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Deng Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Gao X, Zhou J, Ma G, Qu WM, Li R. Sleep disturbance in rodent models and its sex-specific implications. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105810. [PMID: 39009293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, encompassing altered sleep physiology or disorders like insomnia and sleep apnea, profoundly impact physiological functions and elevate disease risk. Despite extensive research, the underlying mechanisms and sex-specific differences in sleep disorders remain elusive. While polysomnography serves as a cornerstone for human sleep studies, animal models provide invaluable insights into sleep mechanisms. However, the availability of animal models of sleep disorders is limited, with each model often representing a specific sleep issue or mechanism. Therefore, selecting appropriate animal models for sleep research is critical. Given the significant sex differences in sleep patterns and disorders, incorporating both male and female subjects in studies is essential for uncovering sex-specific mechanisms with clinical relevance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various rodent models of sleep disturbance, including sleep deprivation, sleep fragmentation, and circadian rhythm dysfunction. We evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each model and discuss sex differences in sleep and sleep disorders, along with potential mechanisms. We aim to advance our understanding of sleep disorders and facilitate sex-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | | | - Guangwei Ma
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rena Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Van Dyk K, Carroll JE. Shining a spotlight on sleep disturbance-related cognitive impairment and relevance to menopause. Sleep 2024; 47:zsae136. [PMID: 38894675 PMCID: PMC11321898 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Van Dyk
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Judith E Carroll
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Morssinkhof MWL, Zwager A, van der Tuuk K, den Heijer M, van der Werf YD, Stenvers DJ, Broekman BFP. Chronotype changes after sex hormone use: A prospective cohort study in transgender users of gender-affirming hormones. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:658-668. [PMID: 38616311 PMCID: PMC11132553 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2339989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chronotype, an individual's preferred sleep-wake timing, is influenced by sex and age. Men sometimes report a later chronotype than women and older age is associated with earlier chronotype. The sex-related changes in chronotype coincide with puberty and menopause. However, the effects of sex hormones on human chronotype remain unclear. To examine the impact of 3 months of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on chronotype in transgender persons, this study used data from 93 participants from the prospective RESTED cohort, including 49 transmasculine (TM) participants starting testosterone and 44 transfeminine (TF) participants starting estrogens and antiandrogens. Midpoint of sleep and sleep duration were measured using the ultra-short Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (µMCTQ). After 3 months of GAHT, TM participants' midpoint of sleep increased by 24 minutes (95% CI: 3 to 45), whereas TF participants' midpoint of sleep decreased by 21 minutes (95% CI: -38 to -4). Total sleep duration did not change significantly in either group. This study provides the first prospective assessment of sex hormone use and chronotype in transgender persons, showing that GAHT can change chronotype in line with cisgender sex differences. These findings provide a basis for future studies on biological mechanisms and clinical consequences of chronotype changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot W. L. Morssinkhof
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychiatry, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annefleur Zwager
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Tuuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ysbrand D. van der Werf
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity Impulsivity and Attention, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birit F. P. Broekman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychiatry, OLVG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health, Mental Health Program, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Vidafar P, McGlashan EM, Burns AC, Anderson C, Shechter A, Lockley SW, Phillips AJK, Cain SW. Greater sensitivity of the circadian system of women to bright light, but not dim-to-moderate light. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12936. [PMID: 39041348 PMCID: PMC10909465 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Women typically sleep and wake earlier than men and have been shown to have earlier circadian timing relative to the light/dark cycle that synchronizes the clock. A potential mechanism for earlier timing in women is an altered response of the circadian system to evening light. We characterized individual-level dose-response curves for light-induced melatonin suppression using a within-subjects protocol. Fifty-six participants (29 women, 27 men; aged 18-30 years) were exposed to a range of light illuminances (10, 30, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 2000 lux) using melatonin suppression relative to a dim control (<1 lux) as a marker of light sensitivity. Women were free from hormonal contraception. To examine the potential influence of sex hormones, estradiol and progesterone was examined in women and testosterone was examined in a subset of men. Menstrual phase was monitored using self-reports and estradiol and progesterone levels. Women exhibited significantly greater melatonin suppression than men under the 400-lux and 2000-lux conditions, but not under lower light conditions (10-200 lux). Light sensitivity did not differ by menstrual phase, nor was it associated with levels of estradiol, progesterone, or testosterone, suggesting the sex differences in light sensitivity were not acutely driven by circulating levels of sex hormones. These results suggest that sex differences in circadian timing are not due to differences in the response to dim/moderate light exposures typically experienced in the evening. The finding of increased bright light sensitivity in women suggests that sex differences in circadian timing could plausibly instead be driven by a greater sensitivity to phase-advancing effects of bright morning light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Vidafar
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Central Clinical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life CourseCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Elise M. McGlashan
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Melbourne School of Psychological SciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Angus C. Burns
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Clare Anderson
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ari Shechter
- Department of MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Steven W. Lockley
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Division of Sleep and Circadian DisordersBrigham and Women's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Division of Sleep MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesSurrey Sleep Research Centre, University of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Andrew J. K. Phillips
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sean W. Cain
- School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental HealthMonash UniversityClaytonVictoriaAustralia
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Zamani A, Thomas E, Wright DK. Sex biology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102228. [PMID: 38354985 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Although sex differences in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have not been studied systematically, numerous clinical and preclinical studies have shown sex to be influential in disease prognosis. Moreover, with the development of advanced imaging tools, the difference between male and female brain in structure and function and their response to neurodegeneration are more definitive. As discussed in this review, ALS patients exhibit a sex bias pertaining to the features of the disease, and their clinical, pathological, (and pathophysiological) phenotypes. Several epidemiological studies have indicated that this sex disparity stems from various aetiologies, including sex-specific brain structure and neural functioning, genetic predisposition, age, gonadal hormones, susceptibility to traumatic brain injury (TBI)/head trauma and lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Zamani
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
| | - Emma Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - David K Wright
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
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6
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Zhang L, Verwer RWH, van Heerikhuize J, Lucassen PJ, Nathanielsz PW, Hol EM, Aronica E, Dhillo WS, Meynen G, Swaab DF. Progesterone receptor distribution in the human hypothalamus and its association with suicide. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:16. [PMID: 38263257 PMCID: PMC10807127 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The human hypothalamus modulates mental health by balancing interactions between hormonal fluctuations and stress responses. Stress-induced progesterone release activates progesterone receptors (PR) in the human brain and triggers alterations in neuropeptides/neurotransmitters. As recent epidemiological studies have associated peripheral progesterone levels with suicide risks in humans, we mapped PR distribution in the human hypothalamus in relation to age and sex and characterized its (co-) expression in specific cell types. The infundibular nucleus (INF) appeared to be the primary hypothalamic structure via which progesterone modulates stress-related neural circuitry. An elevation of the number of pro-opiomelanocortin+ (POMC, an endogenous opioid precursor) neurons in the INF, which was due to a high proportion of POMC+ neurons that co-expressed PR, was related to suicide in patients with mood disorders (MD). MD donors who died of legal euthanasia were for the first time enrolled in a postmortem study to investigate the molecular signatures related to fatal suicidal ideations. They had a higher proportion of PR co-expressing POMC+ neurons than MD patients who died naturally. This indicates that the onset of endogenous opioid activation in MD with suicide tendency may be progesterone-associated. Our findings may have implications for users of progesterone-enriched contraceptives who also have MD and suicidal tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Lab, Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald W H Verwer
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Lab, Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joop van Heerikhuize
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Lab, Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter W Nathanielsz
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gerben Meynen
- Faculty of Humanities, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology and Utrecht Centre for Accountability and Liability Law (UCALL), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Neuropsychiatric Disorders Lab, Neuroimmunology Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Amsterdam, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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7
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Lee CH, Murrell CE, Chu A, Pan X. Circadian Regulation of Apolipoproteins in the Brain: Implications in Lipid Metabolism and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17415. [PMID: 38139244 PMCID: PMC10743770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm is a 24 h internal clock within the body that regulates various factors, including sleep, body temperature, and hormone secretion. Circadian rhythm disruption is an important risk factor for many diseases including neurodegenerative illnesses. The central and peripheral oscillators' circadian clock network controls the circadian rhythm in mammals. The clock genes govern the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the brain. One function of the circadian clock is regulating lipid metabolism. However, investigations of the circadian regulation of lipid metabolism-associated apolipoprotein genes in the brain are lacking. This review summarizes the rhythmic expression of clock genes and lipid metabolism-associated apolipoprotein genes within the SCN in Mus musculus. Nine of the twenty apolipoprotein genes identified from searching the published database (SCNseq and CircaDB) are highly expressed in the SCN. Most apolipoprotein genes (ApoE, ApoC1, apoA1, ApoH, ApoM, and Cln) show rhythmic expression in the brain in mice and thus might be regulated by the master clock. Therefore, this review summarizes studies on lipid-associated apolipoprotein genes in the SCN and other brain locations, to understand how apolipoproteins associated with perturbed cerebral lipid metabolism cause multiple brain diseases and disorders. This review describes recent advancements in research, explores current questions, and identifies directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Hannah Lee
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Charlotte Ellzabeth Murrell
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Alexander Chu
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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8
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Endomba FT, Tchebegna PY, Chiabi E, Angong Wouna DL, Guillet C, Chauvet-Gélinier JC. Epidemiology of insomnia disorder in older persons according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Geriatr Med 2023; 14:1261-1272. [PMID: 37725311 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-023-00862-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a scarcity of summarizing data on the epidemiology of insomnia in older persons, especially when diagnosed with international criteria. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and correlates of insomnia disorder in older persons, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). METHODS Through PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science (WoS), we searched for relevant articles published before June 28, 2023. The risk of bias was weighed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's (JBI's) critical appraisal checklist for studies reporting prevalence data. For our analyses, we used a random-effect model, with subgroup analyses, meta-regression, and sensitivity analyses to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. RESULTS We included 18,270 participants across 16 studies. The male/female ratio was 0.89 (12 studies), and the mean age varied from 65.9 to 83.1 years (8 studies). The pooled prevalence of insomnia was 19.6% (95% CI = [12.3%; 28.3%]), with substantial heterogeneity. This prevalence fluctuated according to the sample size, the minimal age for inclusion, and the study quality, considering that the risk of bias was moderate for most of studies. There was a publication bias, with a very low level of certainty. Insomnia disorder was associated with the female gender, depression, anxiety, and somatic illnesses notably cardiovascular, respiratory, and painful ones. CONCLUSION Nearly one in every five old individuals was considered to have insomnia disorder, which was associated with the gender and the existence of mental health and/or somatic conditions. REGISTRATION We registered the protocol in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) with registration number: CRD42022344675.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francky Teddy Endomba
- Research department, Medical Mind Association, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
- Sleep Specialized Transversal Training, Psychiatry Internship Program, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France.
| | | | - Edmond Chiabi
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | - Clément Guillet
- Centre d'Exploration du Sommeil, Centre Hospitaliser Spécialisé La Chartreuse, Dijon, France
| | - Jean Christophe Chauvet-Gélinier
- Service de Psychiatrie Adultes, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Dijon, France
- INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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9
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Boyd HM, Frick KM, Kwapis JL. Connecting the Dots: Potential Interactions Between Sex Hormones and the Circadian System During Memory Consolidation. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:537-555. [PMID: 37464775 PMCID: PMC10615791 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231184761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Both the circadian clock and sex hormone signaling can strongly influence brain function, yet little is known about how these 2 powerful modulatory systems might interact during complex neural processes like memory consolidation. Individually, the molecular components and action of each of these systems have been fairly well-characterized, but there is a fundamental lack of information about how these systems cooperate. In the circadian system, clock genes function as timekeeping molecules that convey time-of-day information on a well-stereotyped cycle that is governed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Keeping time is particularly important to synchronize various physiological processes across the brain and body, including those that regulate memory consolidation. Similarly, sex hormones are powerful modulators of memory, with androgens, estrogens, and progestins, all influencing memory consolidation within memory-relevant brain regions like the hippocampus. Despite clear evidence that each system can influence memory individually, exactly how the circadian and hormonal systems might interact to impact memory consolidation remains unclear. Research investigating either sex hormone action or circadian gene function within memory-relevant brain regions has unveiled several notable places in which the two systems could interact to control memory. Here, we bring attention to known interactions between the circadian clock and sex hormone signaling. We then review sex hormone-mediated control of memory consolidation, highlighting potential nodes through which the circadian system might interact during memory formation. We suggest that the bidirectional relationship between these two systems is essential for proper control of memory formation based on an animal's hormonal and circadian state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M. Boyd
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Karyn M. Frick
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Janine L. Kwapis
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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10
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Vidueira VF, Booth JN, Saunders DH, Sproule J, Turner AP. Circadian preference and physical and cognitive performance in adolescence: A scoping review. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1296-1331. [PMID: 37781788 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2256901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a crucial period of development which coincides with changes in circadian rhythmicity. This may augment the impact of circadian preference on performance in this group. We aimed to scope the literature available on chronotypes and their effect on physical and mental aspects of performance in adolescents. Studies were identified by systematically searching bibliographical databases and grey literature. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was the most frequently reported tool for circadian preference assessment. Academic achievement was the most prevailing outcome, with evidence suggesting that morning type adolescents tend to outperform evening types, yet the results vary depending on multiple factors. Performance in tests of intelligence and executive functions was generally better at optimal times of the day (synchrony effect). Physical performance was examined in 8 studies, with very heterogeneous outcomes. Although the associations between circadian preference and performance in adolescents are evident in some areas, there are many factors that may be involved in the relationship and require further investigation. This review highlights the assessment of physical performance in relation to chronotypes, the multidimensional assessment of circadian preference, and the need for longitudinal studies as priorities for further research.Protocol: OSF Registration - Public registration, DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/UCA3Z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F Vidueira
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (ISPEHS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josie N Booth
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, Institute for Education, Community and Society (IECS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David H Saunders
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (ISPEHS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Sproule
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (ISPEHS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anthony P Turner
- Moray House School of Education and Sport, Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences (ISPEHS), Human Performance Science Research Group, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Ruddenklau A, Glendining K, Prescott M, Campbell RE. Validation of a new Custom Polyclonal Progesterone Receptor Antibody for Immunohistochemistry in the Female Mouse Brain. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad113. [PMID: 37693686 PMCID: PMC10492226 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemical visualization of progesterone receptor (PR)-expressing cells in the brain is a powerful technique to investigate the role of progesterone in the neuroendocrine regulation of fertility. A major obstacle to the immunohistochemical visualization of progesterone-sensitive cells in the rodent brain has been the discontinuation of the commercially produced A0098 rabbit polyclonal PR antibody by DAKO. To address the unavailability of this widely used PR antibody, we optimized and evaluated 4 alternative commercial PR antibodies and found that each lacked the specificity and/or sensitivity to immunohistochemically label PR-expressing cells in paraformaldehyde-fixed female mouse brain sections. As a result, we developed and validated a new custom RC269 PR antibody, directed against the same 533-547 amino acid sequence of the human PR as the discontinued A0098 DAKO PR antibody. Immunohistochemical application of the RC269 PR antibody on paraformaldehyde-fixed mouse brain sections resulted in nuclear PR labeling that was highly distinguishable from background, specific to its antigen, highly regulated by estradiol, matched the known distribution of PR protein expression in the female mouse hypothalamus, and nearly identical to that of the discontinued A0098 DAKO PR antibody. In summary, the RC269 PR antibody is a specific and sensitive antibody to immunohistochemically visualize PR-expressing cells in the mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ruddenklau
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kelly Glendining
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Melanie Prescott
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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12
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Starnes AN, Jones JR. Inputs and Outputs of the Mammalian Circadian Clock. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040508. [PMID: 37106709 PMCID: PMC10136320 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are coordinated by the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Light and other environmental inputs change the timing of the SCN neural network oscillator, which, in turn, sends output signals that entrain daily behavioral and physiological rhythms. While much is known about the molecular, neuronal, and network properties of the SCN itself, the circuits linking the outside world to the SCN and the SCN to rhythmic outputs are understudied. In this article, we review our current understanding of the synaptic and non-synaptic inputs onto and outputs from the SCN. We propose that a more complete description of SCN connectivity is needed to better explain how rhythms in nearly all behaviors and physiological processes are generated and to determine how, mechanistically, these rhythms are disrupted by disease or lifestyle.
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13
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Vidafar P, Spitschan M. Light on Shedding: A Review of Sex and Menstrual Cycle Differences in the Physiological Effects of Light in Humans. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:15-33. [PMID: 36367137 PMCID: PMC9902977 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221126785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The human circadian system responds to light as low as 30 photopic lux. Furthermore, recent evidence shows that there are huge individual differences in light sensitivity, which may help to explain why some people are more susceptible to sleep and circadian disruption than others. The biological mechanisms underlying the differences in light sensitivity remain largely unknown. A key variable of interest in understanding these individual differences in light sensitivity is biological sex. It is possible that in humans, males and females differ in their sensitivity to light, but the evidence is inconclusive. This is in part due to the historic exclusion of women in biomedical research. Hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle in women has often been cited as a confound by researchers. Attitudes, however, are changing with funding and publication agencies advocating for more inclusive research frameworks and mandating that women and minorities participate in scientific research studies. In this article, we distill the existing knowledge regarding the relationship between light and the menstrual cycle. There is some evidence of a relationship between light and the menstrual cycle, but the nature of this relationship seems dependent on the timing of the light source (sunlight, moonlight, and electric light at night). Light sensitivity may be influenced by biological sex and menstrual phase but there might not be any effect at all. To better understand the relationship between light, the circadian system, and the menstrual cycle, future research needs to be designed thoughtfully, conducted rigorously, and reported transparently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Vidafar
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Translational Sensory and Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Spitschan
- Translational Sensory and Circadian Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- TUM Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- TUM Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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14
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Growth hormone receptor (GHR) in AgRP neurons regulates thermogenesis in a sex-specific manner. GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00726-4. [PMID: 36633824 PMCID: PMC10400518 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis and thermoregulation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) during aging has been well recognized, yet the central molecular mediators involved in this process are poorly understood. The arcuate hypothalamus, orexigenic agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons control nutrient intake, energy homeostasis, and BAT thermogenesis. To determine the roles of growth hormone receptor (GHR) signaling in the AgRP neurons, we used mice with the AgRP-specific GHR deletion (AgRPΔGHR). We found that female AgRPΔGHR mice were resistant to temperature adaptation, and their body core temperature remained significantly lower when held at 10 °C, 22 °C, or 30 °C, compared to control mice. Low body core temperature in female AgRPΔGHR mice has been associated with significant reductions in Ucp1 and Pgc1α expression in the BAT. Further, neuronal activity in AgRP in response to cold exposure was blunted in AgRPΔGHR female mice, while the number of Fos+ AgRP neurons was increased in female controls exposed to cold. Global transcriptome from BAT identified increased the expression of genes related to immune responses and chemokine activity and decreased the expression of genes involved in triglyceride synthesis and metabolic pathways in AgRPΔGHR female mice. Importantly, these were the same genes that are downregulated by thermoneutrality in control mice but not in the AgRPΔGHR animals. Collectively, these data demonstrate a novel sex-specific role for GHR signaling in AgRP neurons in thermal regulation, which might be particularly relevant during aging.
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15
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The role of ovarian hormones in the pathophysiology of perimenopausal sleep disturbances: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 66:101710. [PMID: 36356400 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is a common clinical concern throughout the menopausal transition. However, the pathophysiology and causes of these sleep disturbances remain poorly understood, making it challenging to provide appropriate therapy. Our goal was to i) review the literature about the influence of ovarian hormones on sleep in perimenopausal women, ii) summarize the potential underlying pathophysiology of menopausal sleep disturbances and iii) evaluate the implications of these findings for the therapeutic approach to sleep disturbances in the context of menopause. A systematic literature search using the databases Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was conducted. Keywords relating to ovarian hormones, sleep disturbances and menopause were used. Ultimately, 86 studies were included. Study Quality Assessment Tools of the National Institutes of Health were used for quality assessment. Results from good-quality studies demonstrated that the postmenopausal decline in estrogen and progesterone contributes to sleep disturbances in women and that timely treatment with estrogen and/or progesterone therapy improved overall sleep quality. Direct and indirect effects of both hormones acting in the central nervous system and periphery, as well as via secondary effects (e.g. reduction in vasomotor symptoms), can contribute to improvements in sleep. To strengthen external validity, studies examining neurobiological pathways are needed.
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16
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Yang K, Qiu X, Cao L, Qiu S. The role of melatonin in the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:975181. [PMID: 36278157 PMCID: PMC9585202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.975181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an important endogenous hormone that modulates homeostasis in the microenvironment. Recent studies have indicated that serum melatonin levels are closely associated with the occurrence and development of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Exogenous melatonin could also improve bone mass and increase skeletal strength. To determine the underlying mechanisms of melatonin in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, we performed this review to analyze the role of melatonin in bone metabolism according to its physiological functions. Serum melatonin is related to bone mass, the measurement of which is a potential method for the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Melatonin has a direct effect on bone remodeling by promoting osteogenesis and suppressing osteoclastogenesis. Melatonin also regulates the biological rhythm of bone tissue, which benefits its osteogenic effect. Additionally, melatonin participates in the modulation of the bone microenvironment. Melatonin attenuates the damage induced by oxidative stress and inflammation on osteoblasts and prevents osteolysis from reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factors. As an alternative drug for osteoporosis, melatonin can improve the gut ecology, remodel microbiota composition, regulate substance absorption and maintain metabolic balance, all of which are beneficial to the health of bone structure. In conclusion, our review systematically demonstrates the effects of melatonin on bone metabolism. Based on the evidence in this review, melatonin will play a more important role in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keda Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueshan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and College of Basic Medical Sciences Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Cao, ; Shui Qiu,
| | - Shui Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Cao, ; Shui Qiu,
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17
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Moeller JS, Bever SR, Finn SL, Phumsatitpong C, Browne MF, Kriegsfeld LJ. Circadian Regulation of Hormonal Timing and the Pathophysiology of Circadian Dysregulation. Compr Physiol 2022; 12:4185-4214. [PMID: 36073751 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenously generated, daily patterns of behavior and physiology that are essential for optimal health and disease prevention. Disruptions to circadian timing are associated with a host of maladies, including metabolic disease and obesity, diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and mental health disturbances. The circadian timing system is hierarchically organized, with a master circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks throughout the CNS and periphery. The SCN receives light information via a direct retinal pathway, synchronizing the master clock to environmental time. At the cellular level, circadian rhythms are ubiquitous, with rhythms generated by interlocking, autoregulatory transcription-translation feedback loops. At the level of the SCN, tight cellular coupling maintains rhythms even in the absence of environmental input. The SCN, in turn, communicates timing information via the autonomic nervous system and hormonal signaling. This signaling couples individual cellular oscillators at the tissue level in extra-SCN brain loci and the periphery and synchronizes subordinate clocks to external time. In the modern world, circadian disruption is widespread due to limited exposure to sunlight during the day, exposure to artificial light at night, and widespread use of light-emitting electronic devices, likely contributing to an increase in the prevalence, and the progression, of a host of disease states. The present overview focuses on the circadian control of endocrine secretions, the significance of rhythms within key endocrine axes for typical, homeostatic functioning, and implications for health and disease when dysregulated. © 2022 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 12: 1-30, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Moeller
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Savannah R Bever
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Samantha L Finn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | | | - Madison F Browne
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Lance J Kriegsfeld
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.,The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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18
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Harrington YA, Parisi JM, Duan D, Rojo-Wissar DM, Holingue C, Spira AP. Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:800278. [PMID: 35912083 PMCID: PMC9331168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.800278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
As the population of older adults grows, so will the prevalence of aging-related conditions, including memory impairments and sleep disturbances, both of which are more common among women. Compared to older men, older women are up to twice as likely to experience sleep disturbances and are at a higher risk of cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). These sex differences may be attributed in part to fluctuations in levels of female sex hormones (i.e., estrogen and progesterone) that occur across the adult female lifespan. Though women tend to experience the most significant sleep and memory problems during the peri-menopausal period, changes in memory and sleep have also been observed across the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. Here, we review current knowledge on the interrelationships among female sex hormones, sleep, and memory across the female lifespan, propose possible mediating and moderating mechanisms linking these variables and describe implications for ADRD risk in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin A. Harrington
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeanine M. Parisi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Daisy Duan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Darlynn M. Rojo-Wissar
- The Initiative on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience (STAR), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Center for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Calliope Holingue
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adam P. Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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19
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Rzechorzek NM, Thrippleton MJ, Chappell FM, Mair G, Ercole A, Cabeleira M, Rhodes J, Marshall I, O'Neill JS. A daily temperature rhythm in the human brain predicts survival after brain injury. Brain 2022; 145:2031-2048. [PMID: 35691613 PMCID: PMC9336587 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients undergo interventions to achieve a 'normal' brain temperature; a parameter that remains undefined for humans. The profound sensitivity of neuronal function to temperature implies the brain should be isothermal, but observations from patients and non-human primates suggest significant spatiotemporal variation. We aimed to determine the clinical relevance of brain temperature in patients by establishing how much it varies in healthy adults. We retrospectively screened data for all patients recruited to the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) High Resolution Intensive Care Unit Sub-Study. Only patients with direct brain temperature measurements and without targeted temperature management were included. To interpret patient analyses, we prospectively recruited 40 healthy adults (20 males, 20 females, 20-40 years) for brain thermometry using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants were scanned in the morning, afternoon, and late evening of a single day. In patients (n = 114), brain temperature ranged from 32.6 to 42.3°C and mean brain temperature (38.5 ± 0.8°C) exceeded body temperature (37.5 ± 0.5°C, P < 0.0001). Of 100 patients eligible for brain temperature rhythm analysis, 25 displayed a daily rhythm, and the brain temperature range decreased in older patients (P = 0.018). In healthy participants, brain temperature ranged from 36.1 to 40.9°C; mean brain temperature (38.5 ± 0.4°C) exceeded oral temperature (36.0 ± 0.5°C) and was 0.36°C higher in luteal females relative to follicular females and males (P = 0.0006 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Temperature increased with age, most notably in deep brain regions (0.6°C over 20 years, P = 0.0002), and varied spatially by 2.41 ± 0.46°C with highest temperatures in the thalamus. Brain temperature varied by time of day, especially in deep regions (0.86°C, P = 0.0001), and was lowest at night. From the healthy data we built HEATWAVE-a 4D map of human brain temperature. Testing the clinical relevance of HEATWAVE in patients, we found that lack of a daily brain temperature rhythm increased the odds of death in intensive care 21-fold (P = 0.016), whilst absolute temperature maxima or minima did not predict outcome. A warmer mean brain temperature was associated with survival (P = 0.035), however, and ageing by 10 years increased the odds of death 11-fold (P = 0.0002). Human brain temperature is higher and varies more than previously assumed-by age, sex, menstrual cycle, brain region, and time of day. This has major implications for temperature monitoring and management, with daily brain temperature rhythmicity emerging as one of the strongest single predictors of survival after brain injury. We conclude that daily rhythmic brain temperature variation-not absolute brain temperature-is one way in which human brain physiology may be distinguished from pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Thrippleton
- Edinburgh Imaging (Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh) Facility, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Francesca M Chappell
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Grant Mair
- Edinburgh Imaging (Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh) Facility, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ari Ercole
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Box 93 Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Manuel Cabeleira
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Box 167, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Rhodes
- Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, NHS Lothian, Room No. S8208 (2nd Floor), Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Ian Marshall
- Edinburgh Imaging (Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh) Facility, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.,Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - John S O'Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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20
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Yao Y, Silver R. Mutual Shaping of Circadian Body-Wide Synchronization by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus and Circulating Steroids. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:877256. [PMID: 35722187 PMCID: PMC9200072 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.877256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroids are lipid hormones that reach bodily tissues through the systemic circulation, and play a major role in reproduction, metabolism, and homeostasis. All of these functions and steroids themselves are under the regulation of the circadian timing system (CTS) and its cellular/molecular underpinnings. In health, cells throughout the body coordinate their daily activities to optimize responses to signals from the CTS and steroids. Misalignment of responses to these signals produces dysfunction and underlies many pathologies. Questions Addressed To explore relationships between the CTS and circulating steroids, we examine the brain clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the daily fluctuations in plasma steroids, the mechanisms producing regularly recurring fluctuations, and the actions of steroids on their receptors within the SCN. The goal is to understand the relationship between temporal control of steroid secretion and how rhythmic changes in steroids impact the SCN, which in turn modulate behavior and physiology. Evidence Surveyed The CTS is a multi-level organization producing recurrent feedback loops that operate on several time scales. We review the evidence showing that the CTS modulates the timing of secretions from the level of the hypothalamus to the steroidogenic gonadal and adrenal glands, and at specific sites within steroidogenic pathways. The SCN determines the timing of steroid hormones that then act on their cognate receptors within the brain clock. In addition, some compartments of the body-wide CTS are impacted by signals derived from food, stress, exercise etc. These in turn act on steroidogenesis to either align or misalign CTS oscillators. Finally this review provides a comprehensive exploration of the broad contribution of steroid receptors in the SCN and how these receptors in turn impact peripheral responses. Conclusion The hypothesis emerging from the recognition of steroid receptors in the SCN is that mutual shaping of responses occurs between the brain clock and fluctuating plasma steroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yao
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Yifan Yao,
| | - Rae Silver
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Barnard College, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, Barnard College, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Graduate School, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, NY, United States
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21
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Poole J, Kitchen GB. Circadian regulation of innate immunity in animals and humans and implications for human disease. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 44:183-192. [PMID: 35169890 PMCID: PMC8853148 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00921-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h oscillating variations in physiology generated by the core circadian clock. There is now a wide body of evidence showing circadian regulation of the immune system. Innate immune cells contain the molecular circadian clock which drives rhythmic responses, from the magnitude of the inflammatory response to the numbers of circulating immune cells varying throughout the day. This leads to rhythmic presentation of disease clinically, for example the classic presentation of nocturnal asthma or the sudden development of pulmonary oedema from acute myocardial infarction first thing in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Poole
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol Trust, Southmead Rd, Bristol, BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Gareth B Kitchen
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
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22
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Liu C, Liu Y, Xin Y, Wang Y. Circadian secretion rhythm of GLP-1 and its influencing factors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:991397. [PMID: 36531506 PMCID: PMC9755352 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.991397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is an inherent endogenous biological rhythm in living organisms. However, with the improvement of modern living standards, many factors such as prolonged artificial lighting, sedentarism, short sleep duration, intestinal flora and high-calorie food intake have disturbed circadian rhythm regulation on various metabolic processes, including GLP-1 secretion, which plays an essential role in the development of various metabolic diseases. Herein, we focused on GLP-1 and its circadian rhythm to explore the factors affecting GLP-1 circadian rhythm and its potential mechanisms and propose some feasible suggestions to improve GLP-1 secretion.
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23
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Sgro M, Kodila ZN, Brady RD, Reichelt AC, Mychaisuk R, Yamakawa GR. Synchronizing Our Clocks as We Age: The Influence of the Brain-Gut-Immune Axis on the Sleep-Wake Cycle Across the Lifespan. Sleep 2021; 45:6425072. [PMID: 34757429 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbes that colonize the small and large intestines, known as the gut microbiome, play an integral role in optimal brain development and function. The gut microbiome is a vital component of the bi-directional communication pathway between the brain, immune system, and gut, also known as the brain-gut-immune axis. To date there has been minimal investigation into the implications of improper development of the gut microbiome and the brain-gut-immune axis on the sleep-wake cycle, particularly during sensitive periods of physical and neurological development, such as childhood, adolescence, and senescence. Therefore, this review will explore the current literature surrounding the overlapping developmental periods of the gut microbiome, brain, and immune system from birth through to senescence, while highlighting how the brain-gut-immune axis affects maturation and organisation of the sleep-wake cycle. We also examine how dysfunction to either the microbiome or the sleep-wake cycle negatively affects the bidirectional relationship between the brain and gut, and subsequently the overall health and functionality of this complex system. Additionally, this review integrates therapeutic studies to demonstrate when dietary manipulations, such as supplementation with probiotics and prebiotics, can modulate the gut microbiome to enhance health of the brain-gut-immune axis and optimize our sleep-wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Sgro
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Zoe N Kodila
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys D Brady
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Richelle Mychaisuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn R Yamakawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Kuczyński W, Wibowo E, Hoshino T, Kudrycka A, Małolepsza A, Karwowska U, Pruszkowska M, Wasiak J, Kuczyńska A, Spałka J, Pruszkowska-Przybylska P, Mokros Ł, Białas A, Białasiewicz P, Sasanabe R, Blagrove M, Manning J. Understanding the Associations of Prenatal Androgen Exposure on Sleep Physiology, Circadian Proteins, Anthropometric Parameters, Hormonal Factors, Quality of Life, and Sex Among Healthy Young Adults: Protocol for an International, Multicenter Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e29199. [PMID: 34612837 PMCID: PMC8529469 DOI: 10.2196/29199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ratio of the second finger length to the fourth finger length (2D:4D ratio) is considered to be negatively correlated with prenatal androgen exposure (PAE) and positively correlated with prenatal estrogen. Coincidentally, various brain regions are sensitive to PAE, and their functions in adults may be influenced by the prenatal actions of sex hormones. Objective This study aims to assess the relationship between PAE (indicated by the 2D:4D ratio) and various physiological (sex hormone levels and sleep-wake parameters), psychological (mental health), and sexual parameters in healthy young adults. Methods This study consists of two phases. In phase 1, we will conduct a survey-based study and anthropometric assessments (including 2D:4D ratio and BMI) in healthy young adults. Using validated questionnaires, we will collect self-reported data on sleep quality, sexual function, sleep chronotype, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. In phase 2, a subsample of phase 1 will undergo polysomnography and physiological and genetic assessments. Sleep architecture data will be obtained using portable polysomnography. The levels of testosterone, estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, melatonin, and circadian regulatory proteins (circadian locomotor output cycles kaput [CLOCK], timeless [TIM], and period [PER]) and the expression levels of some miRNAs will be measured using blood samples. The rest and activity cycle will be monitored using actigraphy for a 7-day period. Results In Poland, 720 participants were recruited for phase 1. Among these, 140 completed anthropometric measurements. In addition, 25 participants joined and completed phase 2 data collection. Recruitment from other sites will follow. Conclusions Findings from our study may help to better understand the plausible role of PAE in sleep physiology, mental health, and sexual quality of life in young adults. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/29199
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kuczyński
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Erik Wibowo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tetsuro Hoshino
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Disorder Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aleksandra Kudrycka
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Małolepsza
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Karwowska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Milena Pruszkowska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Wasiak
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kuczyńska
- Department of Microbiology and Laboratory Medical Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Jakub Spałka
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Łukasz Mokros
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Białas
- Department of Pathobiology of Respiratory Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ryujiro Sasanabe
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Disorder Center, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mark Blagrove
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - John Manning
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise, and Medicine Research Centre, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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25
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Van Dyk K, Joffe H, Carroll JE. Sleep and endocrine therapy in breast cancer. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2021; 18:165-170. [PMID: 34095605 PMCID: PMC8174782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances and insomnia are common among breast cancer survivors, and can have a significant effect on quality of life and numerous other significant outcomes. Among risks for sleep disturbance is the introduction of anti-estrogen endocrine therapies. The possible contributing factors to sleep disturbance in endocrine therapy are complex, and include pre-existing sleep disorders, the effects of chemotherapy and other treatments, and concurrent symptoms such as hot flashes. In addition, sleep disturbance in menopause, the natural downregulation of reproductive hormones in older age, is a common occurrence, and can offer a model for understanding the high prevalence of sleep problems in breast cancer survivors on endocrine therapy, as well as suggesting possible treatments such as behavioral interventions and pharmaceuticals. Altogether, significantly more research is needed to better understand and address sleep disturbance in breast cancer survivors on endocrine therapy in order to support quality of life and treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Van Dyk
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Hadine Joffe
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women's Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School
| | - Judith E Carroll
- UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology
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Joye DAM, Evans JA. Sex differences in daily timekeeping and circadian clock circuits. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 126:45-55. [PMID: 33994299 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system regulates behavior and physiology in many ways important for health. Circadian rhythms are expressed by nearly every cell in the body, and this large system is coordinated by a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Sex differences in daily rhythms are evident in humans and understanding how circadian function is modulated by biological sex is an important goal. This review highlights work examining effects of sex and gonadal hormones on daily rhythms, with a focus on behavior and SCN circuitry in animal models commonly used in pre-clinical studies. Many questions remain in this area of the field, which would benefit from further work investigating this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A M Joye
- Marquette University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Evans
- Marquette University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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27
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Circadian rhythms: influence on physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:321-338. [PMID: 33797011 PMCID: PMC8015932 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-021-09751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are ubiquitous phenomena that recur daily in a self-sustaining, entrainable, and oscillatory manner, and orchestrate a wide range of molecular, physiological, and behavioral processes. Circadian clocks are comprised of a hierarchical network of central and peripheral clocks that generate, sustain, and synchronize the circadian rhythms. The functioning of the peripheral clock is regulated by signals from autonomic innervation (from the central clock), endocrine networks, feeding, and other external cues. The critical role played by circadian rhythms in maintaining both systemic and tissue-level homeostasis is well established, and disruption of the rhythm has direct consequence for human health, disorders, and diseases. Circadian oscillations in both pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic processes are known to affect efficacy and toxicity of several therapeutic agents. A variety of modeling approaches ranging from empirical to more complex systems modeling approaches have been applied to characterize circadian biology and its influence on drug actions, optimize time of dosing, and identify opportunities for pharmacological modulation of the clock mechanisms and their downstream effects. In this review, we summarize current understanding of circadian rhythms and its influence on physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic interventions, and discuss the role of chronopharmacometrics in gaining new insights into circadian rhythms and its applications in chronopharmacology.
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28
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Carvalho MVD, Guimarães JB, Bicalho CCF, Machado FSM, Lopes BB, Coimbra CC. Women amateur street runners have a higher level of chronotype self- perception than men. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021003621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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29
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Michaud JM, Price JC, Deane HV, Concepcion HA, Coronella JA, DeCourcey H, Seggio JA. The effects of ovariectomy on the behavioral and physiological responses to constant light in C57BL6/J Mice. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2020.1842970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Michaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C. Price
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah V. Deane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly A. Concepcion
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason A. Coronella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Holly DeCourcey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph A. Seggio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts, USA
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Pilorz V, Kolms B, Oster H. Rapid Jetlag Resetting of Behavioral, Physiological, and Molecular Rhythms in Proestrous Female Mice. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:612-627. [PMID: 33140660 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420965291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A gradual adaptation to a shifted light-dark (LD) cycle is a key element of the circadian clock system and believed to be controlled by the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Endocrine factors have a strong influence on the regulation of the circadian clock network and alter acute photic responses of the SCN clock. In females, endocrine function depends on the stage of the ovarian cycle. So far, however, little is known about the effect of the estrous cycle on behavioral and molecular responses to shifts in the LD rhythm. Based on this, we investigated whether estrous state affects the kinetics of phase shift during jetlag in behavior, physiology, and molecular clock rhythms in the SCN and in peripheral tissues. Female mice exposed to an advanced LD phase at proestrous or metestrous showed different phase-shift kinetics, with proestrous females displaying accelerated adaptation in behavior and physiology. Constant darkness release experiments suggest that these fast phase shifts do not reflect resetting of the SCN pacemaker. Explant experiments on SCN, adrenal gland, and uterus confirmed this finding with proestrous females showing significantly faster clock phase shifts in peripheral tissues compared with the SCN. Together, these findings provide strong evidence for an accelerated adaptation of proestrous compared with metestrous females to new LD conditions that is accompanied by rapid behavioral, physiological, and molecular rhythm resetting. Not only do these findings open up a new avenue to understand the effect of estrous cycle on the clock network under changing environmental conditions but also imply a greater susceptibility in proestrous females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Pilorz
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Beke Kolms
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Luebeck, Germany
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31
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Brown AMC, Gervais NJ. Role of Ovarian Hormones in the Modulation of Sleep in Females Across the Adult Lifespan. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5879359. [PMID: 32735650 PMCID: PMC7450669 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian hormones, including 17β-estradiol, are implicated in numerous physiological processes, including sleep. Beginning at puberty, girls report more sleep complaints than boys, which is maintained throughout the reproductive life stage. Sleep problems are exacerbated during the menopausal transition, evidenced by greater risk for sleep disorders. There is emerging evidence that menopause-associated hormone loss contributes to this elevated risk, but age is also an important factor. The extent to which menopause-associated sleep disturbance persists into postmenopause above and beyond the effects of age remains unknown. Untreated sleep disturbances have important implications for cognitive health, as they are emerging as risk factors for dementia. Given that sleep loss impairs memory, an important knowledge gap concerns the role played by menopause-associated hormone loss in exacerbating sleep disturbance and, ultimately, cognitive function in aging women. In this review, we take a translational approach to illustrate the contribution of ovarian hormones in maintaining the sleep-wake cycle in younger and middle-aged females, with evidence implicating 17β-estradiol in supporting the memory-promoting effects of sleep. Sleep physiology is briefly reviewed before turning to behavioral and neural evidence from young females linking 17β-estradiol to sleep-wake cycle maintenance. Implications of menopause-associated 17β-estradiol loss is also reviewed before discussing how ovarian hormones may support the memory-promoting effects of sleep, and why menopause may exacerbate pathological aging via effects on sleep. While still in its infancy, this research area offers a new sex-based perspective on aging research, with a focus on a modifiable risk factor for pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M C Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole J Gervais
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Correspondence: Nicole J. Gervais, University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G3. E-mail:
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32
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Rhythm and blues: Influence of CLOCK T3111C on peripheral electrophysiological indicators of negative affective processing. Physiol Behav 2020; 219:112831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Yaw AM, Duong TV, Nguyen D, Hoffmann HM. Circadian rhythms in the mouse reproductive axis during the estrous cycle and pregnancy. J Neurosci Res 2020; 99:294-308. [PMID: 32128870 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular and behavioral timekeeping is regulated by the circadian system which includes the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that translates environmental light information into neuronal and endocrine signals aligning peripheral tissue rhythms to the time of day. Despite the critical role of circadian rhythms in fertility, it remains unexplored how circadian rhythms change within reproductive tissues during pregnancy. To determine how estrous cycle and pregnancy impact phase relationships of reproductive tissues, we used PER2::Luciferase (PER2::LUC) circadian reporter mice and determined the time of day of PER2::LUC peak (phase) in the SCN, pituitary, uterus, and ovary. The relationships between reproductive tissue PER2::LUC phases changed throughout the estrous cycle and late pregnancy and were accompanied by changes to PER2::LUC period in the SCN, uterus, and ovary. To determine if the phase relationship adaptations were driven by sex steroids, we asked if progesterone, a hormone involved in estrous cyclicity and pregnancy, could regulate Per2-luciferase expression. Using an in vitro transfection assay, we found that progesterone increased Per2-luciferase expression in immortalized SCN (SCN2.2) and arcuate nucleus (KTAR) cells. In addition, progesterone shortened PER2::LUC period in ex vivo uterine tissue recordings collected during pregnancy. As progesterone dramatically increases during pregnancy, we evaluated wheel-running patterns in PER2::LUC mice. We confirmed that activity levels decrease during pregnancy and found that activity onset was delayed. Although SCN, but not arcuate nucleus, PER2::LUC period changed during late pregnancy, onset of locomotor activity did not correlate with SCN or arcuate nucleus PER2::LUC period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Yaw
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Thu V Duong
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Duong Nguyen
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hanne M Hoffmann
- Department of Animal Science and the Reproductive and Developmental Science Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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34
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Nicolaides NC, Chrousos GP. Sex differences in circadian endocrine rhythms: Clinical implications. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:2575-2585. [PMID: 32012359 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organisms have developed a highly conserved and tightly regulated circadian system, to adjust their daily activities to day/night cycles. This system consists of a central clock, which is located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the peripheral clocks that are ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. Both the central and peripheral clocks communicate with each other and achieve circadian oscillations of gene expression through transcriptional/translational loops mediated by clock transcription factors. It is worth mentioning that circadian non-transcriptional/non-translational rhythms also occur in non-nucleated cells. Interestingly, sex has been identified as an important factor influencing the activity of the circadian system. Indeed, several sex differences have been documented in the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology that pertain to circadian rhythms. In this review, we present the historical milestones of understanding circadian rhythms, describe the central and peripheral components of the circadian clock system, discuss representative examples of sexual dimorphism of circadian rhythms, and present the most relevant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Nicolaides
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, and University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, and University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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35
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Pfaff D, Saad F. Sexual motivation: problem solved and new problems introduced. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2019-0055. [PMID: 31926079 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background During the past 50 years, motivational studies have evolved from the logical inference of logically required "intervening variables" to explain behavioral change, to electrophysiological and molecular analyses of the mechanisms causing such changes. Aim The purpose of this review article is two-fold: first to describe the logic of sexual motivation in a way that applies to laboratory animals as well as humans, and the second is to address some of the problems of sexual motivation experienced by men. Results When problems of motivational mechanisms are stripped down to their essentials, as performed in the laboratory animal models and are available for reductionistic studies, then the problems can be solved with certainty, as illustrated in the first part of this review. However, with respect to human sexual motivation, the various determinants which include so many behavioral routes and so many brain states come into play, that definite conclusions are harder to come by, as illustrated in the second part of this review. Conclusions This review highlights a number of key questions that merit further investigation. These include (a) What mechanisms do cultural and experiential influences interact with androgenic hormone influences on human sexual motivation? (b) How would epigenetic effects in the human brain related to changes in motivation be investigated? (c) What are the effects of unpredictable traumatic and stressful human experiences on sexual motivation; (d) How such mechanisms are activated upon unpredictable traumatic and stressful insults? (e) What are the outstanding differences between sexual motivational drive and motivations driven by homeostatic systems such as hunger and thirst?
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Pfaff
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Behavior, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farid Saad
- Consultant to Medical Affairs Men's Health/Andrology, Bayer AG, Berlin, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Swaab DF, Bao AM. Sex differences in stress-related disorders: Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:335-358. [PMID: 33008536 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Stress-related disorders, such as mood disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are more common in women than in men. This sex difference is at least partly due to the organizing effect of sex steroids during intrauterine development, while activating or inhibiting effects of circulating sex hormones in the postnatal period and adulthood also play a role. Such effects result in structural and functional changes in neuronal networks, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides, which make the arousal- and stress-related brain systems more vulnerable to environmental stressful events in women. Certain brainstem nuclei, the amygdala, habenula, prefrontal cortex, and hypothalamus are important hubs in the stress-related neuronal network. Various hypothalamic nuclei play a central role in this sexually dimorphic network. This concerns not only the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis), which integrates the neuro-endocrine-immune responses to stress, but also other hypothalamic nuclei and systems that play a key role in the symptoms of mood disorders, such as disordered day-night rhythm, lack of reward feelings, disturbed eating and sex, and disturbed cognitive functions. The present chapter focuses on the structural and functional sex differences that are present in the stress-related brain systems in mood disorders and PTSD, placing the HPA-axis in the center. The individual differences in the vulnerability of the discussed systems, caused by genetic and epigenetic developmental factors warrant further research to develop tailor-made therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ai-Min Bao
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder Management, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Mojaverrostami S, Asghari N, Khamisabadi M, Heidari Khoei H. The role of melatonin in polycystic ovary syndrome: A review. Int J Reprod Biomed 2019; 17:865-882. [PMID: 31970309 PMCID: PMC6943797 DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v17i12.5789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a widespread endocrine disorder, affecting approximately 20% of women within reproductive age. It is associated with hyperandrogenism, obesity, menstrual irregularity, and anovulatory infertility. Melatonin is the main pineal gland hormone involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. In recent years, it has been observed that a reduction in melatonin levels of follicular fluid exists in PCOS patients. Melatonin receptors in the ovary and intra-follicular fluid adjust sex steroid secretion at different phases of ovarian follicular maturation. Moreover, melatonin is a strong antioxidant and an effective free radical scavenger, which protects ovarian follicles during follicular maturation. Objective In this paper, we conducted a literature review and the summary of the current research on the role of melatonin in PCOS. Materials and Methods Electronic databases including PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Reaxys were searched from their inception to October 2018 using the keywords “Melatonin” AND “Polycystic ovary syndrome” OR “PCOS.” Results Based on the data included in our review, it was found that the administration of melatonin can improve the oocyte and embryo quality in PCOS patients. It may also have beneficial effects in correcting the hormonal alterations in PCOS patients. Conclusion Since metabolic dysfunction is the major finding contributing to the initiation of PCOS, melatonin can hinder this process via its improving effects on metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mojaverrostami
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjes Asghari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Heidar Heidari Khoei
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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38
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Yin W, Borniger JC, Wang X, Maguire SM, Munselle ML, Bezner KS, Tesfamariam HM, Garcia AN, Hofmann HA, Nelson RJ, Gore AC. Estradiol treatment improves biological rhythms in a preclinical rat model of menopause. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:1-10. [PMID: 31585360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The perimenopausal transition at middle age is often associated with hot flashes and sleep disruptions, metabolic changes, and other symptoms. Whereas the mechanisms for these processes are incompletely understood, both aging (AG) and a loss of ovarian estrogens play contributing roles. Furthermore, the timing of when estradiol (E) treatment should commence and for how long are key clinical questions in the management of symptoms. Using a rat model of surgical menopause, we determined the effects of regimens of E treatment with differing time at onset and duration of treatment on diurnal rhythms of activity and core temperature and on food intake and body weight. Reproductively mature (MAT, ∼4 months) or AG (∼11 months) female rats were ovariectomized, implanted intraperitoneally with a telemetry device, and given either a vehicle (V) or E subcutaneous capsule implantation. Rats were remotely recorded for 10 days per month for 3 (MAT) or 6 (AG) months. To ascertain whether delayed onset of treatment affected rhythms, a subset of AG-V rats had their capsules switched to E at the end of 3 months. Another set of AG-E rats had their capsules removed at 3 months to determine whether beneficial effects of E would persist. Overall, activity and temperature mesor, robustness, and amplitude declined with AG. Compared to V treatment, E-treated rats showed (1) better maintenance of body weight and food intake; (2) higher, more consolidated activity and temperature rhythms; and (3) higher activity and temperature robustness and amplitude. In the AG arm of the study, switching treatment from V to E or E to V quickly reversed these patterns. Thus, the presence of E was the dominant factor in determining stability and amplitude of locomotor activity and temperature rhythms. As a whole, the results show benefits of E treatment, even with a delay, on biological rhythms and physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Yin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy C Borniger
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xutong Wang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sean M Maguire
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mercedes L Munselle
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kelsey S Bezner
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Haben M Tesfamariam
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra N Garcia
- Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hans A Hofmann
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Psychology Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Graham JL, Needham KB, Bertucci EM, Pearson AA, Bauer CM, Greives TJ. Onset of Daily Activity in a Female Songbird Is Related to Peak-Induced Estradiol Levels. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 59:1059-1067. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Research in captive birds and mammals has demonstrated that circadian (i.e., daily) behavioral rhythms are altered in response to increases in sex-steroid hormones. Recently, we and others have demonstrated a high degree of individual repeatability in peak (gonadotropin-releasing hormone [GnRH]-induced sex) steroid levels, and we have found that these GnRH-induced levels are highly correlated with their daily (night-time) endogenous peak. Whether or not individual variation in organization and activity of the reproductive endocrine axis is related to daily timing in wild animals is not well known. To begin to explore these possible links, we tested the hypothesis that maximal levels of the sex steroid hormone estradiol (E2) and onset of daily activity are related in a female songbird, the dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis). We found that females with higher levels of GnRH-induced E2 departed from their nest in the morning significantly earlier than females with lower stimulated levels. We did not observe a relationship between testosterone and this measure of onset of activity. Our findings suggest an interaction between an individual’s reproductive endocrine axis and the circadian system and variation observed in an individuals’ daily activity onset. We suggest future studies examine the relationship between maximal sex-steroid hormones and timing of daily activity onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Graham
- Ecologie Comportementale, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier 5, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 201 Stevens Hall, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Katie B Needham
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 201 Stevens Hall, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Emily M Bertucci
- School of Ecology, University of Georgia, 140 E Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-2202, USA
| | - Alexis A Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 201 Stevens Hall, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Carolyn M Bauer
- Department of Biology, Adelphi University, 1 South Ave, Garden City, NY 11530, USA
| | - Timothy J Greives
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 201 Stevens Hall, 1340 Bolley Drive, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Xu HW, Du W, He L, Kuang X. Effectiveness and safety of warm needle acupuncture on insomnia in climacteric women: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15637. [PMID: 31096480 PMCID: PMC6531131 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warm needle acupuncture (WNA) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy which combines technical advantages of acupuncture and moxibustion. Climacteric insomnia is a common symptom in climacteric women, which can seriously affect the physical and mental health of patients. Relevant studies have been reported that WNA can improve insomnia in climacteric women. In this protocol, the effectiveness and safety of WNA on insomnia in climacteric women will be explored. METHODS Seven electronic databases include 3 English databases [Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library)] and 4 Chinese databases [Chinese VIP Information, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) and Wanfang Database] for randomised controlled trials (RCT) of WNA on insomnia in climacteric women will be searched. The changes of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index was used as the main outcome, and the secondary outcome includes the changes of the Kupperman score, serum hormone level, and TCM syndrome score, as well as the adverse events caused by WNA. We will use RevMan software V5.3 to help us to analyze all data and use a Cochrane risk of bias tool to help us to assess the methodological quality for RCTs. RESULT This study will provide reliable evidence for WNA on insomnia in climacteric women CONCLUSION:: The findings will be an available reference to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of WNA on insomnia in climacteric women. REGISTRATION PROS-PERO CRD42019125743.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Du
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | | | - Xiuying Kuang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese, Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Rao R, Androulakis IP. The physiological significance of the circadian dynamics of the HPA axis: Interplay between circadian rhythms, allostasis and stress resilience. Horm Behav 2019; 110:77-89. [PMID: 30862458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Circadian time-keeping mechanisms preserve homeostasis by synchronizing internal physiology with predictable variations in the environment and temporally organize the activation of physiological signaling mechanisms to promote survival and optimize the allocation of energetic resources. In this paper, we highlight the importance of the robust circadian dynamics of allostatic mediators, with a focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, for the optimal regulation of host physiology and in enabling organisms to adequately respond and adapt to physiological stressors. We review studies showing how the chronic disruption of circadian rhythms can result in the accumulation of allostatic load, which impacts the appropriate functioning of physiological systems and diminishes the resilience of internal systems to adequately respond to subsequent stressors. A careful consideration of circadian rhythm dynamics leads to a more comprehensive characterization of individual variability in allostatic load and stress resilience. Finally, we suggest that the restoration of circadian rhythms after pathological disruption can enable the re-engagement of allostatic mechanisms and re-establish stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Rao
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America; Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America; Department of Surgery, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States of America.
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Sex Differences in the Association between Night Shift Work and the Risk of Cancers: A Meta-Analysis of 57 Articles. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7925219. [PMID: 30598709 PMCID: PMC6287141 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7925219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To identify the association between night shift work and the risk of various cancers with a comprehensive perspective and to explore sex differences in this association. Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for studies on the effect of night shift work on cancer, including case-control, cohort, and nested case-control studies. We computed risk estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in a random or fixed effects model and quantified heterogeneity using the I 2 statistic. Subgroup, metaregression, and sensitivity analyses were performed to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Contour-enhanced funnel plots and the trim and fill method were used together to analyze bias. Linear dose-response analysis was used to quantitatively estimate the accumulative effect of night shift work on the risk of cancer. Results Fifty-eight studies were eligible for our meta-analysis, including 5,143,838 participants. In the random effects model, the pooled odds ratio (OR) of cancers was 1.15 (95% CI = 1.08-1.22, P < 0.001; I 2 = 76.2%). Night shift work increased the cancer risk in both men (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.05-1.25, P = 0.003) and women (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.04-1.20, P = 0.002). Subgroup analyses showed that night shift work positively increased the risk of breast (OR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.08-1.38), prostate (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.05-1.52), and digestive system (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01-1.32) cancers. For every 5 years of night shift work, the cancer risk increased by 3.2% (OR = 1.032, 95% CI = 1.013-1.051). Conclusion This is the first meta-analysis identifying the positive association between night shift work and the risk of cancer and verifying that there is no sex difference in the effect of night shift work on cancer risk. Cancer risk increases with cumulative years of night shift work.
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Hatcher KM, Royston SE, Mahoney MM. Modulation of circadian rhythms through estrogen receptor signaling. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:217-228. [PMID: 30270552 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are physiological and behavioral processes that exhibit a 24-hr cycle. These daily rhythms are essential for living organisms to align their behavior and physiology with the environment to increase the likelihood of survival. In mammals, circadian rhythms synchronize with the environment primarily by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, a hypothalamic brain region that integrates exogenous and endogenous timing cues. Sex steroid hormones, including estrogens, are thought to modulate sexually dimorphic behaviors through developmental programming of the brain (i.e., organization), as well as acute receptor signaling during adulthood (i.e., activation). Importantly, there are known sex differences in the expression of circadian locomotor activity and molecular organization of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, likely due, in part, to the actions of circulating estrogens. Circadian locomotor rhythms, which are coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, have been shown to be regulated by developmental and adult levels of circulating estrogens. Further, increasing evidence suggests that estrogens can modulate expression of circadian clock genes that are essential for orchestration of circadian rhythms by the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In this review, we will discuss the organizational and activational modulation of the circadian timekeeping system by estrogens through estrogen receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Hatcher
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Sara E Royston
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Pain, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Spine and Pain Management, Christie Clinic, Champaign, Illinois
| | - Megan M Mahoney
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Graïc JM, Corain L, Peruffo A, Cozzi B, Swaab DF. The bovine anterior hypothalamus: Characterization of the vasopressin-oxytocin containing nucleus and changes in relation to sexual differentiation. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2898-2917. [PMID: 30255945 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to systematically describe the neurochemical anatomy of the bovine anterior hypothalamus, we used a series of immunocytochemical markers such as acetylcholine esterase (AChE), arginine-vasopressin (AVP), calbindin (Calb), galanin (Gal), neuropeptide-Y (NPY), oxytocin (OXT), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We also investigated the potential sex difference present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the vasopressin-oxytocin containing nucleus (VON) of six male and six female Bos taurus. Our study revealed that the cytochemical structure of the cattle anterior hypothalamus follows the blueprint of other mammals. The VON, which was never described before in cattle, showed a sex difference with a 33.7% smaller volume and 23.2% fewer magnocellular neurons (approximately 20-30 μm) in the male. The SCN also did show a sex difference in VIP neurons and volume with a 36.1% larger female nucleus with 28.1% more cells. Additionally, we included five heifers with freemartin syndrome as a new animal model relevant to sexual differentiation in the brain. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first freemartin study in relation to the brain. Surprisingly, the SCN of freemartin heifers was 32.5% larger than its control male and female counterparts with 29% more VIP cells. Conversely, the freemartin VON had an intermediary size between male and female. To analyze our data, a classical statistical analysis and a novel multivariate and multi-aspect approach were applied. These findings shed new light on sexual dimorphism in the bovine brain and present this species with freemartins as a valuable animal model in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Graïc
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Livio Corain
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padova, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Peruffo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Bruno Cozzi
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Foley JE, Ram N, Susman EJ, Weinraub M. Changes to sleep-wake behaviors are associated with trajectories of pubertal timing and tempo of secondary sex characteristics. J Adolesc 2018; 68:171-186. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Eghlidi DH, Luna SL, Brown DI, Garyfallou VT, Kohama SG, Urbanski HF. Gene expression profiling of the SCN in young and old rhesus macaques. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:57-67. [PMID: 29743294 PMCID: PMC6054827 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the location of a master circadian pacemaker. It receives photic signals from the environment via the retinal hypothalamic tract, which play a key role in synchronizing the body's endogenously generated circadian rhythms with the 24-h rhythm of the environment. Therefore, it is plausible that age-related changes within the SCN contribute to the etiology of perturbed activity-rest cycles that become prevalent in humans during aging. To test this hypothesis, we used gene arrays and quantitative RT-PCR to profile age-related gene expression changes within the SCN of male rhesus macaques - a pragmatic translational animal model of human aging, which similarly displays an age-related attenuation of daytime activity levels. As expected, the SCN showed high expression of arginine vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, calbindin and nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (NR1D1) (also known as reverse strand of ERBA (REV-ERBα), both at the mRNA and protein level. However, no obvious difference was detected between the SCNs of young (7-12 years) and old animals (21-26 years), in terms of the expression of core clock genes or genes associated with SCN signaling and neurotransmission. These data demonstrate the resilience of the primate SCN to normal aging, at least at the transcriptional level and, at least in males, suggest that age-related disruption of activity-rest cycles in humans may instead stem from changes within other components of the circadian system, such as desynchronization of subordinate oscillators in other parts of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique H Eghlidi
- Department of Neurology and Division of Sleep MedicineHarvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Selva L Luna
- Escuela de Química y FarmaciaFacultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Donald I Brown
- Instituto de BiologíaFacultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Vasilios T Garyfallou
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Henryk F Urbanski
- Division of NeuroscienceOregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
- Department of Behavioral NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyOregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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Rozen TD. Linking Cigarette Smoking/Tobacco Exposure and Cluster Headache: A Pathogenesis Theory. Headache 2018; 58:1096-1112. [PMID: 30011061 DOI: 10.1111/head.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To propose a hypothesis theory to establish a linkage between cigarette smoking and cluster headache pathogenesis. BACKGROUND Cluster headache is a primary headache syndrome grouped under the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias. What distinguishes cluster headache from all other primary headache conditions is its inherent connection to cigarette smoking. It is undeniable that tobacco exposure is in some manner related to cluster headache. The connection to tobacco exposure for cluster headache is so strong that even if an individual sufferer never smoked, then that individual typically had significant secondary smoke exposure as a child from parental smoking behavior and in many instances both scenarios exist. The manner by which cigarette smoking is connected to cluster headache pathogenesis is unknown at present. If this could be determined this may contribute to advancing our understanding of cluster headache pathophysiology. METHODS/RESULTS Hypothesis statement. CONCLUSION The hypothesis theory will include several principles: (1) the need of double lifetime tobacco exposure, (2) that cadmium is possibly the primary agent in cigarette smoke that leads to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis toxicity promoting cluster headache, (3) that the estrogenization of the brain and its specific sexually dimorphic nuclei is necessary to develop cluster headache with tobacco exposure, and (4) that the chronic effects of smoking and its toxic metabolites including cadmium and nicotine on the cortex are contributing to the morphometric and orexin alterations that have been previously attributed to the primary headache disorder itself.
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Congdon EE. Sex Differences in Autophagy Contribute to Female Vulnerability in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:372. [PMID: 29988365 PMCID: PMC6023994 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with over 5. 4 million cases in the US alone (Alzheimer's Association, 2016). Clinically, AD is defined by the presence of plaques composed of Aβ and neurofibrillary pathology composed of the microtubule associated protein tau. Another key feature is the dysregulation of autophagy at key steps in the pathway. In AD, disrupted autophagy contributes to disease progression through the failure to clear pathological protein aggregates, insulin resistance, and its role in the synthesis of Aβ. Like many psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, the risk of developing AD, and disease course are dependent on the sex of the patient. One potential mechanism through which these differences occur, is the effects of sex hormones on autophagy. In women, the loss of hormones with menopause presents both a risk factor for developing AD, and an obvious example of where sex differences in AD can stem from. However, because AD pathology can begin decades before menopause, this does not provide the full answer. We propose that sex-based differences in autophagy regulation during the lifespan contribute to the increased risk of AD, and greater severity of pathology seen in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Congdon
- Neuroscience and Physiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
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Gouw AM, Efe G, Barakat R, Preecha A, Mehdizadeh M, Garan SA, Brooks GA. Roles of estrogen receptor-alpha in mediating life span: the hypothalamic deregulation hypothesis. Physiol Genomics 2016; 49:88-95. [PMID: 28011880 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00073.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In several species caloric restriction (CR) extends life span. In this paper we integrate data from studies on CR and other sources to articulate the hypothalamic deregulation hypothesis by which estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) signaling in the hypothalamus and limbic system affects life span under the stress of CR in mammals. ER-α is one of two principal estrogen-binding receptors differentially expressed in the amygdala, hippocampus, and several key hypothalamic nuclei: the arcuate nucleus (ARN), preoptic area (POA), ventromedial nucleus (VMN), antero ventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), supraoptic nucleus (SON), and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Estradiol signaling via ER-α is essential in basal level functioning of reproductive cycle, sexually receptive behaviors, physiological stress responses, as well as sleep cycle, and other nonsexual behaviors. When an organism is placed under long-term CR, which introduces an external stress to this ER-α signaling, the reduction of ER-α expression is attenuated over time in the hypothalamus. This review paper seeks to characterize the downstream effects of ER-α in the hypothalamus and limbic system that affect normal endocrine functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin M Gouw
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California.,Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and.,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Gizem Efe
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California.,Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and
| | - Rita Barakat
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California.,Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and
| | - Andrew Preecha
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California.,Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and
| | - Morvarid Mehdizadeh
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California.,Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and
| | - Steven A Garan
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, California.,Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and
| | - George A Brooks
- Center for Research and Education in Aging, University of California at Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, California; and .,Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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