vivo via magnetic resonance imaging monitoring. SLMNDs-20% could be vaporized by programmable focused ultrasound (FUS) activation, achieving ∼45% in vitro sponge delivery efficiency and significantly enhancing in vivo sponge delivery without a clear apoptosis. Moreover, the sponge-1-carrying SLMNDs-20% could effectively suppress proliferation of xenograft HCC after FUS exposure because sponge-1-suppressing onco-miR-515 enhanced the expression of anti-oncogenes (P21, CD22, TIMP1, NFKB, and E-cadherin) in cancer cells. The current results indicated that ultrasonic cavitation-inducing sonoporation enhanced the intracellular delivery of sponge-1 using SLMNDs-20% after magnetic-assisted accumulation, which was a therapeutic approach to inhibit HCC progression.

The Multiple Roles of Hepatitis B Virus X Protein (HBx) Dysregulated MicroRNA in Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HBV-HCC) and Immune Pathways

Currently, the treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [HBV-HCC] relies on blunt tools that are unable to offer effective therapy for later stage pathogenesis. The potential of miRNA to treat HBV-HCC offer a more targeted approach to managing this lethal carcinoma; however, the complexity of miRNA as an ancillary regulator of the immune system remains poorly understood. This review examines the overlapping roles of HBx-dysregulated miRNA in HBV-HCC and immune pathways and seeks to demonstrate that specific miRNA response in immune cells is not independent of their expression in hepatocytes. This interplay between the two pathways may provide us with the possibility of using candidate miRNA to manipulate this interaction as a potential therapeutic option.

Non-Coding RNAs: Regulating Disease Progression and Therapy Resistance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the primary liver cancer arising from hepatocytes, is a universal health problem and one of the most common malignant tumors. Surgery followed by chemotherapy as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as sorafenib, are primary treatment procedures for HCC, but recurrence of disease because of therapy resistance results in high mortality. It is necessary to identify novel regulators of HCC for developing effective targeted therapies that can significantly interfere with progression of the disease process. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are an abundant group of versatile RNA transcripts that do not translate into proteins, rather serve as potentially functional RNAs. The role of ncRNAs in regulating diverse aspects of the carcinogenesis process are gradually being elucidated. Recent advances in RNA sequencing technology have identified a plethora of ncRNAs regulating all aspects of hepatocarcinogenesis process and serving as potential prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. The present review provides a comprehensive description of the biological roles of ncRNAs in disease process and therapy resistance, and potential clinical application of these ncRNAs in HCC.

Emerging biomarkers in HCC patients: Current status

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the liver's most common primary malignancy, with over half a million new cases diagnosed each year and being the fourth leading cause of cancer death, worldwide. The poor prognosis of HCC is largely related to late diagnosis. Historically, serum alpha-fetoprotein and diagnostic imaging have been primary diagnostic modalities. However, the poor prognosis due to late diagnosis of HCC has proven unacceptable and, recently, significant efforts have been devoted to identifying patients with early stage HCC. Molecular biomarkers can provide additional and relevant information about the biological behavior of these tumors. Research in biomarker combinations may provide more accurate and valuable information for the future individualized HCC diagnosis and/or prognosis. Several biomarkers with prognostic significance have been identified, however all of them have been studied retrospectively. Furthermore, of all different molecular signatures that have been published, very few have been externally validated. The aim of this review is to analyze the most relevant emerging biomarkers of HCC.

Potential microRNA panel for the diagnosis and prediction of overall survival of hepatocellular carcinoma with hepatitis B virus infection

BACKGROUND

In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), abnormal expression of multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) has been shown to be involved in the malignant biological behavior of liver cancer. The vast majority of liver cancer cases in China are closely related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but there are few studies on the changes of miRNA expression in the progression from HBV infection to hepatoma.

AIM

To explore the role of miRNAs in the progression of HBV infection to cirrhosis and even to liver cancer.

METHODS

We screened differentially expressed miRNAs in 40 HBV cirrhosis, 40 normal and 15 HCC tissues by using a TaqMan Low Density Array and real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate the power of the selected miRNAs to predict disease, we calculated the area under the receiver-operating-characteristic curves. The overall survival of HBV cirrhosis patients was analyzed via Kaplan-Meier analysis.

RESULTS

The levels of miR-375, miR-122 and miR-143 were significantly lower in HBV cirrhosis tissues, while miR-224 was significantly higher than in the controls (P < 0.0001). The area under the curves of the receiver-operating-characteristic curve for the 4-miRNA panel was 0.991 (95%CI: 0.974-1). Patients with a lower expression level of miR-224 or higher expression levels of miR-375, miR-122 and miR-143 had longer overall survival.

CONCLUSION

The four miRNAs (miR-375, miR-122, miR-143 and miR-224) may be helpful for early diagnosis of HBV infection, HBV cirrhosis, and prediction of its overall survival.

MicroRNA-301a (miR-301a) is induced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and down- regulates the expression of interferon regulatory factor-1

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors evade death in part by downregulating expression of the tumor suppressor gene Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1). However, the molecular mechanisms accounting for IRF-1 suppression in HCC have not been well described. In this study, we identified a novel microRNA-301a (miR-301a) binding site in the 3'-untranslated region (3'- UTR) of the human IRF-1 gene and hypothesized a functional role for miR-301a in regulating HCC growth. We show that miR-301a is markedly upregulated in primary HCC tumors and HCC cell lines, while IRF-1 is down-regulated in a post-transcriptional manner. MiR-301a regulates basal and inducible IRF-1 expression in HCC cells with an inverse relationship between miR-301a and IRF-1 expression in HCC cells. Chronic hypoxia induces miR-301a in HCC in vitro and decreases IRF-1 expression. Finally, miR-301a inhibition increases apoptosis and decreases HCC cell proliferation. These findings suggest that targeting of IRF-1 by miR-301a contributes to the molecular basis for IRF-1 downregulation in HCC and provides new insight into the regulation of HCC by miRNAs.

Ultrasound-Mediated Gene Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Pre-microRNA Plasmid-Loaded Nanodroplets

The PIK3 CA gene encodes the p110α protein subunit and is one of the most efficient cancer genes in solid and hematological tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are currently ongoing therapies against tumors based on PIK3 CA inhibition. Because microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation and are also involved in the inhibition of PIK3 CA expression to suppress cancer cell proliferation, overexpression of tumor-suppressive miRNA is a promising therapeutic approach for HCC therapy. The successful and localized delivery of miRNA overexpression vectors (pre-miRNA plasmids) is very important in improving the therapeutic efficacy of this miRNA therapy strategy. In the study described here, submicron acoustic phase-shifted nanodroplets were used to efficiently deliver pre-miRNA plasmid in vitro and in vivo for HCC therapy under focused ultrasound (US) activation. Briefly, six miRNAs, inhibiting PIK3 CA and downregulated in HCC, were selected through summary and analysis of the currently existing literature data. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot and cell apoptosis assay revealed that pre-miR-139, -203a, -378a and -422a plasmids among the six miRNA overexpression vectors could suppress growth of the hepatoma cell line SMMC-7721. These four pre-miRNA plasmids were then electrostatically adhered to positively charged lipid-shelled nanodroplets to obtain plasmid-loaded nanodroplets (PLNDs). The PLND-generated microbubbles oscillated and even collapsed under US exposure to release the loaded pre-miRNA plasmids and enhance their cellular uptake through consequent sonoporation, that is, formation of small pores on the cell membrane induced by the mechanical effects of PLND cavitation. Fluorescence microscopy results revealed that PLNDs could effectively deliver the aforementioned four pre-miRNA plasmids into SMMC-7721 cells in vitro under 1.2-MHz 60-cycle sinusoid US exposure with a peak negative pressure >5.5 MPa at a 40-Hz pulse repetition frequency. Plasmid delivery efficiency and cell viability positively correlated with the inertial cavitation dose that was determined mainly by peak negative pressure. Furthermore, PLNDs combined with US were evaluated in vivo to deliver these four pre-miRNAs plasmids and verify their therapeutic efficacy in subcutaneous tumor of the mouse xenograft HCC model. The results revealed that the PLNDs loaded with pre-miR-139 and -378a plasmids could effectively suppress tumor growth after US treatment. Thus, combination of pre-miRNA PLNDs with US activation seems to constitute a potential strategy for HCC therapy.

MiR-199a-5p represses the stemness of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma stem cells by targeting Sirt1 and CD44ICD cleavage signaling

Tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in various tumors including the cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) as a minor subpopulation and are tightly associated with metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Better understanding of CSCs properties is essential for the novel therapeutic strategy targeted toward these cancers. The cSCC stem cells (cSCCSCs) were enriched from a cSCC cell line A431 by repeated sphere culture, and identified via the expression analysis of stemness marker genes and CD44 proteolysis. MiR-199a-5p was previously reported to be related with the proteolysis modulation of CD44, so the specific regulation mechanisms were verified by overexpression in vitro and in vivo. MiR-199a-5p is under-expressed in cSCCSCs and functions as a tumor suppressive molecule. Overexpression of miR-199a-5p reduced the stemness of cSCCSCs and inhibited cell proliferation. By targeting the deacetylase Sirt1, miR-199a-5p inhibited cellular proteolysis of CD44 and reduced the CD44 intracellular domain (CD44ICD) release and nuclear translocation. Overexpression of CD44ICD reversed the effects of miR-199a-5p overexpression or Sirt1 silencing, and increased the transcriptional expression of stemness genes. Our results revealed that the miR-199a-5p/Sirt1/CD44ICD signaling pathway regulates cSCCSCs progression by affecting its migration ability and tumorigenicity, therefore can be utilized to develop a curative approach for cSCC.Abbreviations: CSCs: cancer stem cells; cSCC cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; cSCCSCs: cSCC stem cells; CD44ICD: CD44 intracellular domain; HA: hyaluronic acid; HNSCC: hand and neck squamous cell carcinoma; ESCC: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma;MMPs: matrix metalloproteinases; SFM: sphere formation medium; EGF: epidermal growth factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8.

The Regulatory Role of MicroRNA in Hepatitis-B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HBV-HCC) Pathogenesis

The incidence and mortality of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC) is an intractable public health problem in developing countries that is compounded by limited early detection and therapeutic options. Despite the early promise of utilizing the regulatory role of miRNA in liver cancer, this field remains largely in the work-in-progress phase. This exploratory review paper adopts a broad focus in order to collate evidence of the regulatory role of miRNA in each stage of the HBV-HCC continuum. This includes the regulatory role of miRNA in early HBV infection, chronic inflammation, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and the onset of HCC. The paper specifically investigates HBV dysregulated miRNA that influence the expression of the host/HBV genome in HBV-HCC pathogenesis and fully acknowledges that this does not cover the full spectrum of dysregulated miRNA. The sheer number of dysregulated miRNA in each phase support a hypothesis that future therapeutic interventions will need to consider incorporating multiple miRNA panels.

The Role of microRNAs in the Viral Infections

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with 19 to 24 nucleotides which are evolutionally conserved. MicroRNAs play a regulatory role in many cellular functions such as immune mechanisms, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. The main function of miRNAs is the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression via mRNA degradation or inhibition of translation. In fact, many of them act as an oncogene or tumor suppressor. These molecular structures participate in many physiological and pathological processes of the cell. The virus can also produce them for developing its pathogenic processes. It was initially thought that viruses without nuclear replication cycle such as Poxviridae and RNA viruses can not code miRNA, but recently, it has been proven that RNA viruses can also produce miRNA. The aim of this articles is to describe viral miRNAs biogenesis and their effects on cellular and viral genes.

Dysregulated MicroRNA Fingerprints and Methylation Patterns in Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Cancer Stem Cells, and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the top causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Although HCC has been researched extensively, there is still a need for novel and effective therapeutic interventions. There is substantial evidence that initiation of carcinogenesis in liver cirrhosis, a leading cause of HCC, is mediated by cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs were also shown to be responsible for relapse and chemoresistance in several cancers, including HCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute important epigenetic markers that regulate carcinogenesis by acting post-transcriptionally on mRNAs, contributing to the progression of HCC. We have previously shown that co-culture of cancer cells with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could induce the reprogramming of MSCs into CSC-like cells. In this review, we evaluate the available data concerning the epigenetic regulation of miRNAs through methylation and the possible role of this regulation in stem cell and somatic reprogramming in HCC.

Identification of plasma miR-148a as a noninvasive biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The detection of microRNA (miRNA) markers in plasma is a potential strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening. The aim of this study was to characterize miR-148a in the peripheral plasma as a non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of HCC.

METHODS AND METHODS

Quantification of miR-148a was performed on 346 plasma samples, including 155 patients with HCC, 96 patients with liver cirrhosis and 95 healthy controls using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Plasma miR-148a was compared before and after the removal of the tumor in 97 cases of HCC. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to analyze predictive value of plasma miR148a in HCC.

RESULTS

Plasma miR-148a levels were significantly lower in HCC patients compared to those with liver cirrhosis (P < 0.01) or healthy controls (P < 0.01). The area under receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for plasma miR-148a was 0.919, with a sensitivity of 89.6 % and a specificity of 89.0% for HCC patients compared with liver cirrhosis. In HCC patients with negative or low AFP, AUROC values for plasma miR-148a were 0.949, with a sensitivity of 90.6% and a specificity of 92.6%. The removal of primary HCC tumor led to increased plasma miR-148a levels (P < 0.0001), indicating that miR-148a is a HCC-specific biomarker.

CONCLUSION

Plasma miR-148a is a potential non-invasive biomarker for HCC screening, especially for those with negative or low AFP. Detection of miR-148a might be a complementary approach to AFP for predicting HCC occurrence.

MicroRNA-122a as a non-invasive biomarker for HCV genotype 4-related hepatocellular carcinoma in Egyptian patients

INTRODUCTION

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection persists in most infected individuals and can lead to the development of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a crucial role in various liver diseases, especially HCC. The expression profiles of circulating microRNAs have been studied aiming at the identification of novel non-invasive biomarkers. This study aims to develop a non-invasive diagnostic tool based on measuring the serum levels of different miRNAs in order to detect HCV-induced HCC at the early stages of the disease.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Five main miRNAs (miRNA-122a, miRNA-125a, miRNA-139, miRNA-145, and miRNA-199a) were selected according to the literature that demonstrated their unique expression pattern during HCC development. Serum samples were collected from 42 cases of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) without cirrhosis, 45 cases of CHC with cirrhosis (LC), 38 cases of HCC with HCV, and 40 healthy individuals serving as a control. The five miRNAs were measured using real-time reverse transcription PCR. The conventional HCC markers α-fetoprotein (AFP) and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin (DCP) were measured with commercial kits.

RESULTS

Serum levels of miRNA-122a, miRNA-125a, miRNA-139, miRNA-145, and miRNA-199a were significantly lower (p < 0.01) in HCC than in CHC and LC groups. As a single marker, miRNA-122a had the highest sensitivity for HCC, followed by miRNA-199a, miRNA-145, miRNA-139, and miRNA-125a.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that measurement of serum levels of miRNA-122a, miRNA-125a, miRNA-139, miRNA-145, and miRNA-199a can differentiate HCC from CHC and LC. Our results suggest that serum miR-122 might serve as a novel and potential noninvasive biomarker for HCV-induced HCC.

Activation of the oncogenic miR-21-5p promotes HCV replication and steatosis induced by the viral core 3a protein

BACKGROUND & AIMS

miR-21-5p is a potent oncogenic microRNA targeting many key tumour suppressors including phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). We recently identified PTEN as a key factor modulated by hepatitis C virus (HCV) to promote virion egress. In hepatocytes, expression of HCV-3a core protein was sufficient to downregulate PTEN and to trigger lipid droplet accumulation. Here, we investigated whether HCV controls PTEN expression through miR-21-5p-dependent mechanisms to trigger steatosis in hepatocytes and to promote HCV life cycle.

METHODS

MiR-21-5p expression in HCV-infected patients was evaluated by transcriptome meta-analysis. HCV replication and viral particle production were investigated in Jc1-infected Huh-7 cells after miR-21-5p inhibition. PTEN expression and steatosis were assessed in HCV-3a core protein-expressing Huh-7 cells and in mouse primary hepatocytes having miR-21-5p inhibited or genetically deleted respectively. HCV-3a core-induced steatosis was assessed in vivo in Mir21a knockout mice.

RESULTS

MiR-21-5p expression was significantly increased in hepatic tissues from HCV-infected patients. Infection by HCV-Jc1, or transduction with HCV-3a core, upregulated miR-21-5p expression and/or activity in Huh-7 cells. miR-21-5p inhibition decreased HCV replication and release of infectious virions by Huh-7 cells. HCV-3a core-induced PTEN downregulation and steatosis were further prevented in Huh-7 cells following miR-21-5p inhibition or in Mir21a knockout mouse primary hepatocytes. Finally, steatosis induction by AAV8-mediated HCV-3a core expression was reduced in vivo in Mir21a knockout mice.

CONCLUSION

MiR-21-5p activation by HCV is a key molecular step, promoting both HCV life cycle and HCV-3a core-induced steatosis and may be among the molecular changes induced by HCV-3a to promote carcinogenesis.