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Cizus E, Jasinskyte U, Guzulaitis R. Effects of acute and chronic ketamine administration on spontaneous and evoked brain activity. Brain Res 2024; 1846:149232. [PMID: 39260789 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.149232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is believed to be, at least in part, a dysfunction of the glutamatergic system. In line with anatomical evidence, suppressing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) neurotransmission leads to symptoms that are characteristic of schizophrenia. Rodent models of schizophrenia often involve the acute application of NMDA antagonists, which produce both behavioural and brain activity changes that closely resemble symptoms observed in schizophrenia. It is, however, important to note that the full spectrum of schizophrenia symptoms may not be manifested following the acute suppression of NMDA receptors. This has led to the proposal of a chronic model where NMDA receptors are suppressed for prolonged periods. Although the chronic model has shown promising results from a behavioural perspective and alterations in metabolic processes in the brain, its impact on brain oscillations remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of acute and chronic NMDA neurotransmission suppression on brains' oscillatory activity. To achieve this, chronic brain activity recordings in mice of both sexes were used to assess both spontaneous and evoked brain oscillations. The study demonstrates that an acute suppression of NMDA receptors alters brain oscillations across a wide frequency spectrum and diminishes the oscillatory potency in evoked responses, paralleling changes observed in schizophrenia. However, the chronic suppression of NMDA receptors did not have the expected cumulative effect on brain activity. This research highlights the robust yet similar impacts of acute and chronic NMDA receptor suppression on brain activity, contributing to the nuanced understanding of rodent models of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestas Cizus
- The Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Urte Jasinskyte
- The Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
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2
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Blumenfeld Z, Bera K, Castrén E, Lester HA. Antidepressants enter cells, organelles, and membranes. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:246-261. [PMID: 37783840 PMCID: PMC10700606 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01725-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
We begin by summarizing several examples of antidepressants whose therapeutic actions begin when they encounter their targets in the cytoplasm or in the lumen of an organelle. These actions contrast with the prevailing view that most neuropharmacological actions begin when drugs engage their therapeutic targets at extracellular binding sites of plasma membrane targets-ion channels, receptors, and transporters. We review the chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic principles underlying the movements of drugs into subcellular compartments. We note the relationship between protonation-deprotonation events and membrane permeation of antidepressant drugs. The key properties relate to charge and hydrophobicity/lipid solubility, summarized by the parameters LogP, pKa, and LogDpH7.4. The classical metric, volume of distribution (Vd), is unusually large for some antidepressants and has both supracellular and subcellular components. A table gathers structures, LogP, PKa, LogDpH7.4, and Vd data and/or calculations for most antidepressants and antidepressant candidates. The subcellular components, which can now be measured in some cases, are dominated by membrane binding and by trapping in the lumen of acidic organelles. For common antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), the target is assumed to be the eponymous reuptake transporter(s), although in fact the compartment of target engagement is unknown. We review special aspects of the pharmacokinetics of ketamine, ketamine metabolites, and other rapidly acting antidepressants (RAADs) including methoxetamine and scopolamine, psychedelics, and neurosteroids. Therefore, the reader can assess properties that markedly affect a drug's ability to enter or cross membranes-and therefore, to interact with target sites that face the cytoplasm, the lumen of organelles, or a membrane. In the current literature, mechanisms involving intracellular targets are termed "location-biased actions" or "inside-out pharmacology". Hopefully, these general terms will eventually acquire additional mechanistic details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack Blumenfeld
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kallol Bera
- Department of Neurosciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eero Castrén
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henry A Lester
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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3
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Wang Y, Melgers M, Meijer JH, Deboer T. Comparison of sleep deprivation and a low dose of ketamine on sleep and the electroencephalogram in Brown Norway rats. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13863. [PMID: 36806257 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is known for its antidepressant effects, but the mechanism underlying this effect remains largely unclear. In contrast to most antidepressant drugs, the action of ketamine is rapid, suggesting a different mode of action. A rapid antidepressant effect is also observed following sleep deprivation (SD). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of a 6-h SD and acute ketamine treatment on vigilance states, locomotor activity, and electroencephalogram (EEG) power density spectra in Brown Norway rats under constant condition over 2 recording days. After SD and after the initial waking period induced by ketamine, both treatments induced a similar increase in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) in NREM sleep. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was reduced immediately after both treatments but was recovered later only after the SD. The effects on the waking EEG differed between the treatments, with a faster theta peak during and after SD, and no change in the waking spectrum after ketamine. In conclusion, SD and ketamine both lead to an acute increment in NREM sleep SWA as well as in a reduction in REM sleep. The results suggest that selective suppression of REM sleep, combined with enhancement of SWA during NREM may be effective in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Wang
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Melgers
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna H Meijer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Deboer
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tylš F, Vejmola Č, Koudelka V, Piorecká V, Kadeřábek L, Bochin M, Novák T, Kuchař M, Bendová Z, Brunovský M, Horáček J, Pálení ček T. Underlying pharmacological mechanisms of psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection of EEG in rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1152578. [PMID: 37425017 PMCID: PMC10325866 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1152578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psilocybin is one of the most extensively studied psychedelic drugs with a broad therapeutic potential. Despite the fact that its psychoactivity is mainly attributed to the agonism at 5-HT2A receptors, it has high binding affinity also to 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors and indirectly modulates the dopaminergic system. Psilocybin and its active metabolite psilocin, as well as other serotonergic psychedelics, induce broadband desynchronization and disconnection in EEG in humans as well as in animals. The contribution of serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms underlying these changes is not clear. The present study thus aims to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms underlying psilocin-induced broadband desynchronization and disconnection in an animal model. Methods Selective antagonists of serotonin receptors (5-HT1A WAY100635, 5-HT2A MDL100907, 5-HT2C SB242084) and antipsychotics haloperidol, a D2 antagonist, and clozapine, a mixed D2 and 5-HT receptor antagonist, were used in order to clarify the underlying pharmacology. Results Psilocin-induced broadband decrease in the mean absolute EEG power was normalized by all antagonists and antipsychotics used within the frequency range 1-25 Hz; however, decreases in 25-40 Hz were influenced only by clozapine. Psilocin-induced decrease in global functional connectivity and, specifically, fronto-temporal disconnection were reversed by the 5-HT2A antagonist while other drugs had no effect. Discussion These findings suggest the involvement of all three serotonergic receptors studied as well as the role of dopaminergic mechanisms in power spectra/current density with only the 5-HT2A receptor being effective in both studied metrics. This opens an important discussion on the role of other than 5-HT2A-dependent mechanisms underlying the neurobiology of psychedelics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Tylš
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Čestmír Vejmola
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vlastimil Koudelka
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Václava Piorecká
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Kadeřábek
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Marcel Bochin
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Novák
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zdeňka Bendová
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Martin Brunovský
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Pálení ček
- Psychedelic Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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Langova V, Horka P, Hubeny J, Novak T, Vales K, Adamek P, Holubova K, Horacek J. Ketamine disrupts locomotion and electrolocation in a novel model of schizophrenia, Gnathonemus petersii fish. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:1098-1106. [PMID: 36866610 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine a weakly electric fish Gnathonemus petersii (G. petersii) as a candidate model organism of glutamatergic theory of schizophrenia. The idea of G. petersii elevating the modeling of schizophrenia symptoms is based on the fish's electrolocation and electrocommunication abilities. Fish were exposed to the NMDA antagonist ketamine in two distinct series differing in the dose of ketamine. The main finding revealed ketamine-induced disruption of the relationship between electric signaling and behavior indicating impairment of fish navigation. Moreover, lower doses of ketamine significantly increased locomotion and erratic movement and higher doses of ketamine reduced the number of electric organ discharges indicating successful induction of positive schizophrenia-like symptoms and disruption of fish navigation. Additionally, a low dose of haloperidol was used to test the normalization of the positive symptoms to suggest a predictive validity of the model. However, although successfully induced, positive symptoms were not normalized using the low dose of haloperidol; hence, more doses of the typical antipsychotic haloperidol and probably also of a representative of atypical antipsychotic drugs need to be examined to confirm the predictive validity of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Langova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Horka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hubeny
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Novak
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Adamek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Holubova
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Horacek J, Janda R, Görnerova N, Jajcay L, Andrashko V. Several reasons why ketamine as a neuroplastic agent may have failed to prevent postoperative delirium: Implications for future protocols. Neurosci Lett 2023; 798:137095. [PMID: 36693556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine exerts anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and neuroplastic activity, therefore it may counteract the neurotoxic processes underlying postoperative delirium. However, the majority of studies in this field failed. We identified several pharmacological reasons why these studies may have failed, together with suggestions of how to remediate them. Among them, the interaction with intravenous general anesthetics exerting the opposite effect on GABA interneurons than ketamine may be of principal importance. We suggest biomarkers which may elucidate the influence of this interaction on the different steps of neuroplastic pathways. We hypothesize that administering ketamine before or after general anesthesia could both prevent the interactions and strengthen the effect of ketamine by timing surgery within the climax of ketamine-induced neuroplastic changes or by stabilizing AMPA receptors. It is vital to deal with these questions because the protocols of ongoing studies are based again on the administration of ketamine during general anesthesia (the major identified pitfall).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Horacek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Robert Janda
- Intensive Care Unit, Karlovy Vary Regional Hospital, K. Vary, Czech Republic
| | - Natalie Görnerova
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Jajcay
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Andrashko
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic; Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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7
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Massano M, Gerace E, Borsari M, Marti M, Tirri M, Ververi C, Alladio E, Vincenti M, Salomone A. Metabolic study of new psychoactive substance methoxpropamine in mice by UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:586-594. [PMID: 36710266 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Methoxpropamine (MXPr) is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative drug structurally similar to 3-methoxyeticyclidine, ketamine, and deschloroketamine, recently appeared in the European illegal market, and was classified within the new psychoactive substances (NPS). Our study investigated the metabolism of MXPr to elucidate the distribution of the parent drug and its metabolites in body fluids and fur of 16 mice. After the intraperitoneal administration of MXPr (1, 3, and 10 mg/kg), urine samples from eight male and eight female mice were collected every hour for six consecutive hours and then at 12- to 24-h intervals. Additionally, plasma samples were collected 24 h after MXPr (1 and 3 mg/kg) administration. Urine and plasma were diluted 1:3 with acetonitrile/methanol (95:5) and directly injected into the UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS system. The phase-I and phase-II metabolites were preliminarily identified by means of the fragmentation patterns and the exact masses of both their precursor and fragment ions. Lastly, the mice fur was analyzed following an extraction procedure specific for the keratin matrix. Desmethyl-MXPr-glucoronide was identified in urine as the main metabolite, detected up to 24 h after administration. The presence of norMXPr in urine, plasma, and fur was also relevant, following a N-dealkylation process of the parent drug. Other metabolites that were identified in fur and plasma included desmethyl-MXPr and dihydro-MXPr. Knowledge of the MXPr metabolites evolution is likely to support their introduction as target compounds in NPS toxicological screening analysis on real samples, both to confirm intake and extend the detection window of the dissociative drug MXPr in the biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Massano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Rome, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Vincenti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Alberto Salomone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping, Orbassano, TO, Italy
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Štefková-Mazochová K, Danda H, Dehaen W, Jurásek B, Šíchová K, Pinterová-Leca N, Mazoch V, Krausová BH, Kysilov B, Smejkalová T, Vyklický L, Kohout M, Hájková K, Svozil D, Horsley RR, Kuchař M, Páleníček T. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and behavioural studies of deschloroketamine in Wistar rats. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:65-83. [PMID: 34519023 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Deschloroketamine (DCK), a structural analogue of ketamine, has recently emerged on the illicit drug market as a recreational drug with a modestly long duration of action. Despite it being widely used by recreational users, no systematic research on its effects has been performed to date. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacokinetics, acute effects, and addictive potential in a series of behavioural tests in Wistar rats were performed following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of DCK (5, 10, and 30 mg·kg-1 ) and its enantiomers S-DCK (10 mg·kg-1 ) and R-DCK (10 mg·kg-1 ). Additionally, activity at human N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors was also evaluated. KEY RESULTS DCK rapidly crossed the blood brain barrier, with maximum brain levels achieved at 30 min and remaining high at 2 h after administration. Its antagonist activity at NMDA receptors is comparable to that of ketamine with S-DCK being more potent. DCK had stimulatory effects on locomotion, induced place preference, and robustly disrupted PPI. Locomotor stimulant effects tended to disappear more quickly than disruptive effects on PPI. S-DCK had more pronounced stimulatory properties than its R-enantiomer. However, the potency in disrupting PPI was comparable in both enantiomers. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS DCK showed similar behavioural and addictive profiles and pharmacodynamics to ketamine, with S-DCK being in general more active. It has a slightly slower pharmacokinetic profile than ketamine, which is consistent with its reported longer duration of action. These findings have implications and significance for understanding the risks associated with illicit use of DCK.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hynek Danda
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bronislav Jurásek
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Šíchová
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Pinterová-Leca
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Mazoch
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hrčka Krausová
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Bohdan Kysilov
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Smejkalová
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Vyklický
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hájková
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Svozil
- CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Department of Informatics and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,CZ-OPENSCREEN: National Infrastructure for Chemical Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, CAS, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Rachel R Horsley
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Páleníček
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.,3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague 10, Czech Republic
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9
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Joksimovic SM, Sampath D, Krishnan K, Covey DF, Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Raol YH, Todorovic SM. Differential effects of the novel neurosteroid hypnotic (3β,5β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile on electroencephalogram activity in male and female rats. Br J Anaesth 2021; 127:435-446. [PMID: 33972091 PMCID: PMC8451239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We recently showed that a neurosteroid analogue, (3β,5β,17β)-3-hydroxyandrostane-17-carbonitrile (3β-OH), induced hypnosis in rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hypnotic and anaesthetic potential of 3β-OH further using electroencephalography. METHODS We used behavioural assessment and cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power analysis to examine hypnotic and anaesthetic effects of 3β-OH (30 and 60 mg kg-1) administered intraperitoneally or intravenously to young adult male and female rats. RESULTS We found dose-dependent sex differences in 3β-OH-induced hypnosis and EEG changes. Both male and female rats responded similarly to i.p. 3β-OH 30 mg kg-1. However, at the higher dose (60 mg kg-1, i.p.), female rats had two-fold longer duration of spontaneous immobility than male rats (203.4 [61.6] min vs 101.3 [32.1] min), and their EEG was suppressed in the low-frequency range (2-6 Hz), in contrast to male rats. Although a sex-dependent hypnotic effect was not confirmed after 30 mg kg-1 i.v., female rats appeared more sensitive to 3β-OH with relatively small changes within delta (1-4 Hz) and alpha (8-13 Hz) bands. Finally, 3β-OH had a rapid onset of action and potent hypnotic/anaesthetic effect after 60 mg kg-1 i.v. in rats of both sexes; however, all female rats and only half of the male rats reached burst suppression, an EEG pattern usually associated with profound inhibition of thalamocortical networks. CONCLUSIONS Based on its behavioural effects and EEG signature, 3β-OH is a potent hypnotic in rats, with female rats being more sensitive than male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan M Joksimovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Dayalan Sampath
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Kathiresan Krishnan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Douglas F Covey
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vesna Jevtovic-Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yogendra H Raol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Slobodan M Todorovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Zhang M, Spencer HF, Berman RY, Radford KD, Choi KH. Effects of subanesthetic intravenous ketamine infusion on neuroplasticity-related proteins in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2021; 11:42-51. [PMID: 34286313 PMCID: PMC8273220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ketamine, a multimodal dissociative anesthetic, is frequently used for analgesia and treatment-resistant major depression, molecular mechanisms of ketamine remain unclear. Specifically, differences in the effects of ketamine on neuroplasticity-related proteins in the brains of males and females need further investigation. In the current study, adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats with an indwelling jugular venous catheter received an intravenous ketamine infusion (0, 10, or 40 mg/kg, 2-h), starting with a 2 mg/kg bolus for ketamine groups. Spontaneous locomotor activity was monitored by infrared photobeams during the infusion. Two hours after the infusion, brain tissue was dissected to obtain the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus including the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, and amygdala followed by Western blot analyses of a transcription factor (c-Fos), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK). The 10 mg/kg ketamine infusion suppressed locomotor activity in male and female rats while the 40 mg/kg infusion stimulated activity only in female rats. In the mPFC, 10 mg/kg ketamine reduced pERK levels in male rats while 40 mg/kg ketamine increased c-Fos levels in male and female rats. Female rats in proestrus/estrus phases showed greater ketamine-induced c-Fos elevation as compared to those in diestrus phase. In the amygdala, 10 and 40 mg/kg ketamine increased c-Fos levels in female, but not male, rats. In the hippocampus, 10 mg/kg ketamine reduced BDNF levels in male, but not female, rats. Taken together, the current data suggest that subanesthetic doses of intravenous ketamine infusions produce differences in neuroplasticity-related proteins in the brains of male and female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Haley F Spencer
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Rina Y Berman
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.,Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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11
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The M1/M4 preferring muscarinic agonist xanomeline modulates functional connectivity and NMDAR antagonist-induced changes in the mouse brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1194-1206. [PMID: 33342996 PMCID: PMC8115158 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic drugs acting at M1/M4 muscarinic receptors hold promise for the treatment of symptoms associated with brain disorders characterized by cognitive impairment, mood disturbances, or psychosis, such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. However, the brain-wide functional substrates engaged by muscarinic agonists remain poorly understood. Here we used a combination of pharmacological fMRI (phMRI), resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI), and resting-state quantitative EEG (qEEG) to investigate the effects of a behaviorally active dose of the M1/M4-preferring muscarinic agonist xanomeline on brain functional activity in the rodent brain. We investigated both the effects of xanomeline per se and its modulatory effects on signals elicited by the NMDA-receptor antagonists phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine. We found that xanomeline induces robust and widespread BOLD signal phMRI amplitude increases and decreased high-frequency qEEG spectral activity. rsfMRI mapping in the mouse revealed that xanomeline robustly decreased neocortical and striatal connectivity but induces focal increases in functional connectivity within the nucleus accumbens and basal forebrain. Notably, xanomeline pre-administration robustly attenuated both the cortico-limbic phMRI response and the fronto-hippocampal hyper-connectivity induced by PCP, enhanced PCP-modulated functional connectivity locally within the nucleus accumbens and basal forebrain, and reversed the gamma and high-frequency qEEG power increases induced by ketamine. Collectively, these results show that xanomeline robustly induces both cholinergic-like neocortical activation and desynchronization of functional networks in the mammalian brain. These effects could serve as a translatable biomarker for future clinical investigations of muscarinic agents, and bear mechanistic relevance for the putative therapeutic effect of these class of compounds in brain disorders.
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12
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Jiricek S, Koudelka V, Lacik J, Vejmola C, Kuratko D, Wójcik DK, Raida Z, Hlinka J, Palenicek T. Electrical Source Imaging in Freely Moving Rats: Evaluation of a 12-Electrode Cortical Electroencephalography System. Front Neuroinform 2021; 14:589228. [PMID: 33568980 PMCID: PMC7868391 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.589228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents and evaluates a 12-electrode intracranial electroencephalography system developed at the National Institute of Mental Health (Klecany, Czech Republic) in terms of an electrical source imaging (ESI) technique in rats. The electrode system was originally designed for translational research purposes. This study demonstrates that it is also possible to use this well-established system for ESI, and estimates its precision, accuracy, and limitations. Furthermore, this paper sets a methodological basis for future implants. Source localization quality is evaluated using three approaches based on surrogate data, physical phantom measurements, and in vivo experiments. The forward model for source localization is obtained from the FieldTrip-SimBio pipeline using the finite-element method. Rat brain tissue extracted from a magnetic resonance imaging template is approximated by a single-compartment homogeneous tetrahedral head model. Four inverse solvers were tested: standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography, exact low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (eLORETA), linear constrained minimum variance (LCMV), and dynamic imaging of coherent sources. Based on surrogate data, this paper evaluates the accuracy and precision of all solvers within the brain volume using error distance and reliability maps. The mean error distance over the whole brain was found to be the lowest in the eLORETA solution through signal to noise ratios (SNRs) (0.2 mm for 25 dB SNR). The LCMV outperformed eLORETA under higher SNR conditions, and exhibiting higher spatial precision. Both of these inverse solvers provided accurate results in a phantom experiment (1.6 mm mean error distance across shallow and 2.6 mm across subcortical testing dipoles). Utilizing the developed technique in freely moving rats, an auditory steady-state response experiment provided results in line with previously reported findings. The obtained results support the idea of utilizing a 12-electrode system for ESI and using it as a solid basis for the development of future ESI dedicated implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Jiricek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Jaroslav Lacik
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Cestmir Vejmola
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Kuratko
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Daniel K. Wójcik
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbynek Raida
- Department of Radioengineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomas Palenicek
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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13
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de la Salle S, Choueiry J, Shah D, Bowers H, McIntosh J, Ilivitsky V, Carroll B, Knott V. Resting-state functional EEG connectivity in salience and default mode networks and their relationship to dissociative symptoms during NMDA receptor antagonism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 201:173092. [PMID: 33385439 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists administered to healthy humans results in schizophrenia-like symptoms, which are thought in part to be related to glutamatergically altered electrophysiological connectivity in large-scale intrinsic functional brain networks. Here, we examine resting-state source electroencephalographic (EEG) connectivity within and between the default mode (DMN: for self-related cognitive activity) and salience networks (SN: for detection of salient stimuli in internal and external environments) in 21 healthy volunteers administered a subanesthetic dose of the dissociative anesthetic and NMDAR antagonist, ketamine. In addition to provoking symptoms of dissociation, which are thought to originate from an altered sense of self that is common to schizophrenia, ketamine induces frequency-dependent increases and decreases in connectivity within and between DMN and SN. These altered interactive network couplings together with emergent dissociative symptoms tentatively support an NMDAR-hypofunction hypothesis of disturbed electrophysiologic connectivity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joelle Choueiry
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dhrasti Shah
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hayley Bowers
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Judy McIntosh
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Vadim Ilivitsky
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brooke Carroll
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Verner Knott
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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14
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Langova V, Vales K, Horka P, Horacek J. The Role of Zebrafish and Laboratory Rodents in Schizophrenia Research. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:703. [PMID: 33101067 PMCID: PMC7500259 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by positive, negative and cognitive symptoms, which are still not fully understood. The development of efficient antipsychotics requires animal models of a strong validity, therefore the aims of the article were to summarize the construct, face and predictive validity of schizophrenia models based on rodents and zebrafish, to compare the advantages and disadvantages of these models, and to propose future directions in schizophrenia modeling and indicate when it is reasonable to combine these models. The advantages of rodent models stem primarily from the high homology between rodent and human physiology, neurochemistry, brain morphology and circuitry. The advantages of zebrafish models stem in the high fecundity, fast development and transparency of the embryo. Disadvantages of both models originate in behavioral repertoires not allowing specific symptoms to be modeled, even when the models are combined. Especially modeling the verbal component of certain positive, negative and cognitive symptoms is currently impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Langova
- Translational Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vales
- Translational Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Horka
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiri Horacek
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Brain Electrophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Prague, Czechia
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15
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McMillan R, Muthukumaraswamy SD. The neurophysiology of ketamine: an integrative review. Rev Neurosci 2020; 31:457-503. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe drug ketamine has been extensively studied due to its use in anaesthesia, as a model of psychosis and, most recently, its antidepressant properties. Understanding the physiology of ketamine is complex due to its rich pharmacology with multiple potential sites at clinically relevant doses. In this review of the neurophysiology of ketamine, we focus on the acute effects of ketamine in the resting brain. We ascend through spatial scales starting with a complete review of the pharmacology of ketamine and then cover its effects on in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology. We then summarise and critically evaluate studies using EEG/MEG and neuroimaging measures (MRI and PET), integrating across scales where possible. While a complicated and, at times, confusing picture of ketamine’s effects are revealed, we stress that much of this might be caused by use of different species, doses, and analytical methodologies and suggest strategies that future work could use to answer these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca McMillan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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16
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Manduca JD, Thériault RK, Williams OOF, Rasmussen DJ, Perreault ML. Transient Dose-dependent Effects of Ketamine on Neural Oscillatory Activity in Wistar-Kyoto Rats. Neuroscience 2020; 441:161-175. [PMID: 32417341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a promising therapeutic for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) but is associated with an array of short-term psychomimetic side-effects. These disparate drug effects may be elicited through the modulation of neural circuit activity. The purpose of this study was to therefore delineate dose- and time-dependent changes in ketamine-induced neural oscillatory patterns in regions of the brain implicated in depression. Wistar-Kyoto rats were used as a model system to study these aspects of TRD neuropathology whereas Wistar rats were used as a control strain. Animals received a low (10 mg/kg) or high (30 mg/kg) dose of ketamine and temporal changes in neural oscillatory activity recorded from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), cingulate cortex (Cg), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) for ninety minutes. Effects of each dose of ketamine on immobility in the forced swim test were also evaluated. High dose ketamine induced a transient increase in theta power in the PFC and Cg, as well as a dose-dependent increase in gamma power in these regions 10-min, but not 90-min, post-administration. In contrast, only low dose ketamine normalized innate deficits in fast gamma coherence between the NAc-Cg and PFC-Cg, an effect that persisted at 90-min post-injection. These low dose ketamine-induced oscillatory alterations were accompanied by a reduction in immobility time in the forced swim test. These results show that ketamine induces time-dependent effects on neural oscillations at specific frequencies. These drug-induced changes may differentially contribute to the psychomimetic and therapeutic effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Manduca
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph (ON), Canada
| | - Rachel-Karson Thériault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph (ON), Canada; Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph (ON), Canada
| | - Olivia O F Williams
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph (ON), Canada
| | - Duncan J Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph (ON), Canada
| | - Melissa L Perreault
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph (ON), Canada; Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph (ON), Canada.
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17
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McMillan R, Sumner R, Forsyth A, Campbell D, Malpas G, Maxwell E, Deng C, Hay J, Ponton R, Sundram F, Muthukumaraswamy S. Simultaneous EEG/fMRI recorded during ketamine infusion in patients with major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 99:109838. [PMID: 31843628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A single subanaesthetic dose of ketamine rapidly alleviates the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD). However, few studies have investigated the acute effects of ketamine on the BOLD pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) response and EEG spectra. In a randomised, double-blind, active placebo-controlled crossover trial, resting-state simultaneous EEG/fMRI was collected during infusion of ketamine or active placebo (remifentanil) in 30 participants with MDD. Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale scores showed a significant antidepressant effect of ketamine compared to placebo (69% response rate). phMRI analyses showed BOLD signal increases in the anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortices and sensitivity of the decrease in subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) BOLD signal to noise correction. EEG spectral analysis showed increased theta, high beta, low and high gamma power, and decreased delta, alpha, and low beta power with differing time-courses. Low beta and high gamma power time courses explained significant variance in the BOLD signal. Interestingly, the variance explained by high gamma power was significantly associated with non-response to ketamine, but significant associations were not found for other neurophysiological markers when noise correction was implemented. The results suggest that the decrease in sgACC BOLD signal is potentially noise and unrelated to ketamine's antidepressant effect, highlighting the importance of noise correction and multiple temporal regressors for phMRI analyses. The lack of effects significantly associated with antidepressant response suggests the phMRI methodology employed was unable to detect such effects, the effect sizes are relatively small, or that other processes, e.g. neural plasticity, underlie ketamine's antidepressant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Forsyth
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Doug Campbell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Gemma Malpas
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Maxwell
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn Deng
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - John Hay
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Rhys Ponton
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Frederick Sundram
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Ettenberg A, Ayala K, Krug JT, Collins L, Mayes MS, Fisher MPA. Differential effects of lithium isotopes in a ketamine-induced hyperactivity model of mania. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 190:172875. [PMID: 32084493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine produce an increase in rodent ambulation that is attenuated by co-administration of naturally-occurring lithium (LiN), the drug most commonly employed in the treatment of bipolar illness. As a consequence, ketamine-induced hyperactivity has been proposed as an animal model of manic behavior. The current study employed a modified version of this model to compare the potency of LiN to that of each of its two stable isotopes - lithium-6 (Li-6) and lithium-7 (Li-7). Since Li-7 constitutes 92.4% of the parent compound it was hypothesized to produce comparable behavioral effects to that of LiN. The current study was devised to determine whether Li-6 might be more, less, or equally effective at tempering hyperactivity relative to Li-7 or to LiN in an animal model of manic behavior. Male rats were maintained on a restricted but high-incentive diet containing a daily dose of 2.0 mEq/kg of lithium (LiN), Li-6 or Li-7 for 30 days. A control group consumed a diet infused with sodium chloride (NaCl) in place of lithium to control for the salty taste of the food. On day 30, baseline testing revealed no differences in the locomotor behavior among the four treatment groups. Animals then continued their Li/NaCl diets for an additional 11 days during which every subject received a single IP injection of either ketamine (25 mg/kg) or 0.9% physiological saline. On the final four days of this regimen, locomotor activity was assessed during 60 min sessions each beginning immediately after ketamine injection. While all three lithium groups produced comparable decreases in ketamine-induced hyperactivity on the first trial, by the fourth trial Li-6 animals exhibited significantly greater and more prolonged reductions in hyperactivity compared to either Li-7 and Li. These results suggest that Li-6 may be more effective at treating mania than its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ettenberg
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Kathy Ayala
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Jacob T Krug
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Lisette Collins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Matthew S Mayes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Matthew P A Fisher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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19
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NMDA receptors on parvalbumin-positive interneurons and pyramidal neurons both contribute to MK-801 induced gamma oscillatory disturbances: Complex relationships with behaviour. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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20
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Sokolenko E, Hudson MR, Nithianantharajah J, Jones NC. The mGluR 2/3 agonist LY379268 reverses NMDA receptor antagonist effects on cortical gamma oscillations and phase coherence, but not working memory impairments, in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1588-1599. [PMID: 31580222 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119875976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormalities in neural oscillations that occur in the gamma frequency range (30-80 Hz) may underlie cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Both cognitive impairments and gamma oscillatory disturbances can be induced in healthy people and rodents by administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) antagonists. AIMS We studied relationships between cognitive impairment and gamma abnormalities following NMDAr antagonism, and attempted to reverse deficits with the metabotropic glutamate receptor type 2/3 (mGluR2/3) agonist LY379268. METHODS C57/Bl6 mice were trained to perform the Trial-Unique Nonmatching to Location (TUNL) touchscreen test for working memory. They were then implanted with local field potential (LFP) recording electrodes in prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. Mice were administered either LY379268 (3 mg/kg) or vehicle followed by the NMDAr antagonist MK-801 (0.3 or 1 mg/kg) or vehicle prior to testing on the TUNL task, or recording LFPs during the presentation of an auditory stimulus. RESULTS MK-801 impaired working memory and increased perseveration, but these behaviours were not improved by LY379268 treatment. MK-81 increased the power of ongoing gamma and high gamma (130-180 Hz) oscillations in both brain regions and regional coherence between regions, and these signatures were augmented by LY379268. However, auditory-evoked gamma oscillation deficits caused by MK-801 were not affected by LY379268 pretreatment. CONCLUSIONS NMDA receptor antagonism impairs working memory in mice, but this is not reversed by stimulation of mGluR2/3. Since elevations in ongoing gamma power and regional coherence caused by MK-801 were improved by LY379268, it appears unlikely that these specific oscillatory abnormalities underlie the working memory impairment caused by NMDAr antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Sokolenko
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew R Hudson
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne Brain Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Radford KD, Spencer HF, Zhang M, Berman RY, Girasek QL, Choi KH. Association between intravenous ketamine-induced stress hormone levels and long-term fear memory renewal in Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 378:112259. [PMID: 31560919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is a multimodal dissociative anesthetic and analgesic that is widely used after traumatic injury. We previously reported that an analgesic dose of intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion (10 mg/kg, 2-h) after fear conditioning enhanced short-term fear memory in rats. Here, we investigated the effects of the same dose of an IV ketamine infusion on plasma stress hormone levels and long-term fear memory in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (9-week-old with an average weight of 308 g upon arrival) received a ketamine infusion (0 or 10 mg/kg, 2-h) immediately after auditory fear conditioning (three auditory tone and footshock [0.6 mA, 1-s] pairings) on Day 0. After the infusion, a blood sample was collected from a jugular vein catheter for corticosterone and progesterone assays, and each animal was tested on tail flick to measure thermal antinociception. One week later, animals were tested on fear extinction acquisition (Day 7), fear extinction retrieval (Day 8), and fear renewal (Day 9). The IV ketamine infusion, compared to the saline infusion, reduced locomotor activity (sedation), increased tail flick latency (antinociception), and elevated plasma corticosterone and progesterone levels. The ketamine infusion did not alter long-term fear memory extinction or fear renewal. However, elevated corticosterone and progesterone levels resulting from the ketamine infusion were correlated with sedation, antinociception, and long-term fear memory renewal. These results suggest that individual differences in sensitivity to acute ketamine may predict vulnerability to develop fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Haley F Spencer
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Rina Y Berman
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Quinn L Girasek
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA; Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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22
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Krajcovic B, Fajnerova I, Horacek J, Kelemen E, Kubik S, Svoboda J, Stuchlik A. Neural and neuronal discoordination in schizophrenia: From ensembles through networks to symptoms. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2019; 226:e13282. [PMID: 31002202 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the substantial knowledge accumulated by past research, the exact mechanisms of the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and causal treatments still remain unclear. Deficits of cognition and information processing in schizophrenia are today often viewed as the primary and core symptoms of this devastating disorder. These deficits likely result from disruptions in the coordination of neuronal and neural activity. The aim of this review is to bring together convergent evidence of discoordinated brain circuits in schizophrenia at multiple levels of resolution, ranging from principal cells and interneurons, neuronal ensembles and local circuits, to large-scale brain networks. We show how these aberrations could underlie deficits in cognitive control and other higher order cognitive-behavioural functions. Converging evidence from both animal models and patients with schizophrenia is presented in an effort to gain insight into common features of deficits in the brain information processing in this disorder, marked by disruption of several neurotransmitter and signalling systems and severe behavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krajcovic
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerova
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
- Research Programme 3 - Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Horacek
- Third Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague Czech Republic
- Research Programme 3 - Applied Neurosciences and Brain Imaging National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Kelemen
- Research Programme 1 - Experimental Neurobiology National Institute of Mental Health Klecany Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Kubik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jan Svoboda
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
| | - Ales Stuchlik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic
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23
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Psilocin and ketamine microdosing: effects of subchronic intermittent microdoses in the elevated plus-maze in male Wistar rats. Behav Pharmacol 2019. [PMID: 29537989 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Short-term moderate doses of serotonergic and dissociative hallucinogens can be useful in the treatment of anxiety. Recently, a trend has developed for long-term intermittent 'microdosing' (usually one-tenth of a 'full' active dose), with reports of long-lasting relief from anxiety and related disorders; however, there is no scientific evidence for the efficacy of therapeutic microdosing nor to show its lasting effects. The objective of this study was to test for lasting effects on anxiety in rats after microdosing with ketamine or psilocin. Over 6 days, Wistar rats (N=40) were administered ketamine (0.5 or 3 mg/kg), psilocin (0.05 or 0.075 mg/kg), or saline on three occasions. A 5-min elevated plus-maze test was conducted 48 h after the final drug treatment (n=8). Dependent variables were entries (frequency), spent time (%), and distance traveled (cm) in each zone, as well as total frequency of rears, stretch-attend postures, and head dips. Statistical analyses of drug effects used separate independent one-way analysis of variance and pair-wise comparisons using independent t-tests. Statistical effects were modest or borderline and were most consistent with a mildly anxiogenic profile, which was significant at lower doses; however, this conclusion remains tentative. The lower doses of ketamine and psilocin produced comparable effects (to one another) across each variable, as did the higher doses. This pattern of effects may suggest a common (e.g. neurotransmitter/receptor) mechanism. We conclude that microdosing with hallucinogens for therapeutic purposes might be counter-productive; however, more research is needed to confirm our findings and to establish their translational relevance to clinical 'psychedelic' therapy.
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24
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McDougall SA, Park GI, Ramirez GI, Gomez V, Adame BC, Crawford CA. Sex-dependent changes in ketamine-induced locomotor activity and ketamine pharmacokinetics in preweanling, adolescent, and adult rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:740-755. [PMID: 30981586 PMCID: PMC7059997 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although ketamine has long been known to increase locomotor activity, only recently was it realized that this behavioral effect varies according to both sex and age. The purpose of the present study was threefold: first, to measure the locomotor activating effects of ketamine in male and female rats across early ontogeny and into adulthood; second, to assess ketamine and norketamine pharmacokinetics in the dorsal striatum and hippocampus of the same age groups; and, third, to use curvilinear regression to determine the relationship between locomotor activity and dorsal striatal concentrations of ketamine and norketamine. A high dose of ketamine (80 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered in order to examine the complete cycle of locomotor responsiveness across a 280-min testing session. In separate groups of rats, the dorsal striata and hippocampi were removed at 10 time points (0-360 min) after ketamine administration and samples were assayed for ketamine, norketamine, and dopamine using HPLC. In female rats, ketamine produced high levels of locomotor activity that varied only slightly among age groups. Male preweanling rats responded like females, but adolescent and adult male rats exhibited lesser amounts of ketamine-induced locomotor activity. Ketamine and norketamine pharmacokinetics, especially peak values and area under the curve, generally mirrored age- and sex-dependent differences in locomotor activity. Among male rats and younger female rats, dorsal striatal ketamine and norketamine levels accounted for a large proportion of the variance in locomotor activity. In adult female rats, however, an additional factor, perhaps involving other ketamine and norketamine metabolites, was influencing locomotor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanders A McDougall
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA.
| | - Ginny I Park
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Goretti I Ramirez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Vanessa Gomez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Brittnee C Adame
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Cynthia A Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
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25
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Zhang M, Radford KD, Driscoll M, Purnomo S, Kim J, Choi KH. Effects of subanesthetic intravenous ketamine infusion on neuroplasticity-related proteins in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of Sprague-Dawley rats. IBRO Rep 2019; 6:87-94. [PMID: 30723838 PMCID: PMC6350099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine, a multimodal dissociative anesthetic, is a powerful analgesic administered following trauma due to its hemodynamic and respiratory stability. However, ketamine can cause hallucination and dissociation which may adversely impact traumatic memory after an injury. The effects of ketamine on proteins implicated in neural plasticity are unclear due to different doses, routes, and timing of drug administration in previous studies. Here, we investigated the effects of a single intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion on protein levels in three brain regions of rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with indwelling IV catheters underwent an auditory fear conditioning (three pairings of tone and mild footshock 0.8 mA, 0.5 s) and received a high dose of IV ketamine (0 or 40 mg/kg/2 h) infusion (Experiment 1). In a follow-up study, animals received a low dose of IV ketamine (0 or 10 mg/kg/2 h) infusion (Experiment 2). Two hours after the infusion, brain tissue from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), hippocampus, and amygdala were collected for western blot analyses. Protein levels of a transcription factor (c-Fos), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) were quantified in these regions. The 40 mg/kg ketamine infusion increased c-Fos levels in the mPFC and amygdala as well as pERK levels in the mPFC and hippocampus. The 10 mg/kg ketamine infusion increased BDNF levels in the amygdala, but decreased pERK levels in the mPFC and hippocampus. These findings suggest that a clinically relevant route of ketamine administration produces dose-dependent and brain region-specific effects on proteins involved in neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Kennett D. Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Mercedes Driscoll
- National Capital Consortium Psychiatry Residency Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Salsabila Purnomo
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Jean Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
| | - Kwang H. Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States
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26
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Krug JT, Klein AK, Purvis EM, Ayala K, Mayes MS, Collins L, Fisher MP, Ettenberg A. Effects of chronic lithium exposure in a modified rodent ketamine-induced hyperactivity model of mania. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 179:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Hansen IH, Agerskov C, Arvastson L, Bastlund JF, Sørensen HBD, Herrik KF. Pharmaco-electroencephalographic responses in the rat differ between active and inactive locomotor states. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:1948-1971. [PMID: 30762918 PMCID: PMC6806018 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative electroencephalography from freely moving rats is commonly used as a translational tool for predicting drug‐effects in humans. We hypothesized that drug‐effects may be expressed differently depending on whether the rat is in active locomotion or sitting still during recording sessions, and proposed automatic state‐detection as a viable tool for estimating drug‐effects free of hypo‐/hyperlocomotion‐induced effects. We aimed at developing a fully automatic and validated method for detecting two behavioural states: active and inactive, in one‐second intervals and to use the method for evaluating ketamine, DOI, d‐cycloserine, d‐amphetamine, and diazepam effects specifically within each state. The developed state‐detector attained high precision with more than 90% of the detected time correctly classified, and multiple differences between the two detected states were discovered. Ketamine‐induced delta activity was found specifically related to locomotion. Ketamine and DOI suppressed theta and beta oscillations exclusively during inactivity. Characteristic gamma and high‐frequency oscillations (HFO) enhancements of the NMDAR and 5HT2A modulators, speculated associated with locomotion, were profound and often largest during the inactive state. State‐specific analyses, theoretically eliminating biases from altered occurrence of locomotion, revealed only few effects of d‐amphetamine and diazepam. Overall, drug‐effects were most abundant in the inactive state. In conclusion, this new validated and automatic locomotion state‐detection method enables fast and reliable state‐specific analysis facilitating discovery of state‐dependent drug‐effects and control for altered occurrence of locomotion. This may ultimately lead to better cross‐species translation of electrophysiological effects of pharmacological modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg H Hansen
- H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark.,sDTU Elektro (Technical University of Denmark), Lyngby, Denmark
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28
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Moeller B, Espelien B, Weber W, Kuehl P, Doyle-Eisele M, Garner CE, McDonald JD, Garcia E, Raulli R, Laney J. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular injection to F344 rats. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:68-76. [PMID: 30027605 PMCID: PMC6538562 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ketamine is a glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist that is a rapid-acting dissociative anesthetic. It has been proposed as an adjuvant treatment along with other drugs (atropine, midazolam, pralidoxime) used in the current standard of care (SOC) for organophosphate and nerve agent exposures. Ketamine is a pharmaceutical agent that is readily available to most clinicians in emergency departments and possesses a broad therapeutic index with well-characterized effects in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, in F344 rats following single or repeated intramuscular administrations of subanesthetic levels (7.5 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) of ketamine with or without the SOC. Following administration, plasma and brain tissues were collected and analyzed using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to quantitate ketamine and norketamine. Following sample analysis, the pharmacokinetics were determined using non-compartmental analysis. The addition of the current SOC had a minimal impact on the pharmacokinetics of ketamine following intramuscular administration and repeated dosing at 7.5 mg/kg every 90 minutes allows for sustained plasma concentrations above 100 ng/mL. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine with and without the SOC in rats supports further investigation of the efficacy of ketamine co-administration with the SOC following nerve agent exposure in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Moeller
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
- KL Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | | | - Waylon Weber
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Philip Kuehl
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM
| | | | | | | | - Efrain Garcia
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
| | - Robert Raulli
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
| | - Judith Laney
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Washington, DC
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29
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Radford KD, Park TY, Jaiswal S, Pan H, Knutsen A, Zhang M, Driscoll M, Osborne-Smith LA, Dardzinski BJ, Choi KH. Enhanced fear memories and brain glucose metabolism ( 18F-FDG-PET) following sub-anesthetic intravenous ketamine infusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:263. [PMID: 30504810 PMCID: PMC6269482 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketamine is a multimodal dissociative anesthetic, which provides powerful analgesia for victims with traumatic injury. However, the impact of ketamine administration in the peri-trauma period on the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remains controversial. Moreover, there is a major gap between preclinical and clinical studies because they utilize different doses and routes of ketamine administration. Here, we investigated the effects of sub-anesthetic doses of intravenous (IV) ketamine infusion on fear memory and brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received an IV ketamine infusion (0, 2, 10, and 20 mg/kg, 2 h) or an intraperitoneal (IP) injection (0 and 10 mg/kg) following an auditory fear conditioning (3 pairings of tone and foot shock [0.6 mA, 1 s]) on day 0. Fear memory retrieval, fear extinction, and fear recall were tested on days 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The effects of IV ketamine infusion (0 and 10 mg/kg) on BGluM were measured using 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed tomography (CT). The IV ketamine infusion dose-dependently enhanced fear memory retrieval, delayed fear extinction, and increased fear recall in rats. The IV ketamine (10 mg/kg) increased BGluM in the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus, while decreasing it in the cerebellum. On the contrary, a single ketamine injection (10 mg/kg, IP) after fear conditioning facilitated fear memory extinction in rats. The current findings suggest that ketamine may produce differential effects on fear memory depending on the route and duration of ketamine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D. Radford
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Thomas Y. Park
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA ,0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Shalini Jaiswal
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Hongna Pan
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Andrew Knutsen
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA ,0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Mercedes Driscoll
- 0000 0001 0560 6544grid.414467.4National Capital Consortium Psychiatry Residency Program, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Lisa A. Osborne-Smith
- 0000 0000 9758 5690grid.5288.7Nurse Anesthesia Program, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239 USA
| | - Bernard J. Dardzinski
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA ,0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
| | - Kwang H. Choi
- 0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA ,0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA ,0000 0001 0421 5525grid.265436.0Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
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30
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Cadinu D, Grayson B, Podda G, Harte MK, Doostdar N, Neill JC. NMDA receptor antagonist rodent models for cognition in schizophrenia and identification of novel drug treatments, an update. Neuropharmacology 2018; 142:41-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Ye T, Bartlett MJ, Schmit MB, Sherman SJ, Falk T, Cowen SL. Ten-Hour Exposure to Low-Dose Ketamine Enhances Corticostriatal Cross-Frequency Coupling and Hippocampal Broad-Band Gamma Oscillations. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:61. [PMID: 30150926 PMCID: PMC6099120 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain, and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease are characterized by hypersynchronous neural oscillations. Sub-anesthetic ketamine is effective at treating these conditions, and this may relate to ketamine’s capacity to reorganize oscillatory activity throughout the brain. For example, a single ketamine injection increases gamma (∼40 Hz) and high-frequency oscillations (HFOs, 120–160 Hz) in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. While the effects of single injections have been investigated, clinical ketamine treatments can involve 5-h up to 3-day sub-anesthetic infusions. Little is known about the effects of such prolonged exposure on neural synchrony. We hypothesized that hours-long exposure entrains circuits that generate HFOs so that HFOs become sustained after ketamine’s direct effects on receptors subside. Methods: Local-field recordings were acquired from motor cortex (M1), striatum, and hippocampus of behaving rats (n = 8), and neural responses were measured while rats received 5 ketamine injections (20 mg/kg, i.p., every 2 h, 10-h exposure). In a second experiment, the same animals received injections of D1-receptor antagonist (SCH-23390, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) prior to ketamine injection to determine if D1 receptors were involved in producing HFOs. Results: Although HFOs remained stable throughout extended ketamine exposure, broad-band high-frequency activity (40–140 Hz) in the hippocampus and delta-HFO cross-frequency coupling (CFC) in dorsal striatum increased with the duration of exposure. Furthermore, while ketamine-triggered HFOs were not affected by D1 receptor blockade, ketamine-associated gamma in motor cortex was suppressed, suggesting involvement of D1 receptors in ketamine-mediated gamma activity in motor cortex. Conclusion: Prolonged ketamine exposure does not enhance HFOs in corticostriatal circuits, but, instead, enhances coordination between low and high frequencies in the striatum and reduces synchrony in the hippocampus. Increased striatal CFC may facilitate spike-timing dependent plasticity, resulting in lasting changes in motor activity. In contrast, the observed wide-band high-frequency “noise” in the hippocampus suggests that ketamine disrupts action-potential timing and reorganizes connectivity in this region. Differential restructuring of corticostriatal and limbic circuits may contribute to ketamine’s clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Ye
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mitchell J Bartlett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Matthew B Schmit
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Scott J Sherman
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Torsten Falk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Stephen L Cowen
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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32
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Anderson PM, Jones NC, O'Brien TJ, Pinault D. The N-Methyl d-Aspartate Glutamate Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Disrupts the Functional State of the Corticothalamic Pathway. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:3172-3185. [PMID: 27261525 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-competitive N-methyl d-aspartate glutamate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine elicits a brain state resembling high-risk states for developing psychosis and early stages of schizophrenia characterized by sensory and cognitive deficits and aberrant ongoing gamma (30-80 Hz) oscillations in cortical and subcortical structures, including the thalamus. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. The goal of the present study was to determine whether a ketamine-induced psychotic-relevant state disturbs the functional state of the corticothalamic (CT) pathway. Multisite field recordings were performed in the somatosensory CT system of the sedated rat. Baseline activity was challenged by activation of vibrissa-related prethalamic inputs. The sensory-evoked thalamic response was characterized by a short-latency (∼4 ms) prethalamic-mediated negative sharp potential and a longer latency (∼10 ms) CT-mediated negative potential. Following a single subcutaneous injection of ketamine (2.5 mg/kg), spontaneously occurring and sensory-evoked thalamic gamma oscillations increased and decreased in power, respectively. The power of the sensory-related gamma oscillations was positively correlated with both the amplitude and the area under the curve of the corresponding CT potential but not with the prethalamic potential. The present results show that the layer VI CT pathway significantly contributes in thalamic gamma oscillations, and they support the hypothesis that reduced NMDAR activation disturbs the functional state of CT and corticocortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Anderson
- Neuropsychologie cognitive et physiopathologie de la schizophrénie, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France.,FMTS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Current address: Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nigel C Jones
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Didier Pinault
- Neuropsychologie cognitive et physiopathologie de la schizophrénie, INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France.,FMTS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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33
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Castro-Zaballa S, Cavelli ML, Gonzalez J, Nardi AE, Machado S, Scorza C, Torterolo P. EEG 40 Hz Coherence Decreases in REM Sleep and Ketamine Model of Psychosis. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 30705645 PMCID: PMC6345101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes are carried out during wakefulness by means of extensive interactions between cortical and subcortical areas. In psychiatric conditions, such as psychosis, these processes are altered. Interestingly, REM sleep where most dreams occurs, shares electrophysiological, pharmacological, and neurochemical features with psychosis. Because of this fact, REM sleep is considered a natural model of psychosis. Ketamine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that at sub-anesthetic dose induces psychotomimetic-like effects in humans and animals, and is employed as a pharmacological model of psychosis. Oscillations in the gamma frequency band of the electroencephalogram (EEG), mainly at about 40 Hz, have been involved in cognitive functions. Hence, the present study was conducted to analyze the EEG low gamma (30-45 Hz) band power and coherence of the cat, in natural (REM sleep) and pharmacological (sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine) models of psychosis. These results were compared with the gamma activity during alert (AW) and quiet wakefulness (QW), as well as during non-REM (NREM) sleep. Five cats were chronically prepared for polysomnographic recordings, with electrodes in different cortical areas. Basal recordings were obtained and ketamine (5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, i.m.) was administrated. Gamma activity (power and coherence) was analyzed in the abovementioned conditions. Compared to wakefulness and NREM sleep, following ketamine administration gamma coherence decreased among all cortical regions studied; the same coherence profile was observed during REM sleep. On the contrary, gamma power was relatively high under ketamine, and similar to QW and REM sleep. We conclude that functional interactions between cortical areas in the gamma frequency band decrease in both experimental models of psychosis. This uncoupling of gamma frequency activity may be involved in the cognitive features shared by dreaming and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Castro-Zaballa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías Lorenzo Cavelli
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Joaquin Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Antonio Egidio Nardi
- Laboratório de Pânico e Respiração, Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neurociência da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Machado
- Laboratório de Pânico e Respiração, Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Neurociência da Atividade Física, Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,The Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Scorza
- Departamento de Neurofarmacología Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Torterolo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Sueño, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.,The Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group, Merida, Mexico
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Sampaio LRL, Borges LT, Silva JM, de Andrade FRO, Barbosa TM, Oliveira TQ, Macedo D, Lima RF, Dantas LP, Patrocinio MCA, do Vale OC, Vasconcelos SM. Average spectral power changes at the hippocampal electroencephalogram in schizophrenia model induced by ketamine. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2017; 32:60-68. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rafael L. Sampaio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
- Health Science Center; School of Nursing; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Lucas T.N. Borges
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Joyse M.F. Silva
- Health Science Center; School of Nursing; University of Fortaleza; Fortaleza Brazil
| | | | - Talita M. Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Tatiana Q. Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Ricardo F. Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Leonardo P. Dantas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Manoel Cláudio A. Patrocinio
- Health Science Center; School of Medicine; University Centre Christus; Fortaleza Brazil
- Department of Anesthesiology; Dr. Jose Frota Institute Hospital; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Otoni C. do Vale
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
| | - Silvânia M.M. Vasconcelos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Federal University of Ceará; Fortaleza Brazil
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Ahnaou A, Huysmans H, Biermans R, Manyakov NV, Drinkenburg WHIM. Ketamine: differential neurophysiological dynamics in functional networks in the rat brain. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1237. [PMID: 28926001 PMCID: PMC5639243 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the N-methyl-d-aspartate-receptor (NMDAR) antagonist ketamine has emerged as a fast-onset mechanism to achieve antidepressant activity, whereas its psychomimetic, dissociative and amnestic effects have been well documented to pharmacologically model schizophrenia features in rodents. Sleep-wake architecture, neuronal oscillations and network connectivity are key mechanisms supporting brain plasticity and cognition, which are disrupted in mood disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. In rats, we investigated the dynamic effects of acute and chronic subcutaneous administration of ketamine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg kg-1) on sleep-wake cycle, multichannels network interactions assessed by coherence and phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling, locomotor activity (LMA), cognitive information processing as reflected by the mismatch negativity-like (MMN) component of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Acute ketamine elicited a short, lasting inhibition of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, increased coherence in higher gamma frequency oscillations independent of LMA, altered theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling, increased MMN peak-amplitude response and evoked higher gamma oscillations. In contrast, chronic ketamine reduced large-scale communication among cortical regions by decreasing oscillations and coherent activity in the gamma frequency range, shifted networks activity towards slow alpha rhythm, decreased MMN peak response and enhanced aberrant higher gamma neuronal network oscillations. Altogether, our data show that acute and chronic ketamine elicited differential changes in network connectivity, ERPs and event-related oscillations (EROs), supporting possible underlying alterations in NMDAR-GABAergic signaling. The findings underscore the relevance of intermittent dosing of ketamine to accurately maintain the functional integrity of neuronal networks for long-term plastic changes and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ahnaou
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - H Huysmans
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - R Biermans
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - N V Manyakov
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
| | - W H I M Drinkenburg
- Department of Neuroscience Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium
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Lee J, Hudson MR, O'Brien TJ, Nithianantharajah J, Jones NC. Local NMDA receptor hypofunction evokes generalized effects on gamma and high-frequency oscillations and behavior. Neuroscience 2017; 358:124-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sampaio LRL, Borges LTN, Barbosa TM, Matos NCB, Lima RDF, Oliveira MND, Gularte VN, Patrocínio MCA, Macêdo D, Vale OCD, Vasconcelos SMMD. Electroencephalographic study of chlorpromazine alone or combined with alpha-lipoic acid in a model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine in rats. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 86:73-82. [PMID: 27951451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by behavioral symptoms, brain function impairments and electroencephalographic (EEG) changes. Dysregulation of immune responses and oxidative imbalance underpins this mental disorder. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine (CP) alone or combined with the natural antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on changes in the hippocampal average spectral power induced by ketamine (KET). Three days after stereotactic implantation of electrodes, male Wistar rats were divided into groups treated for 10 days with saline (control) or KET (10 mg/kg, IP). CP (1 or 5 mg/kg, IP) alone or combined with ALA (100 mg/kg, P.O.) was administered 30 min before KET or saline. Hippocampal EEG recordings were taken on the 1st, 5th and 10th days of treatment immediately after the last drug administration. KET significantly increased average spectral power of delta and gamma-high bands on the 5th and 10th days of treatment when compared to control. Gamma low-band significantly increased on the 1st, 5th and 10th days when compared to control group. This effect of KET was prevented by CP alone or combined with ALA. Indeed, the combination of ALA 100 + CP1 potentiated the inhibitory effects of CP1 on gamma low-band oscillations. In conclusion, our results showed that KET presents excitatory and time-dependent effects on hippocampal EEG bands activity. KET excitatory effects on EEG were prevented by CP alone and in some situations potentiated by its combination with ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rafael Leite Sampaio
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Health Science Center, School of Nursing, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lucas Teixeira Nunes Borges
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Health Science Center, School of Nursing, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Talita Matias Barbosa
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natalia Castelo Branco Matos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Freitas Lima
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Viviane Nóbrega Gularte
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Danielle Macêdo
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Otoni Cardoso do Vale
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Silvânia Maria Mendes de Vasconcelos
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Radford KD, Park TY, Lee BH, Moran S, Osborne LA, Choi KH. Dose-response characteristics of intravenous ketamine on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 153:130-140. [PMID: 28024909 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinicians administer subanesthetic intravenous (IV) ketamine infusions for treatment of refractory depression, chronic pain, and post-traumatic stress disorder in humans. However, ketamine is administered via the subcutaneous (SC) or intraperitoneal (IP) routes to rodents in most pre-clinical research, which may limit translational application. The present study characterized the dose-response of a subanesthetic IV ketamine bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 1-h infusion (5, 10, and 20mg/kg/h) on dissociative stereotypy, locomotion, sensorimotor gating, and thermal nociception in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The secondary aim was to measure ketamine and norketamine plasma concentrations following IV ketamine bolus at 1, 20, and 50min and at the conclusion of the 1-h infusion using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that ketamine bolus and infusions produced dose-dependent dissociative stereotypy. Bolus (2 and 5mg/kg) and 20mg/kg/h infusion increased locomotor activity while 5mg/kg/h infusion decreased locomotor activity. Both 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions reduced the acoustic startle reflex, while 5mg/kg bolus and 20mg/kg/h infusion impaired pre-pulse inhibition. Ketamine 5mg/kg bolus and the 10 and 20mg/kg/h infusions induced significant and prolonged antinociception to the hotplate test. Plasma concentrations of ketamine decreased quickly after bolus while norketamine levels increased from 1 to 20min and plateaued from 20 to 50min. The peak ketamine plasma concentrations [ng/ml] were similar between 5mg/kg bolus [4100] vs. 20mg/kg/h infusion [3900], and 2mg/kg bolus [1700] vs. 10mg/kg/h infusion [1500]. These results support the findings from previous ketamine injection studies and further validate the feasibility of administering subanesthetic doses of IV ketamine infusion to rats for neuropharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennett D Radford
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Y Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bong Hyo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Acupoint, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 42158, Republic of Korea
| | - Sean Moran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Osborne
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kwang H Choi
- Daniel K. Inouye Graduate School of Nursing, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; The Center for Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Horsley RR, Lhotkova E, Hajkova K, Jurasek B, Kuchar M, Palenicek T. Detailed pharmacological evaluation of methoxetamine (MXE), a novel psychoactive ketamine analogue—Behavioural, pharmacokinetic and metabolic studies in the Wistar rat. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Jadi MP, Behrens MM, Sejnowski TJ. Abnormal Gamma Oscillations in N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction Models of Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:716-726. [PMID: 26281716 PMCID: PMC4720598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction in parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) inhibitory neurons (INs) may contribute to symptoms in patients with schizophrenia (SZ). This hypothesis was inspired by studies in humans involving NMDAR antagonists that trigger SZ symptoms. Animal models of SZ using neuropharmacology and genetic knockouts have successfully replicated some of the key observations in human subjects involving alteration of gamma band oscillations (GBO) observed in electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography signals. However, it remains to be seen if NMDAR hypofunction in PV+ neurons is fundamental to the phenotype observed in these models. In this review, we discuss some of the key computational models of GBO and their predictions in the context of NMDAR hypofunction in INs. While PV+ INs have been the main focus of SZ studies in animal models, we also discuss the implications of NMDAR hypofunction in other types of INs using computational models for GBO modulation in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika P Jadi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California.
| | - M Margarita Behrens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
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Halberstadt AL, Slepak N, Hyun J, Buell MR, Powell SB. The novel ketamine analog methoxetamine produces dissociative-like behavioral effects in rodents. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:1215-25. [PMID: 26758284 PMCID: PMC5403250 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Methoxetamine (MXE) is a ketamine analog sold online that has been subject to widespread abuse for its dissociative and hallucinogenic effects. Previous studies have shown that MXE has high affinity for the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site located within the channel pore of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), but little is known about its behavioral effects. Dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine and PCP produce a characteristic behavioral profile in rats that includes locomotor hyperactivity and disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle. METHODS The goal of the present investigation was to determine whether MXE produces PCP-like effects in Sprague-Dawley rats using the PPI paradigm and the behavioral pattern monitor (BPM), which enables analyses of patterns of locomotor activity and investigatory behavior. PPI studies were conducted with several other uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists that produce dissociative effects in humans, including PCP, the S-(+) and R-(-) isomers of ketamine, and N-allylnormetazocine (NANM; SKF-10,047). RESULTS MXE disrupted PPI when administered at 3 and 10 mg/kg SC. The rank order of potency of MXE and the other test compounds in the PPI paradigm (PCP > MXE > S-(+)-ketamine > NANM > R-(-)-ketamine) parallels their affinities for the PCP binding site reported in the literature. When tested in the BPM, 10 mg/kg MXE induced locomotor hyperactivity, reduced the number of rearings, increased the roughness of locomotor paths, and produced perseverative patterns of locomotion. Administration of PCP (2.25 and 6.75 mg/kg, SC) produced a similar profile of effects in the BPM. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that MXE produces a behavioral profile similar to that of other psychotomimetic uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists. Our findings support the classification of MXE as a dissociative drug and suggest that it likely has effects and abuse potential similar to that of PCP and ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Natalia Slepak
- Department of Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James Hyun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mahalah R Buell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 92093-0804, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Stienen PJ, Venzi M, Poppendieck W, Hoffmann KP, Åberg E. Precaution for volume conduction in rodent cortical electroencephalography using high-density polyimide-based microelectrode arrays on the skull. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:1970-7. [PMID: 26864767 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00932.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, significant progress has been made to link spatial changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral density, connectivity strength, and phase-amplitude modulation to neurological, physiological, and psychological correlates. In contrast, standard rodent EEG techniques employ only few electrodes, which results in poor spatial resolution. Recently, a technique was developed to overcome this limitation in mice. This technique was based on a polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM) array applied on the mouse skull, maintaining a significant number of electrodes with consistent contact, electrode impedance, and mechanical stability. The present study built on this technique by extending it to rats. Therefore, a similar PBM array, but adapted to rats, was designed and fabricated. In addition, this array was connected to a wireless EEG headstage, allowing recording in untethered, freely moving rats. The advantage of a high-density array relies on the assumption that the signal recorded from the different electrodes is generated from distinct sources, i.e., not volume-conducted. Therefore, the utility and validity of the array were evaluated by determining the level of synchrony between channels due to true synchrony or volume conduction during basal vigilance states and following a subanesthetic dose of ketamine. Although the PBM array allowed recording with high signal quality, under both drug and drug-free conditions, high synchronization existed due to volume conduction between the electrodes even in the higher spectral frequency range. Discrimination existed only between frontally and centrally/distally grouped electrode pairs. Therefore, caution should be used in interpreting spatial data obtained from high-density PBM arrays in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Stienen
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Personalized Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - M Venzi
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Personalized Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - W Poppendieck
- Department of Medical Engineering and Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - K P Hoffmann
- Department of Medical Engineering and Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - E Åberg
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Personalized Healthcare and Biomarkers, AstraZeneca Translational Science Centre at Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; and
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Flores FJ, Ching S, Hartnack K, Fath AB, Purdon PL, Wilson MA, Brown EN. A PK-PD model of ketamine-induced high-frequency oscillations. J Neural Eng 2015; 12:056006. [PMID: 26268223 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/5/056006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ketamine is a widely used drug with clinical and research applications, and also known to be used as a recreational drug. Ketamine produces conspicuous changes in the electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals observed both in humans and rodents. In rodents, the intracranial ECoG displays a high-frequency oscillation (HFO) which power is modulated nonlinearly by ketamine dose. Despite the widespread use of ketamine there is no model description of the relationship between the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamics (PK-PDs) of ketamine and the observed HFO power. APPROACH In the present study, we developed a PK-PD model based on estimated ketamine concentration, its known pharmacological actions, and observed ECoG effects. The main pharmacological action of ketamine is antagonism of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR), which in rodents is accompanied by an HFO observed in the ECoG. At high doses, however, ketamine also acts at non-NMDAR sites, produces loss of consciousness, and the transient disappearance of the HFO. We propose a two-compartment PK model that represents the concentration of ketamine, and a PD model based in opposing effects of the NMDAR and non-NMDAR actions on the HFO power. MAIN RESULTS We recorded ECoG from the cortex of rats after two doses of ketamine, and extracted the HFO power from the ECoG spectrograms. We fit the PK-PD model to the time course of the HFO power, and showed that the model reproduces the dose-dependent profile of the HFO power. The model provides good fits even in the presence of high variability in HFO power across animals. As expected, the model does not provide good fits to the HFO power after dosing the pure NMDAR antagonist MK-801. SIGNIFICANCE Our study provides a simple model to relate the observed electrophysiological effects of ketamine to its actions at the molecular level at different concentrations. This will improve the study of ketamine and rodent models of schizophrenia to better understand the wide and divergent range of effects that ketamine has.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Flores
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Cordon I, Nicolás MJ, Arrieta S, Lopetegui E, López-Azcárate J, Alegre M, Artieda J, Valencia M. Coupling in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit is aberrant in the ketamine model of schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1375-87. [PMID: 25910422 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested the implication of the basal ganglia in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. To investigate this hypothesis, here we have used the ketamine model of schizophrenia to determine the oscillatory abnormalities induced in the rat motor circuit of the basal ganglia. The activity of free moving rats was recorded in different structures of the cortico-basal ganglia circuit before and after an injection of a subanesthesic dose of ketamine (10mg/kg). Spectral estimates of the oscillatory activity, phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling interactions (CFC) and imaginary event-related coherence together with animals׳ behavior were analyzed. Oscillatory patterns in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit were highly altered by the effect of ketamine. CFC between the phases of low-frequency activities (delta, 1-4; theta 4-8Hz) and the amplitude of high-gamma (~80Hz) and high-frequency oscillations (HFO) (~150Hz) increased dramatically and correlated with the movement increment shown by the animals. Between-structure analyses revealed that ketamine had also a massive effect in the low-frequency mediated synchronization of the HFO's across the whole circuit. Our findings suggest that ketamine administration results in an aberrant hypersynchronization of the whole cortico-basal circuit where the tandem theta/HFO seems to act as the main actor in the hyperlocomotion shown by the animals. Here we stress the importance of the basal ganglia circuitry in the ketamine model of schizophrenia and leave the door open to further investigations devoted to elucidate to what extent these abnormalities also reflect the prominent neurophysiological deficits observed in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Cordon
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Nicolás
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Arrieta
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eneko Lopetegui
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon López-Azcárate
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Manuel Alegre
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Neurophysiology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julio Artieda
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Neurophysiology Service, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Miguel Valencia
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neuroscience Area, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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Effects of the noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine on visual signal detection performance in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:495-9. [PMID: 26154438 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine produces consistent, rapid, and sustained antidepressant effects in patients suffering from treatment-resistant depression. However, ketamine-induced cognitive impairments remain a major concern. The present study sought to extend the preclinical evaluation of ketamine-induced cognitive impairments by evaluating the dose (1.0-18.0 mg/kg) and time-course (10 min-24 h) of effects of ketamine on sustained attention using a visual signal detection procedure in rats. Overall, ketamine (10.0-18.0 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased percent hit and correct rejection accuracy. Additionally, these same doses of ketamine increased response latency and trial omissions. In the time-course study, treatment with 18.0 mg/kg ketamine produced the greatest decrease in visual signal detection performance at 10 min, when ketamine decreased percent hit and correct rejection accuracy as well as increased response latency and trial omissions, but returned to saline baseline controls by 100 min. In conclusion, acute ketamine inhibited sustained attention in rats performing a visual signal detection task; however, these effects were short in duration, similar to the short duration (<2 h) of psychotomimetic effects reported in low-dose ketamine treatment in depressed patients.
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Pekary AE, Sattin A, Lloyd RL. Ketamine modulates TRH and TRH-like peptide turnover in brain and peripheral tissues of male rats. Peptides 2015; 69:66-76. [PMID: 25882008 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Major depression is the largest single healthcare burden with treatments of slow onset and often limited efficacy. Ketamine, a NMDA antagonist used extensively as a pediatric and veterinary anesthetic, has recently been shown to be a rapid acting antidepressant, making it a potential lifesaver for suicidal patients. Side effects and risk of abuse limit the chronic use of ketamine. More complete understanding of the neurobiochemical mechanisms of ketamine should lead to safer alternatives. Some of the physiological and pharmacological actions of ketamine are consistent with increased synthesis and release of TRH (pGlu-His-Pro-NH2), and TRH-like peptides (pGlu-X-Pro-NH2) where "X" can be any amino acid residue. Moreover, TRH-like peptides are themselves potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of major depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. For these reasons, male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with 162 mg/kg ip ketamine and then infused intranasally with 20 μl of sterile saline containing either 0 or 5 mg/ml Glu-TRH. One, 2 or 4h later, the brain levels of TRH and TRH-like peptides were measured in various brain regions and peripheral tissues. At 1h in brain following ketamine only, the levels of TRH and TRH-like peptides were significantly increased in 52 instances (due to increased biosynthesis and/or decreased release) or decreased in five instances. These changes, listed by brain region in order of decreasing number of significant increases (↑) and/or decreases (↓), were: hypothalamus (9↑); piriform cortex (8↑); entorhinal cortex (7↑); nucleus accumbens (7↑); posterior cingulate (5↑); striatum (4↑); frontal cortex (2↑,3↓); amygdala (3↑); medulla oblongata (1↑,2↓); cerebellum (2↑); hippocampus (2↑); anterior cingulate (2↑). The corresponding changes in peripheral tissues were: adrenals (8↑); epididymis (4↑); testis (1↑,3↓); pancreas (1↑); prostate (1↑). We conclude that TRH and TRH-like peptides may be downstream mediators of the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Eugene Pekary
- Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Center for Ulcer Research and Education, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States.
| | - Albert Sattin
- Research Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Psychiatry Services, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Departments of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States; Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States
| | - Robert L Lloyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 332 Bohannon Hall, 10 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-2494, United States
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Li X, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Dallmann R, Bregy L, Hollmén M, Proulx S, Brown SA, Detmar M, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Pharmakokinetik von Medikamenten durch Echtzeit-Analyse der Atemluft von Mäusen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Delta frequency optogenetic stimulation of the thalamic nucleus reuniens is sufficient to produce working memory deficits: relevance to schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77:1098-107. [PMID: 25891221 PMCID: PMC4444380 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-frequency (delta/theta) oscillations in the thalamocortical system are elevated in schizophrenia during wakefulness and are also induced in the N-methyl-D-asparate receptor hypofunction rat model. To determine whether abnormal delta oscillations might produce functional deficits, we used optogenetic methods in awake rats. We illuminated channelrhodopsin-2 in the thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) at delta frequency and measured the effect on working memory (WM) performance (the RE is involved in WM, a process affected in schizophrenia [SZ]). METHODS We injected RE with adeno-associated virus to transduce cells with channelrhodopsin-2. An optical fiber was implanted just dorsal to the hippocampus in order to illuminate RE axon terminals. RESULTS During optogenetic delta frequency stimulation, rats displayed a strong WM deficit. On the following day, performance was normal if illumination was omitted. CONCLUSIONS The optogenetic experiments show that delta frequency stimulation of a thalamic nucleus is sufficient to produce deficits in WM. This result supports the hypothesis that delta frequency bursting in particular thalamic nuclei has a causal role in producing WM deficits in SZ. The action potentials in these bursts may "jam" communication through the thalamus, thereby interfering with behaviors dependent on WM. Studies in thalamic slices using the N-methyl-D-asparate receptor hypofunction model show that delta frequency bursting is dependent on T-type Ca(2+) channels, a result that we confirmed here in vivo. These channels, which are strongly implicated in SZ by genome-wide association studies, may thus be a therapeutic target for treatment of SZ.
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Li X, Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Dallmann R, Bregy L, Hollmén M, Proulx S, Brown SA, Detmar M, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Drug Pharmacokinetics Determined by Real-Time Analysis of Mouse Breath. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7815-8. [PMID: 26015026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive, real-time pharmacokinetic (PK) monitoring of ketamine, propofol, and valproic acid, and their metabolites was achieved in mice, using secondary electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The PK profile of a drug influences its efficacy and toxicity because it determines exposure time and levels. The antidepressant and anaesthetic ketamine (Ket) and four Ket metabolites were studied in detail and their PK was simultaneously determined following application of different sub-anaesthetic doses of Ket. Bioavailability after oral administration vs. intraperitoneal injection was also investigated. In contrast to conventional studies that require many animals to be sacrificed even for low-resolution PK curves, this novel approach yields real-time PK curves with a hitherto unmatched time resolution (10 s), and none of the animals has to be sacrificed. This thus represents a major step forward not only in animal welfare, but also major cost and time savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland).,Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Safety and Pollution Control, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Guangzhou 510632 (China)
| | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland).,University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 AL7 (United Kingdom)
| | - Lukas Bregy
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Maija Hollmén
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Steven Proulx
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Steven A Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Michael Detmar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Pulmonary Division, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zürich (Switzerland)
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich (Switzerland).
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The use of EEG parameters as predictors of drug effects on cognition. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:163-8. [PMID: 25823806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown to be difficult to predict whether cognition-enhancing effects of drugs in animal studies have the same effect in humans. Various issues in translating findings from animal to human studies can be identified. Here we discuss whether EEG could be considered as a possible tool to translate the effects of cognition enhancers across species. Three different aspects of EEG measures are evaluated: frequency bands, event-related potentials, and coherence analysis. On basis of the comparison of these measures between species, and effects of drugs that improve or impair memory performance (mainly cholinergic drugs), it appears that event-related potentials and coherence analyses could be considered as potential translational tools to study cognition-enhancing drug effects in rodents and animals.
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