1
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Pandey G, Mazzacurati L, Rowsell TM, Horvat NP, Amin NE, Zhang G, Akuffo AA, Colin-Leitzinger CM, Haura EB, Kuykendall AT, Zhang L, Epling-Burnette PK, Reuther GW. SHP2 inhibition displays efficacy as a monotherapy and in combination with JAK2 inhibition in preclinical models of myeloproliferative neoplasms. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:1040-1055. [PMID: 38440831 PMCID: PMC11096011 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis, are clonal hematopoietic neoplasms driven by mutationally activated signaling by the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. Although JAK2 inhibitors can improve MPN patients' quality of life, they do not induce complete remission as disease-driving cells persistently survive therapy. ERK activation has been highlighted as contributing to JAK2 inhibitor persistent cell survival. As ERK is a component of signaling by activated RAS proteins and by JAK2 activation, we sought to inhibit RAS activation to enhance responses to JAK2 inhibition in preclinical MPN models. We found the SHP2 inhibitor RMC-4550 significantly enhanced growth inhibition of MPN cell lines in combination with the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, effectively preventing ruxolitinib persistent growth, and the growth and viability of established ruxolitinib persistent cells remained sensitive to SHP2 inhibition. Both SHP2 and JAK2 inhibition diminished cellular RAS-GTP levels, and their concomitant inhibition enhanced ERK inactivation and increased apoptosis. Inhibition of SHP2 inhibited the neoplastic growth of MPN patient hematopoietic progenitor cells and exhibited synergy with ruxolitinib. RMC-4550 antagonized MPN phenotypes and increased survival of an MPN mouse model driven by MPL-W515L. The combination of RMC-4550 and ruxolitinib, which was safe and tolerated in healthy mice, further inhibited disease compared to ruxolitinib monotherapy, including extending survival. Given SHP2 inhibitors are undergoing clinical evaluation in patients with solid tumors, our preclinical findings suggest that SHP2 is a candidate therapeutic target with potential for rapid translation to clinical assessment to improve current targeted therapies for MPN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Pandey
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Lucia Mazzacurati
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Tegan M. Rowsell
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Narmin E. Amin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Afua A. Akuffo
- Department of Immunology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Gary W. Reuther
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Malignant Hematology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL USA
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2
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Zhu Y, Koleilat MKI, Roszik J, Kwong MK, Wang Z, Maru DM, Kopetz S, Kwong LN. A Gold Standard-Derived Modular Barcoding Approach to Cancer Transcriptomics. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1886. [PMID: 38791964 PMCID: PMC11120226 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
A challenge with studying cancer transcriptomes is in distilling the wealth of information down into manageable portions of information. In this resource, we develop an approach that creates and assembles cancer type-specific gene expression modules into flexible barcodes, allowing for adaptation to a wide variety of uses. Specifically, we propose that modules derived organically from high-quality gold standards such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) can accurately capture and describe functionally related genes that are relevant to specific cancer types. We show that such modules can: (1) uncover novel gene relationships and nominate new functional memberships, (2) improve and speed up analysis of smaller or lower-resolution datasets, (3) re-create and expand known cancer subtyping schemes, (4) act as a "decoder" to bridge seemingly disparate established gene signatures, and (5) efficiently apply single-cell RNA sequencing information to other datasets. Moreover, such modules can be used in conjunction with native spreadsheet program commands to create a powerful and rapid approach to hypothesis generation and testing that is readily accessible to non-bioinformaticians. Finally, we provide tools for users to create and interpret their own modules. Overall, the flexible modular nature of the proposed barcoding provides a user-friendly approach to rapidly decoding transcriptome-wide data for research or, potentially, clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.K.I.K.)
| | - Mohamad Karim I. Koleilat
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.K.I.K.)
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Man Kam Kwong
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Zhonglin Wang
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA;
| | - Dipen M. Maru
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Lawrence N. Kwong
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Y.Z.); (M.K.I.K.)
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Fancelli S, Petroni G, Pillozzi S, Antonuzzo L. Unconventional strategy could be the future: From target to KRAS broad range treatment. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29739. [PMID: 38694108 PMCID: PMC11061671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The RAS gene family comprises genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation. KRAS, a member of this family, is often mutated in different cancers, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor development. Recent clinical trial results on KRAS inhibition in NSCLC have defined the presence of a significant proportion of patients resistant to direct G12C inhibition. The presence of co-mutations and the occurrence of secondary resistance phenomena observed in preclinical and clinical settings partly justify these poor results. In addition, all other non-G12C mutations currently remain without specific strategies. Evidence of interactions between KRAS signaling and the TME suggests potential in vitro efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this short paper, we have reviewed the most relevant data from recent conferences, with a focus on KRAS inhibitors resistance mechanisms and interactions with the peri-tumor immune system. Commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fancelli
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Petroni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences ‘Mario Serio', University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Clinical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Italy
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4
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Miyashita H, Kato S, Hong DS. KRAS G12C inhibitor combination therapies: current evidence and challenge. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1380584. [PMID: 38756650 PMCID: PMC11097198 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1380584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Although KRAS G12C inhibitors have proven that KRAS is a "druggable" target of cancer, KRAS G12C inhibitor monotherapies have demonstrated limited clinical efficacy due to primary and acquired resistance mechanisms. Multiple combinations of KRAS G12C inhibitors with other targeted therapies, such as RTK, SHP2, and MEK inhibitors, have been investigated in clinical trials to overcome the resistance. They have demonstrated promising efficacy especially by combining KRAS G12C and EGFR inhibitors for KRAS G12C-mutated colorectal cancer. Many clinical trials of combinations of KRAS G12C inhibitors with other targeted therapies, such as SOS1, ERK, CDK4/6, and wild-type RAS, are ongoing. Furthermore, preclinical data have suggested additional promising KRAS G12C combinations with YAP/TAZ-TEAD inhibitors, FAK inhibitors, and farnesyltransferase inhibitors. The combinations of KRAS G12C inhibitors with immunotherapies and chemotherapies have also been investigated, and the preliminary results were reported. More recently, KRAS-targeted therapies not limited to KRAS G12C are being developed, potentially broadening the treatment landscape of KRAS-mutated cancers. Rationally combining KRAS inhibitors with other therapeutics is likely to play a significant role in future treatment for KRAS-mutated solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Miyashita
- Hematology and Oncology, Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Shumei Kato
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - David S. Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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5
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Wasko UN, Jiang J, Dalton TC, Curiel-Garcia A, Edwards AC, Wang Y, Lee B, Orlen M, Tian S, Stalnecker CA, Drizyte-Miller K, Menard M, Dilly J, Sastra SA, Palermo CF, Hasselluhn MC, Decker-Farrell AR, Chang S, Jiang L, Wei X, Yang YC, Helland C, Courtney H, Gindin Y, Muonio K, Zhao R, Kemp SB, Clendenin C, Sor R, Vostrejs WP, Hibshman PS, Amparo AM, Hennessey C, Rees MG, Ronan MM, Roth JA, Brodbeck J, Tomassoni L, Bakir B, Socci ND, Herring LE, Barker NK, Wang J, Cleary JM, Wolpin BM, Chabot JA, Kluger MD, Manji GA, Tsai KY, Sekulic M, Lagana SM, Califano A, Quintana E, Wang Z, Smith JAM, Holderfield M, Wildes D, Lowe SW, Badgley MA, Aguirre AJ, Vonderheide RH, Stanger BZ, Baslan T, Der CJ, Singh M, Olive KP. Tumour-selective activity of RAS-GTP inhibition in pancreatic cancer. Nature 2024; 629:927-936. [PMID: 38588697 PMCID: PMC11111406 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07379-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Broad-spectrum RAS inhibition has the potential to benefit roughly a quarter of human patients with cancer whose tumours are driven by RAS mutations1,2. RMC-7977 is a highly selective inhibitor of the active GTP-bound forms of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS, with affinity for both mutant and wild-type variants3. More than 90% of cases of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are driven by activating mutations in KRAS4. Here we assessed the therapeutic potential of RMC-7977 in a comprehensive range of PDAC models. We observed broad and pronounced anti-tumour activity across models following direct RAS inhibition at exposures that were well-tolerated in vivo. Pharmacological analyses revealed divergent responses to RMC-7977 in tumour versus normal tissues. Treated tumours exhibited waves of apoptosis along with sustained proliferative arrest, whereas normal tissues underwent only transient decreases in proliferation, with no evidence of apoptosis. In the autochthonous KPC mouse model, RMC-7977 treatment resulted in a profound extension of survival followed by on-treatment relapse. Analysis of relapsed tumours identified Myc copy number gain as a prevalent candidate resistance mechanism, which could be overcome by combinatorial TEAD inhibition in vitro. Together, these data establish a strong preclinical rationale for the use of broad-spectrum RAS-GTP inhibition in the setting of PDAC and identify a promising candidate combination therapeutic regimen to overcome monotherapy resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Mice
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- DNA Copy Number Variations
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Genes, myc
- Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/antagonists & inhibitors
- Treatment Outcome
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mutation
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula N Wasko
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Tanner C Dalton
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Curiel-Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Cole Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Bianca Lee
- Revolution Medicines, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Margo Orlen
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sha Tian
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clint A Stalnecker
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristina Drizyte-Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Julien Dilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen A Sastra
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carmine F Palermo
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie C Hasselluhn
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amanda R Decker-Farrell
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Xing Wei
- Revolution Medicines, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Yu C Yang
- Revolution Medicines, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Samantha B Kemp
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cynthia Clendenin
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rina Sor
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William P Vostrejs
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priya S Hibshman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amber M Amparo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Connor Hennessey
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew G Rees
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Tomassoni
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Basil Bakir
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Bioinformatics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura E Herring
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie K Barker
- UNC Michael Hooker Proteomics Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Junning Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James M Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian M Wolpin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Chabot
- Department of Surgery, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael D Kluger
- Department of Surgery, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gulam A Manji
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Y Tsai
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Miroslav Sekulic
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen M Lagana
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- J. P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott W Lowe
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Badgley
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timour Baslan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Kenneth P Olive
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Morimoto K, Yamada T, Hirai S, Katayama Y, Fukui S, Sawada R, Tachibana Y, Matsui Y, Nakamura R, Ishida M, Kawachi H, Kunimasa K, Sasaki T, Nishida M, Furuya N, Watanabe S, Shiotsu S, Nishioka N, Horinaka M, Sakai T, Uehara H, Yano S, Son BK, Tokuda S, Takayama K. AXL signal mediates adaptive resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors in KRAS G12C-mutant tumor cells. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216692. [PMID: 38342232 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Recently, novel Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) inhibitors have been clinically developed to treat KRAS G12C-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, achieving complete tumor remission is challenging. Therefore, the optimal combined therapeutic intervention with KRAS G12C inhibitors has a potentially crucial role in the clinical outcomes of patients. We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms of adaptive resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors in KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC cells to devise a strategy preventing drug-tolerant cell emergence. We demonstrate that AXL signaling led to the adaptive resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors in KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC, activation of which is induced by GAS6 production via YAP. AXL inhibition reduced the viability of AXL-overexpressing KRAS G12C-mutated lung cancer cells by enhancing KRAS G12C inhibition-induced apoptosis. In xenograft models of AXL-overexpressing KRAS G12C-mutated lung cancer treated with KRAS G12C inhibitors, initial combination therapy with AXL inhibitor markedly delayed tumor regrowth compared with KRAS G12C inhibitor alone or with the combination after acquired resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitor. These results indicated pivotal roles for the YAP-GAS6-AXL axis and its inhibition in the intrinsic resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Morimoto
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Yamada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Soichi Hirai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuki Katayama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Sarina Fukui
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryo Sawada
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yusuke Tachibana
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yohei Matsui
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakamura
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masaki Ishida
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hayato Kawachi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kei Kunimasa
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Sasaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishida
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Furuya
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shiotsu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Nishioka
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fukuchiyama City Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisanori Uehara
- Division of Pathology, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Yano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan; Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; WPI-Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Bo-Kyung Son
- Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Gerontology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Tokuda
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Koichi Takayama
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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7
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Ash LJ, Busia-Bourdain O, Okpattah D, Kamel A, Liberchuk A, Wolfe AL. KRAS: Biology, Inhibition, and Mechanisms of Inhibitor Resistance. Curr Oncol 2024; 31:2024-2046. [PMID: 38668053 PMCID: PMC11049385 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol31040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a small GTPase that is among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer. Here, we discuss KRAS biology, therapeutic avenues to target it, and mechanisms of resistance that tumors employ in response to KRAS inhibition. Several strategies are under investigation for inhibiting oncogenic KRAS, including small molecule compounds targeting specific KRAS mutations, pan-KRAS inhibitors, PROTACs, siRNAs, PNAs, and mutant KRAS-specific immunostimulatory strategies. A central challenge to therapeutic effectiveness is the frequent development of resistance to these treatments. Direct resistance mechanisms can involve KRAS mutations that reduce drug efficacy or copy number alterations that increase the expression of mutant KRAS. Indirect resistance mechanisms arise from mutations that can rescue mutant KRAS-dependent cells either by reactivating the same signaling or via alternative pathways. Further, non-mutational forms of resistance can take the form of epigenetic marks, transcriptional reprogramming, or alterations within the tumor microenvironment. As the possible strategies to inhibit KRAS expand, understanding the nuances of resistance mechanisms is paramount to the development of both enhanced therapeutics and innovative drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J. Ash
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram of the Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ottavia Busia-Bourdain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Okpattah
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Avrosina Kamel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ariel Liberchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Macaulay Honors College, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrew L. Wolfe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Subprogram of the Biology Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Biochemistry Ph.D. Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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8
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Chen Y, Liu QP, Xie H, Ding J. From bench to bedside: current development and emerging trend of KRAS-targeted therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:686-703. [PMID: 38049578 PMCID: PMC10943119 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancers with mutations predominantly occurring in codon 12. These mutations disrupt the normal function of KRAS by interfering with GTP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange activity, making it prone to the GTP-bound active state, thus leading to sustained activation of downstream pathways. Despite decades of research, there has been no progress in the KRAS drug discovery until the groundbreaking discovery of covalently targeting the KRASG12C mutation in 2013, which led to revolutionary changes in KRAS-targeted therapy. So far, two small molecule inhibitors sotorasib and adagrasib targeting KRASG12C have received accelerated approval for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring KRASG12C mutations. In recent years, rapid progress has been achieved in the KRAS-targeted therapy field, especially the exploration of KRASG12C covalent inhibitors in other KRASG12C-positive malignancies, novel KRAS inhibitors beyond KRASG12C mutation or pan-KRAS inhibitors, and approaches to indirectly targeting KRAS. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular and mutational characteristics of KRAS and summarize the development and current status of covalent inhibitors targeting the KRASG12C mutation. We also discuss emerging promising KRAS-targeted therapeutic strategies, with a focus on mutation-specific and direct pan-KRAS inhibitors and indirect KRAS inhibitors through targeting the RAS activation-associated proteins Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), and shed light on current challenges and opportunities for drug discovery in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiu-Pei Liu
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Chemical and Environment Engineering, Science and Engineering Building, The University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Hua Xie
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan, 528400, China.
| | - Jian Ding
- Division of Antitumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Kumar R, Hong W. Hippo Signaling at the Hallmarks of Cancer and Drug Resistance. Cells 2024; 13:564. [PMID: 38607003 PMCID: PMC11011035 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster in 1995, the Hippo signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in organ size control and tumor suppression by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. Large tumor suppressors 1 and 2 (LATS1/2) directly phosphorylate the Yki orthologs YAP (yes-associated protein) and its paralog TAZ (also known as WW domain-containing transcription regulator 1 [WWTR1]), thereby inhibiting their nuclear localization and pairing with transcriptional coactivators TEAD1-4. Earnest efforts from many research laboratories have established the role of mis-regulated Hippo signaling in tumorigenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), oncogenic stemness, and, more recently, development of drug resistances. Hippo signaling components at the heart of oncogenic adaptations fuel the development of drug resistance in many cancers for targeted therapies including KRAS and EGFR mutants. The first U.S. food and drug administration (US FDA) approval of the imatinib tyrosine kinase inhibitor in 2001 paved the way for nearly 100 small-molecule anti-cancer drugs approved by the US FDA and the national medical products administration (NMPA). However, the low response rate and development of drug resistance have posed a major hurdle to improving the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Accumulating evidence has enabled scientists and clinicians to strategize the therapeutic approaches of targeting cancer cells and to navigate the development of drug resistance through the continuous monitoring of tumor evolution and oncogenic adaptations. In this review, we highlight the emerging aspects of Hippo signaling in cross-talk with other oncogenic drivers and how this information can be translated into combination therapy to target a broad range of aggressive tumors and the development of drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore;
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10
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Sweet-Cordero E, Marini K, Champion E, Lee A, Young I, Leung S, Mathey-Andrews N, Jacks T, Jackson P, Cochran J. The CLCF1-CNTFR axis drives an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and blockade enhances the effects of established cancer therapies. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4046823. [PMID: 38562778 PMCID: PMC10984090 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4046823/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tumors comprise a complex ecosystem consisting of many cell types that communicate through secreted factors. Targeting these intercellular signaling networks remains an important challenge in cancer research. Cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF1) is an interleukin-6 (IL-6) family member secreted by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that binds to ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR), promoting tumor growth in lung and liver cancer1,2. A high-affinity soluble receptor (eCNTFR-Fc) that sequesters CLCF1 has anti-oncogenic effects3. However, the role of CLCF1 in mediating cell-cell interactions in cancer has remained unclear. We demonstrate that eCNTFR-Fc has widespread effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment and can sensitize cancer cells to KRAS inhibitors or immune checkpoint blockade. After three weeks of treatment with eCNTFR-Fc, there is a shift from an immunosuppressive to an immunostimulatory macrophage phenotype as well as an increase in activated T, NKT, and NK cells. Combination of eCNTFR-Fc and αPD1 was significantly more effective than single-agent therapy in a syngeneic allograft model, and eCNTFR-Fc sensitizes tumor cells to αPD1 in a non-responsive GEM model of lung adenocarcinoma. These data suggest that combining eCNTFR-Fc with KRAS inhibition or with αPD1 is a novel therapeutic strategy for lung cancer and potentially other cancers in which these therapies have been used but to date with only modest effect. Overall, we demonstrate the potential of cancer therapies that target cytokines to alter the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kieren Marini
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Emma Champion
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Alex Lee
- University of California, San Francisco
| | - Isabelle Young
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
| | - Stanley Leung
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco
| | | | - Tyler Jacks
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research
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11
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Sanjeev D, George M, John L, Gopalakrishnan AP, Priyanka P, Mendon S, Yandigeri T, Nisar M, Nisar M, Kanekar S, Balaya RDA, Raju R. Tyr352 as a Predominant Phosphosite in the Understudied Kinase and Molecular Target, HIPK1: Implications for Cancer Therapy. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:111-124. [PMID: 38498023 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 1 (HIPK1) is majorly found in the nucleoplasm. HIPK1 is associated with cell proliferation, tumor necrosis factor-mediated cellular apoptosis, transcription regulation, and DNA damage response, and thought to play significant roles in health and common diseases such as cancer. Despite this, HIPK1 remains an understudied molecular target. In the present study, based on a systematic screening and mapping approach, we assembled 424 qualitative and 44 quantitative phosphoproteome datasets with 15 phosphosites in HIPK1 reported across multiple studies. These HIPK1 phosphosites were not currently attributed to any functions. Among them, Tyr352 within the kinase domain was identified as the predominant phosphosite modulated in 22 differential datasets. To analyze the functional association of HIPK1 Tyr352, we first employed a stringent criterion to derive its positively and negatively correlated protein phosphosites. Subsequently, we categorized the correlated phosphosites in known interactors, known/predicted kinases, and substrates of HIPK1, for their prioritized validation. Bioinformatics analysis identified their significant association with biological processes such as the regulation of RNA splicing, DNA-templated transcription, and cellular metabolic processes. HIPK1 Tyr352 was also identified to be upregulated in Her2+ cell lines and a subset of pancreatic and cholangiocarcinoma tissues. These data and the systems biology approach undertaken in the present study serve as a platform to explore the functional role of other phosphosites in HIPK1, and by extension, inform cancer drug discovery and oncotherapy innovation. In all, this study highlights the comprehensive phosphosite map of HIPK1 kinase and the first of its kind phosphosite-centric analysis of HIPK1 kinase based on global-level phosphoproteomics datasets derived from human cellular differential experiments across distinct experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diya Sanjeev
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mejo George
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Levin John
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Pahal Priyanka
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Spoorthi Mendon
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tanuja Yandigeri
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahammad Nisar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Muhammad Nisar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Saptami Kanekar
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Rajesh Raju
- Centre for Integrative Omics Data Science (CIODS), Yenepoya (Deemed-to-be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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12
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Jansen RA, Mainardi S, Dias MH, Bosma A, van Dijk E, Selig R, Albrecht W, Laufer SA, Zender L, Bernards R. Small-molecule inhibition of MAP2K4 is synergistic with RAS inhibitors in KRAS-mutant cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319492121. [PMID: 38377196 PMCID: PMC10907260 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319492121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue KRAS is among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancers, thus representing an attractive target for precision oncology. The approval for clinical use of the first selective inhibitors of G12C mutant KRAS therefore holds great promise for cancer treatment. However, despite initial encouraging clinical results, the overall survival benefit that patients experience following treatment with these inhibitors has been disappointing to date, pointing toward the need to develop more powerful combination therapies. Here, we show that responsiveness to KRASG12C and pan-RAS inhibitors in KRAS-mutant lung and colon cancer cells is limited by feedback activation of the parallel MAP2K4-JNK-JUN pathway. Activation of this pathway leads to elevated expression of receptor tyrosine kinases that reactivate KRAS and its downstream effectors in the presence of drug. We find that the combination of sotorasib, a drug targeting KRASG12C, and the MAP2K4 inhibitor HRX-0233 prevents this feedback activation and is highly synergistic in a panel of KRASG12C-mutant lung and colon cancer cells. Moreover, combining HRX-0233 and sotorasib is well-tolerated and resulted in durable tumor shrinkage in mouse xenografts of human lung cancer cells, suggesting a therapeutic strategy for KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A. Jansen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Mainardi
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Matheus Henrique Dias
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bosma
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Emma van Dijk
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen72074, Germany
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery and Development, Tübingen72074, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies” (EXC 2180), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Tübingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery and Development, Tübingen72074, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) “Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies” (EXC 2180), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen72076, Germany
- German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg69120, Germany
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam1066 CX, The Netherlands
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13
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Chen N, Tyler LC, Le AT, Welsh EA, Fang B, Elliott A, Davies KD, Danhorn T, Riely GJ, Ladanyi M, Haura EB, Doebele RC. MIG6 Mediates Adaptive and Acquired Resistance to ALK/ROS1 Fusion Kinase Inhibition through EGFR Bypass Signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:92-105. [PMID: 37748191 PMCID: PMC10762338 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite the initial benefit from tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting oncogenic ALK and ROS1 gene fusions in non-small cell lung cancer, complete responses are rare and resistance ultimately emerges from residual tumor cells. Although several acquired resistance mechanisms have been reported at the time of disease progression, adaptative resistance mechanisms that contribute to residual diseases before the outgrowth of tumor cells with acquired resistance are less clear. For the patients who have progressed after TKI treatments, but do not demonstrate ALK/ROS1 kinase mutations, there is a lack of biomarkers to guide effective treatments. Herein, we found that phosphorylation of MIG6, encoded by the ERRFI1 gene, was downregulated by ALK/ROS1 inhibitors as were mRNA levels, thus potentiating EGFR activity to support cell survival as an adaptive resistance mechanism. MIG6 downregulation was sustained following chronic exposure to ALK/ROS1 inhibitors to support the establishment of acquired resistance. A higher ratio of EGFR to MIG6 expression was found in ALK TKI-treated and ALK TKI-resistant tumors and correlated with the poor responsiveness to ALK/ROS1 inhibition in patient-derived cell lines. Furthermore, we identified and validated a MIG6 EGFR-binding domain truncation mutation in mediating resistance to ROS1 inhibitors but sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. A MIG6 deletion was also found in a patient after progressing to ROS1 inhibition. Collectively, this study identifies MIG6 as a novel regulator for EGFR-mediated adaptive and acquired resistance to ALK/ROS1 inhibitors and suggests EGFR to MIG6 ratios and MIG6-damaging alterations as biomarkers to predict responsiveness to ALK/ROS1 and EGFR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Logan C. Tyler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anh T. Le
- Cell Technologies Shared Resources, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics & Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Andrew Elliott
- Clinical and Translational Research, Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Kurtis D. Davies
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Thomas Danhorn
- Department of Pharmacology and of University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gregory J. Riely
- Division of Solid Tumor Oncology, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Robert C. Doebele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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14
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Imbody D, Arce K, Solanki HS, Haura EB, Pellini B. Targeting SHP2 Signaling in Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2024; 19:18-24. [PMID: 37574134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Imbody
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Keishla Arce
- School of Medicine, Ponce Health Sciences University, Ponce, Puerto Rico
| | - Hitendra S Solanki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bruna Pellini
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida; Department of Oncologic Sciences, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.
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15
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Daley BR, Sealover NE, Sheffels E, Hughes JM, Gerlach D, Hofmann MH, Kostyrko K, Mair B, Linke A, Beckley Z, Frank A, Dalgard C, Kortum RL. SOS1 inhibition enhances the efficacy of and delays resistance to G12C inhibitors in lung adenocarcinoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.07.570642. [PMID: 38106234 PMCID: PMC10723384 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.07.570642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical effectiveness of KRAS G12C inhibitors (G12Cis) is limited both by intrinsic and acquired resistance, necessitating the development of combination approaches. We found that targeting proximal receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling using the SOS1 inhibitor (SOS1i) BI-3406 both enhanced the potency of and delayed resistance to G12Ci treatment, but the extent of SOS1i effectiveness was modulated by both SOS2 expression and the specific mutational landscape. SOS1i enhanced the efficacy of G12Ci and limited rebound RTK/ERK signaling to overcome intrinsic/adaptive resistance, but this effect was modulated by SOS2 protein levels. Survival of drug-tolerant persister (DTP) cells within the heterogeneous tumor population and/or acquired mutations that reactivate RTK/RAS signaling can lead to outgrowth of tumor initiating cells (TICs) that drive therapeutic resistance. G12Ci drug tolerant persister cells showed a 2-3-fold enrichment of TICs, suggesting that these could be a sanctuary population of G12Ci resistant cells. SOS1i re-sensitized DTPs to G12Ci and inhibited G12C-induced TIC enrichment. Co-mutation of the tumor suppressor KEAP1 limits the clinical effectiveness of G12Cis, and KEAP1 and STK11 deletion increased TIC frequency and accelerated the development of acquired resistance to G12Ci in situ. SOS1i both delayed acquired G12Ci resistance and limited the total number of resistant colonies regardless of KEAP1 and STK11 mutational status. These data suggest that SOS1i could be an effective strategy to both enhance G12Ci efficacy and prevent G12Ci resistance regardless of co-mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna R Daley
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Nancy E Sealover
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Erin Sheffels
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Jacob M. Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | | | | | - Kaja Kostyrko
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Mair
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda Linke
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Zaria Beckley
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Andrew Frank
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine; Bethesda, MD, USA
- Student Bioinformatics Initiative, Center for Military Precision Health, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton Dalgard
- The American Genome Center, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Robert L Kortum
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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16
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Macaya I, Roman M, Welch C, Entrialgo-Cadierno R, Salmon M, Santos A, Feliu I, Kovalski J, Lopez I, Rodriguez-Remirez M, Palomino-Echeverria S, Lonfgren SM, Ferrero M, Calabuig S, Ludwig IA, Lara-Astiaso D, Jantus-Lewintre E, Guruceaga E, Narayanan S, Ponz-Sarvise M, Pineda-Lucena A, Lecanda F, Ruggero D, Khatri P, Santamaria E, Fernandez-Irigoyen J, Ferrer I, Paz-Ares L, Drosten M, Barbacid M, Gil-Bazo I, Vicent S. Signature-driven repurposing of Midostaurin for combination with MEK1/2 and KRASG12C inhibitors in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6332. [PMID: 37816716 PMCID: PMC10564741 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug combinations are key to circumvent resistance mechanisms compromising response to single anti-cancer targeted therapies. The implementation of combinatorial approaches involving MEK1/2 or KRASG12C inhibitors in the context of KRAS-mutated lung cancers focuses fundamentally on targeting KRAS proximal activators or effectors. However, the antitumor effect is highly determined by compensatory mechanisms arising in defined cell types or tumor subgroups. A potential strategy to find drug combinations targeting a larger fraction of KRAS-mutated lung cancers may capitalize on the common, distal gene expression output elicited by oncogenic KRAS. By integrating a signature-driven drug repurposing approach with a pairwise pharmacological screen, here we show synergistic drug combinations consisting of multi-tyrosine kinase PKC inhibitors together with MEK1/2 or KRASG12C inhibitors. Such combinations elicit a cytotoxic response in both in vitro and in vivo models, which in part involves inhibition of the PKC inhibitor target AURKB. Proteome profiling links dysregulation of MYC expression to the effect of both PKC inhibitor-based drug combinations. Furthermore, MYC overexpression appears as a resistance mechanism to MEK1/2 and KRASG12C inhibitors. Our study provides a rational framework for selecting drugs entering combinatorial strategies and unveils MEK1/2- and KRASG12C-based therapies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irati Macaya
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Roman
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Connor Welch
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Marina Salmon
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iker Feliu
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joanna Kovalski
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ines Lopez
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Remirez
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Palomino-Echeverria
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Shane M Lonfgren
- Stanford Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Macarena Ferrero
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mixed Unit TRIAL (Principe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
| | - Silvia Calabuig
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mixed Unit TRIAL (Principe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Iziar A Ludwig
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Molecular Therapies Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Lara-Astiaso
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Genomics Platform, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eloisa Jantus-Lewintre
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Fundación Para La Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Mixed Unit TRIAL (Principe Felipe Research Centre & Fundación para la Investigación del Hospital General Universitario de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Bioinformatics Platform, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shruthi Narayanan
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariano Ponz-Sarvise
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Molecular Therapies Program, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Fernandez-Irigoyen
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- ProteoRed-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- H12O-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre & Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Medical School, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Drosten
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program, Spanish National Cancer Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Gil-Bazo
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Department of Medical Oncology, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Oncology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - Silve Vicent
- University of Navarra, Center for Applied Medical Research, Program in Solid Tumors, Pamplona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
- University of Navarra, Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pamplona, Spain.
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17
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Shin DH, Jo JY, Choi M, Kim KH, Bae YK, Kim SS. Oncogenic KRAS mutation confers chemoresistance by upregulating SIRT1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2220-2237. [PMID: 37779142 PMCID: PMC10618295 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) is a frequent oncogenic driver of solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The treatment and outcomes of KRAS-mutant cancers have not been dramatically revolutionized by direct KRAS-targeted therapies because of the lack of deep binding pockets for specific small molecule inhibitors. Here, we demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of the class III histone deacetylase SIRT1 were upregulated by the KRASMut-Raf-MEK-c-Myc axis in KRASMut lung cancer cells and in lung tumors of a mouse model with spontaneous KrasG12D expression. KRASMut-induced SIRT1 bound to KRASMut and stably deacetylated KRASMut at lysine 104, which increased KRASMut activity. SIRT1 knockdown (K/D) or the SIRT1H363Y mutation increased KRASMut acetylation, which decreased KRASMut activity and sensitized tumors to the anticancer effects of cisplatin and erlotinib. Furthermore, in KrasG12D/+;Sirt1co/co mice, treatment with cisplatin and erlotinib robustly reduced the tumor burden and increased survival rates compared with those in spontaneous LSL-KrasG12D/+;Sirt1+/+ mice and mice in each single-drug treatment group. Then, we identified p300 as a KRASMut acetyltransferase that reinforced KRASMut lysine 104 acetylation and robustly decreased KRASMut activity. KRASMut lysine 104 acetylation by p300 and deacetylation by SIRT1 were confirmed by LC‒MS/MS. Consistent with this finding, the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 suppressed KRASMut activity, which synergistically abolished cell proliferation and colony formation, as well as the tumor burden in KRASMut mice, when combined with cisplatin or erlotinib. Our data reveal a novel pathway critical for the regulation of KRASMut lung cancer progression and provide important evidence for the potential application of SIRT1 inhibitors and p300 activators for the combination treatment of KRASMut lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hoon Shin
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Yeon Jo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Choi
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Bae
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Soo Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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18
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Negrao MV, Araujo HA, Lamberti G, Cooper AJ, Akhave NS, Zhou T, Delasos L, Hicks JK, Aldea M, Minuti G, Hines J, Aredo JV, Dennis MJ, Chakrabarti T, Scott SC, Bironzo P, Scheffler M, Christopoulos P, Stenzinger A, Riess JW, Kim SY, Goldberg SB, Li M, Wang Q, Qing Y, Ni Y, Do MT, Lee R, Ricciuti B, Alessi JV, Wang J, Resuli B, Landi L, Tseng SC, Nishino M, Digumarthy SR, Rinsurongkawong W, kawong VR, Vaporciyan AA, Blumenschein GR, Zhang J, Owen DH, Blakely CM, Mountzios G, Shu CA, Bestvina CM, Garassino MC, Marrone KA, Gray JE, Patel SP, Cummings AL, Wakelee HA, Wolf J, Scagliotti GV, Cappuzzo F, Barlesi F, Patil PD, Drusbosky L, Gibbons DL, Meric-Bernstam F, Lee JJ, Heymach JV, Hong DS, Heist RS, Awad MM, Skoulidis F. Comutations and KRASG12C Inhibitor Efficacy in Advanced NSCLC. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:1556-1571. [PMID: 37068173 PMCID: PMC11024958 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular modifiers of KRASG12C inhibitor (KRASG12Ci) efficacy in advanced KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC are poorly defined. In a large unbiased clinicogenomic analysis of 424 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we identified and validated coalterations in KEAP1, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A as major independent determinants of inferior clinical outcomes with KRASG12Ci monotherapy. Collectively, comutations in these three tumor suppressor genes segregated patients into distinct prognostic subgroups and captured ∼50% of those with early disease progression (progression-free survival ≤3 months) with KRASG12Ci. Pathway-level integration of less prevalent coalterations in functionally related genes nominated PI3K/AKT/MTOR pathway and additional baseline RAS gene alterations, including amplifications, as candidate drivers of inferior outcomes with KRASG12Ci, and revealed a possible association between defective DNA damage response/repair and improved KRASG12Ci efficacy. Our findings propose a framework for patient stratification and clinical outcome prediction in KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC that can inform rational selection and appropriate tailoring of emerging combination therapies. SIGNIFICANCE In this work, we identify co-occurring genomic alterations in KEAP1, SMARCA4, and CDKN2A as independent determinants of poor clinical outcomes with KRASG12Ci monotherapy in advanced NSCLC, and we propose a framework for patient stratification and treatment personalization based on the comutational status of individual tumors. See related commentary by Heng et al., p. 1513. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1501.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo V. Negrao
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Haniel A. Araujo
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lamberti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Neal S. Akhave
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Teng Zhou
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Lukas Delasos
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J. Kevin Hicks
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Mihaela Aldea
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | - Jacobi Hines
- University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Dennis
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Turja Chakrabarti
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan C. Scott
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matthias Scheffler
- Department for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases at Heidelberg University Hospital
| | | | - Jonathan W. Riess
- University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Mingjia Li
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yun Qing
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ying Ni
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Minh Truong Do
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Biagio Ricciuti
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao Victor Alessi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Blerina Resuli
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Landi
- Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS “Regina Elena”, Rome, Italy
| | - Shu-Chi Tseng
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Subba R. Digumarthy
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Waree Rinsurongkawong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Vadeerat Rinsurong kawong
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Ara A. Vaporciyan
- Department Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - George R. Blumenschein
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Dwight H. Owen
- Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State University - James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Collin M. Blakely
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Giannis Mountzios
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Trials Unit, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Greece
| | - Catherine A. Shu
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Kristen A. Marrone
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jhanelle E. Gray
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Sandip Pravin Patel
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amy L. Cummings
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Juergen Wolf
- Department for Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Köln-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Fabrice Barlesi
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Don L. Gibbons
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J. Jack Lee
- Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John V. Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - David S. Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Mark M. Awad
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
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19
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Alem D, Yang X, Beato F, Sarcar B, Tassielli AF, Dai R, Hogenson TL, Park MA, Jiang K, Cai J, Yuan Y, Fernandez-Zapico ME, Tan AC, Fleming JB, Xie H. Translational relevance of SOS1 targeting for KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1025-1037. [PMID: 37042566 PMCID: PMC10330439 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been challenging to target mutant KRAS (mKRAS) in colorectal cancer (CRC) and other malignancies. Recent efforts have focused on developing inhibitors blocking molecules essential for KRAS activity. In this regard, SOS1 inhibition has arisen as an attractive approach for mKRAS CRC given its essential role as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for this GTPase. Here, we demonstrated the translational value of SOS1 blockade in mKRAS CRC. We used CRC patient-derived organoids (PDOs) as preclinical models to evaluate their sensitivity to SOS1 inhibitor BI3406. A combination of in silico analyses and wet lab techniques was utilized to define potential predictive markers for SOS1 sensitivity and potential mechanisms of resistance in CRC. RNA-seq analysis of CRC PDOs revealed two groups of CRC PDOs with differential sensitivities to SOS1 inhibitor BI3406. The resistant group was enriched in gene sets involving cholesterol homeostasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and TNF-α/NFκB signaling. Expression analysis identified a significant correlation between SOS1 and SOS2 mRNA levels (Spearman's ρ 0.56, p < 0.001). SOS1/2 protein expression was universally present with heterogeneous patterns in CRC cells but only minimal to none in surrounding nonmalignant cells. Only SOS1 protein expression was associated with worse survival in patients with RAS/RAF mutant CRC (p = 0.04). We also found that SOS1/SOS2 protein expression ratio >1 by immunohistochemistry (p = 0.03) instead of KRAS mutation (p = 1) was a better predictive marker to BI3406 sensitivity of CRC PDOs, concordant with the significant positive correlation between SOS1/SOS2 protein expression ratio and SOS1 dependency. Finally, we showed that GTP-bound RAS level underwent rebound even in BI3406-sensitive PDOs with no change of KRAS downstream effector genes, thus suggesting upregulation of guanine nucleotide exchange factor as potential cellular adaptation mechanisms to SOS1 inhibition. Taken together, our results show that high SOS1/SOS2 protein expression ratio predicts sensitivity to SOS1 inhibition and support further clinical development of SOS1-targeting agents in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alem
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Francisca Beato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Bhaswati Sarcar
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandra F Tassielli
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ruifan Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tara L Hogenson
- Department of Oncology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Margaret A Park
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Martin E Fernandez-Zapico
- Department of Oncology, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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20
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Adachi Y, Kimura R, Hirade K, Yanase S, Nishioka Y, Kasuga N, Yamaguchi R, Ebi H. Scribble mis-localization induces adaptive resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors through feedback activation of MAPK signaling mediated by YAP-induced MRAS. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:829-843. [PMID: 37277529 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells evade targeted drugs by rewiring their genetic and epigenetic networks. Here, we identified that inhibition of MAPK signaling rapidly induces an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program by promoting re-localization of an apical-basal polarity protein, Scribble, in oncogene-addicted lung cancer models. Mis-localization of Scribble suppressed Hippo-YAP signaling, leading to YAP nuclear translocation. Furthermore, we discovered that a RAS superfamily protein MRAS is a direct target of YAP. Treatment with KRAS G12C inhibitors induced MRAS expression, which formed a complex with SHOC2, precipitating feedback activation of MAPK signaling. Abrogation of YAP activation or MRAS induction enhanced the efficacy of KRAS G12C inhibitor treatment in vivo. These results highlight a role for protein localization in the induction of a non-genetic mechanism of resistance to targeted therapies in lung cancer. Furthermore, we demonstrate that induced MRAS expression is a key mechanism of adaptive resistance following KRAS G12C inhibitor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Adachi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryo Kimura
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hirade
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shogo Yanase
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nishioka
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Natsumi Kasuga
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Division of Cancer Systems Biology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Cancer Informatics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
- Division of Advanced Cancer Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
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21
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Mira A, Ambrogio C. YAP and TAZ orchestrate adaptive resistance to KRAS inhibitors. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:784-786. [PMID: 37369836 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mira
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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22
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Herbst SA, White FM. Decrypting the potency of anti-cancer therapeutics by using mass spectrometry to quantify post-translational modifications. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100483. [PMID: 37323574 PMCID: PMC10261922 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In a recent issue of Science, Zecha et al.1 present decryptM, an approach aimed at defining the mechanisms of action of anti-cancer therapeutics through systems-level analysis of protein post-translational modifications (PTMs). By using a broad range of concentrations, decryptM generates drug response curves for each detected PTM, enabling identification of drug effects at different therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Herbst
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Forest M. White
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
- Center for Precision Cancer Medicine, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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23
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He H, Chen R, Wang Z, Qing L, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Pan W, Fang H, Zhang S. Design of Orally-bioavailable Tetra-cyclic phthalazine SOS1 inhibitors with high selectivity against EGFR. Bioorg Chem 2023; 136:106536. [PMID: 37054529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
KRAS mutations (G12C, G12D, etc.) are implicated in the oncogenesis and progression of many deadliest cancers. Son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1) is a crucial regulator of KRAS to modulate KRAS from inactive to active states. We previously discovered tetra-cyclic quinazolines as an improved scaffold for inhibiting SOS1-KRAS interaction. In this work, we report the design of tetra-cyclic phthalazine derivatives for selectively inhibiting SOS1 against EGFR. The lead compound 6c displayed remarkable activity to inhibit the proliferation of KRAS(G12C)-mutant pancreas cells. 6c showed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in vivo, with a bioavailability of 65.8% and exhibited potent tumor suppression in pancreas tumor xenograft models. These intriguing results suggested that 6c has the potential to be developed as a drug candidate for KRAS-driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China; Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Luolong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Weidong Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Huaxiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
| | - Silong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China; Wuhan Yuxiang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, PR China.
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24
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Salmón M, Álvarez-Díaz R, Fustero-Torre C, Brehey O, Lechuga CG, Sanclemente M, Fernández-García F, López-García A, Martín-Guijarro MC, Rodríguez-Perales S, Bousquet-Mur E, Morales-Cacho L, Mulero F, Al-Shahrour F, Martínez L, Domínguez O, Caleiras E, Ortega S, Guerra C, Musteanu M, Drosten M, Barbacid M. Kras oncogene ablation prevents resistance in advanced lung adenocarcinomas. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e164413. [PMID: 36928090 PMCID: PMC10065067 DOI: 10.1172/jci164413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
KRASG12C inhibitors have revolutionized the clinical management of patients with KRASG12C-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. However, patient exposure to these inhibitors leads to the rapid onset of resistance. In this study, we have used genetically engineered mice to compare the therapeutic efficacy and the emergence of tumor resistance between genetic ablation of mutant Kras expression and pharmacological inhibition of oncogenic KRAS activity. Whereas Kras ablation induces massive tumor regression and prevents the appearance of resistant cells in vivo, treatment of KrasG12C/Trp53-driven lung adenocarcinomas with sotorasib, a selective KRASG12C inhibitor, caused a limited antitumor response similar to that observed in the clinic, including the rapid onset of resistance. Unlike in human tumors, we did not observe mutations in components of the RAS-signaling pathways. Instead, sotorasib-resistant tumors displayed amplification of the mutant Kras allele and activation of xenobiotic metabolism pathways, suggesting that reduction of the on-target activity of KRASG12C inhibitors is the main mechanism responsible for the onset of resistance. In sum, our results suggest that resistance to KRAS inhibitors could be prevented by achieving a more robust inhibition of KRAS signaling mimicking the results obtained upon Kras ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Salmón
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program
| | | | | | - Oksana Brehey
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sagrario Ortega
- Mouse Genome Editing Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guerra
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Monica Musteanu
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthias Drosten
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad de Salamanca (CSIC-USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Experimental Oncology Group, Molecular Oncology Program
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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25
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O’Sullivan É, Keogh A, Henderson B, Finn SP, Gray SG, Gately K. Treatment Strategies for KRAS-Mutated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1635. [PMID: 36980522 PMCID: PMC10046549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating mutations in KRAS are highly prevalent in solid tumours and are frequently found in 35% of lung, 45% of colorectal, and up to 90% of pancreatic cancers. Mutated KRAS is a prognostic factor for disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC and is associated with a more aggressive clinical phenotype, highlighting the need for KRAS-targeted therapy. Once considered undruggable due to its smooth shallow surface, a breakthrough showed that the activated G12C-mutated KRAS isozyme can be directly inhibited via a newly identified switch II pocket. This discovery led to the development of a new class of selective small-molecule inhibitors against the KRAS G12C isoform. Sotorasib and adagrasib are approved in locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC patients who have received at least one prior systemic therapy. Currently, there are at least twelve KRAS G12C inhibitors being tested in clinical trials, either as a single agent or in combination. In this study, KRAS mutation prevalence, subtypes, rates of occurrence in treatment-resistant invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas (IMAs), and novel drug delivery options are reviewed. Additionally, the current status of KRAS inhibitors, multiple resistance mechanisms that limit efficacy, and their use in combination treatment strategies and novel multitargeted approaches in NSCLC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éabha O’Sullivan
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Anna Keogh
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brian Henderson
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P. Finn
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven G. Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy Gately
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James’s Hospital, D08 W9RT Dublin, Ireland
- Thoracic Oncology Research Group, Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Pathology, Central Pathology Laboratory, St. James’s Hospital, D08 RX0X Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Santarpia M, Ciappina G, Spagnolo CC, Squeri A, Passalacqua MI, Aguilar A, Gonzalez-Cao M, Giovannetti E, Silvestris N, Rosell R. Targeted therapies for KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: from preclinical studies to clinical development-a narrative review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2023; 12:346-368. [PMID: 36895930 PMCID: PMC9989806 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-22-639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) driver alterations harbors a poor prognosis with standard therapies, including chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy with anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1) or anti-programmed death ligand-1 (anti-PD-L1) antibodies. Selective KRAS G12C inhibitors have been shown to provide significant clinical benefit in pretreated NSCLC patients with KRAS G12C mutation. Methods In this review, we describe KRAS and the biology of KRAS-mutant tumors and review data from preclinical studies and clinical trials on KRAS-targeted therapies in NSCLC patients with KRAS G12C mutation. Key Content and Findings KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer. The G12C is the most common KRAS mutation found in NSCLC. Sotorasib is the first, selective KRAS G12C inhibitor to receive approval based on demonstration of significant clinical benefit and tolerable safety profile in previously treated, KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC. Adagrasib, a highly selective covalent inhibitor of KRAS G12C, has also shown efficacy in pretreated patients and other novel KRAS inhibitors are being under evaluation in early-phase studies. Similarly to other oncogene-directed therapies, mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance limiting the activity of these agents have been described. Conclusions The discovery of selective KRAS G12C inhibitors has changed the therapeutic scenario of KRAS G12C-mutant NSCLC. Various studies testing KRAS inhibitors in different settings of disease, as single-agent or in combination with targeted agents for synthetic lethality and immunotherapy, are currently ongoing in this molecularly-defined subgroup of patients to further improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariacarmela Santarpia
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ciappina
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Calogera Claudia Spagnolo
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Squeri
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Ilenia Passalacqua
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrés Aguilar
- Oncology Institute Dr. Rosell, IOR, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Gonzalez-Cao
- Oncology Institute Dr. Rosell, IOR, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, San Giuliano, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Department of Human Pathology "G. Barresi", Medical Oncology Unit, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Oncology Institute Dr. Rosell, IOR, Dexeus University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institute of Oncology, ICO, Badalona, Spain
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27
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Liao Y, Chin Chan S, Welsh EA, Fang B, Sun L, Schönbrunn E, Koomen JM, Duckett DR, Haura EB, Monastyrskyi A, Rix U. Chemical Proteomics with Novel Fully Functionalized Fragments and Stringent Target Prioritization Identifies the Glutathione-Dependent Isomerase GSTZ1 as a Lung Cancer Target. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:251-264. [PMID: 36630201 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoreactive fragment-like probes have been applied to discover target proteins that constitute novel cellular vulnerabilities and to identify viable chemical hits for drug discovery. Through forming covalent bonds, functionalized probes can achieve stronger target engagement and require less effort for on-target mechanism validation. However, the design of probe libraries, which directly affects the biological target space that is interrogated, and effective target prioritization remain critical challenges of such a chemical proteomic platform. In this study, we designed and synthesized a diverse panel of 20 fragment-based probes containing natural product-based privileged structural motifs for small-molecule lead discovery. These probes were fully functionalized with orthogonal diazirine and alkyne moieties and used for protein crosslinking in live lung cancer cells, target enrichment via "click chemistry," and subsequent target identification through label-free quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Pair-wise comparison with a blunted negative control probe and stringent prioritization via individual cross-comparisons against the entire panel identified glutathione S-transferase zeta 1 (GSTZ1) as a specific and unique target candidate. DepMap database query, RNA interference-based gene silencing, and proteome-wide tyrosine reactivity profiling suggested that GSTZ1 cooperated with different oncogenic alterations by supporting survival signaling in refractory non-small cell lung cancer cells. This finding may form the basis for developing novel GSTZ1 inhibitors to improve the therapeutic efficacy of oncogene-directed targeted drugs. In summary, we designed a novel fragment-based probe panel and developed a target prioritization scheme with improved stringency, which allows for the identification of unique target candidates, such as GSTZ1 in refractory lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sean Chin Chan
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Cancer Chemical Biology Ph.D. Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Luxin Sun
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Derek R Duckett
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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28
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Khan S, Budamagunta V, Zhou D. Targeting KRAS in pancreatic cancer: Emerging therapeutic strategies. Adv Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
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29
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Rosen JC, Sacher A, Tsao MS. Direct GDP-KRAS G12C inhibitors and mechanisms of resistance: the tip of the iceberg. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231160141. [PMID: 36950276 PMCID: PMC10026147 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231160141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutations are observed in 25% of lung adenocarcinoma and 40% of these are G12C mutations. Historically, no approved targeted agents were available for patients with any KRAS mutation, and response rates to standard-of-care therapies were suboptimal. Newly developed inhibitors directed toward KRASG12C have been successful in clinical trials with overall response rates ranging between 32% and 46%, and two FDA approvals were granted in May 2021 and December 2022 as second-line or later monotherapies. However, rapid tumor resistance complicates their use as a monotherapy. With the rapid development of this novel class of inhibitors, it is important to discern the different types of tumor resistance that may arise and how each can differently contribute to tumor growth and survival. G12C inhibitor resistance is under investigation and combinations of therapies with G12C inhibitors have been proposed. Much of this insight is gleaned from preclinical investigations, as our knowledge of clinical resistance is in its infancy. In this review, we summarize the preclinical development of KRASG12C inhibitors, their clinical evaluations, different types of resistance mechanisms to these compounds, and ways of overcoming them. Finally, we underscore the importance of basic and translational investigations of these molecules in a landscape where their clinical evaluations garner the most attention, and we set the stage for what is to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C. Rosen
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre,
University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto,
ON, Canada
| | - Adrian Sacher
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre,
University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of
Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine,
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Temerty Faculty of
Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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30
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Wang X, Jiang W, Du Y, Zhu D, Zhang J, Fang C, Yan F, Chen ZS. Targeting feedback activation of signaling transduction pathways to overcome drug resistance in cancer. Drug Resist Updat 2022; 65:100884. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2022.100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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31
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Ning W, Marti TM, Dorn P, Peng RW. Non-genetic adaptive resistance to KRAS G12C inhibition: EMT is not the only culprit. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1004669. [PMID: 36483040 PMCID: PMC9722758 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1004669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptions to therapeutic pressures exerted on cancer cells enable malignant progression of the tumor, culminating in escape from programmed cell death and development of resistant diseases. A common form of cancer adaptation is non-genetic alterations that exploit mechanisms already present in cancer cells and do not require genetic modifications that can also lead to resistance mechanisms. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one of the most prevalent mechanisms of adaptive drug resistance and resulting cancer treatment failure, driven by epigenetic reprogramming and EMT-specific transcription factors. A recent breakthrough in cancer treatment is the development of KRASG12C inhibitors, which herald a new era of therapy by knocking out a unique substitution of an oncogenic driver. However, these highly selective agents targeting KRASG12C, such as FDA-approved sotorasib (AMG510) and adagrasib (MRTX849), inevitably encounter multiple mechanisms of drug resistance. In addition to EMT, cancer cells can hijack or rewire the sophisticated signaling networks that physiologically control cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation to promote malignant cancer cell phenotypes, suggesting that inhibition of multiple interconnected signaling pathways may be required to block tumor progression on KRASG12C inhibitor therapy. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment (TME) of cancer cells, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), contribute significantly to immune escape and tumor progression, suggesting a therapeutic approach that targets not only cancer cells but also the TME. Deciphering and targeting cancer adaptions promises mechanistic insights into tumor pathobiology and improved clinical management of KRASG12C-mutant cancer. This review presents recent advances in non-genetic adaptations leading to resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors, with a focus on oncogenic pathway rewiring, TME, and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Ning
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas M. Marti
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Dorn
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Combinatorial approaches for mitigating resistance to KRAS-targeted therapies. Biochem J 2022; 479:1985-1997. [PMID: 36065754 PMCID: PMC9555794 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of all cancer patients harbor mutated KRAS. Direct inhibitors of KRAS have now been generated and are beginning to make progress through clinical trials. These include a suite of inhibitors targeting the KRASG12C mutation commonly found in lung cancer. We investigated emergent resistance to representative examples of different classes of Ras targeted therapies. They all exhibited rapid reactivation of Ras signaling within days of exposure and adaptive responses continued to change over long-term treatment schedules. Whilst the gene signatures were distinct for each inhibitor, they commonly involved up-regulation of upstream nodes promoting mutant and wild-type Ras activation. Experiments to reverse resistance unfortunately revealed frequent desensitization to members of a panel of anti-cancer therapeutics, suggesting that salvage approaches are unlikely to be feasible. Instead, we identified triple inhibitor combinations that resulted in more durable responses to KRAS inhibitors and that may benefit from further pre-clinical evaluation.
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33
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Zhu C, Guan X, Zhang X, Luan X, Song Z, Cheng X, Zhang W, Qin JJ. Targeting KRAS mutant cancers: from druggable therapy to drug resistance. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:159. [PMID: 35922812 PMCID: PMC9351107 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog (KRAS) is the most frequently mutated oncogene, occurring in a variety of tumor types. Targeting KRAS mutations with drugs is challenging because KRAS is considered undruggable due to the lack of classic drug binding sites. Over the past 40 years, great efforts have been made to explore routes for indirect targeting of KRAS mutant cancers, including KRAS expression, processing, upstream regulators, or downstream effectors. With the advent of KRAS (G12C) inhibitors, KRAS mutations are now druggable. Despite such inhibitors showing remarkable clinical responses, resistance to monotherapy of KRAS inhibitors is eventually developed. Significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of drug resistance to KRAS-mutant inhibitors. Here we review the most recent advances in therapeutic approaches and resistance mechanisms targeting KRAS mutations and discuss opportunities for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Zhu
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xiaoqing Guan
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xinuo Zhang
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Xin Luan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research and Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengbo Song
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xiangdong Cheng
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research and Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China. .,School of Molecular Medicine, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China. .,Key Laboratory of Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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Liu J, Kang R, Tang D. The KRAS-G12C inhibitor: activity and resistance. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:875-878. [PMID: 34471232 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although it has long been deemed "undruggable", with the development of drugs specifically binding the KRAS-G12C mutant protein, clinical trials that directly inhibit oncogenic RAS have recently made promising improvements. In particular, the covalent KRAS-G12C inhibitors sotorasib and adagrasib are used to treat patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carrying KRAS-G12C mutations. Unfortunately, the vast majority of patients do not respond to KRAS-G12C inhibitor therapy, mainly due to intrinsic or acquired resistance caused by cellular, molecular, and genetic mechanisms. Improving the understanding of drug response in the tumor microenvironment may continue to promote the design, testing, and clinical application of KRAS-G12C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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35
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Lietman CD, Johnson ML, McCormick F, Lindsay CR. More to the RAS Story: KRAS G12C Inhibition, Resistance Mechanisms, and Moving Beyond KRAS G12C. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2022; 42:1-13. [PMID: 35561303 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_351333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the discovery of RAS oncogenes in human tumor DNA 40 years ago, the development of effective targeted therapies directed against RAS has lagged behind those more successful advancements in the field of therapeutic tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting other oncogenes such as EGFR, ALK, and ROS1. The discoveries that (1) malignant RAS oncogenes differ from their wild-type counterparts by only a single amino acid change and (2) covalent inhibition of the cysteine residue at codon 12 of KRASG12C in its inactive GDP-bound state resulted in effective inhibition of oncogenic RAS signaling and have catalyzed a dramatic shift in mindset toward KRAS-driven cancers. Although the development of allele-selective KRASG12C inhibitors has changed a treatment paradigm, the clinical activity of these agents is more modest than tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting other oncogene-driven cancers. Heterogeneous resistance mechanisms generally result in the restoration of RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway signaling. Many approaches are being evaluated to overcome this resistance, with many combinatorial clinical trials ongoing. Furthermore, because KRASG12D and KRASG12V are more prevalent than KRASG12C, there remains an unmet need for additional therapeutic strategies for these patients. Thus, our current translational standing could be described as "the end of the beginning," with additional discovery and research innovation needed to address the enormous disease burden imposed by RAS-mutant cancers. Here, we describe the development of KRASG12C inhibitors, the challenges of resistance to these inhibitors, strategies to mitigate that resistance, and new approaches being taken to address other RAS-mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank McCormick
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA
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Luo J, Ostrem J, Pellini B, Imbody D, Stern Y, Solanki HS, Haura EB, Villaruz LC. Overcoming KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2022; 42:1-11. [PMID: 35412860 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_360354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
More than 50 years after the discovery of RAS family proteins, which harbor the most common activating mutations in cancer, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first direct allele-specific inhibitor of mutant KRAS in lung cancer. We highlight the history of discovering RAS and decades of studies targeting KRAS-driven lung cancer. A landmark article by Shokat and colleagues in 2013 elucidated allosteric inhibition of this undruggable target and paved the way for the first-in-class direct KRASG12C inhibitor. Although these drugs have impressive 36%-45% objective response rates with a median duration of response of 10 months, many tumors do not respond, and diverse mechanisms of resistance have already been observed; this includes new KRAS alterations, activation of alternate RTK pathway proteins, bypass pathways, and transcriptional remodeling. These resistance mechanisms can be profiled using tissue-based and plasma-based testing and help to inform clinical trial options for patients. We conclude with a discussion of research informing ongoing clinical trials to rationally test promising treatments to thwart or overcome resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors and target other KRAS-altered lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jonathan Ostrem
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Bruna Pellini
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Denis Imbody
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Hitendra S Solanki
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL
| | - Liza C Villaruz
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA
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37
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Majumder A, Hosseinian S, Stroud M, Adhikari E, Saller JJ, Smith MA, Zhang G, Agarwal S, Creixell M, Meyer BS, Kinose F, Bowers K, Fang B, Stewart PA, Welsh EA, Boyle TA, Meyer AS, Koomen JM, Haura EB. Integrated Proteomics-Based Physical and Functional Mapping of AXL Kinase Signaling Pathways and Inhibitors Define Its Role in Cell Migration. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:542-555. [PMID: 35022314 PMCID: PMC8983558 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To better understand the signaling complexity of AXL, a member of the tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) receptor tyrosine kinase family, we created a physical and functional map of AXL signaling interactions, phosphorylation events, and target-engagement of three AXL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We assessed AXL protein complexes using proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID), effects of AXL TKI on global phosphoproteins using mass spectrometry, and target engagement of AXL TKI using activity-based protein profiling. BioID identifies AXL-interacting proteins that are mostly involved in cell adhesion/migration. Global phosphoproteomics show that AXL inhibition decreases phosphorylation of peptides involved in phosphatidylinositol-mediated signaling and cell adhesion/migration. Comparison of three AXL inhibitors reveals that TKI RXDX-106 inhibits pAXL, pAKT, and migration/invasion of these cells without reducing their viability, while bemcentinib exerts AXL-independent phenotypic effects on viability. Proteomic characterization of these TKIs demonstrates that they inhibit diverse targets in addition to AXL, with bemcentinib having the most off-targets. AXL and EGFR TKI cotreatment did not reverse resistance in cell line models of erlotinib resistance. However, a unique vulnerability was identified in one resistant clone, wherein combination of bemcentinib and erlotinib inhibited cell viability and signaling. We also show that AXL is overexpressed in approximately 30% to 40% of nonsmall but rarely in small cell lung cancer. Cell lines have a wide range of AXL expression, with basal activation detected rarely. IMPLICATIONS Our study defines mechanisms of action of AXL in lung cancers which can be used to establish assays to measure drug targetable active AXL complexes in patient tissues and inform the strategy for targeting it's signaling as an anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurima Majumder
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Sina Hosseinian
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Mia Stroud
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Emma Adhikari
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - James J. Saller
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Matthew A. Smith
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Shruti Agarwal
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | | | - Benjamin S. Meyer
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Fumi Kinose
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Kiah Bowers
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Bin Fang
- Department of Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Paul A. Stewart
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Eric A. Welsh
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Theresa A. Boyle
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | | | - John M. Koomen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Eric B. Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
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Middleton G, Robbins H, Andre F, Swanton C. A state-of-the-art review of stratified medicine in cancer: towards a future precision medicine strategy in cancer. Ann Oncol 2022; 33:143-157. [PMID: 34808340 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Building on the success of targeted therapy in certain well-defined cancer genotypes, three platform studies-NCI-MATCH, LUNG-MAP and The National Lung Matrix Trial (NLMT)-have attempted to discover new genotype-matched therapies for people with cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We review the outputs from these platform studies. This review led us to propose a series of recommendations and considerations that we hope will inform future precision medicine programmes in cancer. RESULTS The three studies collectively screened over 13 000 patients. Across 37 genotype-matched cohorts, there have been 66/875 responders, with an overall response rate of 7.5%. Targeting copy number gain yielded 5/199 responses across nine biomarker-drug matched cohorts, with a response rate of 2.5%. CONCLUSIONS The majority of these studies used single-agent targeted therapies. Whilst preclinical data can suggest rational combination treatment to reverse adaptive resistance or block parallel activated pathways, there is an essential need for accurate modelling of the toxicity-activity trade-off of combinations. Agent selection is often suboptimal; dose expansion should only be carried out with agents with clear clinical proof of mechanism and high target selectivity. Targeting copy number change has been disappointing; it is crucial to define the drivers on shared amplicons that include the targeted aberration. Maximising outcomes with currently available targeted therapies requires moving towards a more contextualised stratified medicine acknowledging the criticality of the genomic, transcriptional and immunological context on which the targeted aberration is inscribed. Genomic complexity and instability is likely to be a leading cause of targeted therapy failure in genomically complex cancers. Preclinical models must be developed that more accurately capture the genomic complexity of human disease. The degree of attrition of studies carried out after standard-of-care therapy suggests that serious efforts be made to develop a suite of precision medicine studies in the minimal residual disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - H Robbins
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - F Andre
- Institut Gustave Roussy, INSERM Unité 981, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France; PRISM Center for Precision Medicine
| | - C Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK; Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Xu Q, Zhang G, Liu Q, Li S, Zhang Y. Inhibitors of the GTPase KRASG12C in cancer: a patent review (2019-2021). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2022; 32:475-505. [PMID: 35062845 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2022.2032648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qifu Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Shunda Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Ji’nan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
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40
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Han Z, Zhou D, Wang J, Jiang B, Liu X. Reflections on drug resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors and gene silencing/editing tools for targeting mutant KRAS in cancer treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188677. [PMID: 35033622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human tumors, especially in lung, pancreatic, and colorectal cancers. Small-molecule inhibitors targeting mutant KRASG12C demonstrated promising anti-tumor effect in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring KRASG12C mutation, while the intrinsic and acquired drug resistance occurred frequently and might be inevitable. Unlike the protein-level inhibition approach, gene silencing/editing tools for DNA-level knockout and RNA-level knockdown of mutant KRAS may be advantageous since these approaches directly eliminate the production of mutant KRAS-encoded protein. An in-depth understanding of KRAS biology, drug resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors and gene silencing/editing methods applied for anti-KRAS therapy may give new insight into the therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhaoYong Han
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Affiliated Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Ding Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Affiliated Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - JiaMan Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Affiliated Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201399, China
| | - Bruce Jiang
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China.
| | - XiYu Liu
- Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, China.
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Drosten M, Barbacid M. Targeting KRAS mutant lung cancer: light at the end of the tunnel. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1057-1071. [PMID: 34951114 PMCID: PMC8895444 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD) have been refractory to therapeutic strategies based on personalized medicine owing to the complexity of designing inhibitors to selectively target KRAS and downstream targets with acceptable toxicities. The recent development of selective KRASG12C inhibitors represents a landmark after 40 years of intense research efforts since the identification of KRAS as a human oncogene. Here, we discuss the mechanisms responsible for the rapid development of resistance to these inhibitors, as well as potential strategies to overcome this limitation. Other therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting KRAS oncogenic signaling by targeting either upstream activators or downstream effectors are also reviewed. Finally, we discuss the effect of targeting the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, both based on the failure of MEK and ERK inhibitors in clinical trials, as well as on the recent identification of RAF1 as a potential target due to its MAPK‐independent activity. These new developments, taken together, are likely to open new avenues to effectively treat KRAS mutant LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Drosten
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Barbacid
- Molecular Oncology Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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42
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Liu Q, Fan XX, Leung ELH, Yao XJ, Liu L. Resistance looms for KRAS G12C inhibitors and rational tackling strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 229:108050. [PMID: 34864132 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
KRAS mutations are one of the most frequent activating alterations in carcinoma. Recent efforts have witnessed a revolutionary strategy for KRAS G12C inhibitors with exhibiting conspicuous clinical responses across multiple tumor types, providing new impetus for renewed drug development and culminating in sotorasib with approximately 6-month median progression-free survival in KRAS G12C-driven lung cancer. However, diverse genomic and histological mechanisms conferring resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors may limit their clinical efficacy. Herein, we first briefly discuss the recent resistance looms for KRAS G12C inhibitors, focusing on their clinical trials. We then comprehensively interrogate and underscore our current understanding of resistance mechanisms and the necessity of incorporating genomic analyses into the clinical investigation to further decipher resistance mechanisms. Finally, we highlight the future role of novel treatment strategies especially rational identification of targeted combinatorial approaches in tackling drug resistance, and propose our views on including the application of robust biomarkers to precisely guide combination medication regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China; School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juanhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China; School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China.
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China.
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Dr. Neher's Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China.
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43
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Sherapura A, Malojirao VH, Thirusangu P, Sharath BS, Kandagalla S, Vigneshwaran V, Novak J, Ranganatha L, Ramachandra YL, Baliga SM, Khanum SA, Prabhakar BT. Anti-neoplastic pharmacophore benzophenone-1 coumarin (BP-1C) targets JAK2 to induce apoptosis in lung cancer. Apoptosis 2021; 27:49-69. [PMID: 34837562 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reigning of the abnormal gene activation associated with survival signalling in lung cancer leads to the anomalous growth and therapeutic failure. Targeting specific cell survival signalling like JAK2/STAT3 nexus has become a major focus of investigation to establish a target specific treatment. The 2-bromobenzoyl-4-methylphenoxy-acetyl hydra acetyl Coumarin (BP-1C), is new anti-neoplastic agent with apoptosis inducing capacity. The current study was aimed to develop antitumor phramacophore, BP-1C as JAK2 specific inhibitor against lung neoplastic progression. The study validates and identifies the molecular targets of BP-1C induced cell death. Cell based screening against multiple cancer cell lines identified, lung adenocarcinoma as its specific target through promotion of apoptosis. The BP-1C is able to induce, specific hall marks of apoptosis and there by conferring anti-neoplastic activity. Validation of its molecular mechanism, identified, BP-1C specifically targets JAK2Tyr1007/1008 phosphorylation, and inhibits its downstream STAT3Tyr705 signalling pathway to induce cell death. As a consequence, modulation in Akt/Src survival signal and altered expression of interwoven apoptotic genes were evident. The results were reproducible in an in-vivo LLC tumor model and in-ovo xenograft studies. The computational approaches viz, drug finger printing confers, BP-1C as novel class JAK2 inhibitor and molecular simulations studies assures its efficiency in binding with JAK2. Overall, BP-1C is a novel JAK2 inhibitor with experimental evidence and could be effectively developed into a promising drug for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankith Sherapura
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, 577203, India
| | - Vikas H Malojirao
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, 577203, India.,Division for DNA Repair Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Centre for Neuroregeneration, Houston Methodist, Fannin Street, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prabhu Thirusangu
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, 577203, India.,Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B S Sharath
- School of System Biomedical Science and Department of Bioinformatics and Lifescience, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Shivananda Kandagalla
- Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chaikovskogo 20A, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454008
| | - V Vigneshwaran
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, 577203, India.,Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Jurica Novak
- Laboratory of Computational Modelling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological School, South Ural State University, Chaikovskogo 20A, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454008
| | - Lakshmi Ranganatha
- Department of Chemistry, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570008, India
| | - Y L Ramachandra
- Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaraghatta, 577 451, India
| | - Shrinath M Baliga
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575 002, India
| | - Shaukath Ara Khanum
- Department of Chemistry, Yuvaraja's College (Autonomous), University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka, 570 005, India.
| | - B T Prabhakar
- Molecular Biomedicine Laboratory, Postgraduate Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology, Sahyadri Science College, Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, 577203, India.
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44
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Huang L, Guo Z, Wang F, Fu L. KRAS mutation: from undruggable to druggable in cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:386. [PMID: 34776511 PMCID: PMC8591115 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and its treatment and outcomes have been dramatically revolutionised by targeted therapies. As the most frequently mutated oncogene, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS) has attracted substantial attention. The understanding of KRAS is constantly being updated by numerous studies on KRAS in the initiation and progression of cancer diseases. However, KRAS has been deemed a challenging therapeutic target, even "undruggable", after drug-targeting efforts over the past four decades. Recently, there have been surprising advances in directly targeted drugs for KRAS, especially in KRAS (G12C) inhibitors, such as AMG510 (sotorasib) and MRTX849 (adagrasib), which have obtained encouraging results in clinical trials. Excitingly, AMG510 was the first drug-targeting KRAS (G12C) to be approved for clinical use this year. This review summarises the most recent understanding of fundamental aspects of KRAS, the relationship between the KRAS mutations and tumour immune evasion, and new progress in targeting KRAS, particularly KRAS (G12C). Moreover, the possible mechanisms of resistance to KRAS (G12C) inhibitors and possible combination therapies are summarised, with a view to providing the best regimen for individualised treatment with KRAS (G12C) inhibitors and achieving truly precise treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Huang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 P. R. China
| | - Zhixing Guo
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 P. R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- grid.488530.20000 0004 1803 6191State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060 P. R. China
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, P. R. China.
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Adachi Y, Kimura R, Hirade K, Ebi H. Escaping KRAS: Gaining Autonomy and Resistance to KRAS Inhibition in KRAS Mutant Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205081. [PMID: 34680229 PMCID: PMC8533927 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary While KRAS is a driver oncogene, tumor cells can acquire mutant KRAS independency by activating pathways that functionally substitute for mutant KRAS. These KRAS-independent tumor cells exhibit a mesenchymal phenotype, readily primed for potential metastasis. The activation of YAP and/or RSK-mTOR pathways and mutations in LKB1, KEAP1, and/or NRF2 are associated with mutant KRAS autonomy. These alterations rewire survival signaling and metabolic processes originally governed by mutant KRAS. The presence of KRAS-independent cells is associated with the heterogeneity of KRAS mutant cancers, as well as variable responses to therapies. Notably, KRAS G12C-specific inhibitors appear to be effective only in tumors dependent on mutant KRAS for their survival. Therefore, determining KRAS dependency will be critical for selecting patients who should be treated with mutant-specific inhibitors. Furthermore, elucidating underlying mechanisms of KRAS autonomy is crucial towards developing optimal treatment strategies for KRAS-independent tumors. Abstract Activating mutations in KRAS are present in 25% of human cancers. When mutated, the KRAS protein becomes constitutively active, stimulating various effector pathways and leading to the deregulation of key cellular processes, including the suppression of apoptosis and enhancement of proliferation. Furthermore, mutant KRAS also promotes metabolic deregulation and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. However, some KRAS mutant cancer cells become independent of KRAS for their survival by activating diverse bypass networks that maintain essential survival signaling originally governed by mutant KRAS. The proposed inducers of KRAS independency are the activation of YAP1 and/or RSK-mTOR pathways and co-mutations in SKT11 (LKB1), KEAP1, and NFE2L2 (NRF2) genes. Metabolic reprogramming, such as increased glutaminolysis, is also associated with KRAS autonomy. The presence or absence of KRAS dependency is related to the heterogeneity of KRAS mutant cancers. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells is also a characteristic phenotype of KRAS independency. Translationally, this loss of dependence is a cause of primary and acquired resistance to mutant KRAS-specific inhibitors. While KRAS-dependent tumors can be treated with mutant KRAS inhibitor monotherapy, for KRAS-independent tumors, we need an improved understanding of activated bypass signaling pathways towards leveraging vulnerabilities, and advancing therapeutic options for this patient subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Adachi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; (Y.A.); (R.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Ryo Kimura
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; (Y.A.); (R.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Kentaro Hirade
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; (Y.A.); (R.K.); (K.H.)
| | - Hiromichi Ebi
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; (Y.A.); (R.K.); (K.H.)
- Division of Advanced Cancer Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8650, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-52-764-9703; Fax: +81-52-764-2792
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Tang D, Kroemer G, Kang R. Oncogenic KRAS blockade therapy: renewed enthusiasm and persistent challenges. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:128. [PMID: 34607583 PMCID: PMC8489073 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Across a broad range of human cancers, gain-of-function mutations in RAS genes (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) lead to constitutive activity of oncoproteins responsible for tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The targeting of RAS with drugs is challenging because RAS lacks classic and tractable drug binding sites. Over the past 30 years, this perception has led to the pursuit of indirect routes for targeting RAS expression, processing, upstream regulators, or downstream effectors. After the discovery that the KRAS-G12C variant contains a druggable pocket below the switch-II loop region, it has become possible to design irreversible covalent inhibitors for the variant with improved potency, selectivity and bioavailability. Two such inhibitors, sotorasib (AMG 510) and adagrasib (MRTX849), were recently evaluated in phase I-III trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with KRAS-G12C mutations, heralding a new era of precision oncology. In this review, we outline the mutations and functions of KRAS in human tumors and then analyze indirect and direct approaches to shut down the oncogenic KRAS network. Specifically, we discuss the mechanistic principles, clinical features, and strategies for overcoming primary or secondary resistance to KRAS-G12C blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. .,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France. .,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Molina-Arcas M, Samani A, Downward J. Drugging the Undruggable: Advances on RAS Targeting in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:899. [PMID: 34200676 PMCID: PMC8228461 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Around 20% of all malignancies harbour activating mutations in RAS isoforms. Despite this, there is a deficiency of RAS-targeting agents licensed for therapeutic use. The picomolar affinity of RAS for GTP, and the lack of suitable pockets for high-affinity small-molecule binding, precluded effective therapies despite decades of research. Recently, characterisation of the biochemical properties of KRAS-G12C along with discovery of its 'switch-II pocket' have allowed development of effective mutant-specific inhibitors. Currently seven KRAS-G12C inhibitors are in clinical trials and sotorasib has become the first one to be granted FDA approval. Here, we discuss historical efforts to target RAS directly and approaches to target RAS effector signalling, including combinations that overcome limitations of single-agent targeting. We also review pre-clinical and clinical evidence for the efficacy of KRAS-G12C inhibitor monotherapy followed by an illustration of combination therapies designed to overcome primary resistance and extend durability of response. Finally, we briefly discuss novel approaches to targeting non-G12C mutant isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Samani
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
- Department of Medical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Julian Downward
- Oncogene Biology Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
- Lung Cancer Group, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
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Tanaka N, Lin JJ, Li C, Ryan MB, Zhang J, Kiedrowski LA, Michel AG, Syed MU, Fella KA, Sakhi M, Baiev I, Juric D, Gainor JF, Klempner SJ, Lennerz JK, Siravegna G, Bar-Peled L, Hata AN, Heist RS, Corcoran RB. Clinical Acquired Resistance to KRAS G12C Inhibition through a Novel KRAS Switch-II Pocket Mutation and Polyclonal Alterations Converging on RAS-MAPK Reactivation. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1913-1922. [PMID: 33824136 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutant-selective KRASG12C inhibitors, such as MRTX849 (adagrasib) and AMG 510 (sotorasib), have demonstrated efficacy in KRAS G12C-mutant cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, mechanisms underlying clinical acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors remain undetermined. To begin to define the mechanistic spectrum of acquired resistance, we describe a patient with KRAS G12C NSCLC who developed polyclonal acquired resistance to MRTX849 with the emergence of 10 heterogeneous resistance alterations in serial cell-free DNA spanning four genes (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MAP2K1), all of which converge to reactivate RAS-MAPK signaling. Notably, a novel KRAS Y96D mutation affecting the switch-II pocket, to which MRTX849 and other inactive-state inhibitors bind, was identified that interferes with key protein-drug interactions and confers resistance to these inhibitors in engineered and patient-derived KRAS G12C cancer models. Interestingly, a novel, functionally distinct tricomplex KRASG12C active-state inhibitor RM-018 retained the ability to bind and inhibit KRASG12C/Y96D and could overcome resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the first reports of clinical acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibitors, our data suggest polyclonal RAS-MAPK reactivation as a central resistance mechanism. We also identify a novel KRAS switch-II pocket mutation that impairs binding and drives resistance to inactive-state inhibitors but is surmountable by a functionally distinct KRASG12C inhibitor.See related commentary by Pinnelli and Trusolino, p. 1874.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Tanaka
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica J Lin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chendi Li
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meagan B Ryan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Junbing Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Alexa G Michel
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mohammed U Syed
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katerina A Fella
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mustafa Sakhi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Islam Baiev
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dejan Juric
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin F Gainor
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel J Klempner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jochen K Lennerz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giulia Siravegna
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liron Bar-Peled
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Rebecca S Heist
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Ryan B Corcoran
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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