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Morel C, Chowdhary V, Nagesh PT, Ribeiro M, Hawryluk D, Catalano D, Adorini L, Szabo G. Altered ethanol metabolism and increased oxidative stress enhance alcohol-associated liver injury in farnesoid X receptor-deficient mice. Liver Int 2023; 43:100-114. [PMID: 35869657 PMCID: PMC10501031 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pharmacological activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) ameliorates liver injury, steatosis and inflammation in mouse models of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), but the underlying mechanisms of the protective effect of FXR against ALD remain unclear. METHODS To investigate the role of FXR in ALD, we used the NIAAA model of chronic plus binge ethanol feeding in FXR-deficient knockout (FXR KO) mice. RESULTS Ethanol-mediated liver injury and steatosis were increased in FXR KO mice, while both WT and FXR KO mice consumed the same amount of alcohol. Ethanol feeding induced liver inflammation and neutrophil infiltration that were further increased in FXR KO mice. In addition, collagen accumulation and expression of profibrotic genes were markedly elevated in the liver of alcohol-fed FXR KO compared to wild-type mice, suggesting that ethanol-induced liver fibrosis is enhanced in the absence of FXR. Surprisingly, FXR KO mice showed reduced blood alcohol levels post-binge, while CYP2E1 and ALDH1A1 were upregulated compared to WT mice, suggesting that alcohol metabolism is altered in FXR KO mice. Notably, exacerbated liver injury in FXR KO mice was associated with increased oxidative stress. ALDH1A1 activity was upregulated in FXR-deficient mouse primary hepatocytes, contributing to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in vitro. Finally, using an ALDH1A1 inhibitor, we showed that ALDH1A1 activity is a key contributor to alcohol-induced ROS generation in FXR-deficient hepatocytes, in vitro. CONCLUSION ALD pathogenesis in FXR KO mice correlates with altered ethanol metabolism and increased oxidative stress, providing new insights into the protective function of FXR in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Morel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vivek Chowdhary
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prashanth Thevkar Nagesh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marcelle Ribeiro
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danielle Hawryluk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zelber-Sagi S, Noureddin M, Shibolet O. Lifestyle and Hepatocellular Carcinoma What Is the Evidence and Prevention Recommendations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010103. [PMID: 35008267 PMCID: PMC8750465 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increasing public health burden of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) emphasizes the importance of defining important modifiable risk factors. In the following review, we will discuss the evidence for the relation of major lifestyle risk factors, mostly from large population-based studies. Generally, it is has been shown that healthy lifestyle habits, including minimizing obesity, eating a healthy diet, avoidance of smoking and alcohol, and increasing physical activity, have the potential to prevent HCC. Dietary composition is important beyond obesity. Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as fish and poultry, vegetables and fiber, are inversely associated with HCC, while red meat, saturated fat, cholesterol and sugar are related to increased risk. Data from multiple studies clearly show a beneficial effect for physical activity in reducing the risk of HCC. Smoking and alcohol can lead to liver fibrosis and liver cancer and jointly lead to an even greater risk. Abstract The increasing burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) emphasizes the unmet need for primary prevention. Lifestyle measures appear to be important modifiable risk factors for HCC regardless of its etiology. Lifestyle patterns, as a whole and each component separately, are related to HCC risk. Dietary composition is important beyond obesity. Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as fish and poultry, are inversely associated with HCC, while red meat, saturated fat, and cholesterol are related to increased risk. Sugar consumption is associated with HCC risk, while fiber and vegetable intake is protective. Data from multiple studies clearly show a beneficial effect for physical activity in reducing the risk of HCC. However, the duration, mode and intensity of physical activity needed are yet to be determined. There is evidence that smoking can lead to liver fibrosis and liver cancer and has a synergistic effect with alcohol drinking. On the other hand, an excessive amount of alcohol by itself has been associated with increased risk of HCC directly (carcinogenic effect) or indirectly (liver fibrosis and cirrhosis progression. Large-scale intervention studies testing the effect of comprehensive lifestyle interventions on HCC prevention among diverse cohorts of liver disease patients are greatly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Zelber-Sagi
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-54-4634440; Fax: +972-3-5446086
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA;
| | - Oren Shibolet
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel;
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6697801, Israel
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Kim W, Jeong HS, Kim SC, Choi CH, Lee KH. Chronic Alcohol Exposure of Cells Using Controlled Alcohol-Releasing Capillaries. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051120. [PMID: 34066517 PMCID: PMC8148542 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is one of the main causes of liver diseases such as fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. To reproduce the conditions of alcohol-induced liver diseases and to identify the disease-causing mechanisms at the cellular level, several methods have been used to expose the cells to ethanol. As ethanol evaporates easily, it is difficult to mimic chronic alcohol exposure conditions at the cellular level. In this study, we developed a glass capillary system containing ethanol, which could steadily release ethanol from the polyethylene tubing and hydrogel portion at both sides of the capillary. The ethanol-containing capillary could release ethanol in the cell culture medium for up to 144 h, and the concentration of ethanol in the cell culture medium could be adjusted by controlling the number of capillaries. A long-term exposure to ethanol by the capillary system led to an increased toxicity of cells and altered the cellular physiologies, such as increasing the lipid accumulation and hepatic transaminase release in cells, as compared to the traditional direct ethanol addition method. Ethanol capillaries showed different gene expression patterns of lipid accumulation- or chronic alcoholism-related genes. Our results suggest that our ethanol-containing capillary system can be used as a valuable tool for studying the mechanism of chronic alcohol-mediated hepatic diseases at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanil Kim
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (W.K.); (H.-S.J.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hye-Seon Jeong
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (W.K.); (H.-S.J.)
| | - Sang-Chan Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea;
| | - Chang-Hyung Choi
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (W.K.); (H.-S.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kyung-Ha Lee
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology, Daegu Haany University, Hanuidae-ro 1, Gyeongsan-si 38610, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea; (W.K.); (H.-S.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (K.-H.L.)
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Legaz I, Bolarín JM, Navarro E, Campillo JA, Moya R, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Luna A, Osuna E, Miras M, Muro M, Minguela A, Alvarez López R. KIR2DL2/S2 and KIR2DS5 in alcoholic cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:764-774. [PMID: 34025847 PMCID: PMC8130473 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2019.84410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The molecular mechanisms underlying alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are not completely understood. Hepatic fibrosis involves the interplay of diverse cells and factors, including hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer, NK cells, and T-lymphocyte subsets. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are membrane receptors involved in mediation between NK and activated HSCs, regulating NK cell function through their interaction with HLA-I molecules. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic association between KIR genes and the susceptibility to or protection from alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) in a cohort of male AC patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) with and without concomitant viral infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS KIR genotyping was performed in nuclear DNA extracted from 281 AC patients and compared with 319 male controls. RESULTS Significant differences between total AC patients and healthy controls were only found in the case of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS5. KIR2DL2 was significantly underrepresented in non-viral AC patients (52.6% vs. 63.3%; p = 0.015), while patients heterozygous for KIR2DL2 were also underrepresented in the non-viral AC group compared with controls (p = 0.034). KIR2DS5 was overrepresented in this group compared with healthy controls (p = 0.002). All these observations were only evident in AC patients older than 54 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a contrary effect of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS5 in AC patients older than 54 years, in whom the presence of KIR2DL2 appears to be protective against AC, whereas the presence of KIR2DS5 seems to promote the fibrotic process, particularly in patients with no associated viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute on Ageing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Bolarín
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro
- Digestive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Campillo
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rosa Moya
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute on Ageing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Luna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Osuna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Research Institute on Ageing, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Miras
- Digestive Medicine Service, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocio Alvarez López
- Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), Murcia, Spain
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Lee HY, Nam Y, Choi WS, Kim TW, Lee J, Sohn UD. The hepato-protective effect of eupatilin on an alcoholic liver disease model of rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:385-394. [PMID: 32830145 PMCID: PMC7445478 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.5.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Eupatilin is known to possess anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. We report here that eupatilin has a protective effect on the ethanol-induced injury in rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: control, vehicle, silymarin, eupatilin 10 mg/kg, eupatilin 30 mg/kg, and eupatilin 100 mg/kg. Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed to determine the extent of liver damage. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed to determine the level of liver steatosis. Malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level were analyzed to determine the extent of oxidative stress. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were quantified to verify the degree of inflammation. Based on our findings, chronic alcohol treatment significantly changed the serum indexes and liver indicators of the model rats, which were significantly improved by eupatilin treatment. Rats in the eupatilin-treatment group showed reduced levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, TNF-α, and IL-1β, increased SOD activity and GSH levels, and improved overall physiology compared to the alcoholic liver disease model rats. H&E staining also verified the eupatilin-mediated improvement in liver injury. In conclusion, eupatilin inhibits alcohol-induced liver injury via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Yeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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Matsushita H, Takaki A. Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2019; 6:e000260. [PMID: 31139422 PMCID: PMC6505979 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2018-000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer because it induces hepatocellular carcinoma (among other cancers) in humans. An excessive alcohol intake may result in fatty liver, acute/chronic hepatitis, and cirrhosis and eventually lead to hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been reported that alcohol abuse increases the relative risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by 3- to 10-fold. AIM AND METHODS To clarify the known mechanisms of alcohol-related carcinogenesis, we searched Pubmed using the terms alcohol and immune mechanism, alcohol and cancer, and immune mechanism and cancer and summarized the articles as a qualitative review. RESULTS From a clinical perspective, it is well known that alcohol interacts with other factors, such as smoking, viral hepatitis, and diabetes, leading to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. There are several possible mechanisms through which alcohol may induce liver carcinogenicity, including the mutagenic effects of acetaldehyde and the production of ROS due to the excessive hepatic deposition of iron. Furthermore, it has been reported that alcohol accelerates hepatitis C virus-induced liver tumorigenesis through TLR4 signaling. Despite intense investigations to elucidate the mechanisms, they remain poorly understood. CONCLUSION This review summarizes the recent findings of clinical and pathological studies that have investigated the carcinogenic effects of alcohol in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsushita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Udomsinprasert W, Jittikoon J. Vitamin D and liver fibrosis: Molecular mechanisms and clinical studies. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1351-1360. [PMID: 30551386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a primary role in regulation of bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Interestingly, emerging evidence suggests protective effects of vitamin D against liver fibrogenesis. However, the precise mechanisms of this action remain mysterious. Herein, this review aimed to summarize the role of vitamin D in liver fibrosis pathology and to update the current comprehensive knowledge regarding the clinical utility of vitamin D-based treatment in liver fibrosis. In regard to its effect on liver fibrosis, vitamin D possesses an anti-fibrotic effect on hepatic stellate cells via vitamin D receptor-mediated specific signal transduction pathways, which in turn inhibit expression of pro-fibrogenic genes. Furthermore, several studies demonstrated a significant association between low vitamin D levels and an increased risk of liver fibrosis. Additionally, high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was noted in patients with liver fibrosis, suggesting the use of vitamin D status as a biochemical marker reflecting the progression of liver fibrosis. It is therefore reasonable to postulate that vitamin D supplementation being a cost effective and relative simple procedure may benefit to liver fibrosis. Nevertheless, further research is needed to fully elucidate its regulatory role in inhibiting liver fibrogenesis and to estimate the safety and efficiency of vitamin D supplementation as a relatively inexpensive treatment for liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanvisa Udomsinprasert
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Jiraphun Jittikoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Wang C, Wang B, Xue L, Kang Z, Hou S, Du J, Zhang C. Design, Synthesis, and Antifibrosis Activity in Liver of Nonsecosteroidal Vitamin D Receptor Agonists with Phenyl-pyrrolyl Pentane Skeleton. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10573-10587. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatic Drug Research, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zisheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of New Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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Liu H, Pan X, Cao H, Shu X, Sun H, Lu J, Liang J, Zhang K, Zhu F, Li G, Zhang Q. IL-32γ promotes integrin αvβ6 expression through the activation of NF-κB in HSCs. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:3880-3886. [PMID: 29042996 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is important in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. However, the molecular mechanism of HSC activation is not completely understood. In the present study, it was demonstrated that interleukin-32γ (IL-32γ) is capable of enhancing intefgrin αvβ6 expression by inducing integrin αvβ6 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner in HSCs. Furthermore, it was determined that nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation is required for IL-32γ-induced integrin αvβ6 expression. Increased integrin αvβ6 expression is then able to activate HSCs. These results indicate that NF-κB activation is required for IL-32γ to induce integrin αvβ6 expression and consequently promote HSC activation. Therefore, IL-32γ activates HSCs and therefore may be associated with hepatic fibrogenesis. These results may enable the development of novel effective strategies to treat hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Xingfei Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P.R. China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Xin Shu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jianxi Lu
- Vaccine Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Jiayin Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Ka Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Fengqin Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Vaccine Research Institute, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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Mani V, Arivalagan S, Islam Siddique A, Namasivayam N. Antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic potential of zingerone on alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:197-206. [PMID: 28442378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultimate aim of this present study was to investigate the antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic potential of zingerone (ZO) on alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Male albino wistar rats were divided in four groups. Groups 1 and 2 rats received isocaloric glucose and dimethyl sulphoxide (2% DMSO), liver toxicity was induced in groups 3 and 4 by supplementing 30% ethanol post orally for 60 days. In addition to, groups 2 and 4 received zingerone (20 mg/kg body weight in 2% DMSO) daily during the final 30 days of the experimental period. Ethanol alone administered rats showed increased levels/activities of plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), phospholipids (PL), low density lipoproteins (LDL), very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), tissue TC, TG, FFA, PL, HMG-CoA reductase, phase I xenobiotic enzymes, collagen and fat accumulation, DNA damage and increased Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions and decrease in the levels/activities of plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT), phase II xenobiotic enzymes and a decreased Bcl-2 expression. Zingerone supplementation was able to counter and reverse the ethanol induced changes in all the above parameters in experimental rats. Together results portray zingerone exhibits antihyperlipidemic and antiapoptotic potential on alcohol induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Mani
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sivaranjani Arivalagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Aktarul Islam Siddique
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Nalini Namasivayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
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Wu X, Wang Y, Wang S, Xu R, Lv X. Purinergic P2X7 receptor mediates acetaldehyde-induced hepatic stellate cells activation via PKC-dependent GSK3β pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 43:164-171. [PMID: 28061416 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is an essential part in the development of alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF). In this study, stimulated HSCs with 200μM acetaldehyde for 48h was used to imitate alcoholic liver fibrosis in vitro. The western blot and qRT-PCR results showed that P2X7R expression was significantly increased in the activation of HSCs after acetaldehyde treatment. Interestingly, activation of P2X7R by stimulating with P2X7R agonist BzATP significantly promoted acetaldehyde-induced CyclinD1 expression, cell proportion in S phase, inflammatory response, and the protein and mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen I. In contrast, blockage of P2X7R by stimulating with the inhibitor A438079 or transfecting with specific siRNA dramatically suppressed acetaldehyde-induced HSCs activation. Furthermore, PKC activation treated with PMA could obviously up-regulate the expression of α-SMA and collagen I and the phosphorylation of GSK3β, while inhibition of PKC significantly reduced GSK3β activation. Moreover, GSK3β inhibition harvested a dramatic decrease of the mRNA and protein levels of α-SMA and collagen I by suppressing GSK3β phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggested that purinergic P2X7R mediated acetaldehyde-induced activation of HSCs via PKC-dependent GSK3β pathway, which maybe a novel target for limiting HSCs activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Rixiang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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12
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Boye A, Zou YH, Yang Y. Metabolic derivatives of alcohol and the molecular culprits of fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis: Allies or enemies? World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:50-71. [PMID: 26755860 PMCID: PMC4698508 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intake of alcohol undoubtedly overwhelms the structural and functional capacity of the liver by initiating complex pathological events characterized by steatosis, steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. Subsequently, these initial pathological events are sustained and ushered into a more complex and progressive liver disease, increasing the risk of fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. These coordinated pathological events mainly result from buildup of toxic metabolic derivatives of alcohol including but not limited to acetaldehyde (AA), malondialdehyde (MDA), CYP2E1-generated reactive oxygen species, alcohol-induced gut-derived lipopolysaccharide, AA/MDA protein and DNA adducts. The metabolic derivatives of alcohol together with other comorbidity factors, including hepatitis B and C viral infections, dysregulated iron metabolism, abuse of antibiotics, schistosomiasis, toxic drug metabolites, autoimmune disease and other non-specific factors, have been shown to underlie liver diseases. In view of the multiple etiology of liver diseases, attempts to delineate the mechanism by which each etiological factor causes liver disease has always proved cumbersome if not impossible. In the case of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), it is even more cumbersome and complicated as a result of the many toxic metabolic derivatives of alcohol with their varying liver-specific toxicities. In spite of all these hurdles, researchers and experts in hepatology have strived to expand knowledge and scientific discourse, particularly on ALD and its associated complications through the medium of scientific research, reviews and commentaries. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underpinning ALD, particularly those underlying toxic effects of metabolic derivatives of alcohol on parenchymal and non-parenchymal hepatic cells leading to increased risk of alcohol-induced fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis, are still incompletely elucidated. In this review, we examined published scientific findings on how alcohol and its metabolic derivatives mount cellular attack on each hepatic cell and the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to disruption of core hepatic homeostatic functions which probably set the stage for the initiation and progression of ALD to fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. We also brought to sharp focus, the complex and integrative role of transforming growth factor beta/small mothers against decapentaplegic/plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and the mitogen activated protein kinase signaling nexus as well as their cross-signaling with toll-like receptor-mediated gut-dependent signaling pathways implicated in ALD and fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis. Looking into the future, it is hoped that these deliberations may stimulate new research directions on this topic and shape not only therapeutic approaches but also models for studying ALD and fibro-hepatocarcinogenesis.
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13
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Tian L, Prasad N, Jang YY. In Vitro Modeling of Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1353:271-83. [PMID: 25520290 PMCID: PMC5881111 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2014_168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption has long been associated with a majority of liver diseases and has been found to influence both fetal and adult liver functions. In spite of being one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world, currently, there are no effective strategies that can prevent or treat alcoholic liver disease (ALD), due to a lack of human-relevant research models. Recent success in generation of functionally active mature hepatocyte-like cells from human-induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) enables us to better understand the effects of alcohol on liver functions. Here, we describe the method and effect of alcohol exposure on multistage hepatic cell types derived from human iPSCs, in an attempt to recapitulate the early stages of liver tissue injury associated with ALD. We exposed different stages of iPSC-induced hepatic cells to ethanol at a pathophysiological concentration. In addition to stage-specific molecular markers, we measured several key cellular parameters of hepatocyte injury, including apoptosis, proliferation, and lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Neha Prasad
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, CRB2 Rm552, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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14
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Huang SS, Chen CL, Huang FW, Johnson FE, Huang JS. Ethanol Enhances TGF-β Activity by Recruiting TGF-β Receptors From Intracellular Vesicles/Lipid Rafts/Caveolae to Non-Lipid Raft Microdomains. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:860-71. [PMID: 26419316 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Regular consumption of moderate amounts of ethanol has important health benefits on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Overindulgence can cause many diseases, particularly alcoholic liver disease (ALD). The mechanisms by which ethanol causes both beneficial and harmful effects on human health are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that ethanol enhances TGF-β-stimulated luciferase activity with a maximum of 0.5-1% (v/v) in Mv1Lu cells stably expressing a luciferase reporter gene containing Smad2-dependent elements. In Mv1Lu cells, 0.5% ethanol increases the level of P-Smad2, a canonical TGF-β signaling sensor, by ∼ 2-3-fold. Ethanol (0.5%) increases cell-surface expression of the type II TGF-β receptor (TβR-II) by ∼ 2-3-fold from its intracellular pool, as determined by I(125) -TGF-β-cross-linking/Western blot analysis. Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and indirect immunofluorescence staining analyses reveal that ethanol (0.5% and 1%) also displaces cell-surface TβR-I and TβR-II from lipid rafts/caveolae and facilitates translocation of these receptors to non-lipid raft microdomains where canonical signaling occurs. These results suggest that ethanol enhances canonical TGF-β signaling by increasing non-lipid raft microdomain localization of the TGF-β receptors. Since TGF-β plays a protective role in ASCVD but can also cause ALD, the TGF-β enhancer activity of ethanol at low and high doses appears to be responsible for both beneficial and harmful effects. Ethanol also disrupts the location of lipid raft/caveolae of other membrane proteins (e.g., neurotransmitter, growth factor/cytokine, and G protein-coupled receptors) which utilize lipid rafts/caveolae as signaling platforms. Displacement of these membrane proteins induced by ethanol may result in a variety of pathologies in nerve, heart and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan
| | - Franklin W Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Frank E Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
| | - Jung San Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Doisy Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63104
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15
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Steiner JL, Pruznak AM, Navaratnarajah M, Lang CH. Alcohol Differentially Alters Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Molecule Expression in Skeletal Muscle and Heart. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 39:1330-40. [PMID: 26108259 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of fibrosis in response to chronic alcohol abuse is well recognized in liver but has not been fully characterized in striated muscle and may contribute to functional impairment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to use an unbiased discovery-based approach to determine the effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the expression profile of genes important for cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. METHODS Adult male rats were pair-fed an alcohol-containing liquid diet or control diet for 24 weeks, and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) and heart were collected in the freely fed state. A pathway-focused gene expression polymerase chain reaction array was performed on these tissues to assess mRNA content for 84 ECM proteins, and selected proteins were confirmed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS In gastrocnemius, alcohol feeding up-regulated the expression of 11 genes and down-regulated the expression of 1 gene. Alcohol increased fibrosis as indicated by increased mRNA and/or protein for collagens α1(I), α2(I), α1(III), and α2(IV) as well as hydroxyproline. Alcohol also increased α-smooth muscle actin protein, an index of myofibroblast activation, but no concomitant change in transforming growth factor-β was detected. The mRNA and protein content for other ECM components, such as integrin-α5, L-selectin, PECAM, SPARC, and ADAMTS2, were also increased by alcohol. Only laminin-α3 mRNA was decreased in gastrocnemius from alcohol-fed rats, while 66 ECM- or cell adhesion-related mRNAs were unchanged by alcohol. For heart, expression of 16 genes was up-regulated, expression of 3 genes was down-regulated, and 65 mRNAs were unchanged by alcohol; there were no common alcohol-induced gene expression changes between heart and skeletal muscle. Finally, alcohol increased tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-12 mRNA in both skeletal and cardiac muscle, but IL-6 mRNA was increased and IL-10 mRNA decreased only in skeletal muscle. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a fibrotic response in striated muscle from chronic alcohol-fed rats which is tissue specific in nature, suggesting different regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Steiner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne M Pruznak
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Maithili Navaratnarajah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles H Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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16
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Guo R, Xu X, Babcock SA, Zhang Y, Ren J. Aldehyde dedydrogenase-2 plays a beneficial role in ameliorating chronic alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation through regulation of autophagy. J Hepatol 2015; 62:647-56. [PMID: 25457208 PMCID: PMC4336638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) plays a critical role in the detoxification of the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde. This study was designed to examine the impact of global ALDH2 overexpression on alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis. METHODS Wild type Friend virus B (FVB) and ALDH2 transgenic mice were placed on a 4% alcohol or control diet for 12 weeks. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin and cholesterol, hepatic triglyceride, steatosis, fat metabolism-related proteins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), autophagy and autophagy signalling were examined. The role of autophagy was evaluated in alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADH1)-transfected human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cells (VA-13) treated with or without the autophagy inducer rapamycin and lysosomal inhibitors. RESULTS Chronic alcohol intake led to elevated AST-, ALT-levels, bilirubin, AST/ALT ratio, cholesterol, hepatic triglycerides and hepatic fat deposition as evidenced by H&E and Oil Red O staining. Hepatic fat deposition was associated with disturbed levels of fat metabolism-related proteins (fatty acid synthase, SCD1), upregulated interleukin-6, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase, oxidative stress, and loss of autophagy, effects which were attenuated or ablated by the ALDH2 transgene. Moreover, ethanol (100 mM) and acetaldehyde (100 and 500 μM) increased levels of IL-6 and IFN-γ, and suppressed autophagy in VA-13 cells, effects which were markedly alleviated by rapamycin. In addition, lysosomal inhibitors mimicked ethanol-induced p62 accumulation with little additive effect with ethanol. Ethanol significantly suppressed LC3 conversion in the presence of lysosomal inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results revealed that ALDH2 plays a beneficial role in ameliorating chronic alcohol intake-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammation through regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA
| | - Xihui Xu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA
| | - Sara A Babcock
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, USA; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Kim HG, Kim JM, Han JM, Lee JS, Choi MK, Lee DS, Park YH, Son CG. Chunggan extract, a traditional herbal formula, ameliorated alcohol-induced hepatic injury in rat model. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:15703-15714. [PMID: 25400454 PMCID: PMC4229535 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate protective effects of Chunggan extract (CGX), a traditional herbal formula, under 4 wk of alcohol consumption-induced liver injury.
METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley Rats were orally administered 30% ethanol daily for 4 wk with or without CGX. The pharmaceutical properties were assessed through liver enzymes, histopathology, fibrogenic cytokines, and alcohol metabolism in hepatic tissues as well as by in vitro experiment using HSC-T6 cells.
RESULTS: Four weeks of alcohol consumption notably increased liver enzymes and malondialdehyde levels in serum and hepatic tissue. CGX not only prevented the collagen deposition determined by histopathology and hydroxyproline content, but also normalized transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor-beta and connective tissue growth factor at the gene expression and protein levels in liver tissue. Moreover, CGX treatment also significantly normalized the abnormal changes in gene expression profiles of extracellular matrix proteins, matrix metalloproteinase and their inhibitors, alcohol metabolism, and inflammatory reactions. In the acetaldehyde-stimulated HSC-T6 cells, CGX considerably inhibited collagen production and normalized fibrogenic cytokines in both gene expression and protein levels.
CONCLUSION: The present study evidenced that CGX has hepatoprotective properties via modulation of fibrogenic cytokines and alcohol metabolism in alcoholic liver injury.
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18
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Su X, Wang Y, Zhou G, Yang X, Yu R, Lin Y, Zheng C. Probucol attenuates ethanol-induced liver fibrosis in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress, extracellular matrix protein accumulation and cytokine production. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:73-80. [PMID: 24117782 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the liver. Probucol, a lipid-lowering drug, was found to prevent liver injury in rats treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ). In the present study, we investigated whether probucol has protective effect against liver fibrosis in rats treated with ethanol and CCl4 . 2. Thirty rats were randomly divided into five groups. Groups I and II served as the normal control and the model of liver fibrosis, respectively. Groups III-V were treated with probucol at a doses of 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, respectively. Rats in Group II were fed a complex diet that includes alcohol, corn oil and pyrazole, and were injected intraperitoneally with CCl4 to induce hepatic fibrosis. Blood was obtained to assess markers of liver function. Liver samples were collected to evaluate mRNA and protein expression, histological changes and oxidative stress. 3. Probucol significantly attenuated the histological changes induced by ethanol + CCl4 and improved liver function. Expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I was decreased in the probucol-treated groups. Moreover, probucol markedly suppressed increases in oxidative stress, ECM protein accumulation and cytokine production induced by ethanol + CCl4 . Finally, probucol inhibited activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling pathway induced by ethanol + CCl4 . 4. Our findings reveal that probucol attenuates ethanol + CCl4 -induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress, ECM protein accumulation and cytokine production. These data suggest that probucol may be useful for the prevention and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Chen N, Geng Q, Zheng J, He S, Huo X, Sun X. Suppression of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway and inhibition of hepatic stellate cell proliferation play a role in the hepatoprotective effects of curcumin against alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1110-6. [PMID: 25069637 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatoprotective effects of curcumin against alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis have rarely been discussed and its mechanisms of action in alcohol-induced liver disease remain unknown. In this study, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured to assess hepatic function; histopathological and immunohistochemical observations were used to evaluate pathological and specific molecular changes in liver tissue and flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis in cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the major fibrogenic cells in the liver; PCR and western blot analysis were employed to evaluate the changes in the expression of molecules and signaling pathways. We demonstrate that curcumin alleviates alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by affecting the HSCs. We found that the administration of curcumin inhibited alcohol-induced HSC proliferation and even induced HSC apoptosis by stimulating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. We also found that by suppressing the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway, the administration of curcumin impaired the production of extracellular matrix proteins in alcohol-stimulated HSCs. These results indicate that curcumin exerts its hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting the proliferation and inducing the apoptosis of HSCs by stimulating ER stress and deactivating HSCs by suppressing the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanzheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Geng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jianbao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sai He
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xiongwei Huo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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20
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Okazaki I, Noro T, Tsutsui N, Yamanouchi E, Kuroda H, Nakano M, Yokomori H, Inagaki Y. Fibrogenesis and Carcinogenesis in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH): Involvement of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase (TIMPs). Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1220-55. [PMID: 24978432 PMCID: PMC4190539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6031220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is emerging worldwide because life-styles have changed to include much over-eating and less physical activity. The clinical and pathophysiological features of NASH are very different from those of HBV- and HCV-chronic liver diseases. The prognosis of NASH is worse among those with nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and some NASH patients show HCC with or without cirrhosis. In the present review we discuss fibrogenesis and the relationship between fibrosis and HCC occurrence in NASH to clarify the role of MMPs and TIMPs in both mechanisms. Previously we proposed MMP and TIMP expression in the multi-step occurrence of HCC from the literature based on viral-derived HCC. We introduce again these expressions during hepatocarcinogenesis and compare them to those in NASH-derived HCC, although the relationship with hepatic stem/progenitor cells (HPCs) invasion remains unknown. Signal transduction of MMPs and TIMPs is also discussed because it is valuable for the prevention and treatment of NASH and NASH-derived HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isao Okazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanno Hospital, International University of Health and Welfare, Tokyo 107-0052, Japan.
| | - Takuji Noro
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Tsutsui
- Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Eigoro Yamanouchi
- Department of Radiology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Hajime Kuroda
- Department of Pathology, International University of Health and Welfare Hospital, Tochigi 329-2763, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Nakano
- Department of Pathology, Ofuna Chuo Hospital, Kanagawa 247-0056, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Yokomori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, Saitama 364-8501, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Inagaki
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Isehara 259-1193, Japan.
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21
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Wang H, Guan W, Yang W, Wang Q, Zhao H, Yang F, Lv X, Li J. Caffeine inhibits the activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by acetaldehyde via adenosine A2A receptor mediated by the cAMP/PKA/SRC/ERK1/2/P38 MAPK signal pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92482. [PMID: 24682220 PMCID: PMC3969328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is an essential event during alcoholic liver fibrosis. Evidence suggests that adenosine aggravates liver fibrosis via the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR). Caffeine, which is being widely consumed during daily life, inhibits the action of adenosine. In this study, we attempted to validate the hypothesis that caffeine influences acetaldehyde-induced HSC activation by acting on A2AR. Acetaldehyde at 50, 100, 200, and 400 μM significantly increased HSC-T6 cells proliferation, and cell proliferation reached a maximum at 48 h after exposure to 200 μM acetaldehyde. Caffeine and the A2AR antagonist ZM241385 decreased the cell viability and inhibited the expression of procollagen type I and type III in acetaldehyde-induced HSC-T6 cells. In addition, the inhibitory effect of caffeine on the expression of procollagen type I was regulated by A2AR-mediated signal pathway involving cAMP, PKA, SRC, and ERK1/2. Interestingly, caffeine’s inhibitory effect on the expression of procollagen type III may depend upon the A2AR-mediated P38 MAPK-dependent pathway. Conclusions: Caffeine significantly inhibited acetaldehyde-induced HSC-T6 cells activation by distinct A2AR mediated signal pathway via inhibition of cAMP-PKA-SRC-ERK1/2 for procollagen type I and via P38 MAPK for procollagen type III.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenjie Guan
- The 105th Hospital of PLA, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wanzhi Yang
- The First Hospital of Anqing, Anqing, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Han Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiongwen Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute for Liver Disease of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Sergent O, Podechard N, Aliche-Djoudi F, Lagadic-Gossmann D. Acides gras polyinsaturés oméga 3 et toxicité hépatique de l’éthanol : rôle du remodelage membranaire. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Shukla RS, Tai W, Mahato R, Jin W, Cheng K. Development of streptavidin-based nanocomplex for siRNA delivery. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:4534-45. [PMID: 24160908 DOI: 10.1021/mp400355q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we have identified a PCBP2 siRNA that exhibits antifibrotic activity in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by inhibition of αCP2, a protein responsible for stabilization of the collagen α1 (I) mRNA in alcoholic liver fibrosis. This study aims to develop a streptavidin-based nanocomplex that can efficiently deliver the PCBP2 siRNA to HSCs. Biotin-siRNA and biotin-cholesterol were mixed with streptavidin to form the streptavidin-biotin complex, which was further condensed electrostatically with positively charged protamine to form the final multicomponent siRNA nanocomplex in the size range of 150-250 nm. The siRNA nanocomplex does not induce cytotoxicity in rat HSCs as compared to commercially available transfection agents. The cellular uptake efficiency of the siRNA nanocomplex is higher in rat HSCs than other cell lines, such as Caco-2 and PC-3, indicating that receptor-mediated endocytosis mainly contributes to the cellular uptake of the siRNA nanocomplex. The siRNA nanocomplex exhibits more than 85% silencing effect on the PCBP2 mRNA in HSCs. Stability study indicates that the nanocomplex can efficiently protect siRNA from degradation in the serum. The streptavidin-based multicomponent siRNA nanocomplex provides a promising strategy to deliver the PCBP2 siRNA to HSCs. Moreover, the nanocomplex can be used as a platform for other diseases by changing the siRNA sequence and targeting ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi S Shukla
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City , Kansas City, Missouri 64108, United States
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Ding N, Yu RT, Subramaniam N, Sherman MH, Wilson C, Rao R, Leblanc M, Coulter S, He M, Scott C, Lau SL, Atkins AR, Barish GD, Gunton JE, Liddle C, Downes M, Evans RM. A vitamin D receptor/SMAD genomic circuit gates hepatic fibrotic response. Cell 2013; 153:601-13. [PMID: 23622244 PMCID: PMC3673534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a reversible wound-healing response involving TGFβ1/SMAD activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). It results from excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components and can lead to impairment of liver function. Here, we show that vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligands inhibit HSC activation by TGFβ1 and abrogate liver fibrosis, whereas Vdr knockout mice spontaneously develop hepatic fibrosis. Mechanistically, we show that TGFβ1 signaling causes a redistribution of genome-wide VDR-binding sites (VDR cistrome) in HSCs and facilitates VDR binding at SMAD3 profibrotic target genes via TGFβ1-dependent chromatin remodeling. In the presence of VDR ligands, VDR binding to the coregulated genes reduces SMAD3 occupancy at these sites, inhibiting fibrosis. These results reveal an intersecting VDR/SMAD genomic circuit that regulates hepatic fibrogenesis and define a role for VDR as an endocrine checkpoint to modulate the wound-healing response in liver. Furthermore, the findings suggest VDR ligands as a potential therapy for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Szuster-Ciesielska A, Mizerska-Dudka M, Daniluk J, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Butein inhibits ethanol-induced activation of liver stellate cells through TGF-β, NFκB, p38, and JNK signaling pathways and inhibition of oxidative stress. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:222-37. [PMID: 22722906 PMCID: PMC3575555 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0619-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Butein has been reported to prevent and partly reverse liver fibrosis in vivo; however, the mechanisms of its action are poorly understood. We, therefore, aimed to determine the antifibrotic potential of butein. METHODS We assessed the influence of the incubation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and hepatoma cells (HepG2) with butein on sensitivity to ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced toxicity; the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS); the expression of markers of HSC activation, including smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and procollagen I; and the production of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), metalloproteinases-2 and -13 (MMP-2and MMP-13), and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). The influence of butein on intracellular signals in HSCs; i.e., nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) induced by ethanol was estimated. RESULTS Butein protected HSCs and HepG2 cells against ethanol toxicity by the inhibition of ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced production of ROS when cells were incubated separately or in co-cultures; butein also inhibited HSC activation measured as the production of α-SMA and procollagen I. As well, butein downregulated ethanol- or acetaldehyde-induced HSC migration and the production of TGF-β, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2; decreased the activity of MMP-2; and increased the activity of MMP-13. In ethanol-induced HSCs, butein inhibited the activation of the p38 MAPK and JNK transduction pathways as well as significantly inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF κB inhibitor (IκB) and Smad3. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that butein inhibited ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced activation of HSCs at different levels, acting as an antioxidant and inhibitor of ethanol-induced MAPK, TGF-β, and NFκB/IκB transduction signaling; this result makes butein a promising agent for antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Mizerska-Dudka
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Daniluk
- Department and Clinic of Gastroenterology, Medical University, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Kandefer-Szerszeń
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Vena GA, Cassano N. The effects of alcohol on the metabolism and toxicology of anti-psoriasis drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 8:959-72. [PMID: 22594656 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.691166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol has long been suspected to be a triggering and precipitating factor of psoriasis. Alcohol misuse is common in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and appears to impair treatment outcome. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors review the available data regarding the metabolic and toxicological interactions between anti-psoriasis systemic drugs and ethanol and/or alcoholic beverages. Special attention is given to the influence of alcohol consumption on the hepatotoxic risk of some anti-psoriasis drugs. The article was prepared using a MEDLINE literature search. EXPERT OPINION The available knowledge highlights the existence of a few significant pharmacological interactions, such as the reduced exposure to cyclosporine by red wine, the possible increase of cyclosporine levels following a heavy acute alcohol intake, and, especially, the conversion of acitretin to etretinate, in the presence of ethanol, with important implications in females of child-bearing potential. There are limited data on the contributing role of alcohol in the hepatotoxicity induced by some anti-psoriasis drugs and the existing information on this topic is still controversial. However, further investigation is needed to assess the relevance of interactions between alcohol consumption and drug therapy for psoriasis, under both pharmacological and toxicological perspectives. Long-term prospective studies on large cohorts of patients are warranted to disclose the actual significance of such potential interactions in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino A Vena
- University of Bari, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Unit of Dermatology and Venereology, Bari, Italy.
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Szuster-Ciesielska A, Plewka K, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Betulin, betulinic acid and butein are inhibitors of acetaldehyde-induced activation of liver stellate cells. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 63:1109-23. [PMID: 22180353 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis has been reported to be inhibited in vivo by oleanolic and ursolic acids; however, the activity of other triterpenes like betulin and betulinic acid has not been examined. Butein has also been reported to prevent and partly reverse liver fibrosis in vivo, although its mechanism of action is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the antifibrotic potential of butein, betulin, and betulinic acid and examine their mechanisms of action in vitro. This study was conducted in rat stellate cells (HSCs) that were treated with acetaldehyde, which is the most reactive product of ethanol metabolism. Butein, betulin, and betulinic acid were preincubated with rat HSCs at non-toxic concentrations. Treatment effects were measured in regard to acetaldehyde-induced toxicity and cell migration, and several markers of HSC activation were evaluated, including smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) and procollagen I expression. In addition, changes in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and tumor growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and changes in the production of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) were determined. In vitro, HSCs were protected against acetaldehyde-induced toxicity by betulin but not by betulinic acid and butein. However, butein, betulin, and betulinic acid inhibited the production of ROS by HSCs treated with acetaldehyde and inhibited their migration. Butein also inhibited acetaldehyde-induced TGF-β1 production. Butein, betulin, and betulinic acid down-regulated acetaldehyde-induced production of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Betulin decreased the acetaldehyde-induced activity of MMP-2, but butein and betulinic acid did not. The results indicated that butein, betulin, and betulinic acid inhibited the acetaldehyde-induced activation of HSCs. Each drug functioned in a different manner, whereby some were acting as either antioxidants or inhibitors of TIMPs expression and butein additionally acted as an inhibitor of TGF-β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, PL 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Alcohol Activates TGF-Beta but Inhibits BMP Receptor-Mediated Smad Signaling and Smad4 Binding to Hepcidin Promoter in the Liver. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:459278. [PMID: 22121494 PMCID: PMC3202137 DOI: 10.1155/2012/459278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron metabolism, is activated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). Mice pair-fed with regular and ethanol-containing L. De Carli diets were employed to study the effect of alcohol on BMP signaling and hepcidin transcription in the liver. Alcohol induced steatosis and TGF-beta expression. Liver BMP2, but not BMP4 or BMP6, expression was significantly elevated. Despite increased BMP expression, the BMP receptor, and transcription factors, Smad1 and Smad5, were not activated. In contrast, alcohol stimulated Smad2 phosphorylation. However, Smad4 DNA-binding activity and the binding of Smad4 to hepcidin promoter were attenuated. In summary, alcohol stimulates TGF-beta and BMP2 expression, and Smad2 phosphorylation but inhibits BMP receptor, and Smad1 and Smad5 activation. Smad signaling pathway in the liver may therefore be involved in the regulation of hepcidin transcription and iron metabolism by alcohol. These findings may help to further understand the mechanisms of alcohol and iron-induced liver injury.
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A novel fused 1,2,4-triazine aryl derivative as antioxidant and nonselective antagonist of adenosine A(2A) receptors in ethanol-activated liver stellate cells. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 195:18-24. [PMID: 22063920 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been detected that hepatic adenosine A(2A) receptors play an active role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and suggest a novel therapeutic target in the treatment and prevention of hepatic cirrhosis. In this paper we examined if our new triazine derivative (IMT) can inhibit ethanol-induced activation of HSCs measured as increased α-SMA, collagen synthesis and enhanced oxidative stress in rat liver stellate cells. We also investigated its influence on cytokines (TGF-β, TNF-α) synthesis, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 production and ethanol-induced intracellular signal transduction. Moreover, with using of known adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist (CGS 21680), and antagonist (SCH 58261) we examined if this triazine derivative acts on adenosine receptors. We detected a strong antagonistic action of new triazine derivative (IMT) on ethanol-induced rat liver stellate cells activation, observed as a significant decrease in α-SMA, collagen synthesis, reactive oxygen species production, TGF-β, TNF-α, MMP-2 and TIMP-1 production as well as JNK, p38MAPK, NFκB, IκB, Smad3 phosphorylation. Moreover, IMT strongly inhibited activation of stellate cells by known selective agonist of adenosine A(2A) receptor (CGS 21680). When known A(2A) receptor antagonist (SCH 58261) was used together with IMT this effect was not spectacular. Additionally, only slight enhancement of inhibition was observed when cells were pretreated both IMT with SCH 58261, hence we suppose that IMT acts as nonselective antagonist of A(2A) receptors, and, besides its antioxidant activity, also by this way inhibited ethanol-induced stellate cell activation.
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Patsenker E, Stoll M, Millonig G, Agaimy A, Wissniowski T, Schneider V, Mueller S, Brenneisen R, Seitz HK, Ocker M, Stickel F. Cannabinoid receptor type I modulates alcohol-induced liver fibrosis. Mol Med 2011; 17:1285-94. [PMID: 21863215 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid system (CS) is implicated in the regulation of hepatic fibrosis, steatosis and inflammation, with cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) being involved in regulation of pro- and antifibrogenic effects. Daily cannabis smoking is an independent risk factor for the progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C and a mediator of experimental alcoholic steatosis. However, the role and function of CS in alcoholic liver fibrosis (ALF) is unknown so far. Thus, human liver samples from patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) were collected for analysis of CB1 expression. In vitro, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) underwent treatment with acetaldehyde, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol H₂O₂, endo- and exocannabinoids (2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and [THC]), and CB1 antagonist SR141716 (rimonabant). In vivo, CB1 knockout (KO) mice received thioacetamide (TAA)/ethanol (EtOH) to induce fibrosis. As a result, in human ALD, CB1 expression was restricted to areas with advanced fibrosis only. In vitro, acetaldehyde, H₂O₂, as well as 2-AG and THC, alone or in combination with acetaldehyde, induced CB1 mRNA expression, whereas CB1 blockage with SR141716 dose-dependently inhibited HSC proliferation and downregulated mRNA expression of fibrosis-mediated genes PCα1(I), TIMP-1 and MMP-13. This was paralleled by marked cytotoxicity of SR141716 at high doses (5-10 μmol/L). In vivo, CB1 knockout mice showed marked resistance to alcoholic liver fibrosis. In conclusion, CB1 expression is upregulated in human ALF, which is at least in part triggered by acetaldehyde (AA) and oxidative stress. Inhibition of CB1 by SR141716, or via genetic knock-out protects against alcoholic-induced fibrosis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Patsenker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Visceral Research, University of Bern, Switzerland
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PCBP2 siRNA reverses the alcohol-induced pro-fibrogenic effects in hepatic stellate cells. Pharm Res 2011; 28:3058-68. [PMID: 21643860 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Type I collagen accumulates during liver fibrosis primarily because α-complex protein-2 (αCP(2)), encoded by the poly(rC) binding protein 2 (PCBP2) gene, binds to the 3' end of the collagen mRNA and increases its half-life. This study aimed to reverse the pro-fibrogenic effect of alcohol on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by silencing the PCBP2 gene with siRNA. METHODS The silencing effects of a series of predesigned PCBP2 siRNAs were evaluated in the rat hepatic stellate cell line, HSC-T6. The pro-fibrogenic effects of alcohol on the expression levels of PCBP2 and type-I collagen were examined by several methods. The effect of PCBP2 siRNA on the stability of type I collagen α1(I) mRNA was investigated by an in vitro mRNA decay assay. RESULTS We identified one potent PCBP2 siRNA that reversed the alcohol-induced expression of PCBP2 in HSCs. The decay rate of the collagen α1(I) mRNA increased significantly in HSCs treated with the PCBP2 siRNA. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that alcohol up-regulates the expression of PCBP2, which subsequently increases the half-life of collagen α1(I) mRNA. Silencing of PCBP2 using siRNA may provide a promising strategy to reverse the alcohol-induced pro-fibrogenic effects in HSCs.
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Suh YG, Jeong WI. Hepatic stellate cells and innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2543-51. [PMID: 21633659 PMCID: PMC3103812 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i20.2543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Constant alcohol consumption is a major cause of chronic liver disease, and there has been a growing concern regarding the increased mortality rates worldwide. Alcoholic liver diseases (ALDs) range from mild to more severe conditions, such as steatosis, steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The liver is enriched with innate immune cells (e.g. natural killer cells and Kupffer cells) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and interestingly, emerging evidence suggests that innate immunity contributes to the development of ALDs (e.g. steatohepatitis and liver fibrosis). Indeed, HSCs play a crucial role in alcoholic steatosis via production of endocannabinoid and retinol metabolites. This review describes the roles of the innate immunity and HSCs in the pathogenesis of ALDs, and suggests therapeutic targets and strategies to assist in the reduction of ALD.
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Gäbele E, Dostert K, Dorn C, Patsenker E, Stickel F, Hellerbrand C. A new model of interactive effects of alcohol and high-fat diet on hepatic fibrosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:1361-7. [PMID: 21463337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the most frequent conditions leading to elevated liver enzymes and liver cirrhosis, respectively, in the Western world. However, despite strong epidemiological evidence for combined effects on the progression of liver injury, the mutual interaction of the pathophysiological mechanisms is incompletely understood. The aim of this study was to establish and analyze an experimental murine model, where we combined chronic alcohol administration with a NASH-inducing high-fat (HF) diet. METHODS Balb/c mice were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups receiving (i) standard chow, (ii) an HF diet, (iii) alcohol in drinking water (increasing concentrations up to 5%), or (iv) an HF diet and alcohol ad libitum for 6 weeks. RESULTS An HF diet significantly induced hepatic triglyceride accumulation and expression of proinflammatory genes (p47(phox) and tumor necrosis factor), while the effects of alcohol alone were less pronounced. However, in combination with HF diet, alcohol significantly enhanced proinflammatory gene expression compared to the HF diet alone. Furthermore, alcohol as well as HF diet led to a marked increase in profibrogenic genes (collagen type I and transforming growth factor-β), activation of hepatic stellate cells, and extracellular matrix deposition in the liver tissue, and noteworthy, the combination of both alcohol and HF diet led to a further marked induction of hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, endotoxin levels in the portal circulation were significantly elevated in mice that received alcohol or HF diet and were further significantly increased in those receiving both. Furthermore and surprisingly, HF diet alone and in combination with alcohol led to a markedly increased hepatic expression of the endotoxin receptor Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is known to play a crucial role in hepatic fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this new model allows the investigation of isolated or joint effects of alcohol and HF diet on hepatic injury, where alcohol and HF diet appear to act synergistically on the development of hepatic fibrosis, potentially via enhanced TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Gäbele
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Gao B, Seki E, Brenner DA, Friedman S, Cohen JI, Nagy L, Szabo G, Zakhari S. Innate immunity in alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 300:G516-25. [PMID: 21252049 PMCID: PMC3774265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00537.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading cause of chronic liver disease in the Western world. Alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress are important mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. However, emerging evidence suggests that activation of innate immunity involving TLR4 and complement also plays an important role in initiating alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis, but the role of adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease remains obscure. Activation of a TLR4-mediated MyD88-independent (TRIF/IRF-3) signaling pathway in Kupffer cells contributes to alcoholic steatohepatitis, whereas activation of TLR4 signaling in hepatic stellate cells promotes liver fibrosis. Alcohol consumption activates the complement system in the liver by yet unidentified mechanisms, leading to alcoholic steatohepatitis. In contrast to activation of TLR4 and complement, alcohol consumption can inhibit natural killer cells, another important innate immunity component, contributing to alcohol-mediated acceleration of viral infection and liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Understanding of the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease may help us identify novel therapeutic targets to treat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Ductal plates in hepatic ductular reactions. Hypothesis and implications. III. Implications for liver pathology. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:271-9. [PMID: 21301864 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses on the basis of the ductal plate hypothesis the implication of the concept for several liver abnormalities. The occurrence of ductal plates (DP) during liver growth in childhood would explain the paraportal and parenchymal localizations of von Meyenburg complexes in postnatally developed parts of the liver, and their higher incidence in adulthood versus childhood. It partly clarifies the lack of postnatal intrahepatic bile duct development in Alagille syndrome and the reduced number of portal tracts in this disease. Ductular reactions (DRs) in DP configuration are the predominant type of progenitor cell reaction in fulminant necro-inflammatory liver disease, when lack of sufficient parenchymal regeneration results in liver failure. The concept of dissecting DRs explains the micronodular pattern of advanced biliary and alcoholic cirrhosis. The concept explains the DP patterns of bile ducts in several cases of biliary atresia, with implications for diagnosis and prognosis. The hypothesis also has an impact on concepts about stem/progenitor cells and their niche.
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Desmet VJ. Ductal plates in hepatic ductular reactions. Hypothesis and implications. III. Implications for liver pathology. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:251-9. [PMID: 21301864 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses on the basis of the ductal plate hypothesis the implication of the concept for several liver abnormalities. The occurrence of ductal plates (DP) during liver growth in childhood would explain the paraportal and parenchymal localizations of von Meyenburg complexes in postnatally developed parts of the liver, and their higher incidence in adulthood versus childhood. It partly clarifies the lack of postnatal intrahepatic bile duct development in Alagille syndrome and the reduced number of portal tracts in this disease. Ductular reactions (DRs) in DP configuration are the predominant type of progenitor cell reaction in fulminant necro-inflammatory liver disease, when lack of sufficient parenchymal regeneration results in liver failure. The concept of dissecting DRs explains the micronodular pattern of advanced biliary and alcoholic cirrhosis. The concept explains the DP patterns of bile ducts in several cases of biliary atresia, with implications for diagnosis and prognosis. The hypothesis also has an impact on concepts about stem/progenitor cells and their niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeer J Desmet
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital K.U.Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,
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Desmet VJ. Ductal plates in hepatic ductular reactions. Hypothesis and implications. II. Ontogenic liver growth in childhood. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:261-70. [PMID: 21298286 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the processes of bile duct growth and new lobule formation in the liver during childhood in the light of the ductal plate (DP) hypothesis. Unlike in other organs in which tubular elongation and branching ends with the creation of the organ-specific terminal differentiation products, in the liver a steadily enlarging parenchymal mass needs to establish continuity of its canalicular network with the existing bile duct system. The hypothesis suggests that this occurs by DP formation, like in the embryonic liver, and further assumes that pathological ductular reactions (DRs) induced by cholestasis or hypoxia are amplified equivalents of similar mechanisms operating at low level during liver growth. The concept is confronted with data on porcine liver growth, since swine and non-swine liver growth is thought to be comparable. Relative bile acid load may be the driving force for establishment of new canaliculo-ductular connections, supported in zones of relative hypoxia by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha secreted by hepatocytes. The latter mechanism is at the base for induction of appropriate vascular changes in selected sinusoids, resulting in the development of portal inlet venules and additional draining central veins. The process gives rise to the formation of new single lobules by formation of new portal tracts or to the transformation of single lobules in compound lobules by development of new vascular septa. The concept of postnatal DP formation is important in the elucidation of several unexplained findings in adult liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeer J Desmet
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital K.U.Leuven, Rafael, Leuven, Belgium.
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Miller AM, Horiguchi N, Jeong WI, Radaeva S, Gao B. Molecular mechanisms of alcoholic liver disease: innate immunity and cytokines. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:787-93. [PMID: 21284667 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is a predominant etiological factor in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases worldwide, causing fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis/cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying alcoholic liver injury. Activation of innate immunity components such as Kupffer cells, LPS/TLR4, and complements in response to alcohol exposure plays a key role in the development and progression of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). LPS activation of Kupffer cells also produces IL-6 and IL-10 that may play a protective role in ameliorating ALD. IL-6 activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in hepatocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells, while IL-10 activates STAT3 in Kupffer cells/macrophages, subsequently protecting against ALD. In addition, alcohol consumption also inhibits some components of innate immunity such as natural killer (NK) cells, a type of cells that play key roles in anti-viral, anti-tumor, and anti-fibrotic defenses in the liver. Ethanol inhibition of NK cells likely contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of ALD. Understanding the roles of innate immunity and cytokines in alcoholic liver injury may provide insight into novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of alcoholic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Miller
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Shi H, Dong L, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Zhao J, Zhang L. Protective effect of a coffee preparation (Nescafe pure®) against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Clin Nutr 2010; 29:399-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Loss of myeloid cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor accelerates fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4329-34. [PMID: 20142499 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912766107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury initiates a complex series of events that act to restore structure and physiological homeostasis. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and vascular remodeling are both keystones of this process. However, the role of inflammation and angiogenesis in general and, more specifically, the significance of inflammatory cell-derived VEGF in this context are unclear. To determine the role of inflammatory cell-derived VEGF in a clinically relevant and chronically inflamed injury, pulmonary fibrosis, we deleted the VEGF-A gene in myeloid cells. In a model of pulmonary fibrosis in mice, deletion of VEGF in myeloid cells resulted in significantly reduced formation of blood vessels; however, it causes aggravated fibrotic tissue damage. This was accompanied by a pronounced decrease in epithelial cell survival and a striking increase in myofibroblast invasion. The drastic increase in fibrosis following loss of myeloid VEGF in the damaged lungs was also marked by increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. This demonstrates that the process of angiogenesis, driven by myeloid cell-derived VEGF, is essential for the prevention of fibrotic damage.
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Seth D, D'Souza El-Guindy NB, Apte M, Mari M, Dooley S, Neuman M, Haber PS, Kundu GC, Darwanto A, de Villiers WJ, Vonlaufen A, Xu Z, Phillips P, Yang S, Goldstein D, Pirola RM, Wilson JS, Moles A, Fernández A, Colell A, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC, Meyer C, Meindl-Beinker NM. Alcohol, signaling, and ECM turnover. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2010; 34:4-18. [PMID: 19860812 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol is recognized as a direct hepatotoxin, but the precise molecular pathways that are important for the initiation and progression of alcohol-induced tissue injury are not completely understood. The current understanding of alcohol toxicity to organs suggests that alcohol initiates injury by generation of oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolites and via translocation of gut-derived endotoxin. These processes lead to cellular injury and stimulation of the inflammatory responses mediated through a variety of molecules. With continuing alcohol abuse, the injury progresses through impairment of tissue regeneration and extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, leading to fibrogenesis and cirrhosis. Several cell types are involved in this process, the predominant being stellate cells, macrophages, and parenchymal cells. In response to alcohol, growth factors and cytokines activate many signaling cascades that regulate fibrogenesis. This mini-review brings together research focusing on the underlying mechanisms of alcohol-mediated injury in a number of organs. It highlights the various processes and molecules that are likely involved in inflammation, immune modulation, susceptibility to infection, ECM turnover and fibrogenesis in the liver, pancreas, and lung triggered by alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Seth
- Drug Health Services & Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Breitkopf K, Nagy LE, Beier JI, Mueller S, Weng H, Dooley S. Current experimental perspectives on the clinical progression of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2009; 33:1647-55. [PMID: 19645734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Liver damage due to chronic alcohol intoxication initially leads to accumulation of lipids within the liver and with ongoing exposure this condition of steatosis may first progress to an inflammatory stage which leads the way for fibrogenesis and finally cirrhosis of the liver. While the earlier stages of the disease are considered reversible, cirrhotic destruction of the liver architecture beyond certain limits causes irreversible damage of the organ and often represents the basis for cancer development. This review will summarize current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the different stages of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Recent observations have led to the identification of new molecular mechanisms and mediators of ALD. For example, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 was shown to play a central role for steatosis, the anti-inflammatory adipokine, adiponectin profoundly regulates liver macrophage function and excessive hepatic deposition of iron is caused by chronic ethanol intoxication and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Breitkopf
- Molecular Alcohol Research in Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, Mannheim 68167, Germany.
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Szuster-Ciesielska A, Plewka K, Daniluk J, Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Zinc supplementation attenuates ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced liver stellate cell activation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and by influencing intracellular signaling. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 78:301-14. [PMID: 19376089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Zinc has been reported to prevent and reverse liver fibrosis in vivo; however, the mechanisms of its action are poorly understood. We therefore aimed to determine the antifibrotic potential of zinc. METHODS Assessed was the influence of preincubation of rat HSCs with 30 microM ZnCl2 on ethanol- (in the presence of 4-methyl pyrazole (4-MP)) or acetaldehyde-induced toxicity, apoptosis, migration, expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin (alpha-SMA) and procollagen I, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), tumor growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) production. Intracellular signals such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) induced by ethanol and its metabolite were also assessed. RESULTS 30 microM zinc protected HSCs against ethanol and acetaldehyde toxicity and inhibited their apoptosis. Zinc inhibited the production of ROS by HSCs treated with ethanol and acetaldehyde and inhibited their migration. Zinc also inhibited ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha production. Zinc down-regulated ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced production of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 and decreased the activity of MMP-2. In ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced HSCs, zinc inhibited the activation of the p38 MAPK as well as the JNK transduction pathways and phosphorylation of IkappaB and Smad 3. CONCLUSION The results indicated that zinc supplementation inhibited ethanol- and acetaldehyde-induced activation of HSCs on different levels, acting as an antioxidant and inhibitor of MAPK, TGF-beta and NFkappaB/IkappaB transduction signaling. The remarkable inhibition of several markers of HCS activation makes zinc a promising agent for antifibrotic combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Agnieszka Szuster-Ciesielska, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Partial Hepatectomy–Induced Regeneration Accelerates Reversion of Liver Fibrosis Involving Participation of Hepatic Stellate Cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:827-39. [DOI: 10.3181/0709-rm-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis underlies most types of chronic liver diseases and is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), altered liver architecture, and impaired hepatocyte proliferation; however, the fibrotic liver can still regenerate after partial hepatectomy (PH). Therefore, the present study was aimed at addressing whether a PH-induced regeneration normalizes ECM turnover and the possible involvement of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) during resolution of a pre-established fibrosis. Male Wistar rats were rendered fibrotic by intraperitoneal administration of swine serum for 9 weeks and subjected afterwards to 70% PH or sham-operation. Histological and morphometric analyses were performed, and parameters indicative of cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and degradation, and activation of HSC were determined. Liver collagen content was reduced to 75% after PH in cirrhotic rats when compared with sham-operated cirrhotic rats. The regenerating fibrotic liver oxidized actively free proline and had diminished transcripts for α-1 (I) collagen mRNA, resulting in decreased collagen synthesis. PH also increased collagenase activity, accounted for by higher amounts of pro-MMP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-13, which largely coincided with a lower expression of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Therefore, an early decreased collagen synthesis, mild ECM degradation, and active liver regeneration were followed by higher collagenolysis and limited deposition of ECM, probably associated with increased mitochondrial activity. Activated HSC readily increased during liver fibrosis and remained activated after liver regeneration, even during fibrosis resolution. In conclusion, stimulation of liver regeneration through PH restores the balance in ECM synthesis/degradation, leading to ECM remodeling and to an almost complete resolution of liver fibrosis. As a response to the regenerative stimulus, activated HSC seem to play a controlling role on ECM remodeling during experimental cirrhosis in rats. Therefore, pharmacological approaches for the resolution of liver fibrosis by blocking HSC activation should also evaluate possible effects on liver cell proliferation.
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Strnad P, Tao GZ, Zhou Q, Harada M, Toivola DM, Brunt EM, Omary MB. Keratin mutation predisposes to mouse liver fibrosis and unmasks differential effects of the carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide models. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:1169-79. [PMID: 18395095 PMCID: PMC2692280 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Keratins 8 and 18 (K8/K18) are important hepatoprotective proteins. Animals expressing K8/K18 mutants show a marked susceptibility to acute/subacute liver injury. K8/K18 variants predispose to human end-stage liver disease and associate with fibrosis progression during chronic hepatitis C infection. We sought direct evidence for a keratin mutation-related predisposition to liver fibrosis using transgenic mouse models because the relationship between keratin mutations and cirrhosis is based primarily on human association studies. METHODS Mouse hepatofibrosis was induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) or thioacetamide. Nontransgenic mice, or mice that over express either human Arg89-to-Cys (R89C mice) or wild-type K18 (WT mice) were used. The extent of fibrosis was evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of fibrosis-related genes, liver hydroxyproline measurement, and Picro-Sirius red staining and collagen immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Compared with control animals, CCl(4) led to similar liver fibrosis but increased injury in K18 R89C mice. In contrast, thioacetamide caused more severe liver injury and fibrosis in K18 R89C as compared with WT and nontransgenic mice and resulted in increased messenger RNA levels of collagen, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 13. Analysis in nontransgenic mice showed that thioacetamide and CCl(4) have dramatically different molecular expression responses involving cytoskeletal and chaperone proteins. CONCLUSIONS Over expression of K18 R89C predisposes transgenic mice to thioacetamide- but not CCl(4)-induced liver fibrosis. Differences in the keratin mutation-associated fibrosis response among the 2 models raise the hypothesis that keratin variants may preferentially predispose to fibrosis in unique human liver diseases. Findings herein highlight distinct differences in the 2 widely used fibrosis models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masaru Harada
- Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | | | - Elizabeth M. Brunt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Corresponding Author Address: Bishr Omary, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Mail code 154J, Palo Alto, CA 94304, Tel: (650) 493-5000, x63140; Fax: (650) 852-3259, E-Mail:
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Abstract
The hepatic innate immune system consists of predominant innate immunity, which plays an important role in innate defense against infection and tumor transformation. Emerging evidence suggests that innate immunity also contributes to liver injury, repair, and fibrosis. The present review summarizes the recent findings on the role of innate immunity in liver fibrosis. In general, Kupffer cells stimulate liver fibrosis via production of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas natural killer (NK) cells inhibit liver fibrosis by directly killing activated hepatic stellate cells and production of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). Complement components, interferons, and Toll-like receptors have also been shown to regulate liver fibrosis. Recent evidence also suggests that modulation of innate immunity by alcohol plays an important role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver fibrosis. These include alcohol amplification of the profibrotic effects of Kupffer cells and suppression of the antifibrotic effects of NK/IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Il Jeong
- Section on Liver Biology, Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Peng Z, Fernandez P, Wilder T, Yee H, Chiriboga L, Chan ESL, Cronstein BN. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) -mediated extracellular adenosine production plays a critical role in hepatic fibrosis. FASEB J 2008; 22:2263-72. [PMID: 18263696 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a potent endogenous regulator of tissue repair that is released from injured cells and tissues. Hepatic fibrosis results from chronic hepatic injury, and we have previously reported that endogenously generated adenosine, acting at A(2A) receptors, plays a role in toxin-induced hepatic fibrosis. Adenosine may form intracellularly and then be transported to the extracellular space or it may form extracellularly from adenine nucleotides released from injured cells. Because ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) catalyzes the terminal step in extracellular adenosine formation from AMP, we determined whether CD73 plays a role in the development of hepatic fibrosis. Mice were treated overnight with PBS, CCl(4), ethanol, or thioacetamide (TAA); their livers were harvested, and slices were incubated in medium for 20 h before adenosine concentration in the supernatant was measured by HPLC. Hepatic fibrosis was induced by CCl(4) or TAA treatment in CD73 knockout (CD73KO and C57BL/6 background) and C57BL/6 control mice [wild-type (WT)] mice and quantified by digital analysis of picrosirius red stained slides and hydroxyproline content. mRNA expression was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein was quantified by Western blot or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Livers from WT mice treated with CCl(4), ethanol, and TAA released 2- to 3-fold higher levels of adenosine than livers from comparably treated CD73KO mice. CD73KO mice were protected from fibrosis with significantly less collagen content in the livers of CD73KO than WT mice after treatment with either CCl(4) or TAA. There were far fewer alpha-smooth muscle actin positive hepatic stellate cells in CCl(4)-treated KO mice than that in WT mice. After CCl(4) treatment, the mRNA level of A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3) adenosine receptors, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL) -1beta, IL-13r alpha1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-14, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) -1, and TIMP-2, and IL-13 level increased markedly in both CD73KO and WT mice, but Col1 alpha1, Col3 alpha1, and transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA increased much more in WT mice than that in KO mice. Moreover, IL-13r alpha2, MMP-13 mRNA, and MMP-13 protein were higher in KO mice than that in WT mice. These results indicate that adenosine, formed extracellularly from adenine nucleotides, plays a major role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and that inhibition of adenosine production or blockade of adenosine receptors may help prevent hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsheng Peng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in basement membranes and interstitial tissues, resulting from increased synthesis or decreased degradation of ECM or both. The plasminogen activator/plasmin system plays an important role in ECM degradation, whereas the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a physiologic inhibitor of plasminogen activators. PAI-1 expression is increased in the lung fibrotic diseases and in experimental fibrosis models. The deletion of the PAI-1 gene reduces, whereas the overexpression of PAI-1 enhances, the susceptibility of animals to lung fibrosis induced by different stimuli, indicating an important role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis. Many growth factors, including transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as other chemicals/agents, induce PAI-1 expression in cultured cells and in vivo. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) have been shown to mediate the induction of PAI-1 by many of these stimuli. This review summarizes some recent findings that help us to understand the role of PAI-1 in the development of lung fibrosis and ROS/RNS in the regulation of PAI-1 expression during fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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JEONG WON, PARK OGYI, GAO BIN. Abrogation of the antifibrotic effects of natural killer cells/interferon-gamma contributes to alcohol acceleration of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:248-58. [PMID: 18166357 PMCID: PMC2923436 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic alcohol drinking accelerates liver fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis that cannot be fully explained by ethanol-enhanced liver damage. Here, we identified a novel mechanism by which alcohol accelerates liver fibrosis: inhibition of the antifibrotic effects of natural killer (NK) cells and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). METHODS Alcohol administration was achieved by feeding mice with a liquid diet containing 5% ethanol for 8 weeks. Liver fibrosis was induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) for 2 weeks. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were also isolated and cultured for in vitro studies. RESULTS CCl(4) treatment induced greater fibrosis and less apoptosis of HSCs in ethanol-fed mice compared with pair-fed mice. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) or IFN-gamma treatment inhibited liver fibrosis in pair-fed but not in ethanol-fed mice. Poly I:C activation of NK cell cytotoxicity against HSCs was attenuated in ethanol-fed mice compared with pair-fed mice, which was due to reduced natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D), tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, and IFN-gamma expression on NK cells from ethanol-fed mice. In vitro, HSCs from ethanol-fed mice were resistant to IFN-gamma-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis compared with pair-fed mice. Such resistance was due to diminished IFN-gamma activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in HSCs from ethanol-fed mice caused by the induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins and the production of oxidative stress. Finally, HSCs from ethanol-fed mice were resistant to NK cell killing, which can be reversed by transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS Chronic ethanol consumption attenuates the antifibrotic effects of NK/IFN-gamma/STAT1 in the liver, representing new and different therapeutic targets with which to treat alcoholic liver fibrosis.
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Abstract
Only a small proportion of heavy drinking individuals develop pancreatitis. The environmental and host cofactors shown to have an association with alcoholic pancreatitis are smoking and race. The known genetic variations and polymorphisms do not seem to play an important role in alcoholic pancreatitis. Newer developments in the understanding of complex disorders allow clinicians to understand better the role of cofactors and interactions between known and yet unknown environmental and genetic factors in causing alcoholic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Yadav
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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